Appendices Appendix No

APPENDICES APPENDIX NO. 1

PEACE TREATY BETWEEN LADAKH AND TIBET AT TINGMOSGANG (1684)

[ This Treaty, signed after a war between Ladakh and Tibet, determined the Ladakh-Tibet frontier. The border thus set remained unchanged even after the Dogra conquests. It has remained till this day, Ladakh to the West of this frontier constituted a province of Kashmir. By this Treaty the frontier ran East of Demchok].

The Drukpa (red sect) Omniscient Lama named Mee - pham - wang - po who in his former incarnations had always been the patron Lama of the Kings of Ladakh, from generation to generation, was sent from Lhasa to Tashis-gang, arrange the conditions of treaty of peace - for the Ladakh king could never refuse to abide by the decision of the Omniscient One.

It was agreed as follows :-

(1) The boundaries fixed, in the beginning, when king Skyid - Ida - ngeema - gon gave a kingdom to each of his three sons, shall still be maintained.

(2) Only Ladakis shall be permitted to enter into NgareeKhor - sum wool trade.

(3) No person from Ladak, except the royal trader of the Ladak Court, shall be permitted to enter Rudok.

(4) A royal trader shall be sent by the Deywa Zhung (i.e., the Grand Lama of Lhasa), from Lhasa to Ladak, once a year, with 200 horse-load of tea.

(5) A "Lo-chhak" shall be sent every third year from Leh to Lhasa with presents. As regards the quality and value of presents brought for all ordinary Lamas, the matter is of no consequence, but to the Labrang chhakdzot shall be given the following articles, viz, :-

(a) Gold dust - the weight of 1 zho 10 times.

(b) Saffron - the weight of 1 srang (or thoorsrang) 10 times.

The members of the Lapchak Mission shall be provided with provisions, free of cost, during their stay at Lhasa, and for the journey they shall be similarly provided with 200 baggage animals, 25 riding ponies, and 10 servants. For the uninhabited portion of the journey, tents will be supplied for the use of the Mission.

(6) The country of Ngarees - Khor - sum shall be given to the Omniscient Drukpa Lama, Mee-pham-wang-po, and in lieu thereof the Deywa Zhung will give to the Ladak king three other districts (in great Tibet).

(7) The revenue of the Ngarees-khor-sum shall be set aside for the purpose of defraying the cost of sacrificial lamps, and of religious ceremonies to be performed at Lhasa.

(8) But the king of Ladak reserves for himself the village (or district?) of Monthser (i.e. Minsar) in Mgarees - khor - sum, that he may be independent there; and he sets aside its revenue for the purpose of meeting the expense involved in keeping up the sacrificial lights at Kang-ree (Kailas), and the holy Lakes of Manasarawar and Rakas Tal.

With reference to the first clause of the treaty, it may be explained that, roughly speaking, king Skyed - Ida - ngeema - gon gave the following territories to his sons:-

(a) To the eldest son - The countries now known as Ladak and Purig, extending from Hanley on the East to the Zozila Pass on the West, and including Rudok and the Gogpo gold district.

(b) To the second son - Googey, Poorang and certain other small districts.

H.R.

Source: Government of India, The Sino-Indian Boundaty: Text of Treaties, Agreements & Certain Exchange of Notes Relating to The Sino-Indian Boundary. The India Society of International Law, New Delhi 1962,

212 APPENDIX NO. 2

A NOTE ON TREATY OF SAGANLI 1815 A.D.

This treaty was signed on 2nd December 1815 A.D. between Great Britain and Nepal which is also known as Peace and Friendship Treaty. According to this treaty, an important matter is as foilows:-

1] The whole of low lands between the rivers Kali and Rapti.

2] The whole lands [with the exceptions of Bootani] lying between Rapti and the Gunduek.

3] The whole lands between Gunduek and Loosah in which the authority of the British Government has been introduced or is in actual course of introduction.

4] The whole of the land between the rivers Mitchee and the Tesstah.

5] All the territories within hills eastward of the river Mitchee including the Fort and Lands of the Naagsee and the pass of Nagar Cote leading from Mouring into the hills together with the territory lying between that pass and Nagsee. The afore said territory shall be evacuated by the Gorkha troops within 40 days from the date of signature. Lt. Col Bradshaw signed this treaty on behalf of Aon, the British East India Company and Maharaja Rajah Bikram Saha Rajab of Nepal on behalf of Nepal.

