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The Most Commonly Used Drugs at the Primary Health Care Level in Palestine 2003

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The Most Commonly Used Drugs at the Primary Health Care Level in Palestine 2003 Birzeit University The Most Commonly Used Drugs at the Primary Health Care Level in Palestine Training and Self Learning Manual 2003 Edited by: Rana A. Khatib, MS Pharm, PhD Amal R. Daoud, BPharm, MPH Published by: The Institute of Community and Public Health Birzeit University Editors: Rana A. Khatib, MS Pharm, PhD Amal R. Daoud, BPharm, MPH Assistant editors: Samia O. Halileh, MD, MRCP DCCH, PhD Nahed S. Mikki, MD Pediatrics Chiara Zanetti, MD Ob/Gyn Contributing editors: Awad R. Matariya, BPharm Luma I. Aryan, BPharm Amin F. Masad, MD, MPH Gabriela G. Abu-Zanat, MD, MPH We are greatful to the following individuals and organizations for their contributions in reviewing and advising: • Assad Ramlawi, MD, MPH • Abdul-Naser Daraghmeh, MD, Diploma-PHC • Bashir Tarazi, MD, Diabetology • Bassam Ashhab, MD, BCh DPM, MRCPsych • Denise Mcgrouen, MD, Ophtal. • Hisham Arda, MD, Skin and Venereal Disease • Muhammad al-Hmouz, MD • Muhammad al-Khalili, MD, MPH • Muhammad Tafakji, MD • Rashid Jarallah, MD, MBBS, MRCOC • Samer Ghazal, MD • Shukri Oudeh, MD, MRCOC • Wael Salhab, MR, ORL/ENT • Waleed Obeidallah, MSc Pharm. Institute of Community and Public Health Birzeit University POB 154, Ramallah, Palestine Tel: + 9722 2988654/5 Fax: + 9722 2951181 E-mail: [email protected] Website: icph.birzeit.edu © 2003 by Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University Printed in Ramallah, Palestine ii Table of Contents PREFACE ……………………………………………………………….... ix HOW TO USE THIS MANUAL …………………………….……..……… xi ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………….………………. xiii PREGNANCY CATEGORIES ………………………………………..….. xv CHAPTER 1: ANALGESICS, ANTIPYRETICS, ANTI- INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIGOUT DRUGS …………………………... 1 A) ANALGESICS, ANTIPYRETICS, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS …. 2 1) Acetylsalicylic Acid WHO,P …………………………………………………… 4 2) Paracetamol WHO,P ………………………………………………….…….……….. 6 3) Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) …..…….………….………… 8 B) ANTIGOUT AGENTS……………………………………………………...………. 13 1) Allopurinol WHO,P ……..…………………..………………………………………. 13 2) Sulfinpyrazone …………………………...……………………………………….. 15 WHO,P 3) Colchicine …………………………………………………………………... 17 CHAPTER 2: CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS ……………………………… 21 A) ANTIHYPERTENSIVES…………………………………………………………… 23 1) DIURETICS ………………………………………………………………..……... 26 a) Thiazide Diuretics: Hydrochlorothiazide WHO,P ………………………………… 26 b) Loop Diuretics: Furosemide WHO,P ………………………………………….. 27 c) Potassium Sparing Diuretics: Spironolactone WHO,P …………………………... 29 2) BETA – BLOCKERS ………………………………………..……………………. 31 a) Propranolol P ………………………………………………………………. 31 b) Atenolol WHO, P ………………………………………………………..…… 33 3) ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACEI) …………….. 34 WHO,P a) Captopril ………………………………………………………... 35 4) CA CHANNEL BLOCKERS ………………………………………………... 37 a) Nifedipine WHO,P ……………………………………………………………. 38 WHO,P b) Verapamil ………………………………………………………….. 39 B) ANTI-ARRHYTHMICS ….…………………………………………………. 41 1) Amiodarone ……………………………………………………………… 42 WHO,P 2) Lidocaine ………………………………………………………….. 44 WHO,P 3) Quinidine ………………………………………………………….. 