DOCSLIB.ORG

Midwest Region Plan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Midwest Region Plan Midwest Region Systemwide Archeological Inventory Program Plan Prepared By Midwest Archeological Center National Park Service Lincoln, Nebraska Revised June 2003 Contents Part I. Introduction....................................................................................................................I-1 The Midwest Region ..............................................................................................I-1 Midwest Region SAIP Plan....................................................................................I-2 Part II. Description of Park Lands............................................................................................ II-1 Number of Park Areas.......................................................................................... II-1 Park Size and Type ............................................................................................... II-1 History of Midwest Region Parks ........................................................................ II-1 Park Locations and Accessibility Problems ......................................................... II-1 Land Ownership ................................................................................................... II-2 Nature of the Physical Environment..................................................................... II-2 Neighboring Government Landholdings.............................................................. II-4 Cultural Themes ................................................................................................... II-4 Part III. Regional Overview and Status of Archeological Inventory........................................III-1 Eastern Woodland Cultural Sequence .................................................................III-1 The Great Plains Area and Its Cultural Sequence ...............................................III-3 Part IV. Regionwide Strategies for Archeological Survey .......................................................IV-1 Research Designs and Work Plans ......................................................................IV-2 Consultation With State Historic Preservation Officers......................................IV-3 Consultation With Indian Tribal Groups and Other Appropriate Ethnic Groups ...IV-3 Research on Lands That Are Not NPS Owned....................................................IV-3 Curatorial Issues..................................................................................................IV-3 Cooperation With Non-NPS Scholars .................................................................IV-3 Interdisciplinary Research...................................................................................IV-3 Interpretation .......................................................................................................IV-3 Overviews and Assessments................................................................................IV-4 State Standards ....................................................................................................IV-4 State Site Forms...................................................................................................IV-4 Submerged Lands ................................................................................................IV-4 Summary .............................................................................................................IV-4 Part V. Proposed Projects and Regional Priorities ...................................................................V-1 SAIP Priority Factors ...........................................................................................V-1 The Project Statements.........................................................................................V-1 Classifying Midwest Region Projects ..................................................................V-2 Summary of Midwest Region Priorities ...............................................................V-3 Part VI. Individual Park Summaries .........................................................................................VI-1 Agate Fossil Beds National Monument ............................................................ AGFO Apostle Islands National Lakeshore ................................................................. APIS Arkansas Post National Memorial .................................................................... ARPO Badlands National Park .................................................................................... BADL Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site ....................................... BRVB Buffalo National River ..................................................................................... BUFF Central High School National Historic Site ..................................................... CHSC 6/4/03 i Part VI. Individual Park Summaries, continued Cuyahoga Valley National Park ........................................................................CUVA Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park .........................................DAAV Effigy Mounds National Monument .................................................................EFMO First Ladies National Historic Site ...................................................................FILA Fort Larned National Historic Site ...................................................................FOLS Fort Scott National Historic Site ......................................................................FOSC Fort Smith National Historic Site .....................................................................FOSM Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site ...............................................FOUS George Rogers Clark National Historical Park ................................................GERO George Washington Carver National Monument .............................................GWCA Grand Portage National Monument ..................................................................GRPO Harry S Truman National Historic Site ............................................................HSTR Herbert Hoover National Historic Site .............................................................HEHO Homestead National Monument of America ....................................................HOME Hopewell Culture National Historical Park ......................................................HOCU Hot Springs National Park ................................................................................HOSP Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore ...................................................................INDU Isle Royale National Park .................................................................................ISRO James A. Garfield National Historic Site .........................................................JAGA Jefferson National Expansion Memorial ..........................................................JEFF Jewel Cave National Monument .......................................................................JECA Keweenaw National Historical Park .................................................................KEWE Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site ..........................................KNRI Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial ..............................................................LIBO