Ploughshares Monitor SPRING 2013 | VOLUME 34 | ISSUE 1

Nobel Peace Lecture Exploiting loopholes The Obama moment Milestone for Murray From war to peace: Canadian aircraft engines Will President make good Ploughshares co-founder A European tale sent to countries at war on that nuclear promise? Murray Thomson’s 90th

The Ploughshares Monitor SPRING 2013 | VOLUME 34 | ISSUE 1

Security in Mali

Project Ploughshares outlines five principles to guide Canadian interventions by John Siebert

TheA Ploughsharesquarterly publicationMonitor | Sum- of Project Ploughshares • Available online: www.ploughshares.ca 1 Contents

The Ploughshares Monitor Volume 34 | Issue 1

PROJECT PLOUGHSHARES STAFF Spring 2013 John Siebert Executive Director Kenneth Epps brockenshire Lemiski Maribel Gonzales Matthew Pupic debbie Hughes Wendy Stocker Tasneem Jamal barbara Wagner Happy 90th, Murray! Cesar Jaramillo 3 A tribute to Ploughshares co-founder Murray Thomson. The Ploughshares Monitor is the quarterly by Debbie Grisdale journal of Project Ploughshares, the peace centre of The Canadian Council of Churches. Ploughshares works with churches, nongovernmental organizations, and governments, in Canada and abroad, to advance policies and actions that prevent war and armed violence and build peace. The Nobel Peace Lecture Project Ploughshares is affiliated with 6 the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, From war to peace: A European tale. Conrad Grebel University College, University of Waterloo.

Office address: Project Ploughshares 57 Erb Street West Canada’s contributions to peace Cover story Waterloo, Ontario N2L 6C2 Canada 519-888-6541, fax: 519-888-0018 10 and security in Mali [email protected]; www.ploughshares.ca Ploughshares outlines five principles for an intervention. Project Ploughshares gratefully acknowledges the ongoing financial support of the many by John Siebert individuals, national churches and church agencies, local congregations, religious orders, and organizations across Canada that ensure that the work of Project Ploughshares continues. Obama’s second chance 14 Will U.S. President pursue a nuclear weapon-free world? We are particularly grateful to The Simons Foundation by Cesar Jaramillo in Vancouver for its generous support.

All donors of $50 or more receive a complimentary subscription Canadian aircraft engines sent to The Ploughshares Monitor. Annual subscription rates for libraries and institutions 18 to countries at war are: $30 in Canada; $30 (U.S.) in the United States; $35 (U.S.) internationally. Single copies Canadian manufacturers exploit export loopholes. are $5 plus shipping.

by Kenneth Epps and Brockenshire Lemiski Unless indicated otherwise, material may be reproduced freely, provided the author and source are indicated and one copy is sent to Project Ploughshares. Return postage is guaranteed. SidEbAr: Powering combat missions Publications Mail Registration No. 40065122. ISSN 1499-321X. 22 Canadian-built engines in Angola, Chad and Colombia. The Ploughshares Monitor is indexed in the Canadian Periodical Index.

Photos of staff by Karl Griffiths-Fulton Printed at Waterloo Printing, Waterloo, Ontario. Printed with vegetable inks on paper with recycled content.

We acknowledge the financial support COVEr: A group of Tuareg men in traditional dress are silhouetted on the crest of a sand of the Government of Canada through the Canada Periodical Fund dune at an oasis, west of Timbuktu, Mali. Tugela Ridley/IRIN of the Department of Canadian Heritage. Happy 90th, Murray!

A tribute to Ploughshares co-founder Murray Thomson

by debbie Grisdale

ast December friends and witnessed with dismay the growth in colleagues gathered to cele- post-colonial militarism, with newly inde- brate the birthday of a man pendent countries spending vast amounts who has been at the centre of borrowed money to build up military of the Canadian peace institutions rather than invest in human Lmovement for more than half a century. development. Those meetings led to Active in many organizations and founder Project Ploughshares, originally described of more than one, Murray Thomson as a “working group on militarism and holds a special place in the history and de- underdevelopment.” Early on, the focus velopment of Project Ploughshares. expanded to include nuclear disarma- AbOVE: Murray Thomson has been at the centre of the In 1976 Murray met Ernie Regehr to ment. Canadian peace movement for more than 50 years. explore a joint study project. Both had In a November 1980 issue of the Koozma Tarasoff

The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 3 MUrrAY THOMSON TribUTE

Hamilton Spectator, Murray described the prepare for war.’” work of Project Ploughshares in those Born in Honan, China, Murray Thom- first years: son was a “mishkid,” a child of Canadian missionaries. When the Second World War We have one foot in the grass-roots and broke out he was at the University of one with the decision makers. We are Toronto. Like many other young men at gathering statistics on the arms trade, in- that time, he left school and signed up creasing public awareness, trying to link with the air force. By 1944 he had earned disarmament and Third World develop- his wings, but he never went overseas. The ment and studying ways of making the dropping of the atomic bomb on Hi- defence industry into a civilian industry roshima had a profound effect on him. to protect workers’ jobs. He would later say, “Hiroshima made me When Murray turned 85, he founded Canadians for a Nuclear Weapons Convention, which, at last count, brings together more than 600 recipients of the Order of Canada (including Ploughshares co-founder Ernie Regehr), from all walks of life, in the cause of nuclear disarmament.

Murray had many contacts and was a pacifist.” Somewhere along the way he critical in keeping the working group fi- became a Quaker. nancially afloat in the early days. When In the years before Project funding became a little more stable, he Ploughshares, Murray’s interests and work came onboard as a part-time employee, took him to southeast Asia, where he focusing on public education and mobi- worked in international development and lization, as well as government relations. adult education. After his time with Murray was instrumental in the emergence Ploughshares, he founded or co-founded of Ploughshares local groups. He and Peace Brigades International, Peacefund Ernie Regehr co-edited The Ploughshares Canada, and Canadian Friends of Burma, Monitor. among other organizations that have After Murray retired from his staff po- played important roles in speaking truth sition at Ploughshares he maintained a to power. strong connection with the organization, Murray’s sense of humour and playful- serving on the Board in the 1980s. Over ness has carried him, and many others, the years, he has collaborated with through dark times. His office was just Ploughshares on many projects, including down the hall from mine for a number of the one he is currently most strongly iden- years and his tireless optimism was an an- tified with—Canadians for a Nuclear tidote to flagging energies. “Inch by Weapons Convention (CNWC). As Mur- bloody inch,” he’d say, “we’ll beat ’em yet, ray observed in an article in Maclean’s in kid”—referring to such powerful forces as March 1980, “Canadians need to question the military-industrial complex. the ancient belief that ‘if you want peace, In 1990 Murray was awarded the Pear-

