EVALUATION of LAND UTILIZATION and CIRCULATION SYSTEM in an URBAN LAYOUT Case Study: New Town of Gandhinagar, India NAVROZ N. DA

EVALUATION OF LAND UTILIZATION AND CIRCULATION SYSTEM IN AN URBAN LAYOUT Case Study: New Town of Gandhinagar, India by

NAVROZ N. DABU

Dipl. Arch. Center for Environmental Planningand Technology, Ahmedabad, India

1979

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. June 1983

Copyright @ Navroz N. Dabu 1983 The Author hereby grants to M.I.T. the permission to reproduce and to distribute copies of this thesis document in whole or in part.

Signature of Author Navroz N. Dabu,4 epartment of Architecture, May 1983 Certified by Horacio Caminos, P of. of Architecture, Thesis Supervisor Accepted by N. John Habraken, Chairman, Departlental Committee on KotCff Graduate Students. MASSACHUSETTSINSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY

MAY 26 1983

IInDAniCe 2 ABSTRACT 7

EVALUATION OF LAND UTILIZATION AND CIRCULATION SYSTEM IN AN URBAN LAYOUT Case Study: New Town of Gandhinagar, India

NAVROZ N. DABU

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE ON MAY 6,1983 IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE RECQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE STUDIES

ABSTRACT The study evaluates the issues of an Urban Layout in an existing situation of a new town in India and a model is prepared based on the observations. The comparison is made between the existing case and the proposed model. The main issues of the evaluation are Land Subdi- vision, adequate Land Utilization and Efficient Circulation System. The study of the -existing situation is carried out for the "Sector 21" in Gandhinagar - the new capital of Gujarat State and the proposed model is for the same site.

Thesis Supervisor: Horacio Caminos Title: Professor of Architecture __ -WIMMML

4 EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT S

I gratefully acknowledge the support, guidance and advice of professor Horacio Caminos during the entire study period at M.I.T. Next, I express my gratitude to Reinhard Goethert for the criticism, personal assistance and moral support throughout.

I am indebted to the Deputy Town Planner and the Senior Architect of the Government of Gujrat State-Mr.Deepak Mewada and Mr. Soli Unwala and numerous officials of the offices of the Chief Architect and Town Planner for their co-operation in my field work in Ahmedabad during the summer of 1982.

I am thankful to my professor Sharad N.Sheth and my colleagues Sudhir Shah and Ismet Khambatta in India, for their assistance in collection of additional data and photographs.

I also acknowledge the J.N. Tata Endowment, R.D. Sethna Scholarship fund, Parsi Panchayat of Surat and Zorastrian Association of Hong Kong, Mrs. Minnie Cama, my friend Mahiyar Gandevia, uncle - "Minoo Masa" and cousin Burjor for the partial financial assistance without which, the higher studies at M.I.T. would have been impossible.

Lastly, I thank my wife Binaifer for her encouragement, support and assistance in typing and debt to my parents for their love, sacrifice and encouraging support, is beyond the means of expression. I- -AIWAWW

EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT

CONTENTS

PREFACE ...... 6 GANDHINAGAR - Urban Context...... 7 EVALUATIONS - Existing and Proposed Plans 1. Land Utilization Plan...... 12 2. Land Utilization Plan...... 16 3. Circulation Plan...... - Comments: 1. Land Subdivision...... 18 2. Land Utilization...... 20 3. Circulation...... 22 4. Blocks, Lots and Clusters...... 24 CONCLUSION...... -25 APPENDIX INDIA - National Context...... *-28 Existing Project Program...... 34 Existing Dwellings Program... -35 Design Stages: Proposed project...... *-36 GLOSSARY...... 38 REFERENCES/EXPLANATORY NOTES...... 40 ___AaPAWW

6 EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT PREFACE

PREFACE

BACKGROUND - NEW TOWNS: In the past two or more decades of rapid urban growth in India there has been attempts to plan completely new towns for specific purposes in chosen locations. Though these new towns are diverse in their planning objectives, all share situation characterised by scarcity of financial, technical and managerial resources. These new towns vary in planned populations of 10,000 to 500,000 and include refugee townships, state capitals, steel and fertilizer towns.

OBJECTIVES: The focus of this study is on urban dwelling environment in one of the new towns in India. The selected town is GANDHINAGAR planned as a capital city of the state of Guj- rat. The major intent of the study is the evaluation of the various important issues of the urban layout and prep- are a model based on the observations to improve upon the studied issues.

CONTENT: The study is carried out at two levels. First, the Identi- fication and Evaluation of theselected planned portion of the town. Second, keeping the basic outline of the program constant as in the existing situation a Model is developed. The proposed Model is compared to the existing primary emphasis on the issue of land utilization and the circulation which would be the major guidelines for the evaluat-- ion and the preliminary design of the urban environments and the point of reference for the policy makers for the new planned environments. As the city is planned with a regular patterns of main roads dividing the city into rectangular "Sectors" measuring 1000m by 750m. One of these Sectors is selected for this study. EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT GANDHINAGAR: URBAN CONTEXT 7

400,000 NORTH

GANDHINAGAR 300 000 URBAN CONTEXT .! 200,000 WIND Primary Information 100,000 GANDHINAGAR, the new capital city of the state of Gujrat is situated approx. 24 km. to the North of the previous 50,000 TEMPERATURE capital city - Ahemdabad; in western India. 45C SUMMER MONSOON WINTER 25,000 The city is located 73m above sea level on 23 4' North 21C ------latitude and 72 38' East longitude. 0 0C 1500 1700 1900 1970 2000 18c The site for the whole city occupies an area of approx. URBAN POPULATION GROWTH MAR JUN NOV MAR 5738 hectares, and is situated on the banks of river Saba- horizontal: dates vertical, population HUMIDITY 1001. rmati. The ground of the site is level and well drained with a gentle slope from North east to South west. The 501. soil is mostly loam sandy, and therefore suitable for the 0% building construction work. The exciting feature of the RAIN site is it's Mango groves. 400mN 300m The max. average temperature is 40 c in May-June, and a 200mm minimum average of 29 c in Dec- Jan. Mean relative 100mm humid- 0mm ity is highest in August (86%) and lowest in Jamiaru (47%). SNOW Average yearly rainfall is about 825 mm. The prevailing 400mm wind direction varies from Southwest to West. Gandhinagar 25% 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 300.. 200mm URBAN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION is conveniently located from the point of view of transp- 100mm horizontal: percentages ort. The existing vertical: ages 0mm Ahmedabad Airport is midway between Ahm- males: M females: F edabad and Gandhinagar. The major highways (Ahmedabad - Mt. 25000 Abu), and (Bombay - Ahmedabad - New Delhi) bypass the site 10000 5 km. to the west and 5 km. to the East respectively. The 5000 extension work of the existing, Broad-guage railway line is finished, and the railway station is designed on the 1000 west boundary on of the township.

History:

After the bifurcation of the Bombay state a seperate state NORTH of Gujrat came 50% 40 30 20 10 into existance on lst of May 1960. The URBAN ANNUAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION PLAN Chief Minister declared that the State will have a new horizontal: percentages vertical: dollars Source: Discussions; town planning office (Approximate) __ -Adatifiow-

0 EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT GANDHINAGAR:URBAN CONTEXT

Capital to be named Gandhinagar. However no progress could be made towards the execution of the project for the new city, as the Oil and Natural Gas Commission was exploring the area for oil. In 1964, the commission declared the proposed site, to be free of oil and the project was started. Masterplan for the township was then prepared by the team led by the Dept. of P.W.D. and was approved by the Govt. in 1966. The construction progressed with hectic speed till 1971. Due to some political changes of the ministry the program was suspended, though the next ministry in power started the development again. Gandhinagar today is a full fledged city and in the last thirteen years, the population has grown from 25,000 to 100,000. All the sectors are not yet finished and the new Capital complex had it's opening, in the summer of 1982.

