PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/182830 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-10-04 and may be subject to change. Where Xerxes’ Trone Once Stood: Gazing with Herodotus at the Persian Invasion in the Landscapes of Greece and Anatolia Proefschrif ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnifcus prof. dr. J.H.J.M. van Krieken, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op 1 februari 2018, om 16.30 uur precies door Jan Zacharias van Rookhuijzen geboren op 13 oktober 1988 te Wageningen. Namen promotoren: Prof. dr. A.P.M.H. Lardinois Prof. dr. E.M. Moormann Prof. dr. M.J.G.M. De Pourcq Namen leden van de manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. O.J. Hekster Prof. dr. I.J.F. de Jong Prof. dr. O.M. van Nijf Dr. F. Overduin Dr. G.J.M. van Wijngaarden 2 Tis book is dedicated to my parents and sisters. 3 © 2017 J.Z. van Rookhuijzen Printed by: Gildeprint - Enschede Cover photograph: the Aigaleos ridge, Perama, Greece 4 “Circumstances of climate and situation, otherwise trivial, become interesting from that connection with great men, and great actions, which history and poetry have given them: the life of Miltiades or Leonidas could never be read with so much pleasure, as on the plains of Marathon or at the Streights of Termopylae; the Iliad has new beauties on the banks of the Scamander, and the Odyssey is most pleasing in the countries where Ulysses travelled and Homer sung. Te particular pleasure, it is true, which an imagination warmed on the spot receives from those scenes of heroick actions, the traveller can only feel, nor is it to be commu- nicated by description. But the classical ground not only makes us always relish the poet, or historian more, but sometimes helps us to understand them better.” Preface of Te Ruins of Palmyra, otherwise Tedmore, in the desart by Robert Wood (1753), London. 5 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to my supervisors, Maarten De Pourcq, André Lardinois, and Eric Moormann for their fantastic input, support, and patience in the past years. I owe special thanks to Josine Blok who read and commented on the entire manuscript before its fnal submission. Apart from my supervisors, the following colleagues at Nijmegen (and many others) have made this research an enormously enjoyable experience: Leon ter Beek, Lucien van Beek, Sven Betjes, Luuk de Blois, Bé Breij, Esmée Bruggink, Diederik Burgersdijk, Vanessa Cazzato, Maarten van Deventer, Chris Dickenson, Roald Dijkstra, Lien Foubert, Lisenka Fox, Nathalie de Haan, Olivier Hekster, Eveline van Hilten, Rens de Hond, Vincent Hunink, Raphael Hunsucker, Janneke de Jong, Suzanne van de Liefvoort, Stéphane Martin, Stephan Mols, Floris Overduin, Marc van der Poel, Aurora Raimondi-Cominesi, René Reijnen, Willeon Slenders, Daniëlle Slootjes, Lydia Spielberg, Claire Stocks, Christel Veen, Martje de Vries, Marene Zandstra. Te following non-exhaustive, alphabetical list consists of names of further persons who I also owe gratitude for their feedback, conversations and support during my research: Selim Adali, Antiopi Argyriou, Mathieu de Bakker, Daniël Bartelds, Koen Blok, Deborah Boedeker, Gerard Boter, Jan Brouwe, Amber Brüsewitz, Liesbeth Claes, Tamara Dijkstra, Marc Domingo Gygax, Floris van den Eijnde, David van Eijndhoven, Gunnel Ekroth, Tomas Figueira, Edith Foster, Michael Flower, Ter- ese Fuhrer, Hans-Joachim Gehrke, Marc Gehrmann, Fokke Gerritsen, Ulrich Got- ter, Vasilis Gravanis, Ulf Hailer, Rianne Hermans, Kerstin Hofmann, Marietta Hor- ster, Martin Hose, Pieter Houten, Irene de Jong, Ranil Jonker, Sjoukje Kamphorst, Nino Luraghi, Marian Makins, Richard Martin, Jeremy McInerney, Daniel Mendelssohn, Anna Michaelidou, Elizabeth Minchin, Astrid Möller, Onno van Nijf, Arjan Nijk, Robert Parker, Giacomo Pedini, Jeremiah Pelgrom, Gloria Pinney- Ferrari, Timothy Power, Giorgia Proietti, Nicholas Purcell, Winfred van de Put, Kurt Raafaub, Reinder Reinders, Bettina Reitz-Joosse, Albert Rijksbaron, Ineke Sluiter, Peter Stork, Siward Tacoma, Muriël van Teeseling, Nino Vallen, Miguel- John Versluys, Daan Viergever, Jan Vonk, Willemijn Waal, Christian Wendt, Gert Jan van Wijngaarden, Clem Wood, Greg Woolf. I was very happy to fnd Steven Clark, Claire Stocks and Clem Wood willing to help with the English. 