Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 14(3), July 2015, pp. 447-453

Documentation of Ethnoveterinary remedies of camel diseases in Rajasthan, India

Lokesh Gupta*, Ghanshyam Tiwari & Rajeev Garg AICRP on Increased Utilization of Animal Energy with Enhanced System Efficiency, Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur-313001, Rajasthan, India E-mail: [email protected]

Received 21 January 2014, revised 31 March 2015

The present paper highlights the indigenous knowledge of camel owners or the local healers on the ethnoveterinary remedies of camel disease in Rajasthan. The information concerning the ethnoveterinary practices adopted for the treatment of diseases prevailing in the area, viz. surra, pneumonia, camel pox, diarrhea, constipation, internal and external parasites, wounds, food poisoning, inflammation, infertility, arthritis, anaemia, snakebite, sunstroke and ingestion of sand was collected using interview schedule in Bikaner and Udaipur districts of the state. The camel owners/healers were found familiar with the sand ball test or hair stick test for diagnosis of trypanosomiasis or surra and people use burnt diesel oil or kerosene along with camel urine on the infected parts of the camel. The results revealed that there is great agreement among the informants for the usages of jaggery, Curcuma longa L., Dalbergia sisoo Roxb. , Cucumis callosus, Azadirachta indica, Brassica juncea oil, tobacco leaves, alum, Allium sativum L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Trigonella foenum, buttermilk, vegetable oil, etc. The findings of the study would help the extension workers, policy makers and Scientists to have insight into the evolution of appropriate technology and for the discovery of new medicinal compounds.

Keywords: Camel, Diseases, Ethnoveterinary, Local healers, Rajasthan

IPC Int. Cl.8: A61D, A61K Indigenous knowledge is characterized as the sum of considerable amount of interest amongst scientific experience and knowledge for a given ethnic group on community, policy planners, extension workers and specific aspects, which forms the basis for decision development agencies in recent times. Livestock making in regard to familiar and unfamiliar problems raisers and healers over the world have traditional and challenges. It is derived from interaction between ways of classifying, diagnosing, preventing, and people and their environment. It spans the entire range treating common animal diseases 2, 3. Many of these of human experience, including history, linguistics, ethnoveterinary practices offer viable alternative to art as well as technical aspects: agriculture, medicine, conventional, western style veterinary medicines animal husbandry, engineering and fishing1. It can where the latter is unavailable. The present study was play key role in designing of sustainable farming an effort in this direction to document the systems including animal husbandry practices thereby Ethnoveterinary remedies of camel diseases in camel increasing the livelihood that rural populations would dominant regions of Rajasthan, India. accept, develop and maintain innovations and interventions. For ages, human beings, in particular, Materials and methods the resource poor farmers and marginal societies The study was carried out in Bikaner and Udaipur around the world, have been utilizing locally available districts of Rajasthan, India. The average temperature plant resources for formulating a wide range of plant in Bikaner during summers falls in the range of based medicines for treating animal diseases as an 41.8° C to 28.0°C. The average temperature in the economical, accessible, efficacious and ecologically winter season in Bikaner falls in the range of 23.2°C sustainable means to animal healthcare practices. It is to 5.0°C. The days in Udaipur are bright, sunny and hardly surprising that due to these reasons, the domain warm with minimum and maximum temperature of traditional veterinary knowledge has attracted a —————— around 20°C and 40°C during summer and 7°C and *Corresponding author 29°C during winter. 448 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 14, NO. 3, JULY 2015