City Planning Concept:

Functionally Gandhinagar is the capital city and therefore is predominantly the administrative centre of the state, though gradually it is acquiring important civic and cultural functions, Initially the principal employer in the city would be the state government and the design population is based on the government employment structure. The city is planned for the population of 300,000. the capital complex - together forms the central axis Conceptually, the major work areas are provided in the of the city which is to be developed into a major park. centre and other work areas are distributed along the The total area of the site is app. 5738 hectares which major town roads. includes the area under the river (800 hectares). On the leeward side of the city is located the industr- The New city is planned on the Western bank of the riv- ial areas having small scale and light industries. er. Out of which 700 hectares along the river (which is Capital complex forms the major activity centre of the eroded land) are left out for the river front development. city and is placed in the central sector of the city. The area on the eastern bank of the river is not propo- The railway station located at the perephery just faces sed for immediate use. EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT GANDHINAGAR:URBAN CONTEXT 9

10km

KEY KEY

Built-up Area Residential

major town roads Commercial

-'- - city boundary Wa Work Area (govt. offices)

U6 is iSK.

URBAN TOPOGRAPHY AND CIRCULATION URBAN LAND USE PATTERN 1:250000

Residential Area:

The main roads of the city divide it into rectangular aim was to avoid developing isolated government colonies. areas called "SECTORS" which measure 1 ki. in length Different types and categories of home types have been and 3/4 km. width enclosing an area of 75 hectares. used in the planning. Government employees are accomoda- Each of the sectors accomodates on the average resid- ted in five different categories of houses built by the ential community of the density ranging from 7000 to government. 17000 people. Each sector has the necessary facilities Ten categories of residential plots ranging from a mini- like schools, shopping centres, playgrounds, parks etc, mum of 50 sq. meters to a maximum of 1600 sq. meters are Mostly 50% of the total population of the city will be made available to the people. constituted by the government employees, most of the In each sector there is an attempt to have a balanced Residential Sectors are proposed to have the population combination of four categories each of private plots and dependent on other occupations of professions also.The government quarters. 10 EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT GANDHINAGAR: URBAN CONTEXT

10km LIGHT INDUSTRIES AREA: Though Gandhinagar is primarily to be an administrative centre, it must have a diversified economic base to make it a living city. It is therefore desirable that light industries which will not-basically alter the character of the city be established. It is estimated that about 20000 workers will be engaged in such industries. An area of about 120 hectares has been KEY earmarked for this purpose to the north of the city and High about 160 hectares on the north-west of city. It includes provision for establishment of industrial training schools Medium or such other technical institutions requiring close prox-

VMO1,Low imity with the "workshop".

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS AREA: To the south of the city an area of about 50 hectares has been earmarked for public institutions of State-wide importance.

a 1 Is Mu URBAN DENSITY PATTERN SHOPPING, COMMERCIAL AND WAREHOUSING AREA: 1:250000 At the intersection of the two central roads in the city is located the main shopping centre for the city. Though WORK AREAS: it will spread to some extent along these two roads, it CAPITOL COMPLEX AND GOVERNMENT OFFICES has been so planned as not to cause any hindrance to traf- The most important work place in the city is the Capital fic on them. This area will accomodate retail shopping Complex and Government Offices. The Capital Complex, comp- facilities as well as other commercial premises. rising of Secretariate, Legislative Assembly, the High Along the central avenue, connection the City Centre with Court and Offices of Heads of Departments are located cen- the Capital Complex to the south-east and the warehousing trally in one 'Sector', with an area of 75 hectares. area to the north-west there is a strip of land reserved It has been so planned as to merge gradually with the for special buildings requiring larger plots. At the north river front landscape to the south-east. Other Offices of western tip of this strip is located the wholesale and the State Government have been located to the north of the warehousing area to which will flow goods from the surrou- Capital Complex covers an area of about 150 hectares. The nding region without any hindrance to the traffic within area is so located as to be within easy reach of the resi- the city. dences of most of the Government employees. MR

EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT EVALUATIONS 11

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This section evaluates the issues of an urban layout by comparision of the existing and the proposed Land subdivision,Land utilization and Circulation, with the help of plans and comments. TOWN ROAD -"CH" 0- MAJOR 1

I 4W KEY Po Post-office Ir"irMi ; SS SecondarySchool man# T Temple Hf mwetwt Mq Mosque Ch church -Z Ps Primary School

0 Ps L Library

0z P Police station

E- F1, M Market A D Playground Ci Cinema E~ R Reserve

Mq D Dispensary RC Recreation

Re Gs Gas station

Ss Pw

50 TOWN ROAD -"CHH" V EXISTING LAND SUBDIVISION PLAN 1:5000 - -. 0mmimw

EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT EVALUATIONS 0 MAJOR TOWN ROAD -"CH"

KEY

Pk Parking Po Post-Office Ss Secondary School

T Temple

Mq Mosque Ch church Ps Primary School L Library

P Police station

M Market PI Playground

Ci Cinema

R Reserve

D Dispensary Re Recreation Gs Gas station

0 0 ~~50 300m 1~~ TOWN ROAD -"CHH" ...... PROPOSED LAND SUBDIVISION PLAN 1: 000 10 .\\\i. 0

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TOWN ROAD -"CHH" EXISTING CIRCULATION 1:5000 EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT EVALUATIONS 17 MAJOR TOWN ROAD -"CH"

TOWN ROAD -"CHH" 0 50 300m

PROPOSED CIRCULATION 1:5000 18 EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT EVALUATIONS

LAND SUBDIVISION ic and semi-public activities. The lots around the houses Land Subdivision for the project determines the overall are property lines shown only on the drawings and are layout of the streets dividing the "Site" in smaller por- missing in the existing situation.Few users have built in- tions of the Land viz. Blocks, Lots and Clusters. The formal hedges out of plants and cactii,as the built physi- placement of different activities of semipublic nature and cal barriers are economically not affordable. commercial areas is also covered in Land Subdivision. PROPOSED EXISTING The proposed plan for "Sector 21" has four clearly defined In the existing situation, there are no clearly marked accesses into it. These are the centres of the major roads property lines and accesses into the "Sector 21" not bei- surrounding the site. The primary circulation, in turn ng well planned, it can be penetrated all along the peri- gets derived as a central cross joining these access poin- pherial roads. ts. Thus, all the residential and the semipublic areas are The existing layout of the "Sector2l" has it's streets approached inwardly and not from the main roads as in the marked out in geometrically, arbitrary pattern. This cre- existing situation. ates closed loops, dead ends forming an open space and The new layout is based on grid pattern unlike the tradit- unplanned open areas prcviding an access to the dwellings ional geometrically arbitrary pattern. This minimizes the around it. circulation length per area served and allows more private Semi detached houses are common factor and the large por- land for residential purpose. The residences are planned tion of the land remains unutilized or under utilized. in private lots which are arranged in clusters forming a It represents a layout with a very elaborate circulation shared court. The effeciency and a primary achievement of pattern. Community facilities are provided on open spaces the new layout is seen in the proposed density keeping the scattered throughout the site. adequate percentage of open areas. It allows approx. i The public domain of the streets and the private domain times more people and still has 10,350 sq.m area reserved of shopping or residential, do not have any physical bar- for future development. riers. Same is the case with the boundaries between publ-

