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Plant History

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Plant History 10/1/2012 BI 103: Plants Taxon: A Ranked Hierarchy Plant Family History Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Rosales Family: Rosaceae Genus: Malus Species: Malus pumila Adaptation to Land Adaptation to Land What types of adaptations are needed to For a Plant: What are the differences between life move from water to land habitat? on land and life in the water? Protection against water loss Variation in temperature - fluctuation, not Cuticle to prevent water loss, stomata for regulation buffered by water Variation in moisture - no longer continuously Ability to tolerate variation in temperatures bathed in water Roots for anchoring to substrate and nutrient Nutrient availability - differences between water absorption and soil and how nutrient uptake occurs Protection for gametes: specialized structures Gravitational force - floating at the surface was sufficient to get to the sun Gametes (sperm) do not require water Substrate - differences between water and soil Development of vascular tissue 1 10/1/2012 Bryophytes • Gametophyte generation dominant • true organs lacking • thallus (undifferentiated plant body) • rhizoids (root hair like structures) •unicellular or multicellular; anchorage function only •Pores: allow gas exchange; don’t close • conducting tissues absent or primitive • water required for fertilization Bryophytes: non vascular Gemmae cups plants: Liverworts Create liverwort Clones! 2 10/1/2012 Liverwort Bryophytes: Non-vascular plants: Moss Bryophytes: Non vascular Hornworts! plants: Moss 3 10/1/2012 Vascular plants: Derived adaptations Vascular tissue: conducts water and nutrients throughout the plant Plant organs: roots, stems, leaves Sporophyte generation dominate (plant spends more of its life in the sporophyte (2n) generation Lycophytes: “club mosses” Sporophyte dominate generation Vascular tissue Stems, roots, leaves! Strobilus: where spores are produced via meiosis 4 10/1/2012 Pterophytes (ferns and allies) • 11,000 extant species, mostly in the tropics; many extinct • Psilotales: whisk ferns(no roots) • Equisetales: horsetails • roots, stems & leaves present • sporangia variable in Sori, not strobilus Pterophyte:Fern Life cycle TRENDS THROUGH TIME Ancestral Derived Mosses & Liverworts Club mosses,horsetails, Plants we’ll cover next whisk ferns & ferns week… Non-vascular Vascular Vascular Spores Spores Seeds! Gametophyte-dominant Sporophyte-dominant Sporophyte-dominant Sperm require water Sperm require water Sperm don’t need water 5 10/1/2012 Moss Motile sperm Gametophyte-dominant Cuticle Gametophyte Homospory -dominant Gammae cups Liverworts Motile sperm Gametophyte-dominant Chlorophyta Cuticle Gymnosperms Angiosperms Motile sperm Gemmae cups Green algae Cuticle Homospory Ex: Chara Pterophytes Lycophyta Seeds Strobili Vascular tissue Lycophytes Motile sperm Sporophyte-dominant Cuticle Vascular tissue Bryophytes Heterospory Sporophyte-dominant Roots and leaves Roots and leaves Strobili Vascular tissue Pterophyta Green algae: Sori Vascular tissue Chlorophytes Motile sperm Land plants Sporophyte-dominant Cuticle Heterospory Roots and leaves Sori Gymnosperms Gymnosperms: Ginkgo Coniferophyta Long thought to be (pines and cone extinct in western bearing trees) civilization, until travelers from Cycads (palmlike) Germany found it Ginkgos (ginkgo while visiting temples in China and Japan. trees) Flagellated sperm Gnetophyta Dioecious (separate (gnetums) male and female plants) Fleshy outer covering to seed (not true fruit) 6 10/1/2012 Gymnosperms: Cycadophyta Flagellated sperm still, but use of pollen tube Palm-like plants, but have cones for reproduction Endangered by poaching and a black market Gymnosperms: Gnetophyta Gnetophyta: Welwitchsia Ephedra Welwitchsia Gnetum Temperate regions Namibia Old and New except Australia World Tropics • Flower-like structures • Vessels in xylem== not found in other Gymnosperms • double fertilization • Also loss of flagellated sperm and uses pollen tube. 7 10/1/2012 Gnetophyta: Ephedra in Utah Gnetophyta: Ephedra spp.== Mormon tea oNaked seeds oUse of pollen tube oThick cuticles oPhotosynthetic stems in Ephedra Gymnosperms: Coniferophyta Key characteristics: Loss of flagella on sperm, sperm conducted to egg by a pollen tube. Needle-like or scale like leaves Thick cuticle Recessed stomata Resin Cones 8 10/1/2012 Angiosperms: the Flowering plants What are the advantages of flowering? What are the advantages to the plant? Less inbreeding Discuss the question in groups of 2-3 Higher probability the pollen will reach students the right plant 5 min They don’t have to produce as much pollen Enlists partnerships with insects and other animals 9 .
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