A comprehensive survey was conducted to identify may use different traditional preparations to treat a the Ethnoveterinary remedies of camel diseases specific disease and sometimes same treatment is used adopted by the camel owners or the local healers. by people living in geographically different regions. The list of diseases prevailing in the area It means that traditional ethnoveterinary remedies (surra, pneumonia, camel pox, diarrhea, constipation, are working effectively as reported by Gueye4. This is parasites, wounds, food poisoning, inflammation, to say that traditional medicine can be a real source infertility, arthritis, anaemia, snakebite, sun stroke and for insights for the discovery of new medicinal ingestion of sand) which are related to camels were compounds5. The locally available and easily identified with the help of experts in the related field. accessible ethnoveterinary remedies practiced by the The interview schedule was developed with due local healers provide a cheaper treatment as compared consultation of field Veterinarians and experts from to western drugs. The information on ethnoveterinary the university and research stations. A comprehensive practices adopted by the camel owners or healers in list of camel keepers or local healers of 10 selected the survey areas are discussed by disease/ailment wise villages, viz. Husansar, Baderan, Jamsar, Kheechiya, presented below: Mahajan and Palana from Bikaner district; Ladia khedia, Rabbario ka guda, Ala ki dhani and Dedriyo Surra/ Trypanosomiasis ki dhani from Udaipur district was prepared on the The first sign is weakness at the time of getting up basis of camel population in both Bikaner and with a rider or with a load on the back of the camel. Udaipur districts. The eyes appear dull and the animal becomes With prior informed consent (PIC) on sharing of lethargic. The symptoms are usually seen when there information with reference to Ethnoveterinary are lots of flies around the animal and it is seen during remedies of camel diseases from authentic camel the rainy season from July to October. The body owners/local healers having thorough knowledge temperature increases up to 39°C in the morning and 6 were identified with the help of local NGO’s and 41°C in the evening. Leese discussed the acute administrative officers. Thus, a total of 50 camel and subacute forms of camel trypanosomiasis at owners/healers from 10 villages were selected for some length, indicating that the latter form may last collection of information on Ethnoveterinary remedies 3 - 4 yrs before the animal finally succumbs. The of camel diseases. Extensive and intensive survey camel owner’s diagnosis the disease by two methods, 7 trips were organized to cover for and wide selected viz. sand ball test and hair stick test. Muhammad villages under study at different seasons of the year. reported in their investigation that camel owners in The data were collected through Participatory Rural Faisalabad (Pakistan) were not familiar with the Sand- Appraisal, focused group discussion and survey by ball test or Hair-stick test for diagnosis of empirical investigation. The voucher specimens of trypanosomiasis. house hold and plant materials used in treating the camels were collected and reconfirmed by other Treatment informants to ensure their local identity. The To keep the flies away, tumba (Citrullus specimens were brought to the laboratory and colocynthis L.; EA164) and salt in water is applied on preserved in the form of herbarium maintained at All the body of the camel. Further, burnt diesel oil or India Coordinated Research Project on Increased kerosene along with camel urine are also be used by Utilization of Animal Energy with Enhanced System the camel healers on the infected part. The treatment Efficiency, Maharana Pratap University of strategy of trypanosomiasis is based on neutralizing Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan). the poison in the blood, awakening the camel’s sleeping body and keeping the affected camel strong Results and discussion and fit3. When a camel is ill, the owner looks for medicaments by his own experience or by consulting Pneumonia a native healer. They are using products of plant The camel suffering from pneumonia become dull, origin or house hold items for the treatment of camels. cud chewing and grazing are not proper, there may be The preparation of drug and method of administration watery discharge from the nostrils. Coughing and varied as per the ailment treated. Further, the camel mucous discharge from nostrils may be the symptoms owners or the local healers living in the same location and the temperature rises by 0.4-0.6°C. GUPTA et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY REMEDIES OF CAMEL DISEASES IN RAJASTHAN, INDIA 449

Treatment Constipation The camels are fed with mixture of saunth It is a condition associated with some diseases and (Zingiber officinale Rosc.; EA282) and jaggery in usually happens when camels do not get timely lukewarm water. Apart from this, a mixture of feeding, watering and have hardly any assess to green methi (Trigonella foenum) with mustard oil fodder. (Brassica juncea) is also fed to the susceptible camels. The above mixtures are composite of those Treatment ingredients which keeps the body active, energetic The first treatment includes feeding of camels with and enhance the activities inside the body3. Kachari (Cucumis callosus) fruits along with ajwayan (Trachyspermum ammi L.) to relief the animal Camel pox from constipation. The traditional plants and There is swelling of the lips in mild cases, at first other products used by camel owners for the treatment of the upper lip and later also of the lower lip. of constipation which is in accordance with the 10 In severe cases, wounds appear on the lips which may findings reported in the present study . Use of castor become infested with maggots and there is high fever. (Ricinus communis L.; Aery299) oil is also used by the camel owners as traditional remedy against Treatment constipation in camels. Some of the healers fed 75-150 gm bark/pods of amaltas (Cassia fistula L.; The local healers apply dalda ghee (hydrogenated 12 vegetable oil) or camel milk on the infected parts of Aery105) boiled with 1 liter water fed after cooling . the camel body. However, supportive treatment can The use of 4-5 pods of Cassia fistula L. once a day till normal condition is attained to cattle suffering from be given to affected calves, usually a soup which 13 provides liquid, energy and protein3. constipation . However, fruit pulp and root decoction of bitter melon (Citrullus colocynthis L.) is practiced by the Diarrhea 14 When the camel suffers from diarrhea, faeces local healers for relief in constipation . For the become loose and they lose their round oval shape, prevention of indigestion and halitosis all camel loose or watery faeces are passed frequently. The owners had practiced administration of ‘massaulas’ (physical drench/balls) along with common salt animal gets weaker and weaker and if not treated 7 timely, may die from anaemia. (average 250 gm) on weekly basis .