1 Hectare l Hectare

{* 20 persons * 20 persons EVALUATIONS 19

COMMENTS: l.Unmarked property lines;hedges on one side;missing on the other Photos:Ismet Khambatta & Sudhir Shah 2.Streets merge into unused open spaces.3. Access public land 4.Conmnunityspaces lacking maintenance. 20 EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT EVALUATIONS

LAND UTILIZATION PROPOSED PROJECT In urban layouts, there is a need for a rational adequate The utilization of the public land is to minimize the land utilization, considering a coherent relationship circulation length per area, public responsibilitiesand amongst users, their responsibilities,,and physical cont- to offer more land for the "Private" use.' rols. The most common consequences of an irrational land Proposed layouthas 23 Ha less ofpIublic land than the utilization with land waste and undefinable land use, are existing. This is achieved mainly by replacing the grid- misuse of the environment, destruction, vandalism, crime -rionlayout by the grid layout and the public open spaces and poor maintenance. by the semi-privateshared courts. The semi-public land which are community facilitiessuch EXISTING PROJECT as veg. market, post office, religiouscentres, etc. is The public land in this layout is thrice larger than the designed to provide equal accessto the entire-community proposed one. It leads to the high construction costs of and emphasizing the relation of these-activities to the Infrastructureand utilities as well as maintainance cost. importance of the central spine. Small public areas scattered all over the site do not The schools are located nearthe boundaries to avoid high give clearly defined user's responsibilitiesand do not land values at the centre and also the disturbances of have physical control. These areas are potentially hapha- the central activities. zard. The private land is designed to maximize private use, res- Semi-public.spacesare not distributed equally. The loca- ponsibilities and participation by allocating the lots in tion of the community facilities does not promote concen- the cluster courts, creating more social interaction. tration of functions. The school's location at the center is improper as this area of high landvalue should prefe- rably be occupied by community facilities. Private land utilization does not provide opportunities for private to participate in community activities. 1 Hectare 1 Hectare

PERCENTAGES PERCENTAGES

Private: Residential 32% Private: Residential 57% Commercial 7% Commercial 7%

Public 45% Public 15% ...... Semipublic: No Revenue 19% M * ...... Semipublic: No Revenue 14% Revenue 2% **, ','',00.Revenue 2% EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT EVALUATIONS 21

I 'I.

COMMENTS: 1.No physical barriers between public,private and semiprivate Photos: Ismet Khambatta & Sudhir Shah land. 2. Street and "wasteland"around.3. Unused wide open spaces in the "Shopping" area.4. Informal shoppimg area. CIRCULATION PROPOSED PROJECT The system of circulation forms one of the very important The proposed circulation network is based on a Grid system. elements of an urban layout. It channels the pedestrian The "Nodes" or the intersections of the streets are 90m & and vehicular movements and also determines the pattern of ll5m which are smaller enough to facilitate the pedestrian land utilization, land sub-division and layout of the uti- circulation among the various community elements and large lities; such as water supply, sewage disposal, street pav- enough to minimize public land areas to reduce the public ing, street lighting and storm drainage. costs of construction, maintainence and operation of utilities plus services. EXISTING PROJECT The existing pattern of major town roads around Sector 21 The circulation pattern is based on a Gridiron system. forms the basic accesses for the proposed circulation net- There, is no obvious attempt at forming regular interva- work and the Site development. Network provides the utili- ls in the street levels and these change to the size and ty lines throughout the site by providing continuous acce- shape of different blocks. ss for maintainance and control. The circulation layout This creates more public land used by the streets and also minimizes the infrastructure investment for the publ- increases the cost of construction and maintainance. It ic sector. does not give clear direction to residents for accesses Following modes are considered for the layout. to all the community facilities. MODE 1: Primary streets are differentiated into two categories. Cluster courts and the 10m wide streets are planned for the major use by the pedestri- One is exclusively for bicycles. ans, but the light vehicles (Bicycles and The street layout does not promote concentration of com- scooters) are made an exception as these munity activities and consequently there is no incentive vehicles are the major forms of owned transportation in India. These secondary stree- for social interaction. ts are in both directions to the primary streets providing entrance to all the clusters. MODE 2: 16 Hectares The 20m wide primary streets form a "Spinal 16 Hectares Cross" running through the center of the site. These give equal importance to the pedestrians and the vehicles but the later do not control the circulation. Community facilities are located along these streets to create a focus of activities. Main bus route is also proposed on this spine. MODE 3: The peripherial streets will be dominated by the relatively high speed traffic with mode-. rate volume. These also serve as service roads for the district shopping center and LENGTH 400 m/Ha the schools. T L'M17MU 1 / EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT EVALUATIONS

it 3 -- p r I';

COMMENTS: l.Access into "Sector 21"-too wide a street.2. Street junctions Photos:Ismet Khambatta & Sudhir Shah are unclear and merge with unidentified land.3. Wide unused open areas along the street. 4. Poor maintenance of public lanc BLOCKSLOTS AND CLUSTER COURTS Blocks, Lots, and Cluster courts are the major components of Land Subdivision. "BLOCK" is a portion of land containing one or more lots bounded and served by public circulation lines. "LOT" is a measured parcel of land having fixed boundaries and access to public .lines of circulation. A group of lots around a simiprivate common. court that ser- ves for access to the lots as well. as for other activities is a "CLUSTER COURT". The ownership of the cluster court is shared in the condominiums.

EXISTING PROJECT: In the existing situation, as seen before, no such division of land into Blocks, Lots,.and Cluster courts is found. The divisions are irregular. "Lots" with physical boundaries are absent and the arrangement in clusters is not adopted.

PROPOSED PROJECT: The proposed layout is divided into Blocks measuring 115m x 90m. The lots in are 30m x 20m, 20m x 10m, 20m x 7m and 15m x 12m. These are based upon and evaluated from the existing program of dwellings. Larger lots are located all along the Primary circulation (Central Spine). These lots accomodate the three storeyed condominiums. Other dwellings in the proposed layout are row houses, with common walls, which offer the obvious economical and climatic advantages in the hot climate.

0 20 loom Piae Sri-private

1: 2000 EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT CONCLUSION 25

CONCLUSION devoted to the circulation, which are costly to begin with and also maintained by the Public Sector are kept The following observations are based on the comparative to a minimum. This helps to stretch the resources to analysis/evaluation of the proposed and existing layouts benefit more people lowering the ratio of circulation for land utilization and circulatAon. length per area served results in utility network becom- ing accessible to all the blocks. GOAL ACHTEVED BY

1. Maximization of privately A grid layout and a cluster The proposed project illustrates a more efficient layout owned land and minimizat- court design with "Condomi- with clear distinction between the lines of access and ion of publicly owned nium" ownership. lines of circulation and in terms of circulation lengths land. per area served. 2. Positive social effects Defining clearly the extent which encourage the indi- of user's territory and The existing situation fails in terms of forming cohes- vidual to participate and providing semi-private are- ive social groups because of its large undivided size of understand the responsib- as with condominium owners- blocks as opposed to the proposed layout which allows a ilities. hip in shared courts. choice of having residential units in a well contained 3. Positive economic effec- A grid layout and a cluster cluster. ts by the reduction costs court design minimizes len- of construction, operat- gth and areas of public Total dwelling areas are divided into 30 sections making ion and maintenance. streets and utilities, bas- small socially and physically manageable clusters. The ic networks and service cluster courts are well controlled having one entrance connections. each. 4. Positive effects of less The cluster subdivision administ rative costs, makes it unnecessary for As seen clearly in the revised layout and land subdivis- the public institution to ion plan, undefined land is eliminated and private/semi- deal with individuals but private land parcels are well controlled. the groups of people's co- operatives are formed.