Lincoln Home National Historic Site ...............................................................LIHO Minuteman Missile National Historic Site .......................................................MIMI Mississippi National River and Recreation Area ..............................................MISS Missouri National Recreational River ..............................................................MNRR Mount Rushmore National Memorial ...............................................................MORU Nicodemus National Historic Site ....................................................................NICO Niobrara National Scenic River ........................................................................NIOB Ozark National Scenic Riverways ....................................................................OZAR Pea Ridge National Military Park .....................................................................PERI Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial ...........................................PEVI Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore .................................................................PIRO Pipestone National Monument .........................................................................PIPE Saint Croix National Scenic Riverway .............................................................SACN Scotts Bluff National Monument ......................................................................SCBL Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore ........................................................SLBE Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve ...................................................................TAPR Theodore Roosevelt National Park ...................................................................THRO Ulysses S. Grant National Historic Site ............................................................ULSG Voyageurs National Park ..................................................................................VOYA William Howard Taft National Historic Site ....................................................WIHO Wilson’s Creek National Battlefield .................................................................WICR Wind Cave
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Office of the State Archaeologist Academic Activities
    Office The Year in Review OSA mission statement, academic activities, staff achievements, annual work plan accomplishments, and plans and prospects for of the State FY 2019. By the Numbers Archaeologist 30,094 An overview of FY 2019 through numbers and charts. Fiscal Year 2019 Student Success Eighteen undergraduate and one graduate students were Annual Report involved in various OSA archaeological and related research and repository activities over the course of the fiscal year. Research The OSA conducts a wide range of research activities to discover the archaeological and architectural history of Iowa and surrounding midcontinent over the last 13,000 years. Bioarchaeology In FY 2019 the OSA Bioarchaeology Program’s efforts have focused on fulfilling its responsibilities towards the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act as well as engaging in public education and outreach events. Strategic Initiatives The OSA provides resources and opportunities that encourage the understanding, appreciation, and stewardship of Iowa’s archaeological past. OSA Mission The Year in The position of State Archaeologist was established in 1959. Read the entire mission statement Review Advisory Committee Indian Advisory Council Academic Activities OSA staff instructed four UI classes during FY 2019 including CRM Archaeology and Human Osteology. OSA hosted eight Brown Bag lectures and a creative writing class for the UI English Department. Office and Staff Achievements During FY 2019, OSA staff were recognized for their outstanding professional presence and decades of service. We also welcomed three new hires to the OSA team! FY 2019 Annual Work Plan Accomplishments In FY 2019 the OSA continued energetically pursuing research, education and outreach, and service activities throughout Iowa, the surrounding region, and internationally.
    [Show full text]
  • A Many-Storied Place
    A Many-storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator Midwest Region National Park Service Omaha, Nebraska 2017 A Many-Storied Place Historic Resource Study Arkansas Post National Memorial, Arkansas Theodore Catton Principal Investigator 2017 Recommended: {){ Superintendent, Arkansas Post AihV'j Concurred: Associate Regional Director, Cultural Resources, Midwest Region Date Approved: Date Remove not the ancient landmark which thy fathers have set. Proverbs 22:28 Words spoken by Regional Director Elbert Cox Arkansas Post National Memorial dedication June 23, 1964 Table of Contents List of Figures vii Introduction 1 1 – Geography and the River 4 2 – The Site in Antiquity and Quapaw Ethnogenesis 38 3 – A French and Spanish Outpost in Colonial America 72 4 – Osotouy and the Changing Native World 115 5 – Arkansas Post from the Louisiana Purchase to the Trail of Tears 141 6 – The River Port from Arkansas Statehood to the Civil War 179 7 – The Village and Environs from Reconstruction to Recent Times 209 Conclusion 237 Appendices 241 1 – Cultural Resource Base Map: Eight exhibits from the Memorial Unit CLR (a) Pre-1673 / Pre-Contact Period Contributing Features (b) 1673-1803 / Colonial and Revolutionary Period Contributing Features (c) 1804-1855 / Settlement and Early Statehood Period Contributing Features (d) 1856-1865 / Civil War Period Contributing Features (e) 1866-1928 / Late 19th and Early 20th Century Period Contributing Features (f) 1929-1963 / Early 20th Century Period
    [Show full text]
  • Section Four This Section Gives a Synopsis of Laws and Regulations That Are Applicable to Archaeological Investigations in Iowa
    Section Four This section gives a synopsis of laws and regulations that are applicable to archaeological investigations in Iowa. This section also gives general legal information that is applicable to agencies, groups, archaeologists, or individuals that conduct projects having the possibility to affect cultural resources or human remains in the state of Iowa. Section 4: Background Information 4-1 December 1999 Section 4: Background Information This chapter describes the federal, state, and local laws, regulations, and ordinances that have been enacted to protect Chapter 1 cultural resources or human remains. Some of these laws pertain to regulatory archaeology while others may affect privately funded Laws and Regulations projects. It is important to note in this section that there can be Protecting Cultural legal consequences when legal aspects pertaining to cultural Resources 4-2 December 1999 Section 4: Background Information resource protection are not followed. International There are various international agreements between countries that have Conventions and been instituted to protect cultural resources at a global level. Some of these Treaties Protecting International Conventions and other Instruments are listed below. Cultural Resources Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict (1954) (The Hague Convention) Second protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the protection of Cultural Property in the event of armed conflict - The Hague, (1999) Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970) Unidroit Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects (1995).