7 8 Tis research has benefted from grants and/or institutional support from: • Institute for Historical, Literary and Cultural Studies, Radboud University (the PhD position) • OIKOS, National Research School in Classical Studies (travel grant 2017) • Netherlands Institute in Athens • Netherlands Institute in Istanbul, fellowship (October-November 2013) • Freie Universität, Berlin (fellowship with the TOPOI Exzellenzkluster, May 2015) • Princeton University, Visiting Scholar Research Sollaborator (September- December 2016) • Stichting Philologisch Studiefonds, travel grant (June 2017) 9 CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ........................................19 1. T OPIC ...........................................................20 2. H YPOTHESIS & SCOPE ......................................22 3. M NEMOTOPES .................................................25 3.1. Te choice of a term .........................................................................................................25 3.2. Forms and limits of mnemotopes ...................................................................................28 3.3. Collectivity and symbolism .............................................................................................29 3.4. Tourism ..............................................................................................................................32 3.5. Spatial densifcation ..........................................................................................................34 3.6. Mnemotopes and historicity ............................................................................................36 3.7. Summary ............................................................................................................................42 4. M NEMOTOPES OF XERXES’ INVASION .................44 4.1. Herodotus’ Histories as a source of mnemotopes .........................................................44 4.2. Mnemotopes of eastern kings in the Histories ..............................................................48 4.3. Mnemotopes of the Persian Wars: a new and controversial perspective ....................52 4.4. Summary ............................................................................................................................63 II. TOPOGRAPHICAL CASE STUDIES .............65 5. T HE MARCH THROUGH ANATOLIA .....................67 5.1. Te Halys river ..................................................................................................................68 5.2. Te waterfall and cave at Kelainai ...................................................................................70 5.3. Croesus’ stele at Kydrara ..................................................................................................76 5.4. Te plane tree of Kallatebos .............................................................................................79 5.5. Sardis ..................................................................................................................................86 5.6. Summary ............................................................................................................................89 6. T HE TROAD AND THE HELLESPONT ...................92 6.1. Mount Ida ..........................................................................................................................93 6.2. Te Scamander river .........................................................................................................97 6.3. Troy; the temple of Athena Ilias; the tombs of the heroes ............................................99 6.4. Abydos; Xerxes’ throne (I); the Hellespont bridges ....................................................111 6.5. Agore; Helle’s grave .........................................................................................................121 6.6. Summary ..........................................................................................................................123 7. T HE MARCH THROUGH NORTHERN GREECE .......125 7.1. Te ‘Royal Road’ through Trace ..................................................................................126 7.2. Te cape of Sarpedon; lake Stentoris ............................................................................127 7.3. Doriskos ...........................................................................................................................129 7.4. Te Strymon river and Ennea Hodoi ............................................................................131 7.5. Te canal through the Athos peninsula ........................................................................138 7.6. Te tomb of Artachaies ..................................................................................................143 7.7. Te Tempe valley ............................................................................................................145 7.8. Te Macedonian mountain ............................................................................................149