The proposed land utilization introduces a coherent relationship between user's responsibilities and physical controls. This is one of the basics for an effective use of the land which is ignored in the existing layout. Land utilization percentages are optimised. Public areas EXISTING PROPOSED SQ.M. LAND UTILIZATION SQ.M. LAND UTILIZATION % PRIVATE: RESIDENTIAL 2,20,288 29% PRIVATE: RESIDENTIAL 3,39,710 45% 7% COMMERCIAL 54 , 912 7% COMMERCIAL 52,310 SEMIPRIVATE 5,600 3% SEMIPRIVATE 86,300 12% PUBLIC-STREETS 1,66,570 22% PUBLIC STREETS 1,04,800 14% UNDEFINED 1,72,246 23% PLAZA 4,680 1% SEMIPUBLIC-NO REVENUE 1,07,616 14% SEMIPUBLIC-NO REVENUE 1,41,090 19% REVENUE 2,768 2% REVENUE 14,540 2%

1 Hectare 1 Hectare

LIII LIZMR

...... *...... CIRCULATION. Tota.Legth: 30,00. Lengh/...ae..00.n/H DENSITY CIRCULATION DENSITY Persons/Hectare: 253 Persons/Hectare: 160 Total Length: 8790 M Length/Hectare: 117 m/Ha

16 Hectares 1 Hectare 16 Hectares 1 Hectare

* 0

- I - U - 20 pcrsons 20 persons -- --mmosaw

EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT APPENDIX

APPENDIX

INDIA: National Context EXISTING PROJECT PROGRAM EXISTING DWELLINGS PROGRAM DESIGN STAGES: Proposed Project 28 EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT INDIA:NATIONAL CONTEXT

INDIA NATIONAL CONTEXT

PRIMARY INFORMATION

Country: Republic of India Capital: New Delhi Population: 659.2 million (1981)22% urban, 78% rural Population growth: 2.1% per year Area: 3,280, 483 sq. km. Languages: Hindi, English, there are 14 other official languages Currency: Rupee (9.34 Rupees = U.S. $1, 1982) Per Capita Income: U.S. $190 Religion: 84% Hindu, 11% Muslim Government: Democracy Major Cities: Calcutta 7,005,362* Bombay 5,968,546 Delhi 3,629,842 Madras 2,470,288 Hyderabad 1,798,910 Bangalore 1,648,232 Ahmedabad 2,515,195 Kanpur 1,273,016 - aftwhow-_49044, - _ - - __ I - - - --

EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT INDIA:NATIONAL CONTEXT

800 2,000-5,000 700

600 N 1,000-2,000

500 is

400 8 500-1,000

300

a 1I 1200 LESS THAN 500 .1901 '21 '41 '61 '81 26% 2N 5 if I MI F 6 si 8n 80% 60 40 20 0 NATIONAL POPULATION GROWTH NATIONAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

horizantal: dates vertical: population in millions horizontal: percentage vertical: ages horizontal: percentage vertical: village population Source: INDIA, A Reference Annual, 1974 Source: INDIA, A Reference Annual, 1974 Source: INDIA, A Reference Accual, 1974 Government of India Government of India Government of India

(2) . GEOGRAPHY: The climate varies from tropical in the south to temperate India, situated between 8 4' and 37 6' latitudes, dominates in the north. Four seasons are recognized south of the the south Asian subcontinent geographically. It is bounded Himalayas: a relatively cool, dry period from December on the east by Bangla Desh, Burma and the Bay of Bengal; on through February; a dry, hot season from March through May the west by Pakistan and the Arabian Sea; and on the north and a rainy season or southwest monsoon period from June by the People's Republic of China, Nepal and Bhutan. It through September as well as a northeast or retreating measures 3,214 km. north to south and 2,933 km. east to west monsoon period of October and November. The temperatures has a land frontier of 15,200 km. and a coastline of 6,083 seldom lower below freezing anywhere south of the Himalayas km. Its diversified topography has three major regions: but often reach as high as 110 F during summer months. (1) sparsely populated Himalaya Mountains which extend along Precipitation ranges from over 1,000 cm. annually in the the whole of the north border; (2) heavily populated, well northeast (Assam Hills) to less than 12 cm. in the north- watered and fertile area in the north, on the Indo-Gangetic west (Rajasthan Dessert). Plains; and (3) southern peninsula including the tabeland of the Deccan Plateau. The major river systems are associated (3). PEOPLE: with each of the main regions. Chains of low mountains and Two major ethnic groups predominate in India: Indo-Aryan hills lie roughly west to east across central India and in the north and Dravidian in the South. The aboriginal north to south along the peninsular coasts. Deserts and tribal people live in the central forests and mountains, arid regions of west-central India contrast with the heavy and some Mongoloid people live in the far northern regions forestration in the eastern area. 84% of the people are Hindus, 11% Muslims, and the rest are =I

30 . EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT INDIA: NATIONAL CONTEXT

PRIVATE, 'dWA4MI'ig lST PLAN AGRICULTURE 8 PUBLIC TOTAL INDUSTRY 2ND PLAN 4WA1 UUU - -4- TRANSPORTATION 3RD PLAN SOCIAL SERVICES 4TH PLAN HOUSING TRANSPORT AGRICULTURE :NERVICET.5TH OTHER PLAN I I I I I

40% 30 20 10 100% 75 50 25 0 1963 '65 '67 '69 '71' FIFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN INVESTMENT PUBLIC SECTOR INVESTMENT IMPORTS AND EXPORTS

horizontal: percentage vertical: sector horizontal: percentage vertical: development plans horizontal: year vertical: million Rupees Source: INDIA, A Reference Annual, 1974 Source: INDIA, A Reference Annual, 1974 Source: Area Handbook for India, Government of India Government of India Nyrop R.F., 1975

EMq

Christians, Sikhs, Jains, Parsis Buddhists, etc. The caste of this culture as they spread out over the South Asian sub- system, based on employment/occupation related categories continent. During the next few centuries India flourished ranked on a theoretically defined hierarchy, is gradually under several successive empires. The Muslim Arabs came to down under the impact of urbanization,industrialization, Western India in the seventh and the eighth centuries, A.D. wider communication and educational opportunities. The Mughals reigned from 1526 to 1707, A.D. and were const- According to the 1961 census 1,652 languages were reported antly challanged by the Rajputs, the Sikhs and the Marathas. as mothertongues. However, the 14 principal languages desc- The first British outpost in South Asia was established in ribed in the Indian Constitution are collectively spoken by 1619. Later in that century, permanent trading stations were about 87% of the people. The Indo-Aryan languages are spoken opened by the East India Company at Madras, Bombay and Cal- by 73% of the population in the northern regions whereas cutta; the British gradually expanded their influence from 24.5% speak the Dravidian languages in the south. English is these footholds. Following the first war of independence in widely used in government, business and education throughout 1857, the East India Company was withdrawn and a direct rule the country. of the British Crown was established. (4). HISTORY: The Indian National Congress, formed for the purposes The known history of the Indian people spans some five mill- of promoting political reforms, was transformed into a ennia. Between 3000 and 1500 B.C. a number of settlements mass movement for independence by Mahatma Gandhi in developed in the Indus River Valley (now in Pakistan) into 1920, adopting parliamentary and extra-parliamentary complex urban centres based on commerce, trade and agricul- means: non-violent resistance and non-cooperation.After ture.Aryan tribes originating in Central Asia absorbed parts partition of the Indian subcontinent into India and EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT INDIA: NATIONAL CONTEXT 31