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding Community: Microwear Analysis of Blades at the Mound House Site
    Illinois State University ISU ReD: Research and eData Theses and Dissertations 4-16-2019 Understanding Community: Microwear Analysis of Blades at the Mound House Site Silas Levi Chapman Illinois State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/etd Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Chapman, Silas Levi, "Understanding Community: Microwear Analysis of Blades at the Mound House Site" (2019). Theses and Dissertations. 1118. https://ir.library.illinoisstate.edu/etd/1118 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ISU ReD: Research and eData. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ISU ReD: Research and eData. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITY: MICROWEAR ANALYSIS OF BLADES AT THE MOUND HOUSE SITE SILAS LEVI CHAPMAN 89 Pages Understanding Middle Woodland period sites has been of considerable interest for North American archaeologists since early on in the discipline. Various Middle Woodland period (50 BCE-400CE) cultures participated in shared ideas and behaviors, such as constructing mounds and earthworks and importing exotic materials to make objects for ceremony and for interring with the dead. These shared behaviors and ideas are termed by archaeologists as “Hopewell”. The Mound House site is a floodplain mound group thought to have served as a “ritual aggregation center”, a place for the dispersed Middle Woodland communities to congregate at certain times of year to reinforce their shared identity. Mound House is located in the Lower Illinois River valley within the floodplain of the Illinois River, where there is a concentration of Middle Woodland sites and activity.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates Xii H
    [Ru)Ioc!RBo1, Vol.. 10, 1968, P. 61-114] UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN RADIOCARBON DATES XII H. R. CRANE and JAMES B. GRIFFIN The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan The following is a list of dates obtained since the compilation of List XI in December 1965. The method is essentially the same as de- scribed in that list. Two C02-CS2 Geiger counter systems were used. Equipment and counting techniques have been described elsewhere (Crane, 1961). Dates and estimates of error in this list follow the practice recommended by the International Radiocarbon Dating Conferences of 1962 and 1965, in that (a) dates are computed on the basis of the Libby half-life, 5570 yr, (b) A.D. 1950 is used as the zero of the age scale, and (c) the errors quoted are the standard deviations obtained from the numbers of counts only. In previous Michigan date lists up to and in- cluding VII, we have quoted errors at least twice as great as the statisti- cal errors of counting, to take account of other errors in the over-all process. If the reader wishes to obtain a standard deviation figure which will allow ample room for the many sources of error in the dating process, we suggest doubling the figures that are given in this list. We wish to acknowledge the help of Patricia Dahlstrom in pre- paring chemical samples and David M. Griffin and Linda B. Halsey in preparing the descriptions. I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES 9240 ± 1000 M-1291. Hosterman's Pit, Pennsylvania 7290 B.C. Charcoal from Hosterman's Pit (40° 53' 34" N Lat, 77° 26' 22" W Long), Centre Co., Pennsylvania.
    [Show full text]
  • Reindeer Hunting As World Heritage a Ten Thousan Year-Long Tradition
    Reindeer hunting as World Heritage A ten thousan year-long tradition Scientific statement 2006 Reindeer hunting as World Heritage Reindeer hunting as World Heritage A ten thousand year-long tradition A ten thousand year-long tradition Contents Preface 4 8 Description of the character of the 1 Wild reindeer hunting as World area (status at the time of nomination) 48 Heritage; a ten-thousand-year-long 8.1 General description of the area 48 tradition Summary 5 8.2 Description of how the four sub-areas 2 Introduction 8 complement one another 52 2.1 Early history of the project 8 8.3 Description of the individual sub-areas 53 8.3.1 Eikesdalsfjella 53 2.2 Information for national and municipal authorities 8 8.3.2 Snøhetta 54 8.3.3 Rondane 56 2.3 Consolidation of the project 8 8.3.4 Reinheimen 60 2.4 Openness and information 9 8.3.5 Buffer zone between the Eikesdalsfjella and This report has been prepared by a team of specialists appointed for the project: ”Wild reindeer 2.5 Broad foundation 9 Snøhetta sub-areas 63 hunting as World Heritage”: 2.6 Revitalisation and regional involvement 9 8.3.6 Buffer zone between the Snøhetta and Rondane - Professor Reidar Andersen, Museum of Archaeology and Natural History, Norwegian sub-areas 63 University of Science and Technology 3 Wild reindeer – history, genetics and - Per Jordhøy, Adviser at the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research habitat use 11 9 History and development 64 - Jostein Bergstøl, Research archaeologist at the Museum of Cultural History, 10 Komparativ analyse 67 University of Oslo 3.1