44 C) ANTIANGINA ………………………………………………………………. 44 WHO,P 1) Isosorbide Dinitrate …………………………………………………. 45 D) ANTICOAGULANTS ……………………………………………………….. 46 WHO,P 1) Aspirin ………………………………………………………………. 47 WHO,P 2) Warfarin ……………………………………………………………. 47 E) CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE DRUGS ………………………………….. 49 WHO,P 1) Digoxin ………………………………………………………….. 50 iii F) LIPID LOWERING DRUG ………………………………………………….. 52 1) Fibric Acids: Bezafibrate …………………………………………………. 53 2) Bile Acid Sequestrants: Cholestyramine …………………………………… 54 3) HMG-COA Reductase Inhibitors: Simvastatin ……………………………… 56 CHAPTER 3: GASTRO-INTESTINAL DRUGS ………………………….. 56B 9 A) ANTACIDS & ULCER HEALING MEDICATION ……..……………………. 61 WHO,P 1) Mg/Al Salt ………………………………………………………….. 63 WHO,P 2) Ranitidine ………………………………………………………….. 64 3) Omeprazole ………………………………………………………….. 65 B) ANTISPASMODICS/ ANTICHOLINERGICS ……………………………….. 66 P 1) Hyocine N-butyl Bromide ……………….…………………………….…. 67 C) ANTIEMETICS ………………………………………………………….. 68 WHO,P 1) Metoclopramide …………………………………………………….. 68 2) Meclozine/Meclizine ………………………………………………………. 70 D) DRUGS USED IN DIARRHEA ……………………………………………… 70 WHO,P 1) Oral Rehydrating Salts ………………………………………………. 73 P 2) Antidiarrheal Agent: Loperamide ………………………………………… 74 E) LAXATIVES ……………………………………………………………… 75 P 1) Bisacodyl ……………………………………………………………….. 77 2) Castor Oil ……………………………………………………………….. 70 P 3) Glycerin ………………………………………………………………... 77 4) Psyllium …………………………………………………………………... 78 F) ANTI-HEMORRHOIDAL …………………………………………………. 79 1) Anusol (or other equivalent preparation WHO,P) ……………………………… 80 CHAPTER 4: RESPIRATORY DRUGS …………………………………. 83 A) ANTIHISTAMINES ………………………………………………………… 86 WHO,P 1) Chlorpheniramine …………………………………………………. 86 2) Astemizole …….………………………………………………………….. 88 B) NASAL DECONGESTANTS ………………………………………………... 90 1) Oxymetazoline ………………………………………………………….. 91 2) Pseudoephedrine ………………………………………………………….. 92 C) EXPECTORANTS ………………………………………………………….. 93 1) Ammonium Chloride ………………………………………………………. 93 2) Guaifenesin ……………………………………………………………….. 93 D) ANTITUSSIVES/ COUGH SUPPRESSANTS ……………………………….. 94 1) Codeine ………………………………...………………………………… 94 WHO 2) Dextromethorphan HBr ………………………………………………. 96 E) MUCOLYTICS …………………………………………………………….. 97 1) Acetylcysteine ….………………………………………………………….. 97 2) Bromhexine …………………………………………………………….. 97 F) BRONCHODILATORS & ASTHMA MEDICATION ………………………. 97 WHO,P 1) Theophylline (or soluble salt derivatives) …………………………….. 100 WHO,P 2) Salbutamol / Albuterol ………………………………………………. 103 WHO,P 3) Cromolyn / Cromoglycate ……………………………………………. 104 WHO,P 4) Beclomethasone Dipropionate ……………………………………….. 106 iv WHO,P 5) Prednisolone ………..………………………………………………. 107 CHAPTER 5: ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUGS ……………………………….. 111 A) ANTI-BACTERIALS ……….………………………………………………. 115 1) Penicillins (β-Lactam) …………………………………………………. 115 WHO,P WHO,P a) Benzylpenicillin & Phenoxymethyl penicillin ……………………. 116 WHO,P b) Cloxacillin & flucloxacillin: (Penicillinase resistant penicillins) ……… 119 WHO,P WHO,P c) Ampicillin & Amoxicillin (aminopenicillins) ……………………. 120 WHO,P d) Amoxicillin with Clavulanic Acid (Co-amoxiclav) ……………………. 122 P 2) Cephalosporins: Cephalexin , Cefadroxil and Cefaclor …………………….. 124 3) Tetracyclines: Tetracycline …………………………………………………. 127 WHO,P 4) Macrolides: Erythromycin ………………………………………… 129 P 5) Sulphonamides and Trimethoprim ………………………………………… 131 WHO,P 6) Nitrofurantoin ……………………………………………………….. 133 WHO,P 7) Nalidixic Acid ……………………………………………………….. 