Pakistan, India became independent on August 15, 1947, representatives, 13 of whom are nominated by the President with Jawaharlal Nehru as the Prime-Minister. India's and the rest are related indirectly by the members of the Constitution was promulgated on January 26, 1950 and state and territorial legislatures. One-third of the members the country was declared to be a Democratic Republic. retire every two years, with each member completing a six India is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwea- year term. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected directly by lth of Nations, the Asian Development Bank, the Intern- the people, all for a five-year term. Lok Sabha seats are ational Atomic Energy Agency, the International Bank allocated to states in proportion to their population. In for Reconstruction and Development, the Colombo Plan 1973 there were 523 members of the Lok Sabha, including 3 and the International Monetary fund. nominated by the President. By early 1974 there were 21 States and 9 Union Territories. (5). GOVERNMENT: The governmental structure at the state level is similar to that of the Central government. The President India is a Sovereign Democratic Republic with a parliament- appoints a Governor for a five-year term, ary form of government. The President, elected by an indir- who is aided and advised by a Cabinet of Ministers headed by a Chief Minister.Subject to ect electoral college, is the executive head of the Indian legislation by the Union. His term of office is five years and is eligible for Parliament, the President governs the re-election. He also acts as the Supreme Commander of the Union territories through appointed administrators. The armed forces and appoints the Prime Minister, the Attorney District is the major geographical and administrative General, Governors of the States of the Union, the Chief subdivision within the state, and usually has 4 to 5 Justice andother Justices of the Supreme Court as well as million people, with the District Collector as the chief the High Courts, and appoints and receives diplomatic rep- administrator. The "Panchayat Raj" system, as a means of resentations. The President is aided and advised by a Cabi- decentralizing administration at the very local levels, net of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister. Members of involves a three-tier structure of self-governing bodies the Cabinet are chosen from among the two houses of the at the village, block and district levels which are Parliament and are responsible to it. known as the 'Gram Panchayat', 'Block Panchayat' or 'Pan- chayat The Parliament consists of the President and the two houses Samiti' and 'Zila Parishad' respectively. In large towns and cities, the local the Rajya Sabha, or the Council of States, and the Lok Sabha self-governing bodies are the Municipality, or the House of the People. The Parliament usually holds or the Municipal Corporation, Committee or Board. three sessions a year. One of the principal functions of the Parliament is to make laws on the matters the Constitution The Judiciary is a single, integrated, hierarchical sys- specifies to be within its domain. Amongits constitutional tem, with the Supreme Court at the top, the High Courts powers are the fixing or changing of the state boundaries, at the state level and lower courts at the district and making amendments to the Constitution, controlling the nat- local levels. The Supreme Court is the ultimate interpr- ion's finances, and removing the Cabinet by a vote of non- etor of the Constitution and of the laws of the land. Its confidence. The Rajya Sabha consists of a maximum of 250 jurisdiction is divided into three categories - Original, 32 EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT INDIA: NATIONAL CONTEXT

Apellate and Advisory, and its decisions are binding on raising the consumption standards of the lowest 30% of all the courts. The Chief Justice and a maximum of 13 the population from Rupees 25 per capita per month to other Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the Rupees 40 per capita per month - and attainment of eco- President. At the village level, judicial bodies called nomic self-reliance. The plan aims at an accelerated the 'Nyaya Panchayat' try cases of minor offenses in many growth of agricultural (4%) and industrial (10%) output states. However, they have limited powers and may only with an overall average rate of growth of 5.5% in the impose moderate fines as punishments. national product. The plan's proposals, on a priority basis, are: (6). ECONOMY: - speedy completion of the projects and programmes alre- India has a mixed economy having a small but important ady underway and spilling over from the Fourth Plan; the and growing public sector and a large private sector fullest and the most rapid utilization of the capacity which contributes nearly 75% of the national income. The already created. public sector owns the country's infrastructure, strate- - achieve as soon as possible the minimum targets in the gic resources, and basic heavy industry. The private main sectors of the economy upon which development or sector includes a large small-scale industrial sector and utilization of capacity in other sectors is dependent. the traditional sector which accounts for 75 to 80% of - provide for the minimum level of: elementary education the population and 50 to 60% of the national product for children upto the age of 14, public health facilities consisting mainly of a subsistence level agriculture including preventive medicines, adequate nutrition and and the household and village handicraft production. family planning devices; safe drinking water for all vil- Surplus labour results in high rates of unemployment lages; all-weather roads to villages with population of and under-employment. Vocational and training progr- 1,500 and more; homesites for landless farmers; electri- ammes are encouraged by the government to produce fication for 30 to 40% of the rural population; and slum skilled manpower in order to support the growing ind- improvement. ustrial sector. Complete information on India's natu- (8). EDUCATION: ral resource base is not available. Relatively large Under the provisions of the Constitution, education is quantities of water for irrigation and hydro-electric primarily the responsibility of individual states, with power generation are potentially available. The annual some specific powers and responsibilities reserved for growth of the Gross National Product at constant prices the Central government. This accounts for the lack of between 1961 and 1972 showed an average rate of about uniformity in the country's educational system. The pre- 4%. For the same period, Per Capita Income rose at an dominant pattern of education is comprised of eight years average rate of 3.7% annually. of secondary education which is in turn followed by three (7). DEVELOPMENT PLANNING: years of univirsity education leading to the first prof- Two major objectives of the Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974- essional degree. A uniform pattern of ten years of prim- 1979) are; removal of poverty and destitution - by aryand elementary education followed by two years of EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT INDIA: NATIONAL CONTEXT 33

secondary or, as it is sometimes called, 'higher second- 1:4, 550 in 1972, and 1:4, 300 estimated by the end of ary' - education, and three years of university educat- 1974. In addition to several medical facilities following ion is being adopted in many states. Regional languages the western pattern, several highly developed indigenous are the common media of instruction upto secondary edu- systems of medicine exist and serve an unknown but proba- cation whereas English replaces them, for the most part, bly substantial number of tradition-oriented Indians. at the university level.In 1971, 2945% of the total population, 39.45% of the males, and 18.70% of the females - including the Oto 4 years age group - were literate. A number of measures have been adopted by the Central and state governments to encourage education to adults and women. Vocational and training programmes have been intr- oduced to lower the currently unsatisfactorily high ratio of libral arts graduates to technically trained personnel. (9). LIVING CONDITIONS:

Consumer goods and preferences vary widely throughout the country. For a large sector of the population,particular- ly rural and urban poor, little money is left after expenditures for food,clothing and shelter,which are mostly obtained from what is locally produced and available. However,with increasing communication and extensive transportation networks,wider distribution of consumer goods has been possible. Housing continues to be inadequate in all India.In ]969, government estimates showed a shortage of 84 million housing units;]2 million in urban areas,and 72million in rural areas. Basic services;water supply, Electricity and Sewage disposal are inadequate in both rural and urban areas.Poor environmental conditions allover have created serious health hazards. The main objective of the national health programme is the control and erad- iction of communicable diseases. The overall medical economy is a mixed one, having a general system of private practice and an extensive national and state support of medical facilities, training and specialized programmes. The ratios of doctors to population were 1:5, 150 in 1968 =4