    [Show full text]
  • Plan ID.Indd
    Contents Introduction . .1 Resource Overview . 2 Natural History . 2 Cultural History . 3 Existing Conditions . .5 Audiences . 5 Facilities . 6 Staff . 7 Programs . 7 Media . 9 Partnerships . .10 Regional Offerings . .12 Interpretive Themes . .13 Recommendations . .14 Interpretive Center . 14 Pavilion . 17 Self-Guided Media . 18 Programs . 19 Staff . .20 Other Locations . 20 Summary . 22 Introduction In response to a need to stay current with interpretive and visitor trends and to maximize limited staff and fi nan- cial resources, the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of State Parks and Reservoirs has devel- oped this Interpretive Master Plan for Indiana Dunes State Park. The plan accomplishes this task by: a. focusing interpretive efforts on a site-specifi c theme b. identifying needs for guided and self-guided interpretation, and c. recommending actions to fi ll those needs. The process of developing interpretive recommendations considers three components: a. Resource. What are the natural and cultural resources of the site.? b. Visitor. Who are the current users? What are the untapped audiences? c. Agency. What is the mission of the agency? What are the management goals within the agency? Other regional interpretive experiences and partnerships are incorporated to stretch staff and fi nances, foster cooperation and prevent competition. Several factors make the plan important for Indiana Dunes State Park: • In 2016, Indiana State Parks will be celebrating its 100th birthday. • The Indiana Dunes Nature Center opened int 1990. Most of the exhibits have been unchanged and are showing their age. • Indiana Dunes is unique from other parks. Recommendations need to refl ect: 1. Most of the park’s visitors are day use only.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Athens, Georgia
    SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS & ABSTRACTS OF THE 73RD ANNUAL MEETING OCTOBER 26-29, 2016 ATHENS, GEORGIA BULLETIN 59 2016 BULLETIN 59 2016 PROCEEDINGS & ABSTRACTS OF THE 73RD ANNUAL MEETING OCTOBER 26-29, 2016 THE CLASSIC CENTER ATHENS, GEORGIA Meeting Organizer: Edited by: Hosted by: Cover: © Southeastern Archaeological Conference 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE CLASSIC CENTER FLOOR PLAN……………………………………………………...……………………..…... PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………………….…..……. LIST OF DONORS……………………………………………………………………………………………….…..……. SPECIAL THANKS………………………………………………………………………………………….….....……….. SEAC AT A GLANCE……………………………………………………………………………………….……….....…. GENERAL INFORMATION & SPECIAL EVENTS SCHEDULE…………………….……………………..…………... PROGRAM WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 26…………………………………………………………………………..……. THURSDAY, OCTOBER 27……………………………………………………………………………...…...13 FRIDAY, OCTOBER 28TH……………………………………………………………….……………....…..21 SATURDAY, OCTOBER 29TH…………………………………………………………….…………....…...28 STUDENT PAPER COMPETITION ENTRIES…………………………………………………………………..………. ABSTRACTS OF SYMPOSIA AND PANELS……………………………………………………………..…………….. ABSTRACTS OF WORKSHOPS…………………………………………………………………………...…………….. ABSTRACTS OF SEAC STUDENT AFFAIRS LUNCHEON……………………………………………..…..……….. SEAC LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT AWARDS FOR 2016…………………….……………….…….…………………. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 59, 2016 ConferenceRooms CLASSIC CENTERFLOOR PLAN 6 73rd Annual Meeting, Athens, Georgia EVENT LOCATIONS Baldwin Hall Baldwin Hall 7 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin
    [Show full text]
  • Prehistoric Settlements of Coastal Louisiana. William Grant Mcintire Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1954 Prehistoric Settlements of Coastal Louisiana. William Grant Mcintire Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Mcintire, William Grant, "Prehistoric Settlements of Coastal Louisiana." (1954). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 8099. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/8099 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HjEHisroaic smm&ws in coastal Louisiana A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by William Grant MeIntire B. S., Brigham Young University, 195>G June, X9$k UMI Number: DP69477 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI DP69477 Published by ProQuest LLC (2015). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQuest: ProQuest LLC.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleoindian Settlement Across the Driftless Area