Internal parasites Treatment All kinds of worms are found in camel like The local healers fed the camels with buttermilk roundworms, flukes, tapeworms and ringworms. and salt as one of the first treatment against diarrhea. The common symptoms of the worm infestation However, dried bajra (Pennisetum typhoides L.) are irregularity in rumination, loss of appetite, and ghee are also practiced by the camel owners. constipation, anaemia, dullness of eyes and Shisham (Dalbergia sisoo Roxb.; EA169) leafs become pale. soaked overnight are given orally to camels in the morning relives the camels from diarrhea. Treatment Dalbergia sissoo has anti-inflammatory8, antipyretic The routine practice followed by the camel owners and analgesic activities9. The root extract of against internal parasites is giving neem (Azadirachta Dalbergia sissoo contains alkaloids, carbohydrates, indica; EA21) leave extract with buttermilk and rock saponins, flavonoids, glycosides (cardiac glycosides, salt15. Further, Trachyspermum ammi has been shown anthraquinone glycoside and saponin glycosides)10 to possess anthelmintic activities16. Many plant and steroids 8. essential oils and phytochemicals are known to 17 Likewise, gokhru fruits (Tribulus terrestris L.; possess nematicidal activity . Nematicidal activity of Aery46) are given to animal to cure the diarrhea. plant essential oils and their components against 18 Kachari fruits (Cucumis callosus) crushed and mixed pinewood nematode has also been reported earlier . with sugar, oil and water are given to the camel Azadirachta indica leaves could play a beneficial role during diarrheal condition. The aqueous extract of as an alternate non-chemical oranic source of 19 Punica granatum peel has anti-diarrheal effect11. anthelmintic during epizootics of worm infection . 450 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 14, NO. 3, JULY 2015

However, ethanol extract of Annona reticulate leaves Inflammation/ burns have significant anthelmintic activity20. In most cases it is the back that is burnt by the fire but sometimes legs are also burnt. The burnt skin External parasites should be protected from sun and flies. Sarcoptic mange is one of the most common health problems of camel21. Mange is widely regarded to be Treatment the most feared and widespread disease affecting the Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) pulp or burnt engine 12 Arabian camel after trypanosomiasis22. oil is applied on the burned part . Further, paste of potash alum mixed with burnt machinery oil is also Treatment applied over the infected part. The local healers are applying leaf pulp of Aloe barbadensis directly over The traditional healthcare practices adopted to cure 13 mange infection is the use of neem oil (Azadirachta the burned parts . indica) or lukewarm mustard (Brassica juncea) oil or garlic (Allium sativum L.; EA127) bulb paste on the Infertility skin of the camel10. These results are also supported It is common in female camels which may be due by other who suggested that the alliin metabolite to various reasons. Aborted animals have more allicin might be responsible for the oxygen chances to become sterile if not handed properly. scavenging properties of Allium sativum 23. The use of Treatment Azadirachta indica leaves (50-100 gm) crushed The camel owners usually fed kenvach (Mucuna with mustard oil and the paste is applied on the 24 pruriens L.; Aery92) pods with jaggery or sprouted body of the cattle . The efficacy of tobacco wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.) with jaggery to extract against lice can also be due to its nicotine the camels. One or two pods of Mucuna pruriens L. content and nicotine sulphate has been used to dust 15 mixed with jaggery (Saccharum officinarum L.) or animal pens against lice . Likewise, some of wheat bread is fed twice a day for 5 days to the the healers apply bark of Rohira tree (Tecomella female animals to bring it into heat 12. The feeding of undulata; EA302) and whey or root paste of aakda 100 gm seeds power of Ajwain (Trachespermum (Calotropis procera Br.; EA214) over the infected ammi L.) is given with jaggery twice a day for area to control ticks/lice. 2-3 days to animal having lack of estrus25.