311 EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT EXISTING PROJECT PROGRAM

EXISTING PROJECT PROGRAM EXISTING DWEL LINGS

City Population: 100,00 persons The dwellings in the existing situation are divided into Designer: dovto of Gujrat State various categories -.for different levels of govt. employ- The 4ffice of the Chief ees, based on the income and social status differences. Architect and the Chief These categories for the govt. employees are-named J, CHH, Town Planner. CH, GH and Categgrie 3. They are quarters and 6% of the Selected Site: Sector 21 b asic salary isirecover-ed as the Tenure. They do not get Total Area: 86 Hectares converted into "Owner'ship" even after a long span of time. Site Conditions: Level, well drained, gen- The retired or transfered employee has to vacate the house. tle slope. The other categories of Private Housing are named A, B, C, Soil: Sandy loam - suitable for D and few others. These plots are auctioned in public. The construction. owner is given the freedom to disign, within the general Income Groups: Upto $15 per month to framework of byelaws and the approval. $200 per month. In the shopping area, either the owners reside on the upp- Project Cost: Not available er floors, or the owner lets out the upper floors for Development: Progressive other commercial activities..These shops are privately Level of Services: Standard owned. Population: 12,000 Density: Gross: 160 persons/Hect- are Areas of Land Utilization: Private and Semipri- vate 39% Public 45% Semipublic 16% Length of public circulation: 400m/hectare

r~u 1 ~ j p EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT EXISTING PROGRAM:DWELLINGS 3S

GOVT. HOUSING PRIVATE HOUSING

C------TYPE AREA AREA NO. NO. NO. TYPE AREA AREA NO. NO. NO. PLOT UNIT FLOORS UNITS PEOPLE PLOT UNIT FLOORS UNITS PEOPLE

to M 2 t2m 2 180 900

2 2 $15 1 81 m 23 m 2 240 1200

2 42 m 2 3 108 540

2 $15 > 1 52 m2 2 195 975 1 162m 2 35 m2 2 168 840

2 to 2 52 m 2 35 175 2 $303 52 m 3 140 700 2 105 m 50m2 1 224 1120

64 320 $30 1 70m2 2 2 to 2 70 m2 3 56 280 $60 2 2 3 396 m 35 m 3 120 600

$60 2 1 90 in 1 16 80 2 2 to 135m 50 m 3 111 555 $852 90 2 2 32 160

2 2 $85 - 1 200 m 84 m 1 42 210 2 to 92 m 2 168 840 2 2 2 75 m 60 m 3 96 480 $140 2 2 3 1120 m 60 mr 3 156 1080 $140 to 2 2 $20 330 m 108 m 1 173 865

Total Total Total Total 1114 5570 1210 6350 PROGRAM OF EXISTING DWELLINGS __ _."Wkdaw

DESIGN STAGES STAGE B: DETERMINING PRIMARY SITE CIRCULATION.. This is a brief description of the stages through the des- The accesses from the previous stage are linked in the ign process, for the proposed layout. Each stage with convenient manner. clear objective and policies would lead to another to arr- Major Policy: Coverage from primary circulation. Keeping ive at the final result. Though the "overlaps" cannot be minimum distance 100m and maximum distance 100m. Arriving ignored. at the shortest distance. INITIAL STAGES: STAGE C: These three stages are mainly the collecting and tabulat- IDENTIFYING AREAS OF THE,,MAJOR COMMERCIAL POTENTIAL/LAND ing the data. VALUES. 1. Determining the Tentative Program of Project: Priorities are established to identify the areas of high, Written information regarding the location, areas, site medium and low values of commercial potential. condition, numerical information of population, lots, Major Policy: High commercial potential/land value areas costs, the designer and the existing areas of Land Uti- are adjacent to the primary circulation/public transporta- lization. tion. Lower commercial potential areas are farther from 2. Identifying the Urban Parameters: the primary site circulation. Written information and a layout plan at the urabn STAGE D: scale. The urban circulation network, existing and pro- IDENTIFYING AREAS FOR SCHOOLS AND PLAYGROUNDS. posed roads are shown. Approaches and Accesses are ide- Major Policy: As the plaza, markets and commercial areas ntified. are located on the higher land values, schools and play- 3. Identifying the Site Parameters: grounds are placed on low value land. The land utilization information together with a layout plan at The written of private, semiprivate, public, and semipublic are consi- the "Site Scale". dered. After these initial stages, the next stages are a gradual STAGE E: progress towards a design solution explained as stages A IDENTIFYING THE DIRECTION OF SECONDARY CIRCULATION to F with schematic illustrations on page 36. Secondary circulation network lines link residential areas STAGE A: with the primary circulation. The schematic direction are IDENTIFYING MAIN URBAN CIRCULATION NETWORK AND ACCESSES marked on the plan. One of the important implications of AFFECTING THE SITE. this stage is to determine the directions of drainage. In Using the output from three initial stages the priorities the present case, the drainage follows the circulation are established. Existing and projected main urban circul- network. ation network is identified and the accesses are marked on STAGE F: COMPLETE PROJECT. the plan. Considering adequate land utilization and circulation .land Major Policy: Frequency of main urban circulation network: complete project layout is developed.This divides the site 1000 to 2000m approx. into blocks. EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT DESIGN STAGES

DESIGN STAGES

E ...... ------

i -i STAG B PIAYST C IRCLTO

STAGE STAGE C AREAS OF MAJOR COMMERCIAL POTENTIAL A MAJOR ACCESSES AFFECTING THE SITE ------AND HIGHER LAND VALUE

I40.