Source: Murlidhar, India's Diplomacy In Nepal, Aalekh Publishers, 1976, Jaipur.

213 APPENDIX NO. 3

PEACE TREATY BETWEEN THE RULER OF JAMMU, THE EMPEROR OF CHINA AND THE LAMA GURU OF LHASA (1842)

[This Treaty was signed in September 1842 A.D. The parties to theTreaty were on the one hand, Shri Khalsaji and Shri Maharaj Sahib Bahadur ja Gulab Singh, and on the other hand the Emperor of China and the Lama Guru of Lhasa. By this Treaty the traditional boundary between Ladakh and Tibet was reaflirmed].

As on this auspicious day, the 2nd of Assuj, Sambat 1899 (16th or 17th September 1842 AD.) We, the officers of the Lhasa (Government), Kalon of Sokan and Bakshi Shajpuh, Commander of the Forces and two officers on behalf of the most resplendent Sri Khalsaji Sahib, the asylum of the world. King Sher Singhji and Sri Maharaj Sahib Raja-i-Rajagan Raja Sahib Bahadur Raja Gulab Singhji, i.e. the Muktar-ud-Daula Diwan Hari Chand and the asylum of vizirs. Vizirs Ratnun, in a meeting called together for the promotion of peace and unity, and by professions and vows, of friendship, unity and sincerity of heart and by taking oaths like those of Kunjak Sahib, have, arranged and agreed that relations of peace, friendship and unity between Sri Khalsaji and Sri Maharaj Sahib Bahadur Raja Gulab Singhji, and the Emperor of China and the Lama Guru of Lhassa will henceforward remain firmly established for ever; and we declare in the presence of the Kunjak Sahib that on no account whatsoever will there be any deviation, difference or departure (from this agreement). We shall neither at present or in future have anything to do or interfere at all with the boundaries or Ladakh and its surroundings as fixed from ancient times and will allow the annual export of wool, shawls and tea by way of Ladakh according to the old established custom.

Should any of the opponents of Sri Sarkar Khalsaji and Sri Raja Sahib Bahadur at any time enter our territories, we shall not pay any heed to his words or allow him to remain in our country.

We shall offer no hindrance to traders of Ladakh who visit our territories. We shall not even to the extent of a hair's breadth act in contravention of the terms that we have agreed to above regarding firm friendship, unity, the fixed boundaries of Ladakh and the keeping open of

214 the route for wool, shawls and tea. We call Kunjak Sahib, Kairi, Lassi, Zhoh Mahan, and Khushal Choh as witnesses to this treaty.

The treaty was concluded on the 2nd of the month of Assuj, Sambat 1899 (16th or 17th September 1842 A.D.)

Source: Ram Gopal, India, China , Tibet: Triangle, Pustak Kendra, 1964, Lucknow,

215 APPENDIX NO. 4

AGREEMENT BETWEEN TIBET AND KASHMIR (1852)

[This Agreement was signed between the two Garpons or Provincial Governors appointed by the Dalai Lama and the Representatives of the Maharaja of Kashmir. The traditional boundary between Ladakh and Tibet was once again reaffirmed by this Agreement).

This is dated the third day of the month of the Water Bull Year (apparently 1852).

The Ladakis refusing to supply the Tibetan Government trader Ke-Sang Gyurme with the usual transport animals on account of the decreased tea trade, the Nyer-pass of the Garpons were deputed to enquire about this matter and to investigate the boundary dispute between Ladak and Tibet. A meeting was accordingly arranged between Ladak Thanadar Sahib Bastiram and Kalon Rinzin accompanied by his servant Yeshe Wangyal and an agreement was made as follows:

In future the Ladakis will supply the Tibetan Government traders with the usual transport requirements without any demur. The joint Te-Jis* will request their Government to appoint only intelligent and capable men to take the annual tribute to Tibet. The Ladakis shall provide the Tibetan Government traders with accommodation and servants as usual and render them any further assistance according to the old-established custom. The Garpons will issue orders to the effect that tea and woolen goods arriving at Nagari shall only be sent to Ladak and not to any other place. The boundary between Ladak and Tibet will remain the same as before. No restriction shall be laid by the people of Rudok on the export of salt and woollen goods and the import of barley flour and barley. Neither Party shall contravene the existing rules and the rates of Customs duties and market supplies shall be fixed by both parties concerned. The above rules shall apply also to the Rongpas^ who export salt. The travellers from North and West who come through Rong are given passports by the Thanadar. They are liable to Customs duties as prescribed in their passports. Should any of them be unable to produce his passport, he shall be made to pay fifty times the amount ordinarily recoverable firom him. No case will be heard against such recoveries made by the Customs Officer, In deciding all important matters the ruler shall take into consideration the manners and customs

216 of both sides and observe the old-established rules regarding supply of transport, etc. There shall be no restriction in grazing animals in the pasture reserved for the animals of the Gov ernment traders, but the people shall not be allowed to abuse this privilege by bringing animals from outside to graze on it. Both parties shall adhere strictly to the agreement thus arrived at between Tibet and Singpas (Kashmiris), and the two frontier officers shall act in perfect accord and co-operation.

Drawn in duplicate and sealed by Thanadar Sahib Bastiram and Kalon Rinzin Two Nyer-pass of the Garpons. Witness Yeshe Wangyal, Private servant of Kalon Rinzin.

Source: Government of India, The Sino-Indian Boundary, Text of Treaties, Agreement & Certain Exchange of Notes Relating to The Sino-Indian Boundary, The Indian Society & International Law, Parliament Street, New Delhi-1, 1962.

217 APPENDIX NO. 5

A NOTE ON TREATY OF SINCHULA -1865 A.D.

This treaty was signed on 11th November 1865 A.D. between Great Britain and Bhutan. According to this treaty an important matter i.e. Article II is as follows:-

Its boundary were to be the western branch of the Dima river, the west of the Sinchula range and the eastern branch of the Zangh river. The second article of this treaty provided for the cession to the British Government of the whole of the tract known as the Eighteen Duars, bordering on the district of Rangapur Cooch Behar and Assam together with the Talook of Ambari Falakato and the hill territory on the left bank of Teesta upto such points as may be laid down by the British Commissioner. As a part of implementation of this treaty in 1868 A.D. pillars of bricks were erected by Col. Haughton. This treaty was signed by Col. Bruce on behalf of the British and Samdoje Deva Zimpe and Themserense Donai Zimpe on behalf of Bhutan.

Sources: Shantiswaroop, British Relations with Bhutan , Panchasheel Prakashan 1974 Jaipur.

218 APPENDIX NO. 6

CONVENTION BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND CHINA

RELATING TO SIKKIM AND TIBET (1890)

[This Convention between Great Britain and China relating to Sikkim and Tibet was signed at Calcutta on 17 March, 1890, by the representatives of the Chinese and the British Indian Governments. The instruments of ratification were exchanged at London on 27 August, 1890. The Convention delimited the boundary between Sikkim and Tibet and by Article 3, both the Governments engaged reciprocally to respect the boundary as defined in Article 1, and to prevent acts of aggression from their respective sides of the frontier. In accordance with Article 4, regulating regarding trade, communication and pasturage were appended to the Convention. However, the Convention remained inoperative as Tibet refused to recognise its validity. The Tibetans informed the British Commissioner that "as the Convention had been signed by the Chinese only, the Tibetan Government refused to recognise it as effective in Tibet". Subsequent events indicated that the Convention remained a dead letter, and that China's power to conclude binding treaties on behalf of Tibet was illusory.]

Whereas Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India, and His Majesty the Emperor of China, are sincerely desirous to maintain and perpetuate the relations of friendship and good understanding which now exists between their respective Empires; and whereas recent occurrences have tended towards a disturbance of the said relations-, and it is desirable to clearly define and permanently settle certain matters connected with the boundary between Sikkim and Tibet, Her Britannic Majesty and His Majesty the Emperor of China have resolved to conclude a Convention on this subject and have, for this purpose, named Plenipotentiaries, that is to say :

219 Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, His Excellency the Most Hon'ble Henry Charles Keith Petty Fitzmaurice, G.M.S.I., G.C.M.G,, G.M.I.E., Marquess of Landsdowne, Viceroy and Governor-General of India,

And His Majesty the Emperor of China, His Excellency Sheng Tai, Imperial Associate Resident in Tibet, Military Deputy Lieu tenant Governor.