4 The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 MUrrAY THOMSON TribUTE

son Peace Medal by the United Nations more than a cursory nod of recognition Association of Canada and in 2001 he re- from those who determine Canadian for- ceived the Order of Canada. His Order of eign policy.” Canada citation starts: “He has devoted a The second track “is the one which lifetime to world peace.” And his work has Doug Roche, John Polanyi, Ernie Regehr, continued, nonstop. Michel Bastarache, Lauren Isabelle, and When Murray turned 85, he founded about 600 others of us have been travel- Canadians for a Nuclear Weapons Con- ing, some of us for almost four years.” vention, which, at last count, brings to- This is the CNWC. gether more than 600 recipients of the “The third track places greater focus on Order of Canada (including Parliament and on political priorities, Ploughshares co-founder Ernie Regehr), while combining elements of the first two from all walks of life, in the cause of nu- tracks. It involves the sustained work of clear disarmament. CNWC informs and Doug Roche in initiating and urging on educates Canadians on the increasing the Middle Powers Initiative. It also has danger of nuclear proliferation and nu- had NGO involvement in finding ways to clear war. The signatories support and strengthen initiatives.” debbie endorse the United Nations Secretary- Murray made a point in emphasizing Grisdale is the representative General’s five-point plan for nuclear dis- the importance of the analysis provided of the armament, including the endorsement of by Project Ploughshares in pursuing a Anglican Church of a nuclear weapons convention. Through world free of nuclear weapons. How does Canada on the education, CNWC seeks to engender the the Canadian government spend money Governing political will to adopt a nuclear weapons designated for Canadian security? Committee of Project Ploughshares. Her convention as a component of Canadian Ploughshares “showed that Defence got original tribute to Murray foreign policy. the lion’s share, 75 per cent or more, while Thomson appeared in the december 2012 issue of A similar initiative has been started with Disarmament received less than one per Crosstalk, a publication of prominent Australians. To date more than cent. This is outrageous.” the Anglican diocese of Ottawa. 800 recipients of the Order of Australia He also declared that “the most reliable [email protected] have called on their government to show [resource] we have in Canada on global leadership in outlawing nuclear weapons. conflicts is The Ploughshares Monitor and Before the celebratory birthday dinner, its annual survey on civil and regional Murray participated in a panel discussion, wars.” Getting to Zero Nuclear Weapons: How? As What is the goal of all these tracks, all reported in Jim Creskey’s December 12 ar- this analysis? According to Murray, “the ticle in Embassy, “The charm and dedica- only right decision is that nuclear weapons tion of ‘a disarmament crazy,’” Murray never, ever, under any circumstances, be outlined three tracks to reach that destina- used. And the only way to ensure that tion. never happens is to get rid of them, now, “The first track, familiar to most of us, as fast as we can.” is to increase, improve, or combine with Murray has always been focused and others what we have been doing all tireless. When commenting on the eight along.” He lists many organizations work- sports teams he played on at university, he ing for nuclear abolition. Ploughshares is told me, “I was neither very fast nor very mentioned: “It means that Ernie and tall, but I knew where I was going.” He still Nancy Regehr’s 35-year long nurturing has his eye on the ball: an international and care of Project Ploughshares receive convention to ban nuclear weapons.

The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 5 The Nobel Peace Lecture

From war to peace: A European tale

t a time of uncertainty, this swords, cannons and guns, trenches To me, what makes it so special, is day reminds people across and tanks, and more. Yet, after two reconciliation. In politics as in life, A Europe and the world of terrible wars engulfed the continent reconciliation is the most difficult the European Union’s fundamental and the world with it, finally lasting thing. It goes beyond forgiving and purpose: to further the fraternity be- peace came to Europe. forgetting, or simply turning the tween European nations, now and in In those grey days, its cities were page. the future. It is our work today. It has in ruins, the hearts of many still sim- This is where the European been the work of generations before mering with mourning and resent- Union’s “secret weapon” comes into us. And it will be the work of genera- ment. How difficult it then seemed, play: an unrivalled way of binding tions after us. Here in Oslo, I want to as Winston Churchill said, “to regain our interests so tightly that war be- pay homage to all the Europeans the simple joys and hopes that make comes materially impossible— who dreamt of a continent at peace life worth living.” So what a bold bet through constant negotiations, on with itself, and to all those who day it was, for Europe’s Founders to say, ever more topics, between ever more by day make this dream a reality. This yes, we can break this endless cycle countries. It’s the golden rule of Jean award belongs to them. of violence, we can stop the logic of Monnet: “Better fight around a table War is as old as Europe. Our con- vengeance, we can build a brighter than on a battlefield.” If I had to ex- tinent bears the scars of spears and future, together. plain it to Alfred Nobel, I would say:

6 The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 NObEL PEACE LECTUrE

not just a peace congress, a perpetual there is peace. After all, history is not ness of being able to freely share, peace congress! a novel, a book we can close after a travel, and exchange; to share and The Union has perfected the art Happy Ending: we remain fully re- shape a continent, experiences, a fu- of compromise: no drama of victory sponsible for what is yet to come. ture. or defeat, but ensuring all countries When prosperity and employment, emerge victorious from talks. For the bedrock of our societies, appear ***** this, boring politics is only a small threatened, it is natural to see a hard- price to pay. ening of hearts, the narrowing of in- “Peace is not mere absence of war, it Peace is now self-evident. War has terests, even the return of long- is a virtue,” wrote Spinoza. And, he become inconceivable. Yet ‘incon- forgotten fault-lines and stereotypes. added, it is “a state of mind, a dispo- ceivable’ does not mean ‘impossible’. For some, not only joint decisions, sition for benevolence, confidence, Europe must keep its promise of but the very fact of deciding jointly justice.” Indeed, there can only be peace. I believe this is still our may come into doubt. true peace if people are confident, at Union’s ultimate purpose. But Eu- We answer with our deeds, confi- peace with their political system, re- rope can no longer rely on this dent we will succeed. We are working assured that their basic rights are re- promise alone to inspire citizens. very hard to overcome the difficul- spected. Wartime memories are fading, even if ties, to restore growth and jobs. The European Union is not only not yet everywhere. Today’s youth is already living in a about peace among nations. It incar- Where there was war, there is now new world. For them Europe is a nates, as a political project, that par- peace. But another historic task now daily reality: not the constraint of ticular state of mind that Spinoza lies ahead of us: keeping peace where being in the same boat, [but] the rich- was referring to. It embodies, as a