Semipublic Semipublic No Revenue L.I

STAGE STAGE STAGE COMPLETE PROJECT D AREAS FOR SCHOOLS. PLAYGROUNDS E DIRECTIONS OF SECONDARY CIRCULATION F 4

0 200 10m

1:20000 38 EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT GLOSSARY

COMMUNITY RECREATION FACILITIES. Facilities for ac- EXTERIOR CIRCULATION/ACCESSES (SITE PLANNING). The LAND UTILIZATION: RESPONSIBILITY. The quality/state tivities voluntarily undertaken for pleasure, fun, existing and proposed circulation system/accesses out- of being morally/legally responsible for the use and relaxation, exercise, self-expression, or release side but affecting the site. These include limited maintenance of land by the owners/users. (U.S.D.P.) from boredom, worry, or tension. (U.S.D.P.) access highways as well as meshing access to the sur- GLOSSARY rounding area. Exterior circulation/accesses are LEVELS OF SERVICES. TWo levels are considered: MINI- generally given conditions. (U.S.D.P.) MUM, are admissible or possible levels below the COMPONENT. A constituent part of the utility network. standard; STANDARD, are levels set up and established (U.S.D.P.) GRID BLOCKS. The block determined by a convenient The criteria for the preparation the defini- by authority, custom of general consent, as a model, of public circulation and not by dimensions of lots. In tions have been as follows: example or rule for the'measure of quantity, weight CONDOMINIUM. Condominium is a system of direct own- grid blocks some lots have indirect access to public -FIRST PREFERENCE: definitions from "Webster's Third extent, value or quality. (U.S.D.P.) ership of a single unit in a multi-unit whole. The streets. (U.S.D.P.) New International Dictionary", Merriam-Webster,1971. individual owns the unit in much the same manner as -SECOND PREFERENCE: definitions from LOCATION. Situation: the way in which something (the technical dic- if it were a single family dwelling: he holds direct GRIDIRON BLOCXS. The blocks detetbined by the dimen- tionaries, text books, or reference manuals. site) is placed in relation to its surroundings (the legal title to the unit and a proportionate interest sions of the lots. In gridiron blocks all the lots -THIRD PREFERENCE: definitions from the urban context). (Merriam-Webster, 1971) Urban in the common land and areas. Two types of condomi- have direct access to public streets. 1D.S.D.P.) Settlement Design Program (U.S.D.P.) Files. They are niums are recognized: HORIZONTAL:detached, semi- used when existing sources were not quite appropriatel LOT. A measured parcel of land having fixed bounda- detached, row/grouped dwelling types; VERTICAL: walk- GRID LAYOUTS. The urban layouts with grid'blocks. satisfactory. ries and access to public circulation. (U.S.D.P.) up, high-use dwelling types. (U.S.D.P.) (U.S.D.P.) ' Words included for specificity and to focus on a LOT CLUSTER. A group of lots (owned individually) particular context are indicated in parenthesis. GRIDIRON LAYOUTS. The urban layouts with 4rIdlron Sources of definitions around a semipublic common court (owned in condomi- are indicated in paren- COSTS OF URBANIZATION. Include the following: CAPI- blocks. (U.S.D.P.) thesis. (See also: REFERENCES). TAL: cost of land and infrastructure, OPERATING: cost nium). (U.S.D.P.) of administration, maintenance, etc.; DIRECT: include capital and operating costs, INDIRECT: include envi- ILLEGAL. That which is contrary to iolatinga LOT COVERAGE. The ratio of building area to the total ronmental and personal effects. (U.S.D.P.) rule or regulation or something having the force of lot area. (U.S.D.P.) law. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) ACCESSES. The pedestrian/vehicular linkages from/to LOT PROPORTION. The ratio of lot width to lot depth. the site to/from existing or planned approaches (ur- INCOME. DESIGN. 1) The arrangement of elements that make up The amount (measured in money) of gains from (U.S.D.P.) ban limited access highways, public trans- streets, a work of art, a machine or other man-made object. capital or labor. The amount of such gain received by portation systems, and other systems such as: water- 2) The process of selecting the means and contriving a family per year may be used as an indicator of MASTER PLAN. A comprehensive, long range plan intend- ways, airlines, etc.) (U.S.D.P.) the elements, steps, and procedures for producing income groups. (U.S.D.P.) ed to guide the growth and development of a city, town what will adequately satisfy some need. (Merriam- or region, expressing official contemplations on the AMENITY. Something that conduces to physical or ma- Webster, 1971) INCOME GROUPS. A group of people or families within course its transportation, housing and community faci- terial comfort or convenience, or which contributes the same range of incomes. (U.S.D.P.) lities should take, and making proposals for indus- satisfaction rather than money income to its owner. DETACHED DWELLING. Individual trial settlement, commerce, population distribution (Merriam-Webster, 1971) dwelling unit, sepa- rated from others. (U.S.D.P.) INFRASTRUCTURE. The underlying foundation or basic and other aspects of growth and development. (Abrams, framework for utilities and services: streets; sewage, 1972). APPROACHES. The main routes external to the site DEVELOPMENT. Gradual advance or growth through pro- water network; storm drainage, electrical network; MODEL (OF URBANLAYOUT). A representation of an urban (pedestrian/vehicular) by which the site gressive changes; a developed tract of land (U.S.D.P.) can be residential area illustrating circulation, land utili- reached from other parts of the urban context. INTERIOR CIRCULATION NETWORK (SITE PLANNING). The zation, land subdivision, and utility network of a (U.S.D.P.) pedestrian/vehicular circulation system inside the DISTANCE. The degree or amount of separation between site. It should be designed based upon the exterior specific layout and lot. (U.S.D.P.) two points (the site and each other element of the circulation/accesses and land development require- urban measured along the shortest path ad- BARRIER. (A boundary) as a topographic feature or a context) menits. (U.S.D.P.) PLANNING. The establishment of goals, policies, and physical or psychological quality that tends to sep- joining them (paths of travel). (Merriam-Webster, procedures for a social or economic unit, i.e. city. arate or restrict the free movement (to and from the 1971) INTERVAL. A space of time (or distance) between the (U.S.D.P.) site). (Merriam-Webster, 1971) recurrences of similar conditions or states. (Merriam- DRAINAGE. Interception and removal of ground water Webster, 1971) PLOT/LOT. A measured parcel of land having fixed or surface water, by artificial or natural means. boundaries and access to public circulation. (U.S.D.P.) BLOCK. A block is a portion of land bounded and (De Pina, 1972) LAND COST. Price: the amount of money given or set as served by lines of public streets. (U.S.D.P.) the amount to be given as a consideration for the POPULATION DENSITY. It is the ratio between the popu- DUST/DIRT. Fine dry pulverized particles of earth, sale of a specific thing (the site). (Merriam- lation of a given area and the area. It is expressed BOUNDARY. Something (a line or area) that fixes or grit, refuse, waste, litter, etc. (Merriam-Webster, Webster, 1971) in people per hectare. It can be: GROSS DENSITY: in- indicates a limit or extent (of the site). (Merriam- 1971) cludes any kind of land utilization, residential, Webster, 1971) LAND DEVELOPMENT COSTS. The costs of making raw land circulation, public facilities, etc. NET DENSITY: in- DWELLING. The general, global designation of a build- ready for development through the provision of utili- cludes only the residential land and does not ing/shelter in which people live. A dwelling contains ties, services, accesses, etc. (U.I.D.P.) include CIRCULATION. land for other uses. System(s) of movement/passage of people, one or more dwelling units! (U.S.D.P.) (U.S.D.P.) goods from place to place; streets, walkways, parking LAND SUBDIVISION. The division of the land in blocks, areas. (U.S.D.P.) lots and laying out streets. (U.S.D.P.) POSITION. The point or area in space actually occu- DWELLING DENSITY. The number of dwellings, dwelling pied by a physical object (the site). (Merriam- units, people or families per unit hectare. Gross LAND TENANCY. The temporary holding or mode of hold- Webster, 1971) density is the density of an overall area (ex. in- CLIMATE. The average condition of the weather at a ing a parcel of land of another. (U.S.D.P.) particular place over a period of years as exhibited cluding lots, streets). Net density is the density PRIMER. A small introductory book on a specific sub- of selected, discrete portions of an area (ex. by temperature, wind, precipitation, sun energy, in- LAND UTILIZATION. A qualification of the land around ject. (U.S.D.P.) humidity, etc. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) cluding only lots). (U.S.D.P.) a dwelling in relation to user, physical controls and responsiblity. PUBLIC (streets, walkways, open PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP. The absolute tenure of land spaces): user -anyone/unlimited; physical controls to a person and his heirs without restriction of time. DWELLING UNIT. A self-contained unit in a dwelling COLLECTION SYSTEM. The system of pipes in a sewage -minimum; responsibility -public sector. SENIPUBLIC (U.S.D.P.) for an individual, a family, or a group. (U.S.D.P.) network, comprised of house service, collection lines, (open spaces, playgrounds, schools): user -limited manholes, laterals, mains. (U.S.D.P.) 2 group of people; physical controls -partial or com- PROJECT. A plan undertaken; a specific plan or de- DWELLINGUNIT AREA. The dwelling unit area (i ) is plete; responsibility -public sector and user. PRI- sign. (U.S.D.P.) the built-up, covered area of a dwelling unit. VATE (dwellings, lots): user -owner or tenant or COMMUNITY. The people in a (U.S.D.P.) living particular place squatter; physical controls -complete responsibility PUBLIC CIRCULATION. The circulation network which is or region and usually linked by common interests: the -user. SEMI-PRIVATE (cluster courts): user -group of owned, controlled, and maintained by public agencies region itself; any population cluster. (U.S.D.P.) EFFICIENCY. Capacity to produce desired results with owners and/or tenants; physical controls -partial or and is accessible to all members of a community. a minimum expenditure of energy, time, money or mate- complete; responsibility -user. (U.S.D.P.) (U.S.D.P.) COMMUNITY FACILITIES/SERVICES. Facilities/services rials. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) used in common by a number of people. I may include PUBLIC FACILITIES. Facilities LAND UTILIZATION: PHYSICAL CONTROLS. The physical/ such as schools, play- schools, health, recreation, police, fire, public facilities accessible to all legal means or methods of directing, regulating, and grounds, parks, other transportation, community center, etc. (U.S.D.P.) members of a comunity which are owned, coordinating the use and maintenance of land by the controlled, owners/users. (U.S.D.P.) and maintained by public agencies. (U.S.D.P.) -j

