DOCSLIB.ORG

PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PDF Hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/182830 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-04 and may be subject to change. Where Xerxes’ Trone Once Stood: Gazing with Herodotus at the Persian Invasion in the Landscapes of Greece and Anatolia Proefschrif ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnifcus prof. dr. J.H.J.M. van Krieken, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op 1 februari 2018, om 16.30 uur precies door Jan Zacharias van Rookhuijzen geboren op 13 oktober 1988 te Wageningen. Namen promotoren: Prof. dr. A.P.M.H. Lardinois Prof. dr. E.M. Moormann Prof. dr. M.J.G.M. De Pourcq Namen leden van de manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. O.J. Hekster Prof. dr. I.J.F. de Jong Prof. dr. O.M. van Nijf Dr. F. Overduin Dr. G.J.M. van Wijngaarden 2 Tis book is dedicated to my parents and sisters. 3 © 2017 J.Z. van Rookhuijzen Printed by: Gildeprint - Enschede Cover photograph: the Aigaleos ridge, Perama, Greece 4 “Circumstances of climate and situation, otherwise trivial, become interesting from that connection with great men, and great actions, which history and poetry have given them: the life of Miltiades or Leonidas could never be read with so much pleasure, as on the plains of Marathon or at the Streights of Termopylae; the Iliad has new beauties on the banks of the Scamander, and the Odyssey is most pleasing in the countries where Ulysses travelled and Homer sung. Te particular pleasure, it is true, which an imagination warmed on the spot receives from those scenes of heroick actions, the traveller can only feel, nor is it to be commu- nicated by description. But the classical ground not only makes us always relish the poet, or historian more, but sometimes helps us to understand them better.” Preface of Te Ruins of Palmyra, otherwise Tedmore, in the desart by Robert Wood (1753), London. 5 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to my supervisors, Maarten De Pourcq, André Lardinois, and Eric Moormann for their fantastic input, support, and patience in the past years. I owe special thanks to Josine Blok who read and commented on the entire manuscript before its fnal submission. Apart from my supervisors, the following colleagues at Nijmegen (and many others) have made this research an enormously enjoyable experience: Leon ter Beek, Lucien van Beek, Sven Betjes, Luuk de Blois, Bé Breij, Esmée Bruggink, Diederik Burgersdijk, Vanessa Cazzato, Maarten van Deventer, Chris Dickenson, Roald Dijkstra, Lien Foubert, Lisenka Fox, Nathalie de Haan, Olivier Hekster, Eveline van Hilten, Rens de Hond, Vincent Hunink, Raphael Hunsucker, Janneke de Jong, Suzanne van de Liefvoort, Stéphane Martin, Stephan Mols, Floris Overduin, Marc van der Poel, Aurora Raimondi-Cominesi, René Reijnen, Willeon Slenders, Daniëlle Slootjes, Lydia Spielberg, Claire Stocks, Christel Veen, Martje de Vries, Marene Zandstra. Te following non-exhaustive, alphabetical list consists of names of further persons who I also owe gratitude for their feedback, conversations and support during my research: Selim Adali, Antiopi Argyriou, Mathieu de Bakker, Daniël Bartelds, Koen Blok, Deborah Boedeker, Gerard Boter, Jan Brouwe, Amber Brüsewitz, Liesbeth Claes, Tamara Dijkstra, Marc Domingo Gygax, Floris van den Eijnde, David van Eijndhoven, Gunnel Ekroth, Tomas Figueira, Edith Foster, Michael Flower, Ter- ese Fuhrer, Hans-Joachim Gehrke, Marc Gehrmann, Fokke Gerritsen, Ulrich Got- ter, Vasilis Gravanis, Ulf Hailer, Rianne Hermans, Kerstin Hofmann, Marietta Hor- ster, Martin Hose, Pieter Houten, Irene de Jong, Ranil Jonker, Sjoukje Kamphorst, Nino Luraghi, Marian Makins, Richard Martin, Jeremy McInerney, Daniel Mendelssohn, Anna Michaelidou, Elizabeth Minchin, Astrid Möller, Onno van Nijf, Arjan Nijk, Robert Parker, Giacomo Pedini, Jeremiah Pelgrom, Gloria Pinney- Ferrari, Timothy Power, Giorgia Proietti, Nicholas Purcell, Winfred van de Put, Kurt Raafaub, Reinder Reinders, Bettina Reitz-Joosse, Albert Rijksbaron, Ineke Sluiter, Peter Stork, Siward Tacoma, Muriël van Teeseling, Nino Vallen, Miguel- John Versluys, Daan Viergever, Jan Vonk, Willemijn Waal, Christian Wendt, Gert Jan van Wijngaarden, Clem Wood, Greg Woolf. I was very happy to fnd Steven Clark, Claire Stocks and Clem Wood willing to help with the English. 7 8 Tis research has benefted from grants and/or institutional support from: • Institute for Historical, Literary and Cultural Studies, Radboud University (the PhD position) • OIKOS, National Research School in Classical Studies (travel grant 2017) • Netherlands Institute in Athens • Netherlands Institute in Istanbul, fellowship (October-November 2013) • Freie Universität, Berlin (fellowship with the TOPOI Exzellenzkluster, May 2015) • Princeton University, Visiting Scholar Research Sollaborator (September- December 2016) • Stichting Philologisch Studiefonds, travel grant (June 2017) 9 CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................19 1. T OPIC ...........................................................20 2. H YPOTHESIS & SCOPE ......................................22 3. M NEMOTOPES .................................................25 3.1. Te choice of a term .........................................................................................................25 3.2. Forms and limits of mnemotopes ...................................................................................28 3.3. Collectivity