The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 7 NObEL PEACE LECTUrE

Our quest for European unity is not a perfect work of art; it is work in progress that demands constant and diligent tending. It is not an end in itself, but a means to higher ends. In many ways, it attests to the quest for a cosmopolitan order, in which one person’s gain does not need to be another’s pain, in which abiding by common norms serves universal values.

community of values, this vision of tional institutions: the European We share the same aspirations and freedom and justice. Commission, the European Court of universal values; these are progres- I will never forget Rostropovich Justice. Supranational institutions sively taking root in a growing num- playing Bach at the fallen Wall in protect the general European inter- ber of countries all over the world. Berlin. This image reminds the world est, defend the European common We share the irreducible uniqueness that it was the quest for freedom and good, and embody the community of of the human being. Beyond our na- democracy that tore down the old di- destiny. And alongside the European tion, beyond our continent, we are all visions and made possible the reuni- Council, where the governments are part of one mankind. This federalist fication of the continent. Joining the represented, we have over the years and cosmopolitan vision is one of European Union was essential for developed a unique transnational the most important contributions the consolidation of democracy in democracy symbolised by the directly that the European Union can bring our countries because it places the elected European Parliament. to a global order in the making. person and respect of human dignity Our quest for European unity is The concrete engagement of the at its heart, because it gives a voice to not a perfect work of art; it is work European Union in the world is differences while creating unity. Our in progress that demands constant deeply marked by our continent’s Union is more than an association of and diligent tending. It is not an end tragic experience of extreme nation- states. It is a new legal order, which is in itself, but a means to higher ends. alism, wars, and the absolute evil of not based on the balance of power In many ways, it attests to the quest the Shoah. It is inspired by our desire between nations, but on the free con- for a cosmopolitan order, in which to avoid the same mistakes being sent of states to share sovereignty. one person’s gain does not need to made again. Peace cannot rest only on the be another person’s pain, in which That is the foundation of our mul- good will of man. It needs to be abiding by common norms serves tilateral approach for a globalization grounded on a body of laws, on universal values. based on the twin principles of common interests, and on a deeper That is why, despite its imperfec- global solidarity and global responsi- sense of a community of destiny. tions, the European Union can be, bility. That is what inspires our en- The genius of the founding fa- and indeed is, a powerful inspiration gagement with our neighbouring thers [of the European Union] was for many around the world. The countries and international partners, precisely in understanding that to challenges faced from one region to from the Middle East to Asia, from guarantee peace in the 20th century the other may differ in scale, but they Africa to the Americas. It defines our nations needed to think beyond the do not differ in nature. stand against the death penalty and nation-state. The uniqueness of the We all share the same planet. our support for international justice European project is to have com- Poverty, organized crime, terrorism, embodied by the International Court bined the legitimacy of democratic climate change: these are problems of Justice and the International states with the legitimacy of suprana- that do not respect national borders. Criminal Court. It drives our leader-

8 The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 NObEL PEACE LECTUrE

ship in the fight against climate change and for food and energy se- NGO aids formation of EU curity. It underpins our policies on disarmament and against nuclear pro- This summer Roy Hange will conduct a course on faith-based peace- liferation. building at the Summer Peacebuilding Institute at Eastern Mennonite As a continent that went from devastation to become one of the University in Harrisonburg, Virginia. In part, the course “will explore world’s strongest economies, with the how the faith-based peacebuilding efforts of the group Moral Re-ar- most progressive social systems, mament forged the reconciliation process between France and Ger- being the world’s largest aid donor, many after World War II that eventually culminated in the formation of we have a special responsibility to the European Union.” millions of people in need. The nongovernmental organization Moral Re-armament (MRA), In the 21st century it is simply un- now called Initiatives of Change International, has headquarters in acceptable to see parents powerless Caux, Switzerland. Branches of the organization operate in many as their baby is dying of lack of basic countries, including Canada (see the Initiatives of Change Canada medical care, mothers compelled to walk all day in the hope of getting website). food or clean water, and boys and According to its website, IofC “is a global network committed to girls deprived of their childhood be- building integrity and trust across the world’s divides. It comprises cause they are forced to become people of diverse cultures, nations, beliefs, and backgrounds who are adults ahead of time. As a commu- committed to transforming society through change in individuals and nity of nations that has overcome relationships, starting in their own lives.” war and fought totalitarianism, we In 1946 MRA opened an international conference centre in Caux. will always stand by those who are in Over several years, more and more Germans and French were invited pursuit of peace and human dignity. to the centre and “their encounters became the basis of a massive de- As a Union built on the founding value of equality between women velopment in reconciliation” (IoC website). and men, enshrined in the Treaty of In a 2001 study published by the Oxford Research Group entitled Rome in 1957, we are committed to War Prevention Works: 50 Stories of People Resolving Conflict, Dylan protecting women’s rights all over the Mathews writes, “The barriers that were broken down and the rela- world and supporting women’s em- tionships built at Caux were also a highly significant factor in the cre- powerment. And we cherish the fun- ation of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), forerunner damental rights of those who are the of the EU. The aim of the ECSC, unveiled as the ‘Schuman Plan’ in most vulnerable and hold the future 1950, was to ‘make war impossible’ by the arms industry.” in their hands: the children of this world. As a successful example of peace- Over the past 60 years, the Euro- Excerpted from the lecture ful reconciliation based on economic pean project has shown that it is pos- presented by the European Union integration, we contribute to devel- sible for peoples and nations to come in Oslo, Norway on December 10, oping new forms of cooperation together across borders. Our hope, 2012. built on exchange of ideas, innova- our commitment, is that, with all First speaker: Herman Van Rompuy, tion, and research. Science and cul- women and men of good will, the President of the European Council; ture are at the very core of the European Union will help the world second: José Manuel Durão Barroso, European openness: they enrich us as come together. President of the European individuals and they create bonds be- Commission. yond borders. © The Nobel Foundation 2012