135 WHO,P 8) Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin …………………………………….. 136 B) ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS …………………………………………………….. 137 WHO,P 1) Isoniazid …..……………………………………………………….. 139 WHO,P 2) Rifampicin ………………………………………………………….. 140 WHO,P 3) Pyrazinamide ………………………………………………………... 142 WHO,P 4) Ethambutol ………………………………………………………….. 142 C) ANTI-PARASITICS …………………………………………………………. 143 WHO,P 1) Metronidazole ……………………………………………………….. 143 WHO 2) Diloxanide Furoate …………………………………………………… 146 WHO 3) Mebendazole ………………………………………………………….. 146 4) Niclosamide ………………………………………………………………. 147 WHO 5) Albendazole ………………………………………………………….. 148 D) ANTI-FUNGALS ………………………………………………………….. 148 WHO,P 1) Nystatin ………………………………………………………….. 148 WHO,P 2) Miconazole ………………………………………………………….. 149 WHO,P 3) Griseofulvin ………………………………………………………….. 150 E) ANTIVIRAL AGENTS ……………………………………………………… 151 1) Acyclovir ………………………………………………………………….. 151 CHAPTER 6: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM DRUGS 155 A) ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS …………………………………………………. 157 WHO,P 1) Insulin ……………………………………………………………... 159 WHO,P 2) Glibenclamide /Glyburide ……………………………………………. 162 WHO,P 3) Metformin ………………………………………………………….. 164 B) THYROID DRUGS ………………………………………………………….. 166 WHO,P 1) Thyroxine ………………………………………………………….. 166 WHO,P 2) Propylthiouracil …………………………………………………….. 168 C) CORTICOSTEROIDAL DRUGS …………………………………………….. 169 WHO,P 1) Prednisone ………………………………………………………….. 171 CHAPTER 7: CONTRACEPTIVE PREPARATIONS 175 A) CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES & BARRIERS ……………………………….. 177 v 1) Intra-Uterine Devices (IUDs) ……………………………………………… 177 2) Spermicides and Condoms …………………………………………………. 178 B) HORMONAL PREPARATIONS …….……………………………………… 179 WHO,P 1) Estrogenic and Combined Oral Contraceptives ………………………. 179 2) Progestin-Only Products …………………………………………………. 183 a) Oral Progestogen-only Preparations ………………………………………… 183 WHO,P b) Injectables: Medroxy-progesterone acetate …………………………... 184 c) Implants: Levonorgestrel …………………………………………………. 185 3) Emergency Pills ………………………………………………………….. 186 CHAPTER 8: PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS ………………………. 189 PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS: ……..………………………………………………. 191 A) ANTIDEPRESSANTS ………………………………………………………. 191 WHO,P 1) Amitriptyline …………………………………………………………. 192 P 2) Imipramine ……………………………………………………………… 194 3) Fluoxetine ………………………………………………………………… 195 B) HYPNOTICS AND ANXIOLYTICS ………………………………………… 197 WHO,P 1) Diazepam ………………………………………………………….. 198 2) Lorazepam ………………………………………………………………. 199 C) NEUROLEPTICS ………………………………………………………….. 200 WHO,P 1) Chlorpromazine …………………………………………………….. 201 WHO,P 2) Haloperidol ………………………………………………………….. 203 ANTICONVULSANT / ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS: ……………………………….. 205 WHO,P 1) Carbamazepine …….………………………………………………. 207 WHO,P 2) Clonazepam …………………………………………………………. 209 WHO,P 3) Ethosuximide ………………………………………………………. 211 WHO,P 4) Phenobarbital ………………………………………………..…….. 212 WHO,P 5) Phenytoin …………………………………………………………… 214 WHO,P 6) Valproic Acid …………………….…………………………..…….. 215 WHO,P 7) Diazepam …..……………………………………………..………… 217 ANTIPARKINSONS DRUGS: …………………………………………………. 217 A) ANTICHOLINERGIC DRUGS ……………………………………………… 219 1) Benztropine Mesylate ………………………………………………..……. 219 P 2) Trihexyphenidyl ………………………………………………..…………
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