Who having met and communicated to each other their fiill powers, and finding these to be in proper form, having agreed upon the following Convention in eight Articles :-

(1) The boundary of Sikkim and Tibet shall be the crest of the mountain range separating the waters flowing into the Sikkim Teesta and its affluents from the waters flowing into the Tibetan Mochu and northwards into other river of Tibet. The line commences at Mount Gipmochi on the Bhutan frontier and follows the above mentioned water parting to the point where it meets Nepal territory.

(2) It is admitted that the British Government, whose protectorate over the Sikkim State is hereby recognised, has direct and exclusive control over the internal administra tion and foreign relations of the State, and except through and with the permission of the British Government, neither the Ruler of the State nor any of its officers shall have official relations of any kind, formal or informal, with any other country.

(3) The Government of Great Britain and Ireland and the Government of China engage reciprocally to respect the boundary as defined in Article (1), and to prevent acts of aggression from their respective sides of the frontier.

(4) The question of providing increased facilities for trade across the Sikkim-Tibet frontier will hereafter be discussed with a view to mutually satisfactory arrangement by the High Contracting Powers.

(5) The question of pasturage on the Sikkim side of the frontier is reserved for further examination and future adjustment.

220 (6) The High Contracting Powers reserve for discussion and arrangement the method in which official communications between the British authorities in India and the authorities in Tibet shall be conducted.

(7) Two Joint Commissioners shall, within six months from the ratification of this Convention, be appointed, one by the British Government in India, the other by the Chinese Resident in Tibet. The said Commissioners shall meet and discuss the questions which by the last three preceding Articles have been reserved.

(8) The present Convention shall be ratified, and the ratifications shall be exchanged in London as soon as possible after the date of the signature thereof

In witness whereof the respective negotiators have signed the same and affixed there unto the seals of their arms.

Done in quadruplicate at Calcutta this seventeenth day of

March in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and ninety. Corresponding with the Chinese date the twenty-seventh day of the second moon of the sixteenth year of Kuang Hsu.

LANSDOWNE

Chinese Seal and Signature

221 APPENDIX NO. 7

CONVENTION BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND TIBET (1904)

[This Convention was signed by the representatives of Great Britain and Tibet on 7 September. 1904. The preamble to the Convention states that the Convention was concluded to resolve the doubts and difficulties which had arisen as to the meaning and validity of the Anglo-Chinese convention of 1890, and the Trade Regulations of 1893, and as to the liabilities of the Tibetan Government under these agreements. The Convention carries the clear implication that any treaty concluded by China on behalf of Tibet could not be binding on the latter, and would not be implemented by her. In this connection Article 9 of the treaty makes significant reading].

Whereas doubts and difficulties have arisen as to the meaning and validity of the Anglo- Chinese convention of 1890, and the trade Regulations of 1893, and as to the liabilities of the Tibetan Government under these Agreements; and whereas recent occurrences have tended towards a disturbance of the relations of friendship and good understanding which have existed between the British Government and the Government of Tibet; and whereas it is desirable to restore peace and amicable relations, and to resolve and determine the doubts and difficulties as aforesaid, the said Govememts have resolved to conclude a convention with these objects, and the following articles have been agreed upon by Colonel F.E.Younghusband, CLE. in virtue of full powers vested in him by His Britannic Majesty's Government, and on behalf of that said Government, and Lo-Sund Gyal-tsen, the Ga-Den Ti-Rimpoche, and the representatives of the Council of the three Monasteries Se-ra, Dre-pung, and Ga-Den, and of the ecclesiastical and lay officials of the National Assembly on behalf of the Government of Tibet.

Article 1

The Government of Tibet engages to respect the Anglo-Chinese convention of 1890 and to recognise the frontier between Sikkim and Tibet, as defined in Article 1 of the said Convention, and to erect boundary pillars accordingly.

222 Article 2

The Tibetan Government undertakes to open forthwith trade marts to which all British and Tibetan subjects shall have free right of access of Gyantse and Gartok, as well as at Yatung.

The Regulations applicable to the trade mart at Yatung, under the Anglo-Chinese Agreement of 1893, shall, subject to such amendments as may hereafter be agreed upon by common consent between the British and Tibetans Governments, apply to the marts above mentioned.