and symbolism .............................................................................................29 3.4. Tourism ..............................................................................................................................32 3.5. Spatial densifcation ..........................................................................................................34 3.6. Mnemotopes and historicity ............................................................................................36 3.7. Summary ............................................................................................................................42 4. M NEMOTOPES OF XERXES’ INVASION .................44 4.1. Herodotus’ Histories as a source of mnemotopes .........................................................44 4.2. Mnemotopes of eastern kings in the Histories ..............................................................48 4.3. Mnemotopes of the Persian Wars: a new and controversial perspective ....................52 4.4. Summary ............................................................................................................................63 II. TOPOGRAPHICAL CASE STUDIES .............65 5. T HE MARCH THROUGH ANATOLIA .....................67 5.1. Te Halys river ..................................................................................................................68 5.2. Te waterfall and cave at Kelainai ...................................................................................70 5.3. Croesus’ stele at Kydrara ..................................................................................................76 5.4. Te plane tree of Kallatebos .............................................................................................79 5.5. Sardis ..................................................................................................................................86 5.6. Summary ............................................................................................................................89 6. T HE TROAD AND THE HELLESPONT ...................92 6.1. Mount Ida ..........................................................................................................................93 6.2. Te Scamander river .........................................................................................................97 6.3. Troy; the temple of Athena Ilias; the tombs of the heroes ............................................99 6.4. Abydos; Xerxes’ throne (I); the Hellespont bridges ....................................................111 6.5. Agore; Helle’s grave .........................................................................................................121 6.6. Summary ..........................................................................................................................123 7. T HE MARCH THROUGH NORTHERN GREECE .......125 7.1. Te ‘Royal Road’ through Trace ..................................................................................126 7.2. Te cape of Sarpedon; lake Stentoris ............................................................................127 7.3. Doriskos ...........................................................................................................................129 7.4. Te Strymon river and Ennea Hodoi ............................................................................131 7.5. Te canal through the Athos peninsula ........................................................................138 7.6. Te tomb of Artachaies ..................................................................................................143 7.7. Te Tempe valley ............................................................................................................145 7.8. Te Macedonian mountain ............................................................................................149
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Odyssey Glossary of Names
    GLOSSARY OF NAMES GLOSSARY OF NAMES [Note, the following is raw output from OCR software, and is otherwise unedited.] (First appearance noted by book and line number.) Achaeans (A-kee'-unz): General term used by Homer to reFer to Greeks. 2.139 Acheron (A'-ker-on): River in the Underworld, land of the dead. 10.537 Achilles (A-kil'-eez): Son of Peleus and Thetis. He is the heroic leader of the Myrmidons in the Trojan War and is slain by Paris. Odysseus consults him in the Underworld. 3.117 Aeaea (Ee-ee'-a): Island on which Circe lives. 9.34 Aegisthus (Ee-jis'-thus): Son of Thyestes and Pelopia. He seduces Clytemnestra, wife of Agamemnon, while Agamemnon is away fighting the Trojan War and helps her slay Agamemnon when he returns. Orestes avenges this action years later by murdering both Clytemnestra and Aegisthus. 1.35 GLOSSARY OF NAMES Aegyptus (Ee-jip'-tus): The Nile River. 4.511 Aeolus (Ee'-oh-lus): King of the island Aeolia and keeper of the winds. 10.2 Aeson (Ee'-son): Son oF Cretheus and Tyro; father of Jason, leader oF the Argonauts. 11.262 Aethon (Ee'-thon): One oF Odysseus' aliases used in his conversation with Penelope. 19.199 Agamemnon (A-ga-mem'-non): Son oF Atreus and Aerope; brother of Menelaus; husband oF Clytemnestra. He commands the Greek Forces in the Trojan War. He is killed by his wiFe and her lover when he returns home; his son, Orestes, avenges this murder. 1.36 Agelaus (A-je-lay'-us): One oF Penelope's suitors; son oF Damastor; killed by Odysseus.