The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 9 Canada’s contributions to peace and security in Mali

The crucial decision about further military contributions is not “boots on the ground” or “no boots on the ground,” but what those boots do when they are on the ground to contribute to sustainable peace in Mali. This applies whether the boots are from Canada, France, Chad, Mali, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), or under the UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations.

by John Siebert

rench troops landed in Mali eign Affairs on February 14, Executive on January 11 to stop the Director John Siebert elaborated on the advance of insurgent and fourth and fifth principles, which speak to jihadi forces on Bamako, non-combat military contributions. the capital. Canada’s provi- sionF of a heavy lift aircraft for French Protection of vulnerable civilians equipment is in contrast with well-armed Protection of vulnerable civilians will win responses to international calls for expedi- and maintain the support of the local tionary missions to Afghanistan and population and should be the primary Libya. Hindsight—or foresight—could be mission of Malian and international guiding Canada’s response. Certainly there troops. Concrete military operational im- is hesitation. plications flow from this principle. Prime Minister Harper has called for It is worth remembering that al-Qaeda broad public input in determining and affiliated groups have a clear strategy Canada’s contributions to peace and secu- for drawing western militaries into debili- rity in Mali. Project Ploughshares has out- tating fights on inhospitable terrain. They lined five principles [see box] in order of use asymmetric tactics to exhaust the will priority to guide Canadian interventions. and resources of their opponents. Why let In an appearance before the House of them set the rules for engagement when Commons Standing Committee on For- alternative frameworks for restoring secu-

10 The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 CANAdiAN SECUriTY POLiCY

bELOW: A truck carries rity in Mali and the broader Sahel region with advanced technological weaponry members of the Islamist are available? will now be tempted to conduct search- group Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa in The actions of Canada and others in and-destroy missions in the desert using northern Mali. Mali should not be characterized as part air and drone strikes and to send special Brahima Ouedraogo/IRIN of an anti-terrorism struggle. Instead, we forces on raids to kill insurgents. This should see Mali’s current challenges as the whack-a-mole approach actually has had culmination of political, military, and eth- counter-productive results elsewhere. As nic breakdown in Mali, which al-Qaeda in they say, for every insurgent killed another the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and jihadi 10 brothers or cousins step forward to fighters have exploited. repel the apostate enemy. The initial success of French, Chadian, Instead, the military mission in Mali and Malian military forces in dislodging should AQIM and other insurgent forces from urban sites in northern and eastern Mali is • continue to focus on protecting civil- a welcome but not definitive development. ians in main population areas and along In the vast countryside AQIM and some travel and trade routes; Tuareg factions have reportedly estab- • keep open humanitarian assistance cor- lished bases and supply lines that will per- ridors; mit them to carry out asymmetric attacks • work with neighbouring states to patrol well into the future. the borders and disrupt insurgents’ The French and other military forces supply routes; and

The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 11 CANAdiAN SECUriTY POLiCY

French, and other military forces may appear slow and will likely be painful. In 5 guiding principles to Canada’s role in Mali fact, this approach may be more danger- ous for the intervening military forces 1. Humanitarian assistance than air or drone strikes. But combined Provide basic humanitarian assistance (water, food, shelter, med- with humanitarian assistance, restoration ical aid) to vulnerable civilians, including both internally displaced of democracy, and successful peace persons and refugees taking shelter in neighbouring countries. processes with Tuaregs in the north, this is the path over time to sustainable peace 2. Restoring democracy in Mali. Support political processes that will re-establish in Mali a partici- Human rights observance patory and enduring democratic culture and institutions that are The Malian military is reportedly engaging responsive to citizens’ primary needs. in human rights violations and targeted killing of civilians, particularly people 3. Peacebuilding processes between south and north identified as Tuaregs. These actions are Provide diplomatic and other support to resolve longstanding morally reprehensible and contrary to in- tensions between people in the north and south of Mali; only ternational law. But such behaviour also such a resolution can ensure Mali’s continued territorial integrity deepens the alienation of local popula- and offer a defence against terrorist or jihadist incursions. tions and makes the tasks of re-establish- ing democracy and negotiating south- north peace much more difficult. 4. Protection of vulnerable civilians Former Canadian diplomat Robert Press Mali and other military forces to make protection of vulner- Fowler’s 2011 book Season in Hell,1 on his able civilians their primary mission, displaying the highest respect capture by AQIM, speaks eloquently to for human rights and international humanitarian law. the need to observe human rights standards in confronting jihadists. He writes 5. Small arms control and DDR that some evenings in the desert were set Address the problem of illegally circulating small arms and light aside for laptop shows of al-Qaeda propa- weapons in Mali and its neighbours, and implement as soon as ganda loops. Always part of the show possible a program of disarmament, demobilization, and rehabili- were pictures and videos of Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq and Guantanamo in Cuba, tation (DDR) of fighters on all sides of the conflict. where western human rights standards were sacrificed on the altar of the “Great War on Terror.” Fowler bitterly detests • contain those who use terrorist meth- and denounces these violations of funda- ods, and then capture and submit them mental human rights. to democratic processes of justice. Small arms control and DDR Military capabilities may be needed on Controlling and reducing the number of an interim basis for these tasks, but the small arms and light weapons in Mali and function is more akin to policing and the broader Sahel region should be a should in fact devolve over time into a pressing priority for Canada and other in- policing mission rather than a military ternational actors in Mali. The failure to mission. secure weapons stockpiles during and Such an operational stand by Malian, after the UN-sanctioned mission in Libya

12 The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 CANAdiAN SECUriTY POLiCY

should serve as a lesson in Mali. cessor, if AFISMA is reconstituted as a ECOWAS has enacted a Convention UN mission. on Small Arms, Light Weapons, their am- munition and other associated material. Conclusion This legally binding sub-regional instru- Governments faced with an immediate vi- ment can provide the framework to attack olent security threat may overlook sys- this menacing reality. Canadian police and temic causes of violent conflict. The John Siebert is Executive military expertise in weapons stockpile impact of climate change on the Sahel director management and control of guns in civil- and Sahara in northern Africa has been of Project ian possession would make an important identified as a deeper but probably less Ploughshares. contribution to Mali’s long-term stability. easily traceable cause of instability in Mali. Peace agreements often fail when com- The current challenges in Mali should be [email protected] batants are not disarmed, properly demo- addressed with a view to creating sustain- bilized, and then reintegrated into the able peace in the longer term. They will social and economic fabric of their soci- include addressing the causes and impact eties. DDR programs have been estab- of human-induced climate change. lished and implemented after peace agreements were reached in many coun- Note tries affected by armed violence. Again, Canada could provide leadership to define 1. See John Siebert’s December 15, 2011 blog posting, “Bob Fowler’s descent into al-Qaeda hell” this need and plan for implementation in (www.ploughshares.ca). the medium- and longer-terms.