    WisArch NEWS Fall 2016 Volume 16 Number 2 WisArch News The Newsletter of the Wisconsin Archeological Society Paleoindian Settlement Across the Driftless Area WAS Officers, Chapters….……….. .....2 MessageIn from this the President Issue …… ..…...3 WAS Chapters………………………....4 Chapter Programs………..……...…….5 Devil’s Lake Mound Centennial…....6-9 Regional Research……….……..…10-24 News and Notes on Wisconsin Archaeology……………..……........25-27 Merchandise and Contributing to the Newsletter……………………..……....28 Wis Arch Digital Backissues..……......29 Back Dirt: 100 Years Ago in the Wisconsin Archeologist…………….…30 A Fall View of the Driftless Area in Southwestern Wisconsin from the Summit at Blue Mound State Park. Membership in the Wisconsin Archeological Society………......…….31 Late Paleoindian Copper Corner: Recent Work on Agate Basin in the Updating the the Trempealeau Trempealeau Wittry Archaeological Bluffs………….10 Typology……..15 Project…….…17 WISARCH NEWS VOLUME 16 NUMBER 2 Wisconsin Archeological Society www.wiarcheologicalsociety.org5TU UU5T5T Officers, Chapter Presidents & At Large Advisors 2016 Elected Officers: PresidentU :U Kurt Ahira Sampson, k5TU [email protected] UU5T5T Cell: 414-405-4367 (Elected Spring 2012) Term until Fall of 2016 PresidentU Elect:U Seth Schneider, [email protected] UU5T5T 414-254-5148 (term beginning Fall 2016) SecretaryU :U Jake Pfaffenroth, [email protected] UU5T5T 262-365-3605 (Elected 5-10 Re-elected Fall 2013) (Chair of Multi Media Committee) TreasurerU :U Jake Rieb, [email protected] UU5T5T 608-234-2896 (Elected 5-10 Re-elected Fall 2013) WASU Chapter Presidents & Chapter Vote:U Charles E. Brown Chapter-Madison, WI: Joe Monarski, [email protected] UU5T5T Kenosha County Chapter-Kenosha Public Museum: Donald Shelton, [email protected] UU5T5T Robert E.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 ESAF ESAF Business Office, P.O
    BULLETIN of the EASTERN STATES ARCHEOLOGICAL FEDERATION NUMBER 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL ESAF MEETING 79th Annual Meeting October 25-28, 2012 Perrysburg, OH Editor Roger Moeller TABLE OF CONTENTS ESAF Officers............................................................................ 1 Minutes of the Annual ESAF Meeting...................................... 2 Minutes of the ESAF General Business Meeting ..................... 7 Webmaster's Report................................................................... 10 Editor's Report........................................................................... 11 Brennan Award Report............................................................... 12 Treasurer’s Report..................................................................... 13 State Society Reports................................................................. 14 Abstracts.................................................................................... 19 ESAF Member State Society Directories ................................. 33 ESAF OFFICERS 2012/2014 President Amanda Valko [email protected] President-Elect Kurt Carr [email protected] Past President Dean Knight [email protected] Corresponding Secretary Martha Potter Otto [email protected] Recording Secretary Faye L. Stocum [email protected] Treasurer Timothy J. Abel [email protected] Business Manager Roger Moeller [email protected] Archaeology of Eastern North America
    [Show full text]
  • NPS Archeology Program: Research in the Parks
    NPS Archeology Program: Research in the Parks https://www.nps.gov/archeology/sites/npsites/effigyMounds.htm Archeology in the Parks > Research in the Parks > Documenting Native American Monuments at Effigy Mounds National Monument The eastern half of the United States has a wide variety of ancient and historic earthen mounds, ranging from simple conical mounds to large platform mounds and complex concentric circles. These earthen architecture structures were built by many different American Indian groups over several thousand years. In the Midwest, effigy mounds built in the shapes of bears, birds, panthers, snakes and water spirits were particularly prevalent. These mounds are primarily found in southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois, eastern Iowa, and southeastern Minnesota. A bear effigy mound, outlined in limestone as part of an aerial They date to about AD 650-1200, and photography experiment. NPS photo. were probably built by the ancestors of the Ho-Chunk and other Midwestern tribes (Goldstein 2009). The mounds are commonly located on flat high areas overlooking rivers and streams, especially where they intersect wetlands and lakes. These areas afforded good views, and the mounds would probably have been visible from long distances, especially if nearby trees were removed. Excavations of mounds have uncovered human remains; besides burial sites, the mounds probably also functioned as territory markers and as multi-purpose ceremonial places. The lakes and marshes associated with the effigy mounds were productive sources of food, especially in winter. The people who built and used the mounds lived in small nearby villages. They hunted, fished, and gathered wild plant products, but also had small gardens where domesticated plants such as sunflower and squashes were grown.
    [Show full text]