    [Show full text]
  • Cult of Isis
    Interpreting Early Hellenistic Religion PAPERS AND MONOGRAPHS OF THE FINNISH INSTITUTE AT ATHENS VOL. III Petra Pakkanen INTERPRETING EARL Y HELLENISTIC RELIGION A Study Based on the Mystery Cult of Demeter and the Cult of Isis HELSINKI 1996 © Petra Pakkanen and Suomen Ateenan-instituutin saatiO (Foundation of the Finnish Institute at Athens) 1996 ISSN 1237-2684 ISBN 951-95295-4-3 Printed in Greece by D. Layias - E. Souvatzidakis S.A., Athens 1996 Cover: Portrait of a priest of Isis (middle of the 2nd to middle of the 1st cent. BC). American School of Classical Studies at Athens: Agora Excavations. Inv. no. S333. Photograph Craig Mauzy. Sale: Bookstore Tiedekirja, Kirkkokatu 14, FIN-00170 Helsinki, Finland Contents Acknowledgements I. Introduction 1. Problems 1 2. Cults Studied 2 3. Geographical Confines 3 4. Sources and an Evaluation of Sources 5 11. Methodology 1. Methodological Approach to the History of Religions 13 2. Discussion of Tenninology 19 3. Method for Studying Religious and Social Change 20 Ill. The Cults of Demeter and Isis in Early Hellenistic Athens - Changes in Religion 1. General Overview of the Religious Situation in Athens During the Early Hellenistic Period: Typology of Religious Cults 23 2. Cult of Demeter: Eleusinian Great Mysteries 29 3. Cult of Isis 47 Table 1 64 IV. Problem of the Mysteries 1. Definition of the Tenn 'Mysteries' 65 2. Aspects of the Mysteries 68 3. Mysteries in Athens During the Early Hellenistic Period and a Comparison to Those of Rome in the Third Century AD 71 4. Emergence of the Mysteries ofIsis in Greece 78 Table 2 83 V.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Rome, Vol. 4 [10 AD]
    The Online Library of Liberty A Project Of Liberty Fund, Inc. Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Vol. 4 [10 AD] The Online Library Of Liberty This E-Book (PDF format) is published by Liberty Fund, Inc., a private, non-profit, educational foundation established in 1960 to encourage study of the ideal of a society of free and responsible individuals. 2010 was the 50th anniversary year of the founding of Liberty Fund. It is part of the Online Library of Liberty web site http://oll.libertyfund.org, which was established in 2004 in order to further the educational goals of Liberty Fund, Inc. To find out more about the author or title, to use the site's powerful search engine, to see other titles in other formats (HTML, facsimile PDF), or to make use of the hundreds of essays, educational aids, and study guides, please visit the OLL web site. This title is also part of the Portable Library of Liberty DVD which contains over 1,000 books and quotes about liberty and power, and is available free of charge upon request. The cuneiform inscription that appears in the logo and serves as a design element in all Liberty Fund books and web sites is the earliest-known written appearance of the word “freedom” (amagi), or “liberty.” It is taken from a clay document written about 2300 B.C. in the Sumerian city-state of Lagash, in present day Iraq. To find out more about Liberty Fund, Inc., or the Online Library of Liberty Project, please contact the Director at [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Download The
    THE CONCEPT OF SACRED WAR IN ANCIENT GREECE By FRANCES ANNE SKOCZYLAS B.A., McGill University, 1985 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Classics) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 1987 ® Frances Anne Skoczylas, 1987 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of CLASSICS The University of British Columbia 1956 Main Mall Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Y3 Date AUtt-UST 5r 1Q87 ii ABSTRACT This thesis will trace the origin and development of the term "Sacred War" in the corpus of extant Greek literature. This term has been commonly applied by modern scholars to four wars which took place in ancient Greece between- the sixth and fourth centuries B. C. The modern use of "the attribute "Sacred War" to refer to these four wars in particular raises two questions. First, did the ancient historians give all four of these wars the title "Sacred War?" And second, what justified the use of this title only for certain conflicts? In order to resolve the first of these questions, it is necessary to examine in what terms the ancient historians referred to these wars.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae
    historia 68, 2019/4, 413–435 DOI 10.25162/historia-2019-0022 Jeffrey Rop The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae Abstract: This article makes three arguments regarding the Battle of Thermopylae. First, that the discovery of the Anopaea path was not dependent upon Ephialtes, but that the Persians were aware of it at their arrival and planned their attacks at Thermopylae, Artemisium, and against the Phocians accordingly. Second, that Herodotus’ claims that the failure of the Pho- cians was due to surprise, confusion, and incompetence are not convincing. And third, that the best explanation for the Phocian behavior is that they were from Delphi and betrayed their allies as part of a bid to restore local control over the sanctuary. Keywords: Thermopylae – Artemisium – Delphi – Phocis – Medism – Anopaea The courageous sacrifice of Leonidas and the Spartans is perhaps the central theme of Herodotus’ narrative and of many popular retellings of the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BCE. Even as modern historians are appropriately more critical of this heroizing impulse, they have tended to focus their attention on issues that might explain why Leo- nidas and his men fought to the death. These include discussion of the broader strategic and tactical importance of Thermopylae, the inter-relationship and chronology of the Greek defense of the pass and the naval campaign at Artemisium, the actual number of Greeks who served under Leonidas and whether it was sufficient to hold the position, and so on. While this article inevitably touches upon some of these same topics, its main purpose is to reconsider the decisive yet often overlooked moment of the battle: the failure of the 1,000 Phocians on the Anopaea path.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 05 Greek Architecture Part 2
    Readings Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture, Fazio, Michael, Moffet & Wodehousecopoy Pages 60– 65 Great Architecture of the World ARCH 1121 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY Photo: Alexander Aptekar © 2009 Gardner Art Through the Ages Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence puts man above the rest of nature Architecture began in the service of religion 7th century BCE – 1st efforts to create proper shapes and design Beauty = Gods Secret of beauty lay in ratios and proportions Invented democracy and philosophy Created works of art in drama, sculpture and architecture Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE Temples first built with wood, then stone w/ terra cotta tiles Purely formal objects Greeks pursued the beauty through architecture and materials The home of the Gods Became the principal ornaments in the cities, generally on hills or other prominent locations www.greatbuildings.com www.greatbuildings.com Temple of Hephaestus megron Athenian Treasury Classical Orders In classical Greek architecture, beauty lay in systems of the ratios and proportions. A system or order defined the ideal proportions for all the components of the temples according to mathematical ratios – based on the diameter of the columns. What is an order? An order includes the total assemblage of parts consisting of the column and its appropriate entablature which is based on the diameter of the column. Temple of Hera II (Poseidon) 450 BCE The column is vertical and supports the structure. Its diameter sets the proportion of the other parts. The entablature is horizontal and consists of many elements.
