İÇ GÖÇLER AÇISINDAN ERZURUM İLİNİN ANALİZİ the Analysis Of

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İÇ GÖÇLER AÇISINDAN ERZURUM İLİNİN ANALİZİ the Analysis Of The Analysis of Erzurum Province In Terms Of Internal Migrations İÇ GÖÇLER AÇISINDAN ERZURUM İLİNİN ANAL İZİ The Analysis of Erzurum Province In Terms Of Internal Migrations Araş.Gör. Ogün CO ŞKUN * ▼ ÖZET Göçler, bir di ğer deyi şle nüfusun hareketlili ği sonucunda ortaya çıkan uzun süreli yer de ğiştirmeler, pek çok bilim dalının dikkatle izleyip inceledi ği önemli toplumsal olaylardır. Nüfusun co ğrafi da ğılı şından, ya ş ve cins yapısına, mevcut ekonomik olanaklardan sosyal imkânların yeterli ğine, e ğitim ve sa ğlık hizmetlerinden ya şamsal kolaylıklara kadar onlarca farklı etmenin kontrolünde şekillenen göçler, bu görünümleriyle çok boyutlu toplumsal olaylardır. Türkiye’de göçler, 1950’li yıllardan sonra hızlı bir biçimde geli şen ula şım ve ileti şim şartları ile tarımdan sanayiye do ğru geçi ş gösteren genel ekonomik görünümün de etkisiyle tüm ülkede hız ve yaygınlık kazanmı ştır. Takip eden dönemde, sanayi faaliyetlerinin yeni mekânsal da ğılımıyla birlikte, kırsal alanların aleyhine i şleyen bir göç süreci ba şlamı ştır. İki farklı co ğrafi bölgede ilçeleri bulunan, 2000 yılında sınırları içerisindeki 19 ilçede toplam 937.389 ki şinin ya şadı ğı Erzurum ili de söz konusu sürecin parçalarından birisi durumundadır. Erzurum do ğumlu olup, Türkiye’nin farklı illerinde ya şayan nüfusun 2000 yılında 605.569 ki şi oldu ğu ve sadece 1995–2000 yılları arasında toplam 148.109 kişinin ilden göç ederek ya da göç yoluyla ile yerle şerek bu göç sürecine dâhil oldu ğu dü şünülecek olursa, ilin Türkiye’deki nüfus hareketlilikleri içerisindeki yerini belirlemek daha kolay olacaktır. İle ili şkin nüfus hareketliliklerini anlamlandırmanın amaçlandı ğı bu çalı şmada, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu tarafından 2005 yılında yayımlanan Göç İstatistikleri ile son nüfus sayımının sonuçları kullanılmı ştır. Göç eden nüfusun ülke içindeki mekânsal da ğılımı, göç etme sebepleri, ya ş ve cins yapısı ve e ğitim durumları gibi özelliklerinin yorumlanması yolu ile konu hakkında genel bir çerçeve çizilmeye çalı şılmı ştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Nüfus, göç, net göç, net göç hızı, iç göç. * Atatürk Üniversitesi Kâzım Karabekir E ğitim Fakültesi Co ğrafya E ğitimi Anabilim Dalı, e-posta: [email protected]. Eastern Geographical Review 20 ● 239 İç Göçler Açısından Erzurum İlinin Analizi ABSTRACT Migrations, in other words, displacements of the population which occur as the results of population mobility, are very important events followed and investigated by many disciplines. Migrations, shaped by tens of factors from geographical distribution of the population to its structure of age and gender; from the economical structure to the sufficiency of the social opportunities (facilities); and, from educational and health services to life convenience, are many-sided social events with such characteristics. Migrations in Turkey gained a speed and prevalence throughput the country due to rapidly developed transportation and communication services and the economical appearance changed from agriculture to industry. In the following period, together with the new locational (geographical) distribution