In addition to establishing trade marts at the places mentioned, the Tibetan Government undertakes to place no restrictions on the trade by existing routes, and to consider the question of establishing fresh trade marts under similar conditions if development of trade requires it.

Article 3

The question of the amendment of the Regulations of 1893 is reserved for separate consideration, and the Tibetan Government undertakes to appoint fully authorised delegates to negotiate with representatives of the British Government as to the details of the amendments required.

Article 4

The Tibetans Government undertakes to levy no dues of any kind other than those provided for in the tariff to be mutually agreed upon.

Article 5

The Tibetan Government undertakes to keep the roads to Gyantse and Gartok from the frontier clear of all obstruction and in a state of repair suited to the needs of the trade, and to establish at Yatung, Gyantse and Gartok, and at each of other trade marts that may hereafter be established, a Tibetan Agent who shall receive from the British Agent appointed to watch over British trade at the marts in question any letter which the latter may desire to send to the Tibetan or to the Chinese authorities. The Tibetan Agent shall also be responsible for the due delivery of such communications and for the transmission of replies.

223 Article 6

As an indemnity to the British Government for the expense incurred in the dispatch of armed troops to Lhase to exact reparation for breaches of treaty obligations, and for the insuhs offered to and attacks upon the British Commissioner and his following and escort, the Tibetan Government engages to pay a sum of pounds five hundred thousand - equivalent to rupees seventy-five- lakhs - to the British Government.

The indemnity shall be payable at such place as the British Government may from time to time, after due notice, indicate whether in Tibet or in the British district of Darjeeling or Jalpaiguri, in seventy-five annual installments of rupees one lakh each on the 1 st January in each year, beginning from the 1st January 1906.

Article 7

As security for the payment of the above mentioned indemnity, and for the fulfillment of the provisions relative to the trade marts specified in Articles 2, 3, 4 and 5, the British Government shall continue to occupy the Chumbi valley until the indemnity has been paid and until the trade marts have been effectively opened for three years whichever date may be later.

Article 8

The Tibetan Government agrees to raze all forts and fortifications and remove all armaments which might impede the course of free communication between the British frontier and the towns of Gyantse and Lhasa.

Article 9

The Government of Tibet engages that, without the previous consent of the British frontier:-

(a) no portion of Tibetan territory, shall be ceded, sold, leased, mortgaged or otherwise given for occupation, to any Foreign Power;

(b) no such Power shall be permitted to intervene in Tibetan affairs;

-224 (d) no concessions for railways, roads, telegraphs, mining or other rights shall be granted to any Foreign Power, or the subject of any Foreign Power. In the event of consent to such concessions being granted similar or equivalent concessions shall be granted to the British Government;

(e) no Tibetan revenues, whether in kind or in cash, shall be pledged or assigned to any Foreign Power, or the subject of any Foreign Power.

Article 10

In witness whereof the negotiators have signed the same, and affixed therunto the seals of their arms.

Done in quintuplicate at Lhasa, this 7th day of September in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and four, corresponding with the Tibetan date the 27th day of the seventh month of the Wood Dragon year.

F.E.Younghusband, Col.,

British Commissioner.

Seal of Seal of the Dalai Lama

British Commissioner affixed by the Ga-Den Ti-Rimpoche.

Seal of Seal of the Seal of Sera Seal of Seal of

Council Dre-Pung Monastery Ga-Den National

Monastery Monastery Assembly.

In proceeding to the signature of the convention, dated this day, the representatives of Great Britain and Tibet declare that the English text shall be binding.

Seal of F.E.Younghusband. Col.,

British Commissioner British Commissioner.

225 Seal of Seal of the Seal of Sera Seal of Seal of

Council Dre-Pung Monastery Ga-Den National

Monastery Monastery Assembly.

AMPTHILL

Viceroy and Governor-General of India.

This convention was ratified by the Viceroy and the Governor General of India in Council at Simla on the eleventh day of November A.D. one thousand nine hundred and four.

S.M.FRASER

Secretary to the Government of India,

Foreign Department

Sources: Government of India.,The Sino-Indian Boundary Text of Treaty, Agreement and Certain Exchange of Notes Relating to the Sino-Indian Boundary. The Indian Society of International Law, New Delhi, 1962.