ECOWAS and the UN The deployment of ECOWAS troops to Mali under the auspices of UN Security Council Resolution 2085 is welcome. The problems in Mali threaten security for all of West Africa, potentially destabilizing neighbouring states while exacerbating the existing refugee crisis. As a general principle Canada should support policies and provide assistance that encourage and enable regional and sub-regional bodies such as the African Union and ECOWAS to directly engage in peace operations in their own territories— assuming, of course, that the mission is properly authorized and implemented. Neighbours know the problems better and likely are more attuned to cultural and other dynamics. Canada should strongly consider pro- viding financial and technical assistance to the African-led International Support Mis- sion to Mali (AFISMA) and to its UN suc-

The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 13 Obama’s second chance at nuclear disarmament

by Cesar Jaramillo

chieving complete and irre- ulating his vision for a world free of nu- versible nuclear disarmament clear weapons. Some commentators be- A has been an unequivocal aspira- lieved that nuclear abolition would tion of the international community since become a top foreign policy priority of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty his administration. (NPT) entered into force more than four Obama’s bold words in Prague res- decades ago. No one state can hope to onated around the world. It wasn’t long achieve this goal unilaterally. But one thing before ‘the Obama moment’ found a seems clear: a world free of nuclear place in the lexicon of international disar- weapons will certainly not happen unless mament circles, where it was used to re- the United States conscientiously assumes frame the context for nuclear abolition a leading role. prospects. The enthusiasm engendered by the The ‘Obama moment’ speech certainly seemed warranted—not References to nuclear disarmament were so much because of the novelty of the nowhere to be found in President Barack message itself, but because of the person Obama’s second inaugural address. But in delivering it. Although the urgent need for April 2009, less than three months after nuclear disarmament had been abundantly taking office during his first term, Obama clear for years, the fact that the leader of delivered a seminal speech in Prague artic- the most powerful nation in history en-

14 The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 NUCLEAr diSArMAMENT

dorsed this objective infused it with an nuclear disarmament have actually dimin- immediate sense of hope. ished during his presidency. Six months after the Prague speech, The Washington Post reported in Septem- Obama was awarded the Nobel Peace ber 2012 that “the U.S. nuclear arsenal, the Prize. Norwegian Nobel Committee most powerful but indiscriminate class of Chairman Thorbjørn Jagland specifically weapons ever created, is set to undergo pointed to this vision of a world free of the costliest overhaul in its history” (Priest nuclear arms as a key factor in the deci- 2012). The cost: more than $350-billion. sion to award the most prestigious peace This massive overhaul was the price de- prize in the world to a U.S. president less than a year after he took office. The prize was awarded not for what bold words by Obama in Prague had been accomplished, but for the promise of what might be. For the first time in “The existence of thousands of nuclear weapons is the most dan- a generation, the United States—one of gerous legacy of the cold war.” only two nations to count its nuclear arsenal in the thousands of warheads, and the only country to have ever used such “One nuclear weapon exploded in one city—be it New York or weapons in conflict—appeared serious Moscow, Islamabad or Mumbai, Tokyo or Tel Aviv, Paris or about leading the world on a path to nu- Prague—could kill hundreds of thousands of people. And no mat- clear disarmament. ter where it happens, there is no end to what the consequences might be for our global safety, our security, our society, our econ- An empty promise? omy, to our ultimate survival.” With few exceptions, the grand rhetoric at Prague failed to translate into concrete re- “As a nuclear power, as the only nuclear power to have used a nu- sults on nuclear disarmament. The opti- clear weapon, the United States has a moral responsibility to act. mism at the beginning of Obama’s first term has considerably waned as he starts We cannot succeed in this endeavor alone, but we can lead it; we his second. Unless the President revives can start it.” the audacity with which he articulated his vision of a nuclear weapons-free world, “We will strengthen the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a the ‘Obama moment’ will have been noth- basis for cooperation. The basic bargain is sound. Countries with ing more than a political mirage. nuclear weapons will move towards disarmament, countries It can be said that Obama’s first term without nuclear weapons will not acquire them, and all countries got so bogged down in protracted politi- can access peaceful nuclear energy.” cal fights over such domestic issues as health care and the fiscal crisis that he had little political capital—or time—to spare. “I know there are some who will question whether we can act on Moving forward on nuclear disarmament such a broad agenda…there are those who hear talk of a world would have entailed a tumultuous ideolog- without nuclear weapons and doubt whether it’s worth setting a ical struggle with political and military es- goal that seems impossible to achieve.” tablishments reluctant to embrace significant change. “Today I state clearly and with conviction America’s commitment But it might also be observed that, not to seek the peace and security of a world without nuclear only has Obama retreated from his vision, weapons.” but the prospects for U.S. leadership on

The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 15 NUCLEAr diSArMAMENT

manded by Congress to ratify the New enhance the national security of those Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New that hold them and can only result in the START) with Russia. Although the new indiscriminate killing of many thousands treaty is a welcome development, heavy of individuals, making their use contrary investments in the modernization of to International Humanitarian Law. America’s nuclear arsenal will only ensure In the 2013 State of the Union address, The troubling reality is that the United States still embraces nuclear deterrence as a valid security doctrine, despite overwhelming evidence that it is fundamentally flawed.

