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Download 3.26 MB Records of the Western Australian Museulll 20: 187-198 (2001)_ Acanthodian microremains from the Frasnian Gneudna Formation, Western Australia Kate Trinajstic Department of Geology and Geophysics, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6907, Australia Abstract - The scale variation seen in articulated acanthodian specimens (Dip/acanthus horndlls and Rhadinacanthus /ongispinus) from the Natural History Museum, London IS illustrated to determine whether particular body regions on acanthodians dIsplay distinctive scale morphologies. This study has shown that, In the specimens observed, the head, shoulder girdle, lateral line, anterior flank, postenor flank, tail and fin spine insertion points are all characterized by different scale types. Isolated acanthodian scales found in residues from the Gneudna Formation, Western Australia, are assigned to different body regions. Scales determined as coming from the same body region were compared, and from these comparisons two speCIes, Acanthodidae gen. et sp indet. and Cheiracarzthus sp., have been recognized The ratio of acanthodian scales to thelodont scales in different stratigraphlC levels in the type section was compared to determine if these ratios are a reliable guide to the deposltional environment. A traditional environmental interpretation of the mlCrovertebrate ratios is not supported by lithological evidence or conodont abundance. It is concluded that the differences in this ratio do not add significant information for the interpretation on the depositional environment of the Gneudna Formation. INTRODUCTION southern coast of New South Wales (Burrow, 1996). The Acanthodii is a major group of Palaeozoic Through the study of articulated specimens, fishes that occurs on all continents. They occur in considerable variation in the shape of scales, and in rocks ranging from Lower Silurian to Permian age the pattern of crown ornament, has been observed (Denison, 1979). Often acanthodians are known only in many acanthodian species. Young (1995) carried from disarticulated material, with their scales and fin out one of the most comprehensive studies of scale spines commonly represented in microvertebrate variation in acanthodians. In her study differences assemblages (for comprehensive reviews see in scale morphology were shown to be present in Denison, 1979; Turner, 1991). Due to the rarity of nine taxa of Early and Middle Devonian articulated complete specimens, the overall morphology of acanthodian fishes from the British Isles. Other acanthodians is poorly known. The majority of articulated acanthodians in which scale variation Devonian articulated material in the United has been recorded include: Machaeracal1thus Kingdom comes from the Welsh Borderland, the bohemiws Gross (1973); Ptomacal1thus anglzcus Miles Caitlmess region, and Midland Valley of Scotland. (1973) Vernicomaclll1thus waYl1ensls Miles (1973); Sites include: Turin Hill (Angus, Scotland), Acal1thodes Zidek (1976, 1985); Poracan thodes l11el1l1eri Achanarras County (Scotland) and Wayne Herbert Valiukevicius (1992); Dip/acanthus ellsl and Quarry, (south-west Herefordshire, England) Dip/acanthus striatus (Gagnier 1996); Kathemacanthlls (Watson, 1937; Miles, 1973). In Canada articulated rosu/el1tus and Cassidiceps vermlw/atll" Cagnier and material has been obtained from the Delorme Wilson (1996). In disarticulated material intra­ Formation, Northwest Territories Wussel, 1951; specific scale variation is harder to determme. Cross Bernacsek and Dineley, 1 and the Escuminac (1973) considered isolated scales Wells (1944) had l:ormation (Gagnier, 1996; Gagmer and Wilson, attributed to four species, to represent the scale 1996). Articulated material in Antarcbca has been variation of one species, which he synonymized as recorded from the Aztec Siltstone, South Victoria CheiracantllOides comptus. Gross (1973) stated that it Land (Woodward, 1921; White, 1968; Young, 1989). was possible that different regions of the body In Australia enbre acanthodians have been found could bear special forms of scales. He synonynuzed near Mt Howitt, Victoria (Long, 1983, 1986) and two scale types, that Wells (1944) had described as several articulated, but incomplete acanthodians two Acal1thoides spp., as Acal1thoides 7 dublinel1sis have been collected from the Bunga Beds of the (Gross, 1973). 188 K. Trinajstic 42~iiil ~OlegS F;sh Bed:.. OFB 4~:~.~ 13% 00 i'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'I [, ~=. ~=. ~=, :-:' ~=, :-:' ~=~ ~: ~-: ~-: ~-: ~-: ~-: ~: ~~\ i .. ~: ~-: ~-: ~-: ~-: ~-: ~-: ~-( r ::'T :J :J :J :J :J :,., r .- .- .- .- .- .- .- ~ 87% 350 H=: :=: :=: :=:~: :=: :=l (. -.II,III_._. _. _. -' -r,'J I,'-' _. _. _. _. _. - '< r·TIT ITIT·T IT IT( KT19·KT22 r,- .- .- .- .- .