of industrial activities, there has been a migration process against rural areas. Erzurum, which has towns in two different geographical regions, and, according to 2000 census, 937.389 people living in 19 towns of it, is also a part of the process mentioned above. Providing that the number of people who were born in Erzurum but live in another province in 2000 were 605.569 and only between 1995-2000 148.109 people were involved in this migration process either leaving from or coming to this province, the place of Erzurum in the population mobility in Turkey would be identified easily. In this study in which it was aimed to specify the mobility of population in Erzurum, Migration Statistics published by Turkey Statistics Institute in 2005 and the results of the last population census were used. A general framework was aimed to be formed by interpreting the issues such as the locational distribution of the people who migrate, their reasons to migrate, genders and ages, and educational levels. Key words: Population, migration, net migration, net migration rate, internal migration. 240 ● Do ğu Co ğrafya Dergisi 20 The Analysis of Erzurum Province In Terms Of Internal Migrations I.G İRİŞ Bilindi ği gibi, nüfusun ki şisel, aileler, gruplar ya da kitleler halinde, geçici veya devamlı olarak do ğum yerini terk ederek ba şka yerlere gitmesi şeklinde ortaya çıkan yer de ğiştirme süreci, göç olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Göçleri çe şitli özellikleri açısından, ülke içi göçler, ülke dı şı göçler, zorunlu göçler, iste ğe ba ğlı göçler gibi gruplara ayırmak mümkündür (Do ğanay,1991:91–92). Göçler, insano ğlunun yer de ğiştirme içgüdüsünün bir sonucu olarak ilk toplumlarla birlikte ortaya çıkmış olan nüfus hareketlilikleridir . İnsanları göç etmeye yönlendiren pek çok sebep olmakla birlikte, tarih boyunca bazı kavimlerin de di ğerlerine göre çok daha fazla göç etti ği bilinmektedir. Bu kavimlerden birisi de Orta Asya’dan beri göç eden bir topluluk olan Türklerdir. Söz konusu göç hareketlerinin örneklerine gerek Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ve gerekse onun selefi Osmanlı devleti döneminde sıkça rastlanmaktadır. Gerçekten de kurulu şlarından bu yana pek çok nüfus hareketine maruz kalan Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ve Osmanlı devleti tarihinin bir göç tarihi oldu ğunu öne sürmek bile mümkündür (Karpat,2003a:92). Sava şlar, barı şlar, fetihler, kayıplar, yapılan anla şmalar, çizilen yeni sınırlar ve yüzyıllar boyu devam eden daha pek çok önemli siyasi ve sosyal olay bu durumu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Önemli bir tarihi geçmi şe sahip oldu ğunu söyleyebilece ğimiz göçler, Cumhuriyet döneminde, geli şen ula şım ve ileti şim şartlarının da etkisiyle, önemli bir de ğişime u ğramı ştır. Türkiye’de 1950’li yıllardan sonra göç hareketlerinde ve özellikle de iç göç hareketinde çok hızlı bir artı ş ortaya çıkmı ştır. Yakın tarihimizi inceledi ğimizde, 1950 sonrası ortaya çıkan yeni olu şumların, çevreden merkeze yönelik göçler ve gecekondula şma sürecinin ba şlaması oldu ğunu görmek mümkündür. İç ve dı ş göçlerin yo ğunluk kazandı ğı bir tarihsel perspektifi de ortaya koyan bu dönem, Marshall plânının etkilerinin yo ğun olarak hissedildi ği bir dönemdir. 