that the threat posed by the most destruc- President Obama spoke of efforts to pre- tive weapons ever conceived is perpetu- vent nuclear materials from falling into the ated for decades to come. “wrong hands.” But ALL hands are the By modernizing its arsenal and holding “wrong hands.” fast to its nuclear doctrine, the United States creates strong disincentives for Needed: profound changes non-nuclear weapons states to adhere to In Obama’s Prague remarks, hopefulness their non-proliferation obligations. In fact, was tempered by an acknowledgement of the discriminatory nature of the nuclear the difficult road ahead. “I am not naive,” disarmament regime—whereby non-pro- he said. “This goal will not be reached liferation is framed as an obligation and quickly, perhaps not in my lifetime. It will disarmament as a mere aspiration—will al- take patience and persistence.” He was ways be untenable. Not surprisingly, the right. And if he is to use his second term logic by which the very states that have in office to advance the goal of nuclear developed, stockpiled, tested, and used disarmament, he must realize that, beyond nuclear weapons deem themselves fit to patience and persistence, certain funda- castigate others on the risks of prolifera- mental changes to global governance tion is being challenged by a growing mechanisms and international security number of nations. arrangements are required. Other impediments to the vision of a In one of their op-eds on nuclear disar- world without nuclear weapons remain. mament published by The Wall Street Jour- The United States has yet to ratify the nal in 2011, former U.S. secretaries of Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, more state and defense George Shultz, William than 15 years after it was adopted by the Perry, Henry Kissinger, and Sam Nunn in- United Nations General Assembly. And it sightfully stated that “a world without nu- remains the sole supplier of nuclear arms clear weapons will not simply be today’s under NATO’s nuclear sharing agree- world minus nuclear weapons.” The pri- ments, with nuclear weapons permanently mary implication here is that the pursuit stationed in several European countries. of a world without nuclear weapons must The troubling reality is that the United include changes in the global polity that States still embraces nuclear deterrence as will support nuclear disarmament. a valid security doctrine, despite over- What would a world without nuclear whelming evidence that it is fundamen- weapons be like? Which institutions and tally flawed. Nuclear weapons do not sets of relationships need to be revised?

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What norms must emerge? Which long- • The unequal application of norms within accepted truths need to be challenged? multilateral institutions: The pursuit of These questions must be addressed. certain capabilities is often portrayed as Some fertile areas for examination: either ‘provocative behaviour’ or ‘business as usual,’ depending on the coun- • The state of the multilateral disarmament try involved. But the capabilities must be machinery: Embodied by the troubled universally censured, no matter which Cesar Jaramillo Conference on Disarmament, which regime wields them. is a Program has been unable to agree even on a Officer with Project program of work for over 15 years, the A time for action Ploughshares. disarmament machinery is in a severe The capacity for global leadership by the state of disrepair. United States on issues it deems important remains unrivaled. With its vast diplo- [email protected] • United Nations Security Council member- matic apparatus—reinforced by a mighty ship: The case has been made for sev- military and a still powerful economic en- eral years that permanent membership gine—the United States is uniquely posi- in the UNSC by five states (which also tioned to lead the international happen to be the five Nuclear Weapons community on a path to nuclear disarma- states under the NPT) is an anachronis- ment. tic arrangement that must be revisited. For the same reasons, the country’s re- luctance to prioritize this goal and its out- • The development and deployment of missile right resistance to concrete actions that defence systems: Although missile de- would bring the world closer to nuclear fence has increasingly become a defin- disarmament will severely hinder any sig- ing feature of security arrangements nificant progress. involving, among others, the United During the last election campaign, States, Europe, Iran, China, India, and President Obama vowed to “finish what Russia, both its technical merits and its we started.” Having won a second term, purported security advantages are in- he has another chance to actively pursue creasingly disputed. the vision of a nuclear weapons-free world. One can only hope that this second • The role of the International Atomic En- chance does not mean a second missed ergy Agency: In a nuclear weapons-free opportunity. world, the structure, budget, and man- date of the IAEA may need to be revisited. Alternatively, a new references international agency could ensure that progress on nuclear disarmament is Obama, President Barack. 2009. Remarks by President Barack Obama, Hradcany Square, Prague, Czech Republic. The White House, April 5. permanent and irreversible.

_____. 2013. The 2013 State of the Union. The White House, February 12. • The threat of non-state actors: Efforts of non-state actors to secure nuclear Priest, Dana. 2012. Aging U.S. nuclear arsenal slated for costly and long-delayed mod- weapons have been widely documented, ernization. The Washington Post, September 15. but multilateral treaties such as the NPT Shultz, George, William Perry, Henry Kissinger, and Sam Nunn. 2011. Deterrence in the remain state-centric and can only regu- age of nuclear proliferation. The Wall Street Journal, March 7. late the behaviour of states parties.

The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 17 Canadian aircraft engines sent to countries at war Research shows 18 cases in which aircraft powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada engines were sold or shipped to the armed forces of states in armed conflict

by Kenneth Epps and brockenshire Lemiski

rom public sources Project states, but details have not been made Ploughshares has compiled public. It also is possible that these aircraft a picture of aircraft engines have been used in combat support roles, manufactured and exported such as transport or surveillance. by Pratt & Whitney Canada The federal government claims that (PWC)F for military use during the 20-year Canada has a restrictive arms export con- period 1992– 2011. The picture is incom- trol policy that “closely controls” the ship- plete because neither Pratt & Whitney ment of military goods to countries that, Canada nor the companies producing air- among other criteria, “are involved in or craft with PWC engines report all sales. under imminent threat of hostilities” Nevertheless, during the two decades (DFAIT 2013). Yet Table 1 includes sales studied there were at least 18 documented of PWC engines for military use to states cases in which aircraft powered by PWC involved in hostilities. Moreover, the ac- engines were sold or shipped to the mili- companying case studies provide evidence tary forces of states involved in armed that the engines were used to propagate conflict.1 These cases are summarized in hostilities. The use of PWC engine-pow- Table 1.2 ered aircraft in armed conflict is a clear Table 1 includes at least three states breach of the spirit of Canadian export suffering internal armed conflict—An- control guidelines. How has it been possi- gola, Chad, and Colombia—in which gov- ble for Canadian-built engines to be regu- ernment forces used aircraft powered by larly shipped to—and used in—war PWC engines in the conflict (see pages zones? The answer: two loopholes in 22-23 for descriptions). Given the volume Canadian export controls. of shipments included in Table 1, it is Pratt & Whitney Canada, based in possible that PWC engine-powered air- Longueuil, Quebec, is a subsidiary of U.S.- craft have been used in combat by other based United Technologies. The company

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Table 1: Reported military orders and deliveries of aircraft with Pratt & Whitney engines to countries hosting armed conflict, 1992-2011