Wounds Arthritis It may occur due to biting by other camels on This occurs in spring when there is a wide scrotum or by some sharp object. Wounds also occur difference between the day and night temperature. due to infestation with maggots if not cared. In case of There may be arthritis of knee, fetlock and shoulder saddle galls, any loose skin should be clipped off and joints. wound should be dressed. Treatment Treatment Massage of til (Sesamum indicum L.; Aery229) oil The survey results indicated that most of the camel and sugar in equal proportion over the affected parts owners use turpentine oil or apply alum, turmeric and is given to get relief from the arthritis pain in camel 14. oil paste over infected area10. Leaf paste of Kagla Ri Further, decoction of bark of salar (Boswellia serrata Mehndi (Tridax procumbens L.; EA143) and sitaphal Roxb., EA124) is given to the animals in arthritis 28. (Annona squamosa) is also recommended by the local healers to stop bleeding. Leaf paste of Annona Anaemia squamosa is applied externally on cuts, wounds and It occurs due to worms and in most cases due to skin diseases25. Some of the workers studied the effect surra disease. It may also be due to over work and of ethanol extract of Lawsonia inermis for the wound under feeding. healing and recommended its use in healing of wound26. Similarly, extract of Calotropis procera Treatment possesses significant prohealing activity on dermal The camels suffering from anaemia need to be fed wounds in Guinea pigs27. with Onion (Allium cepa L.) or garlic (Allium sativum L.) GUPTA et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY REMEDIES OF CAMEL DISEASES IN RAJASTHAN, INDIA 451

bulb along with mustard oil. Kumar et al.25 reported treating the camels3. Likewise, root juice of Celosia that feeding of 100 gm seed powder of Cassia tora argentea L. mixed with Tamarindus indica L. fruits with fodder twice a day as a general tonic during or leaves is given orally in poisoning12. anaemia is found to be beneficial in animals. The local healers also fed ginger (Zingiber officinale Ingestion of sand Rosc.), chirata (Swertia chirayaita), methi The symptoms of ingestion of sand before death (Trigonella foenum) seed and jaggery in ball form to included profuse vomiting, diarrhoea, tympany, colic the camels suffering from anaemia. and pain, although the temperature generally remained normal. Snakebite Camels and snakes live together in deserts but it Treatment seems that snakes and camels have some Feeding with vegetable oil (1-2 L) along with understanding to respect each other’s sovereignty to 50-100 gm salt per day is used by the local healers stay away from each other’s domain. for treating the camels against ingestion of sand. In some cases, camel owners are using Senna Treatment (Cassia angustifolia), vegetable oil, etc. to the camel 10 Incase of snakebite to the camels, healers apply suffering from impaction . bark paste of Gular (Ficus racemosa L.; Aery302) and feed with roots of Chhoti Bui (Aerva lanata L.; New findings EA429). Some of the owners also feed cow’s ghee The findings of the study clearly revealed that (2-3 kg) along with 100-200 gm black pepper camel owners/local healers are using many household (Piper nigrum) to over come the poison from and plant materials for treatment of their camels. snakebite in camel. It has been reported that roots In total, 16 ailments of camels have been documented (100gm) of Chhoti Bui (Aerva lanata L.) are crushed from the study areas which are treated by traditional and given orally as an antidote in snake bite to remedies. The use of 31 plant materials and animals12,14. 13 household materials have been recorded during the present study. These plant material includes tumba Sun stroke/ heat stroke (Citrullus colocynthis L.), saunth (Zingiber officinale When the camels are exposed to sun for longer Rosc.), methi (Trigonella foenum), turmeric duration may lead to sun stroke. The body (Curcuma longa L.), bajra (Pennisetum typhoides L.), temperature raises up to 43ºC or more. The eyes are shisham (Dalbergia sisoo Roxb.), gokhru (Tribulus closed and the conjunctive is highly congested. terrestris L.), kachari (Cucumis callosus), ajwayan (Trachyspermum ammi L.), amaltas (Cassia fistula L.), Treatment bitter melon (Citrullus colocynthis L.), neem The traditional treatment includes bark infusion of (Azadirachta indica), garlic (Allium sativum L.), Babul (Acacia nilotica L.; EA58) or leaf infusion of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), rohira (Tecomella Shisham (Dalbergia sisso Roxb.) to camels suffering undulata), aakda (Calotropis procera Br.), kagla ri from sunstroke10,14. Further, some of the healers feed mehndi (Tridax procumbens L.), sitaphal (Annona about 0.5 kg leaves of Nelumbo nucifera twice a day squamosa), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), kenvach for 2-3 days to relief the animals against sunstroke25. (Mucuna pruriens L.), wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), ginger (Zingiber Food poisoning officinale Rosc.), chirata (Swertia chirayaita), gular In almost all poisoning cases main symptoms are (Ficus racemosa L.), chhoti bui (Aerva lanata L.), vomiting, diarrhea, dysentery, dullness, asphyxia babul (Acacia nilotica L.), black pepper (Piper (difficult breathing), staggering, etc. and some times nigrum), mustard oil (Brassica juncea), til (Sesamum the outcome is fatal. indicum L.) oil, and emli (Tamarindus indica L.). Among these plant species, 07 were new which are Treatment used by the camel owners/local healers in treatment of The data reported from the study revealed that their camels. The use of tumba (Citrullus colocynthis L.) camel owners are drenching buttermilk (2-3 L) or in flies control, gokhru (Tribulus terrestris L.) and extract of Emli (Tamarindus indica L.; Aery114) for kachari (Cucumis callosus) in diarrhea, amaltas 452 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 14, NO. 3, JULY 2015