226 APPENDIX NO. 8

INDIA -TIBET FRONTIER (1914): EXCHANGE OF NOTES BETWEEN THE BRITISH AND TIBETAN PLENIPOTENTIARIES

[This Agreement, concluded through an exchange of letters on 24th and 25th March, 1914, between the British and Tibetan plenipotentiaries and the subsequent Convention of July 1914 confirmed the traditional north eastern boundary of India with Tibet].

Lonchen Shatra,

Tibetan Plenipotentiary.

In Febmary last you accepted the India-Tibet frontier from the Isu Razi Pass to the Bhutan frontier, as given in the map (two sheets), of which two copies are herewith attached, subject to the confirmation of your Government and the following conditions :

(a) The Tibetan ownership in private estates on the British side of the frontier will not be disturbed.

(b) If the sacred places of Tso Karpo and Tsari Sarpa fall within a day's march of the British side of the frontier, they will be included in Tibetan territory and the frontier modified accordingly.

I understand that your Government have now agreed to this frontier subject to the above two conditions. I shall be glad to learn definitely from you that this is the case.

You wished to know whether certain dues now collected by the Tibetan Government at Tsona Jong and in Kongbu and Kham from the Monpas and Lopas for articles sold may still be collected. Mr. Bell has informed you that such details will be settled in a friendly spirit, when you have furnished to him the further information, which you have promised.

227 The final settlement of this India-Tibet fi-ontier will help to prevent causes of further dispute and thus cannot fail to be of great advantage to both Governments.

DELHI, AH. McMAHON,

24th March 1914. British Plenipotentiary.

TRANSLATION

Sir Henry McMahon,

British Plenipotentiary to the China-Tibet Conference.

As it was feared that there might be friction in future unless the boundary between India and Tibet is clearly defined, I submitted the map, which you sent to me in February last, to the Tibetan Government at Lhasa for orders. I have now received orders form Lhasa, and I accordingly agree to the boundary as marked in red in the two copies of the maps signed by you subject to the conditions, mentioned in your letter, dated the 24th March, sent to me through Mr. Bell. I have signed and sealed the two copies of the maps. I have kept one copy here and return herewith the other.

Sent on the 29th day of the 1st Month of the Wood-Tiger year (25th March 1914) by Lonchen Shatra, the Tibetan Plenipotentiary.

[Seal of Lonchen Shatra].

Sources: Government of India, The Sino-Indian Boundary Text of Treaty, Agreement and Certain Exchange of Notes Relating to the Sino-Indian Boundary. The Indian Society of International Law, New Delhi, 1962.

228 APPENDIX NO. 9

CONVENTION BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN, CHINA AND TIBET(1914)

[This Convention was agreed to and initialed by the representatives of Great Britain ,China and Tibet on 27 April ,1914. Later the Chinese withdrew on the ground that they could not agree to the boundary between inner and outer Tibet . They raised no objection to the Indo- Tibetan boundary . However the convention was finally concluded between Great Britain and Tibet on 3 July,1914. This further confirmed the traditional boundary between India and Tibet . The boundary line thus confirmed is popularly named after the British representative Sir A.H.McMahon . It is clear from the proceedings of the Simla Conference that not only did the Chinese representative fully participate in the conference but that the Tibetan representative took part in the discussion on an equal footing with the Chinese and the British Indian representatives. The fact that China was prepared to conclude a treaty jointly with Tibet established the fact that Tibet had the power to conclude treaties not only with Great Britain but also with China].

His majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the seas, Emperor of India , His Excellency the President of the Republic of China, and His Holiness the Dalai Lama of Tibet, being sincerely desirous to settle by mutual agreement various questions concerning the interests of their several States on the Continent of Asia, and fiarther to regulate the relations of their several Government, have resolved to conclude a Convention on his subject and have nominated for this purpose their respective Plenipotentiaries, that is to say :

His Majesty the king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominion beyond the Seas, Emperor of India, Sir Arthur Henry McMahon, Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, Companion of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India, Secretary to the Government of India, Foreign and Political Department;

229 His Excellency the President of the Republic of China, Monsieur Ivan Chen, Officier of the Order of the China H O ;

His Holiness the Dalai Lama of Tibet, Lonchen Ga-den Shatra Pal-jor Dorje; who having communicated to each other their respective full powers and finding them to be in good and due form have agreed upon and concluded the following Convention in eleven Articles -

ARTICLE 1

The Conventions specified in the Schedule to the Present Convention shall, except in so far as they may have been modified by, or may be inconsistent with or repugnant to, any of the provision of the present Convention, continue to be binding upon the High Contracting Parties.