PWC Quantity ordered Country Aircraft Model date of delivery Years of Conflict Engine (Quantity delivered)

Angola PT-6A-25C EMB-312 6 (6) 1998 1992-2005

Chad PT-6A-62 PC-9 1 (1) 2006 1992-2011

PT-6A-68A EMB-314 25 (25) 2006-2008 1992-2011

Colombia PW-127G C-295 8 (8) 2008-2009 1992-2011

PT-6A-60A King Air 350 12 (unconfirmed) 2010 1992-2011

India PT-6A-66 Saras prototype 4 (unconfirmed) 2003-2004 1992-2011

Indonesia PT-6A-62 KT-1 7 (unconfirmed) 2001-2003 1992-2005

PT-6A-114 Cessna 208B 5 (unconfirmed) 2008-2009 1992-2011

PT-60-60A King Air 350 12 (unconfirmed) Ordered 2008* 1992-2011 Iraq PT-6A-68 T-6A 15 (11) Ordered 2009* 1992-2011

PW 206B2 EC 635 48 (unconfirmed) Ordered 2009* 1992-2011

PT-6A-67 Eitan (Heron-TP) 10 (10) 2007-2011 1992-2011 Israel PT-6A-68 T-6A 25 (20) 2009-2010 1992-2011

Nigeria PW-120 ATRMP Surveyor 4 (4) 2009 1999-2011

Pakistan PT-6C-67C AW139 10 (unknown) 2009-2010 1995-2011

PW-207K Ansat 20 (unconfirmed) Ordered 2001* 1998-2011 Russia PT-6C AW139 3 (unconfirmed) 2013 1998-2011

Thailand PW-127M ATR-72 VIP 8 (unconfirmed) 2009 2005-2011

*Unable to confirm delivery date for these orders.

The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 19 CANAdiAN MiLiTArY EXPOrTS

produces turbine engines for many types operation of the PWC engine may be and models of aircraft built by Canadian classed as military technology and, as a re- and foreign manufacturers. It is one of sult, export authorization is required for Canada’s largest aerospace corporations, the engine.4 with a global export reach. According to “Military” PWC turbines requiring ex- its website, PWC powers “the largest fleet port permits are routinely approved by of business and regional aircraft and heli- Canadian authorities for shipment to air- copters—49,000 engines in more than 200 craft manufacturers in Brazil, Italy, South countries.” Korea, Switzerland, the United States, and Most turbine engines built by Pratt & elsewhere. The Canadian government Whitney Canada are certified as civil en- considers the final destination of such ex- gines. When shipped from Canada, civil- ports to be the point of manufacture, not certified engines do not require export the point of aircraft use, and they are au- permits. This certification relieves Cana- thorized accordingly. When shipped from Canada, civil-certified engines do not require export permits.

dian authorities of oversight of their final The authorization procedure, which destination and use, even in cases in which under Canadian export regulations re- the engines power aircraft purchased by quires an assessment of the risks of the foreign military forces. export, does not consider the risks of the Goods defined as “dual-use”—for both final destination of the completed aircraft civilian and military markets—are in- and engines. The government cedes the cluded in Group One of Canada’s Export responsibility for authorizing the final des- Control List. As with all ECL groups, tination of PWC engines to the interim goods in Group One require export per- government, which may authorize military mits. Yet, despite their use for both civil- exports using less stringent methods and ian and military purposes, PWC engines standards. In this way, Canadian engines are not included in ECL Group One. The are shipped to military end-users even persistent civil certification of PWC en- when the end-users may not be eligible to gines in the face of their clear “dual-use” receive the same engines directly from is the first export control loophole. Canada. This is the second loophole Some PWC engines require export au- through which PWC turbines are shipped thorization because they have been modi- to states at war. fied to become military or “controlled” The negotiation and subsequent imple- products. In some cases, the modification mentation of a strong and effective global is minor. For example, the U.S. Army des- Arms Trade Treaty this year offers Canada ignated the PT6-20 engine as the T74- the opportunity to close these export con- CP700 during the 1980s and 1990s, trol loopholes.5 The second loophole in although the two engines were distin- particular could be removed by the adop- guished only by the serial numbers and tion of high common export authoriza- model numbers assigned during produc- tion standards by all states parties to the tion.3 In other cases, technical data, soft- treaty. If Canada and the interim manu- ware, and other articles used in the facturing states to which PWC supplies

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engines use common standards when ap- Notes proving exports to military end-users, Canada could have greater confidence that 1. Armed conflict as defined and documented in aircraft with PWC engines are shipped Project Ploughshares’ Armed Conflicts Report. See only to those recipients to which Canada www.ploughshares.ca. would approve direct engine shipments. 2. Table 1 is drawn from a larger table that Proj- Dual-purpose equipment is unlikely to ect Ploughshares assembled of recent shipments be part of the scope of the ATT, so for military end-use of aircraft containing Pratt & Canada cannot look to the treaty as a Whitney Canada engines. The larger table will be near-term opportunity to close the “dual- the subject of a future, more comprehensive report use” loophole. Instead, Canada should on PWC engine exports for military purposes. Kenneth Epps consider unilateral action to add PWC en- 3. According to the website of Aerotek Aviation. is Senior Program gines to Group One of the Export Con- 4. Indeed, in some of these cases, export au- Officer trol List. Because Group One goods thorization is required from both the Canadian and with Project Ploughshares. require export authorization, the govern- U.S. governments. When PWC has modified its ment would gain oversight of civil engines engines using articles controlled by U.S. Interna- [email protected] shipped for military end-use. tional Traffic in Arms regulations, such engines Canadian action on dual-use PWC en- have become subject to U.S. export control and gines would not contradict or weaken the approval. Examples of these engines include the provisions of the Arms Trade Treaty. As PT6A-62; PT6A-68, 68B, and 68C. many states have noted during negotia- In 2012 the U.S. State Department fined Pratt brockenshire tions, the treaty is intended to be “a floor, & Whitney Canada $75-million. In 2002 and 2003 Lemiski is the not a ceiling” for conventional weapons PWC illegally shipped 10 PT6C engines to China, Presbyterian Church in claiming they were for civilian helicopters. The in- control, and states parties may improve on Canada’s Peace the standards of the treaty in their na- vestigation revealed that PWC officials knew that and Security intern at the Chinese were intending to use them to develop tional export controls. Following treaty Ploughshares. agreement, the treaty information ex- military combat helicopters (Gallagher 2012). [email protected] change and review processes will offer op- 5. The “final” diplomatic conference to negotiate portunities to draw on higher national the Arms Trade Treaty will take place at the United standards to improve global export con- Nations in New York, March 18-28, 2013. While it trol practice and regulations. Through this is far from certain that the conference will reach process, Canadian improvements on the agreement by the consensus called for in the rules export regulation of dual-use goods could of procedure, there are widely held expectations influence the dual-use regulations of other that the treaty will be concluded later in the year by states. the UN General Assembly. Canadian-built engines have been used in combat in contravention of Canadian references export control guidelines because existing export controls are inadequate. With rela- Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada tively minor adjustments to existing con- (DFAIT). 2013. Report on Exports of Military trols, Canada could close loopholes. These Goods from Canada 2007-2009. improved export controls could in turn Gallagher, Sean. 2012. How U.S. software advance international standards through ended up powering Chinese assault helicopters. the new multilateral arms control venues Ars Technica, July 3. and exchanges provided by an effective Arms Trade Treaty.