(Cassia fistula L.) in constipation, tobacco leaves and 3 Raziq A, Verdier Kde & Younas M, Ethnoveterinary rohira tree bark in tick infestation, kagla ri mehndi treatments by dromedary camel herders in the Suleiman Mountainous Region in Pakistan: an observation and (Tridax procumbens L.) and sitaphal (Annona questionnaire study, J Ethnobiol Ethnomed, 6(2010) 16. squamosa) in wounds and chhoti bui (Aerva lanata L.) http://www.ethnobiomed.com/content/6/1/16. in snake bite has been reported as new uses in 4 Gueye EF, Employment and income generation through ethnoveterinary remedies of camels. family poultry in low-income food-deficit countries, World’s Poultry Sci J, 58(2002) 541-557. Conclusion 5 Akerele O, WHO guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines, Fitoterapia, 63 (2) (1992) 99-110. Study highlights that there is great agreement 6 Leese AS, Tips on camels for veterinary surgeons on active among the informants for the usages of Citrullus service, [Rome, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization], colocynthis L. (surra), Zingiber officinale Rosc. and 1969, 56. Trigonella foenum (pneumonia), Tribulus terrestris L. 7 Muhammad G, Khann MZ, Hussain MH, Iqbal M & Athar and Cucumis callosus (diarrhea), Cassia fistula L. M, Ethanoveterinary practices of owners of pneumatic cart pulling camels in Faisalabad city Pakistan, (constipation), Azadirachta indica (internal and J Ethnopharmacol, 97(2) (2005) 241-6. external parasites), Nicotiana tabacum L. (external 8 Kumar SM & Kumud U, Anti-inflammatory activity of root parasites), Ficus racemosa L. and Aerva lanata L. of Dalbergia sissoo (Rox.b) in carrageenan-induced paw (snakebite), Tamarindus indica L. (food poisoning); oedema in rats, Pharmacol J, 2(2010) 427-430. and these species have great potential as herbal drugs 9 Hajare SW, Chandra S, Tandan SK, Sharma J, Lal J & Telang AG, Analgesic and antipyretic activities of Dalbergia for camel healthcare management. Further, research sissoo leaves, Indian J Pharmacol, 32(2000) 357-360. on these herbal formulations for veterinary healthcare 10 Tuteja FC, Dixit SK, Kumar S, Patil NV & Singh JP, management will require safety and efficacy testing. Traditional treatment practices against camel diseases in It can be concluded from the study that by Rajasthan, J Camel Prac Res, 18(2) (2011) 231-242. evaluating ethnoveterinary remedies, it becomes easy 11 Qnais EY, Elokda AS, Abu Ghalyun YY and Abdulla FA, Antidiarrheal activity of Punica granatum (pomegranate) to understand the local resources, practices and peels, Pharm Bio, 45(2007) 715-720. conditions. These ethnoveterinary remedies are very 12 Nag A, Galav P & Katewa SS, Indigenous animal healthcare important in areas which are far away from cities or practices from Udaipur district, Rajasthan, Indian J Tradit where modern medicines are not available. Still there Knowle, 6(4) (2007) 583-588. is a need to preserve and promote many more 13 Rajkumari R, Nirmala RK, Singh PK, Das AK, Dutta BK & Pinokiya A, Ethnoveterinary plants used by the Chiru tribes therapeutically sound ethnoveterinary practices after of Manipur, Northeast India, Indian J Tradit Knowle, scientific validation. Other than this, government and 13(2014) 368-376. non-governmental organizations must also provide 14 Galav P, Jain A, Katewa SS & Nag A, Animal healthcare some monitory assistance to the traditional healers, so practices of livestock owners at Pushkar animal fair, that we may conserve these rich ethnoveterinary Rajasthan, Indian J Tradit Knowle, 9(3) (2010) 581-584. 15 Mishra S, Sharma S, Vasudevan P, Bhatt RK, remedies for our future generations. Pandey S, Singh M, Meena BS & Pandey SN, Livestock