ARTICLE 2

The Government of Great Britain and China recognising that Tibet is under the suzerainty of China, and recognising also the autonomy of Outer Tibet, engage to respect the territorial integrity of the country, and to abstain from interference in the administration of Outer Tibet (including the selection and installation of the Dalai Lama), which shall remain in the hands of the Tibetan Government at Lhasa.

The Government of China engages not to convert Tibet into a Chinese Province. The Government of Great Britain engages not to annex Tibet or any portion of it.

ARTICLE 3

Recognising the special interest of Great Britain, in virtue of the geographical position of Tibet, in the existence of an effective Tibetan Government, and in the maintenance of peace and order in the neighbourhood of the frontiers of India and adjoining States, the Government of China engages, except as provided in Article 4 of this Convention, not to send troops into Outer Tibet, nor to station civil or military officers, nor to establish Chinese colonies in the country. Should any such troops or officials remain in Outer Tibet at the date of the signature of this Convention, they shall be withdrawn within a period not exceeding three months.

The Government of Great Britain engages not to station military or civil officers in Tibet (except as provided in the Convention of September 7, 1904, between Great Britain and Tibet) nor troops (except the Agents' escorts), nor to establish colonies in that country.

230 ARTICLE 4

The foregoing Article shall not be held to preclude the continuance of the arrangement by which, in the past, a Chinese high official with suitable escort has been maintained at Lhasa, but it is hereby provided that the said escort shall in no circumstances exceed 300 men.

ARTICLE 5

The Government of China and Tibet engage that they will not enter into any negotiations of agreements regarding Tibet with one another, or with any other Power, excepting such negotiations and agreements between Great Britain and Tibet as are provided for by the Convention of September 7, 1904, between Great Britain and Tibet and the Convention of April 27, 1906, between Great Britain and China.

ARTICLE 6

Article 3 of the Convention of April 27, 1906, between Great Britain and China is hereby canceled, and it is understood that in Article 9(d) of the Convention of September 7, 1904, between Great Britain and Tibet the term "Foreign Power" does not include China.

Not less favourable treatment shall be accorded to British commerce than to the commerce of China or the most favoured nation.

ARTICLE 7

(a) The Tibet Trade Regulations of 1893 and 1908 are hereby canceled.

(b) The Tibetan Government engages to negotiate with the British Government new Trade Regulations for Outer Tibet to give effect to Articles 2,4 and 5 of the Convention of September 7, 1904, between Great Britain and Tibet without delay ; provided always that such Regulations shall in no way modify the present Convention except with the consent of the Chinese Government.

ARTICLE 8

The British Agent who resides at Gyantse may visit Lhasa with his escort whenever it is necessary to consult with the Tibetan Government regarding matters arising out of the Conven-

231 tion of September 7, 1904, between Great Britain and Tibet, which it has been found impossible to settle at Gyantse by correspondence or otherwise.

ARTICLE 9

For the purpose of the present Convention the borders of Tibet, and the boundary between Outer and Inner Tibet, shall be as shown in red and blue respectively on the map attached hereto.

Nothing in the present Convention shall be held to prejudice the existing rights of the Tibetan Government in Inner Tibet, which include the power to select and appoint the high priests of monasteries and to retain full control in all matters affecting religious institutions.

ARTICLE 10

The English, Chinese and Tibetan texts of the present Convention have been carefully examined and found to correspond, but in the event of there being any difference of meaning between them the English text shall be authoritative.

ARTICLE 11

The present Convention will take effect from the date of signature.

In token whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed and sealed this Convention, three copies in English, three in Chinese and three in Tibetan.

Done at Simla this third day of July, A.D., one thousand nine hundred and fourteen, corresponding with the Chinese date, the third day of the seventh month of the third year of the Republic, and the Tibetan date, the tenth day of the iifth month of the Wood-Tiger year.