    [Show full text]
  • The Romanization of Attic Ritual Space in the Age of Augustus
    The Romanization of Attic Ritual Space in the Age of Augustus Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Benavides, Makayla Lorraine Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 30/09/2021 14:30:47 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/633170 THE ROMANIZATION OF ATTIC RITUAL SPACE IN THE AGE OF AUGUSTUS by Makayla Benavides ____________________________ Copyright © Makayla Benavides 2019 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES AND CLASSICS In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2019 1 7 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Master's Committee, we certify that we have read the thesis prepared by Makayla Benavides titled The Romanizationof Attic Ritual Space in the Age ofAugustus and recommend that it be accepted as fulfillingthe dissertation requirement for the Master's Degree. Date: .r- / - :.?CJ/ 5f David Soren Date: S - I - 2..o I � Mary E Voyatzis David Gilman Romano Date: ----- [Committee Member Name} Final approval and acceptance of this thesis is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copies of the thesis to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this thesis prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfillingthe Master's requirement.
    [Show full text]
  • Mercenaries, Poleis, and Empires in the Fourth Century Bce
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of the Liberal Arts ALL THE KING’S GREEKS: MERCENARIES, POLEIS, AND EMPIRES IN THE FOURTH CENTURY BCE A Dissertation in History and Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies by Jeffrey Rop © 2013 Jeffrey Rop Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2013 ii The dissertation of Jeffrey Rop was reviewed and approved* by the following: Mark Munn Professor of Ancient Greek History and Greek Archaeology, Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Dissertation Advisor Chair of Committee Gary N. Knoppers Edwin Erle Sparks Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies, Religious Studies, and Jewish Studies Garrett G. Fagan Professor of Ancient History and Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies Kenneth Hirth Professor of Anthropology Carol Reardon George Winfree Professor of American History David Atwill Associate Professor of History and Asian Studies Graduate Program Director for the Department of History *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines Greek mercenary service in the Near East from 401- 330 BCE. Traditionally, the employment of Greek soldiers by the Persian Achaemenid Empire and the Kingdom of Egypt during this period has been understood to indicate the military weakness of these polities and the superiority of Greek hoplites over their Near Eastern counterparts. I demonstrate that the purported superiority of Greek heavy infantry has been exaggerated by Greco-Roman authors. Furthermore, close examination of Greek mercenary service reveals that the recruitment of Greek soldiers was not the purpose of Achaemenid foreign policy in Greece and the Aegean, but was instead an indication of the political subordination of prominent Greek citizens and poleis, conducted through the social institution of xenia, to Persian satraps and kings.
    [Show full text]
  • Meet the Philosophers of Ancient Greece
    Meet the Philosophers of Ancient Greece Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Ancient Greek Philosophy but didn’t Know Who to Ask Edited by Patricia F. O’Grady MEET THE PHILOSOPHERS OF ANCIENT GREECE Dedicated to the memory of Panagiotis, a humble man, who found pleasure when reading about the philosophers of Ancient Greece Meet the Philosophers of Ancient Greece Everything you always wanted to know about Ancient Greek philosophy but didn’t know who to ask Edited by PATRICIA F. O’GRADY Flinders University of South Australia © Patricia F. O’Grady 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Patricia F. O’Grady has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identi.ed as the editor of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East Suite 420 Union Road 101 Cherry Street Farnham Burlington Surrey, GU9 7PT VT 05401-4405 England USA Ashgate website: http://www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Meet the philosophers of ancient Greece: everything you always wanted to know about ancient Greek philosophy but didn’t know who to ask 1. Philosophy, Ancient 2. Philosophers – Greece 3. Greece – Intellectual life – To 146 B.C. I. O’Grady, Patricia F. 180 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Meet the philosophers of ancient Greece: everything you always wanted to know about ancient Greek philosophy but didn’t know who to ask / Patricia F.