feeing and traditional healthcare practices in Bundelkhand Acknowledgement region of Central India, Indian J Tradit Knowle, 9(2) (2010) The authors are extremely thankful to Indian 333-337. Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi (India) 16 Lateef M, Iqbal Z, Akhtar MS, Jabbar A, Khan MN & Gilani for providing financial support through AICRP on AH, Preliminary screening of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Increased Utilization of Animal Energy with seed for anthelminthic activity in sheep, Trop Animal Health Prod, 38(2006) 491-496. Enhanced System Efficiency, Udaipur centre, 17 Chitwood DJ, Phytochemical based strategies for nematode Rajasthan (India). The authors are also indebted to the control, Ann Rev Phytopathol, 40(2002) 221–249. camel owners and local healers for providing required 18 Choi IH, Shin SC & Park IK, Nematicidal activity of onion information on traditional veterinary practices. (Allium cepa) oil and its components against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), Nemat, 9 (2007) References 231–235. 1 Kroma S, Popularizing science education in developing 19 Radhakrishnan L, Gomathinayagam S & Balakrishnan V, countries through indigenous knowledge, Indig Know Dev Evaluation of anthelmintic effect of neem (Azadirachta Mon, 3(1995) 13–15. indica) leaves on Haemonchus contortus in goats, Res 2 Acharya KP & Acharya M, Traditional knowledge on J Parasitol, 2(2007) 57-62. medicinal plants used for the treatment of livestock diseases 20 Nirmal SA, Gaikwad SB, Dhasade VV, Dhikale RS, Kotkar in Sardikhola VDC, Kaski, Nepal, J Med Plants Res, PV & Dighe SS, Anthelmintic activity of Annona reticulata 4 (2010) 235–239. leaves, Res J Pharm Bio Chem Sci, 1(2010) 116-118. GUPTA et al.: ETHNOVETERINARY REMEDIES OF CAMEL DISEASES IN RAJASTHAN, INDIA 453

21 Muhammad G, Iqbal M, Athar M, Khan MZ & Butt AA, A 25 Kumar A, Pandey VC & Tewari DD, Documentation and study on clinical disorders of one-humped draught camel determination of consensus about phytotherapeutic (Camelus dromedarius) working in Faisalabad city Pakistan. veterinary practices among the Tharu tribal community of In: Proceedings of the 6th Annual Conference for Animal Uttar Pradesh, India, Trop Animal Health Prod, 44(2012) Production under Arid Conditions, University, Al-Ain, UAE, 863–872. November 11-13 (Abstract), 2001. 26 Nayak BS, Isitor G, Davis EM & Pillai GK, The evidence 22 Chauhan RS, Kaushik RK, Gupta SC, Satija KC & based wound healing activity of Lawsonia inermis L., Kulshreshtha RC, Prevalence of different diseases in camels Phytother Res, 21(2007) 827-831. (Camelus dromedarius) in India, Camel Newsletter, 3(1986) 27 Rasik AM, Raghubir R, Gupta A, Shukla A, Dubey MP, 10-14. Srivastava S, Jain HK & Kulshrestha DK, Healing potential 23 Siegers CP, Robke A & Pentz R, Effects of garlic of Calotropis procera on dermal wounds in Guinea pigs, preparations on super oxide production by phorbol ester J Ethnopharmacol, 68(1999) 261-266. activated granulocytes, Phytomedicine, 6(1999)13-16. 28 Galav P, Jain A & Katewa SS, Traditional 24 Saha MR, Sarker DDe & Sen A, Ethnoveterinary practices veterinary medicines used by livestock owners of among the tribal community of Malda district of West Rajasthan, India, Indian J Tradit Knowle, 12(1) (2013) Bengal, India, Indian J Tradit Knowle,13(2014) 359-367. 47-55.