The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 21 Powering combat missions

The following three cases provide evidence that aircraft powered by Canadian-built engines were used in combat despite government guidelines that call for “close control” of such exports.1

Angola

From 1975 to 2002 Angola endured a civil war between government armed forces and the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). Human Rights Watch (1999) reported that Angola purchased six Brazilian- made EMB-312 ‘Tucano’ aircraft in October 1998 for $15-million (U.S.), following a private visit by Angolan President dos Santos to Brazil in August 1998. Originally developed for the Brazilian Air Force, more than 500 Tu- cano aircraft have been sold worldwide. Two hard points under each wing allow the aircraft to carry weapons. The Tu- cano is powered by a Pratt & Whitney PT6A-25C engine (Airforce-technology.com 2012a). In September 1999 the Angolan Armed Forces launched an offensive against the UNITA forces in Bailundo. The Africa Research Bulletin (1999) reported that UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi was “unsettled by the government onslaught” and UNITA leaders “admit[ted] that the government’s Brazilian EMB-312 Tucano jets, flying from Catombela airbase in Benguela Province, have hit hard.”

Chad

Chad has hosted a low-level conflict for more than 25 years. In 2006 fighting in the Darfur region of Sudan spread into southeast Chad, causing tension between the two countries. In June 2006 the Chadian Air Force bought one PC-9 aircraft from Swiss manufacturer Pila- tus. The PC-9 “can be modified to carry up to 1,040 kg … of ordnance” (Defense Industry Daily 2008) and is powered by a Pratt & Whitney PT6A-62 engine (Pilatus n.d.). The sale was approved by the Swiss government under the condition that the aircraft be used only to train pilots (De- fense Industry Daily 2008). In 2008 the Swiss government stated that the PC-9 was suspected of participating in a January 2008 attack in Su- danese territory. The Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs said that the aircraft had “very probably” been refit- ted to carry weapons (Swissinfo.ch 2008), in contravention of Swiss export regulations.

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Colombia

Colombia has hosted armed conflict between the government and rebel forces for nearly 40 years. The largest and oldest rebel group is Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia or the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colom- bia (FARC). In December 2005 Brazilian manufacturer Embraer signed a contract with the Colombian Air Force for 25 EMB-314 “Super Tucano” aircraft. According to the Em- braer press release, the aircraft’s intended use was “internal security and border patrol missions.” The Super Tucano is characterized as a “light attack and counter-insurgency aircraft” (Airforce-technology.com 2012b). It is capable of flying at faster speeds and higher altitudes than its predecessor, the EMB-312 Tucano. On- board computers include weapons-aiming and -management software; the aircraft is equipped with five hard points for external weapons. The Super Tucano is powered by a Pratt & Whitney PT6A-68A engine. In 2008 the Colombian Air Force flew a Super Tucano into Ecuador to bomb a FARC encampment. The FARC second-in-command was killed. The attack led to a diplomatic break between Colombia and Ecuador as well as an increase in arms imports by Ecuador (including an order for 18 Super Tucanos). Another FARC commander was killed in an attack in September 2010, when Super Tucanos dropped more than seven tonnes of explosives (Defence Review Asia 2012). In July 2012 United Press International reported that a Super Tucano was shot down by the FARC. Al- though this claim has been disputed, multiple sources confirm that the crash occurred during military operations against FARC rebels (Stone 2012).

OPPOSiTE ANd AbOVE: (From top left) Peacekeepers of the United Nations Angola Verification Mission III Brazilian battalion in Luanda, Angola in 1997. United Nations Photo; refugees at Iridimi Camp in Chad protest in 2004. Eskinder Debebe/UN; a passenger truck travels on the road between Riohacha and Uribia on La Guajira peninsula, Colombia in 2010. Gill Fickling/UN

Note

1. Details on the three armed conflicts are taken from Project Ploughshares’ Armed Conflicts Report. See www.ploughshares.ca.

references

Africa Research Bulletin. 1999. Bailundo Falls. Vol. 36, No. 10, pp. 1-2. Airforce-technology.com. 2012a. EMB-312 Tucano Trainer Aircraft, Brazil. _____. 2012b. EMB-314 Super Tucano / ALX trainer and light attack aircraft, Brazil. Defence Review Asia. 2012. Super Tucano leads the flock. October 22. Defense Industry Daily. 2008. Swiss kerfuffle over Chad’s use of Pilatus aircraft. January 23. Embraer. 2005. Contract introduces Super Tucano into international market. December 8. Human Rights Watch. 1999. IX. Arms trade and embargo violations. Angola Unravels: The Rise and Fall of the Lusaka Peace Process. Pilatus Aircraft Ltd. n.d. PC-9 M Advanced Turbo Trainer. Stone, Hannah. 2012. Did the FARC shoot down Colombian war plane? InSightCrime, July 16. Swissinfo.ch. 2008. Chad likely armed Swiss-made aircraft. January 17. United Press International. 2012. Colombia air force aircraft shot down. July 12.

The Ploughshares Monitor | Spring 2013 23 Your legacy for peace

You’ve dedicated your life to peace. You can continue to make our world a better place for generations to come by making a bequest to Project Ploughshares through your will.

For more information please visit www.ploughshares.ca or contact Matthew Pupic at 519-888-6541 ext. 7705 [email protected]