EVALUATION: URBAN LAYOUT GLOSSARY

PUBLIC SERVICES AND COMUNITY FACILITES. Includes: provided a dwelling unit by an employer in exchange public transportation, police protection, fire pro- for services, i.e. domestic live-in servant. (U.S.D.P.) tection, refuse collection, health, schools, and playgrounds, recreation and open spaces, other com- TOPOGRAPHY. The configuration of a (land) surface munity facilities, business, comnercial, small indus- including its relief and the position of its natural tries, markets. (U.S.D.P.) and man-made features. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

PUBLIC SYSTEM (general). A system which is owned and TRANSPORTATION. Means of conveyance or travel from operated by a local governmental authority or by an one place (the site) to another (other parts of the established public utility company which is con- urban context). (Merriam-Webster, 1971) trolled and regulated by a governmental authority. (HUD/AID, Minimis Standards, 1966) UNIT. ,A determinate quantity adopted aa a standard of measurement for other quantities of the same kind. PUBLIC UTILITIES. Includes: water supply, sanitary (Merriam-Webster, 1971) sewerage, storm drainage, electricity, street lighting, telephone, circulation networks. (U.S.D.P.) URBAN TRANSOjtTATION. Means of conveyance of passen- gers or goods from one place to another along ways, RESIDENTIAL AREA. An area containing the basic routes of circulation in a metropolitan context. needs/requirements for daily life activities: hous- (U,,P.)d ing, education, recreation, shopping, work. (U.S.D.P.) URBANIZATION. The quality or state of being or be- RIGHT-OF-WAY. A legal right of passage over another coming urbanized; to cause to take on urban character- person's ground (land), the area or way over which a istics. (U.S.D.P.) right-of-way exists such as: a path or thorough-fare which one may lawfully use, the strip of land devoted USE TAX. The tax on land aimed primarily at enforcing to or over which is built a public road, the land its use or improvement. (U.S.D.P.)

USER INCOME GROUPS. Based upon the ROADWAY (HIGHWAY). Portion of the highway included subsistence (min- imun wage) income per year, five income groups are between the outside lines of gutter or side ditches, distinguished: VERY including all slopes, ditches, channels, and appurte- LOW (below subsistence level): the income group with no household income available nances necessary to proper drainage, protection, and use. (DePina, 1972) for housing, services, or transportation; LOW (1 x subsistence level): the income group that can afford no or very limited subsidized EOW/GROUPED HOUSING. Dwelling units grouped together housing; MODERATE (3 x subsistence linearly or in clusters. (U.S.D.P.) level): the income group that can afford limited housing and rent only with government assistance; HIGH (5 x subsistence level): the income SETTLEMENT. Occupation by settlers to establish a residence or colony. (U.S.D.P.) UTILITIES. Include: water supply, sanitary sewerage, storm drainage, electricity, street SHAPE. Form/configuration lighting, gas, of the site surface as telephone. (U.S.D.P.) defined by its perimeter/boundaries. (U.S.D.P.) UTILITY/SERVICE. The organization and/or SHOPPING. (Facilities for) searching for, infrastruc- inspecting, ture for meeting the general need (as for water or buying available goods or services. (U.S.D.P.) supply, wastewater removal, electricity, etc.) in the public interest. (U.S.D.P.) SITE. Land (that could be) made suitable for building purposes by dividing into lots, laying out and streets VIEWS. That which is revealed providing facilities. (Merriam-Webster, 1971) to the vision or can be seen (from the site). (Merriam-Webster, 1971) SITE AREAS. Two types are considered: GROSS AREA: in- WALK-UP. Dwelling units grouped in two to cludes the whole site or the bounded piece of ground. five sto- ries with stairs for vertical circulation. USABLE AREA: includes only the portion of the site (U.S.D.P.) that can be fully utilized for buildings, streets, WASTE PIPE. A pipe (in a dwelling) playgrounds, recreation facilities, gardens, or other which carries water from wash basins, sinks, structures. (U.S.D.P.) and similar fixtures. (RTC ST 45-7, 1953) SIZE. Physical magnitude or extent (of the site), WATER SUPPLY. Source, relative or proportionate dimensions (of the site). means, or process of supplying (Merriam-Webster, 1971) water, (as for a community) usually involving reser- voirs, pipelines, and often the watershed from which the water is ultimately drawn. SLOPE. Degree or extent of deviation (of the land (Merriam-Webster, 1971) surface) from the horizontal. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

SOIL. Soil structure: the arrangement of soil particles in various aggregates differring in shape, size, stability, and degree of adhesion to one another. (Merriam-Webster, 1971)

TENURE. Two situations of tenure of the dwelling units and/or the lot/land are considered: LEGAL: having formal status derived from law, EXTRALEGAL: not regulated or sanctioned by law. Four types of tenure are considered: RENTAL: where the users pay a fee (daily, weekly, monthly) for the use of the dwelling unit and/or the lot/land, LEASE: where the users pay a fee for long-term use (generally for a year) for a dwelling unit and/or the lot/land from the owner (an individual, a public agency, or a private organization); OWNERSHIP: where the users hold in freehold the dwelling unit and/or the lot/land which the unit occupies, EMPLOYER-PROVIDED: where the users are - -0NW

REFFERENCES QUALITY OF SERVICES, FACILITIES AND UTILITIES None: when the existence of services, facilities Baldwin, J. GUIDE FOR SURVEY EVALUATION OF URBAN DWELLING and utilities are unavailable to a locality. ENVIRONMENTS. M.I.T. Thesis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Limited: when the existence of services, facilities 1974. and utilities are available to a locality in a limit limited manner due to proximity. Building and Communication Department Govt. of Gujarat - Adequate: when the existence of services, facilities "GANDHINAGAR" 1981. and utilities are available to a locality.

Caminos, H. and Goethert, R. URBANIZATION PRIMER. Urban METRIC SYSTEM EQUIVALENTS Project Department, World Bank. Washington, D.C., 1976. Linear Measures 1 centimeter = 0.3937 inches Chavda, Alka and Vidyadhar, RURAL/URBAN DWELLING ENVIRON- 1 meter 39.37 inches or MENTS: Gujrat State, India, M.I.T. Thesis, Cambridge, (= 100 centimeters) 3.28 feet 1977. 1 kilometer = 3,280.83 feet or (= 1,000 meters) 0.62137 miles Palmadai Rajagopalan, "EVALUATING ALTERNATIVES FOR HOUSING 1 inch 2.54 centimeters INDIA'S URBAN POOR: DESIGN STUDIES, MODEL AND APPLICATION 1 foot 0.3048 meters IN AHMEDABAD." M.I.T. Thesis, Cambridge, 1982. 1 mile 1.60935 kilometers Square Measures Patel, Nimish. URBAN DWELLING ENVIRONMENTS: AHMEDABAD, 1 square meter = 1,550 square inches or 10.7639 INDIA. M.I.T. Thesis, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1976. square feet 1 hectare 2.4771 acres 1 square foot = 0.0929 square meters EXPLANATORY 1 acre 0.4087 hectares NOTES DOLLAR EQUIVALENTS QUALITY OF INFORMATION 1 U.S. Dollar = 9.30 Indi an Rupees (1976) The quality of information given in drawings, charts and descriptions has been qualified in the following manner: Approximate: when deduced from different and/or not completely reliable sources. Accurate: when taken from reliable or actual sources. Tentative: when based upon rough estimates of limited sources. 5%J