- ._~ 1% r. :'-. :'-. :'-. :'-, :'-, :'-. :'-,< • 300 t T 1 1 1 1 1: J<T23~~S::I5:S KT22b:~ r. -:. :'-. :'-. :'-. :'-, :'-, p'-I'-,'-,'-,"!KT22a:~ KT21ti~ IIII r, :'-, :'-, :'-. :'-. :'-. :'-. KT21a:~ c:: 99% .-o • 25d!-'!-~'-i' ...«S 1-';-1'-I'! E '- KT9·KT18 o 15% U. c::«S "C :J Q) c:: 85% G • Acanthodian o Thelodonts KEY mudstone limestone KT1-KT4 1% sandstone ~ ~ sandy limestone calcareous siltstone :-:':-:':-:':-:':-:':-:':-'( ~:"'l C) o -, -, -' -, -, -, . .~ fossil fish 99% Figure 1 Stratigraphic column showing the lithology of the Gneudna type section and the relative abundance of acanthodians versus thelodonts throughout the section. Acanthodians are only represented by comparing the morphology of isolated scales disarticulated scales in the type section of the from the Gneudna Formation with scales from Gneudna Formation (Figure 1) in the Carnar­ different body regions in described articulated von Basin, Western Australia (Figure 2), This acanthodians, the identification and taxonomic makes identification of the material difficult, study of isolated scales is shown to be especially to the species level. However, by possible. Acanthodian microremains from Frasnian Gneudna Formation 189 MATERIALS AND METHODS acanthodian scale variation were used for To determine variation in scale morphology of comparison. different body regions in acanthodians, fully and 'TI1e study is based on isolated scales from the partially articulated specimens at the Natural Cneudna FomBtion, Williambury Station, Western History Museum, London were examined. Four Australia. Scales described in this paper come from acanthodian taxa were studied. The difference in the residues of limestone digested in 10''\, scale morphology of two acanthodians, Oiplacallt/llls acetic acid. The scanning electron micrographs were horridlls and Rhadillocallthlls IOllgispillllS, are made on a Philips 505 at the Centre for Microscopy described. In addition, published descriptions of and Microanalysis, The University of Western ... , " Lyndon River .~"\ \..- \ ' , \ ... \ --- .... ,~ , \,, o KEY Km 8 • Homestead (HSD) • Gneudna Forma1ion Road , ; I ,I Fault :Lyons River I \ ; River Sandiman HSD " , I Figure 2 Map of Western Australia showing the locality of the Gneudna Formation and the distrIbution of its outcrops. 190 K. Trinajstic Australia. Sections of scales were ground by hand but they do decrease in size a little towards the and examined under confocal and light dorsal and ventral surfaces and toward the tail. The microscopes. Specimens from the Gneudna scales on the fin webs are extremely small, and Formation have been deposited in the collections of become smaller as they are traced down toward the the Western Australian Museum (WAM). margin of the fin. The scales bordering the lateral line are enlarged but have the same shape as those Comparative Material above and below them. The scales located below P61716 Rhadinacanthus longispinus Agassiz, 1844 the lateral line and anterior to the pectoral fin spine complete articulated specimen. (pfs) are high with a tumid base and well-defined P6188 Rhadinacanthus longispinus Agassiz, 1844 neck (Figure 3). The crown is rounded anteriorly complete articulated specimen. and overhangs the base posteriorly. There is an P6757 Diplacanthus horridus Woodward, 1892 ornament of posteriorly converging ridges on the complete articulated specimen. crown surface. Scales above the lateral line and in P61859 a, b Cheiracanthus murchisoni Agassiz, 1835 front of the anterior dorsal fin (dfa) have an incomplete articulated specimen missing the head. identical crown shape and surface ornament; the In part and counterpart. base, however is not as high as in scales below the lateral line (Figure 3A). Mid-flank scales at the level of the anterior dorsal fin have a tumid base with a DESCRIPTION OF SCALE VARIATION IN well-defined neck, and the crown overhangs the ACANTHODIANS base posteriorly. The ridges on the crown surface, Various trends in scale variation have been however, extend only to the middle of the scale reported in acanthodians (Miles, 1973; Young, 1995; (Figure 3B). Scales anterior to the pelvic fin spine Gagnier, 1996). With the exception of Watson (1937) (pIs) are very high with the crown separated from who noted considerable variation of the scale size the base by a well defined, constricted neck. At the over the body of acanthodians and Gagnier and junction of the base with the neck, the base flares Wilson (1996), who noted that scale size decreased laterally, extending beyond the width of the crown posteriorly in fin web scales, most studies (e.g. (Figure 3C). Scales anterior and posterior to the Miles, 1973; Valiukevicius, 1992) have concentrated posterior dorsal fin spine (dfp) are also high with a on determining scale variation within species. Here, well
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