    [Show full text]
  • Serbian Students' Perception of Greek Cultural
    10th International Scientific Conference “Science and Higher Education in Function of Sustainable Development” 06 – 07 October 2017, Mećavnik – Drvengrad, Užice, Serbia SERBIAN STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF GREEK CULTURAL TOURISM Kristina Radicevic Business-Technical College of Vocational Studies, Uzice, SERBIA [email protected] Marija Djordjevic Business-Technical College of Vocational Studies, Uzice, SERBIA [email protected] Milos Djokic Business College of Vocational Studies, Leskovac, SERBIA [email protected] Tamara Milunovic Business College of Vocational Studies, Leskovac, SERBIA [email protected] Abstract: Cultural Tourism is the subset of tourism concerned with a country or region's culture, specifically the lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those people, their art, architecture, religion(s), etc. Tourism of Athens traces its roots to the ancient times. Purpose of this paper is to represent cultural landmarks of Athens. Key words: Greece, Athens, tourism, culture 1.INTRODUCTION Cultural tourism has a long history, and with its roots in the Grand Tour is arguably the original form of tourism, and it’s also one of the forms of tourism that most policy makers seem to be betting on for the future. Greece has been a major tourist destination and attraction in Europe since antiquity, for its rich culture and history, which is reflected in large part by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe and the world as well as for its long coastline, many islands and beaches. Tourism in Greece traces its roots to the ancient times. Cultural exchange took place between the Greek colonies of Magna Graeca and the young Roman Republic before Rome's rise to dominance of the Western Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]
  • Ceramic Production and Exchange in the Late Mycenaean Saronic Gulf
    Ceramic Production and Exchange in the Late Mycenaean Saronic Gulf William D. Gilstrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Archaeology University of Sheffield February 2015 Abstract This thesis examines the production, exchange and consumption of pottery around the Saronic Gulf, Greece, during Late Mycenaean period, specifically Late Helladic IIIB1 to Late Helladic IIIC Phase 1, roughly 1300-1130 BC. While the focus of many studies of Mycenaean political economy has fallen on Messinia and the Argolid, the choice of the Saronic Gulf offers the chance to examine ceramic crafting, movement and use in an area which hosts no accepted ‘palatial’ centres. It aims to examine the role of pottery in everyday social and economic transaction, taking a ‘bottom-up’ approach to shedding light on Mycenaean society and economy. Pottery from a wide range of sites has been studied: urban centres such as Athens; harbours at Kanakia on Salamis and Kalamianos in coastal Corinthia; small settlements of Stiri in Corinthia, Myti Kommeni on Dokos and Lazarides on Aegina; sanctuary sites of Eleusis and Ayios Konstantinos, Methana; and finally the settlement and pottery production site of Kontopigado, Alimos near the Attic coast. Based on typological and macroscopic fabric studies, a large number of samples have been chosen for examination by an integrated programme of petrographic, chemical (by neutron activation analysis) and microstructural analysis (by scanning electron microscopy), in order to group and characterise to pottery according to composition, to reconstruct key aspects of ceramic manufacture and, where possible, to suggest the area or location of their production.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phokikon and the Hero Archegetes (Plate54)
    THE PHOKIKON AND THE HERO ARCHEGETES (PLATE54) A SHORT DISTANCE WEST of the Boiotian town of Chaironeia the Sacred Way I Lcrossed the border into Phokis. The road went past Panopeus and on toward Daulis before turning south toward the Schiste Odos and, eventually, Delphi (Fig. 1). To reach the famous crossroads where Oidipos slew his father, the Sacred Way first had to pass through the valley of the Platanias River. In this valley, on the left side of the road, was the federal meeting place of the Phokians, the Phokikon.1 This is one of the few civic buildings from antiquity whose internal layout is described by an eyewitness.2 Pausanias says, Withrespect to size the buildingis a largeone, and withinit thereare columnsstanding along its length; steps ascend from the columnsto each wall, and on these steps the delegatesof the Phokianssit. At the far end there are neithercolumns nor steps, but a statuegroup of Zeus, Athena, and Hera; the statueof Zeus is enthroned,flanked by the goddesses,with the statueof Athenastanding on the left (1O.5.2).3 Frazersuggested that the interior of the building resembledthe Thersilion at Megalopolis.4 The location of a federal assembly hall so close to the border with Boiotia, an often hostile neighbor, seems puzzling, but given the shape of the entire territory of Phokis, the position of the Phokikonmakes sense (Fig. 2). As Philippson noted, "Die antike Landschaft Phokis ist nicht nattirlichbegrenzt und kein geographisch einheitliches Gebiet."5 Ancient Phokis was dominated by Mount Parnassos, and the Phokians inhabited two distinct 1 An earlier draft of this paper was delivered at the 92nd Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America (San Francisco 1990; abstract, AJA 1991, pp.
    [Show full text]