1948 yılında söz konusu plân gere ğince Türkiye’ye verilen 248 bin kadar traktör, tüm ülkede, özellikle Do ğu ve Güneydo ğu Anadolu’da Gündelikçi-Karakullukçu-Maraba denilen kırsal nüfusu çevreden merkeze göç etmeye zorlamı ştır. Çünkü artık organik enerji yerine mekanik enerji geçerli olmu ş ve bunun sonucunda yüz i şçinin bir günde yaptı ğını makineler bir saatte yapmaya ba şlamı ştır (Türkdo ğan,2007:30). Tarımda makinele şmeye Büyük şehirler etrafında yo ğunla şmaya ba şlayan sanayile şme hareketleri ve sanayinin i şçi ihtiyacı ile şehirsel çekicilikler eklenince söz konusu yıllar, tüm Türkiye’de iç göçün hızlandığı bir dönem olmaya ba şlamı ştır. 1950’li yıllarda önem kazanmaya ba şlayan bu iç göç hareketine ek olarak, dönemin yeni geli şmelerinin etkisiyle bir süre sonra ülkede uluslar arası göç hareketleri de gözlenmeye ba şlamı ştır. Artık Erzurum’un, Yozgat’ın, Kars’ın kırsal kesiminden göç eden vatanda şların bir bölümü İstanbul’a, İzmir’e yerle şirken bir bölümü Hamburg’a, Berlin’e göç etmeye Eastern Geographical Review 20 ● 241 İç Göçler Açısından Erzurum İlinin Analizi ba şlamı ş ve yepyeni bir mekânsal da ğılım söz konusu olmu ştur. Bu açıdan ele alındı ğında, Mutluer’in de vurguladı ğı gibi, iç göçler ve uluslararası göçler arasında kar şılıklı bir etkile şimin varlı ğından bahsetmek mümkündür (2003:26). 1961 anayasasıyla Türk vatanda şlarının, ülkeden serbestçe çıkıp girme özgürlü ğünü temel bir hak olarak kazanmaları ve ülkeler arasında imzalanan ikili anla şmaların da etkisiyle dı ş göç olgusunun Türkiye’de hız kazandı ğı görülmektedir (Abadan,2002:37–38). Elbette 1950’li ve 60’lı yıllarda ba şlayarak kısa sürede hız kazanan bu iç ve dı ş göç hareketlerinin hem göç edilen yerlerde ve hem de göçe kaynaklık eden yerlerde önemli etkileri söz konusu olmu ştur. Özellikle uluslar arası göç kapsamında, göç edilen yerdeki iş ve çalı şma şartları ile sosyal entegrasyon sürecinin 1 sancıları, bu etkilerden sadece birkaçıdır. Bu sorunlarla ilgili olarak, ev sahibi toplumlar tarafından dönem dönem yeni göçmen yasaları 2 çıkarıldı ğı bilinmektedir. Bunun dı şında, yurtdı şına gitmeden önce köy ve kasabalarda ikâmet eden nüfusun oldukça önemli bir bölümünün yurda kesin dönü şte şehirlere yerle şti ği ve bu sebeple de Türkiye’de hızlı iç göç ve şehirle şme hareketinde yurtdı şına göçün önemli bir araç oldu ğu belirtilmektedir (Yılmaz,1992:302–306). Görüldü ğü üzere dı ş göç, gidilen ülkelerde entegrasyon ve kimlik problemleri gibi sorunlara yol açarken, Türkiye’de ise şehirle şme hareketinin hızlanmasına neden olabilmektedir. İç göç hareketlerinin de Büyük şehirlerdeki gecekondula şma hareketini hızlandırdıkları 3 ve daha pek çok soruna da kaynaklık ettikleri dü şünüldü ğünde göç hareketlerinin bu ara ştırma kapsamında ele alınması mümkün olamayacak kadar çok etkisinden bahsetmek mümkündür. Ancak yine de unutulmaması gereken Tümertekin’in de belirtti ği gibi, sürekli bir geli şim içinde bulunan iç göçlerin genel e ğilimleri yanında gerek göç veren ve gerekse göç alan yerlerde olu şan durumların da sürekli olarak izlenmesi ve incelenmesinde önemli faydalar bulundu ğudur (1977:30). Göçler, etkileri ve özellikleri açısından irdelendiğinde co ğrafi, tarihi ve sosyo- ekonomik boyutlara sahip bir olaylar örgüsü oldu ğunu görmek mümkündür. Gerek göçe kaynaklık eden
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