INITIAL OF THE LONCHEN SHATRA. (INITIALED) A.H.M.

Seal of the Seal of the

Lonchen Shatra. British Plenipotentiary

232 INITIAL OF THELONCHEN SHATRA. (INITIALED) AH.M.

Seal of the Seal of the

Lonchen Shatra. British Plenipotentiary

233 APPENDIX NO. 10

A NOTE ON 17 POINT AGREEMENT (1951)

Only 12 points which are important have been mentioned here. Out of 17 points the important points (concerned) are as follows :-

1] Tibet was recognised as a part of China and was to return to the big family of the motherland, the People's Republic of China. The opening sentence of the Agreement describes the Tibetans as one of the nationalities with a long history within the border of China.

2] China was to conduct all foreign relations and defence.

3] Tibetan monasteries were to be protected.^2

4] A Military Area Headquarters of the People's Liberation Army and a military- administrative committee were to be established in Tibet. The Dalai Lama came very close to leaving Tibet for Sanctuary in India rather than return and rule in the context of this Agreement. The military stipulations of this Agreement were particularly obnoxious to him and he had been desirous of avoiding a military occupation,

5] Tibetan autonomy was recognised. In view of provision four, however, this was to be little more than empty facade.

6] The Panchen Lama was to be established in his traditional role.

7] The religious beliefs, customs and habits of the Tibetans were to be respected.

8] Reforms were to be introduced in Tibet only with the consent of officials of the Tibetan Local Government upon request of the people. This facade, would, of course be used as a cover for Chinese cultural penetration and reforms.

9] The Tibetan Local Government was to assist the People's Liberation Army to enter Tibet and consolidate national defence.

10] The Tibetan Local Government was to assist the People's Liberation Army in the purchase and transfer of food, fodder and other neccesities.

234 11] The Tibetan Anny was to be integrated with the Peoples' Liberation Army.

12] The Tibetan Local Government agreed, in principle to a program of future socio economic reform and promised to rid Tibet of "all imperialistic influences."

Events in the years following this Agreement were most consistent with China's historical approach to its borders - the desire for territorial gain and the ancient Han obsession with the security of the heartland of China.

After concluding 17 Point Agreement Chinese never fulfilled their commitments which they mentioned in 17 Point Agreement. On the other hand, to stamp out Tibetan culture, to maintain stronghold over Tibet and to check the revolt activities Nuclearisation, Militarisation and Modernisation of Tibet is being continue by People's Republic of China.

Sourcesr-Frederic A. Greenhut II, The Tibetan Frontier Question From Curzen to the Colombo Conference,S. Chand and Company Ltd. New Delhi 55 1982.

235 APPENDIX NO. 11

AGREEMENT ON THE MAINTENANCE OF PEACE AND TRANQUILLITY ALONG THE LINE OF ACTUAL CONTROL IN THE INDIA-CHINA BORDER AREAS SIGNED IN BEIJING ON SEPTEMBER 7, 1993

The Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People's Republic of China, (hereinafter referred to as the two sides), have entered into the present Agreement in accordance with the Five Principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence and with a view to maintaining peace and tranquility in areas along the line of actual control in the India-China border areas.

Article I

The two sides are of the view that the India-China boundary question shall be resolved through peaceful and friendly consultations. Neither side shall use or threaten to use force against the other by any means. Pending an ultimate solution to the boundary question between the two countries &, the two sides shall strictly respect and observe the line of actual control between the two sides. No activities of either side shall overstep the line of actual control. In case personnel of one side cross the line of actual control, upon being cautioned by the other side, they shall immediately pull back to their own side of the line of actual control. When necessary, the two sides shall jointly check and determine the segments of the line of actual control where they have different views as to its alignment.

Article II

Each side will keep its military forces in the area along the line of actual control to a minimum level compatible with the friendly and good neighbourly relations between the two countries. The two sides agree to reduce their military forces along the line of actual control in conformity with the requirements of the principle of mutual and equal security to ceilings to be mutually agreed. The extent, depth, timing and mature of reduction of military forces along the line of actual control shall be determined through mutual consultations between the two countries.

236 The reductions of military forces shall be carried out by stages in mutually agreed geographical locations sectorwise within the areas along the line of actual control.

Article III

Both sides shall work out through consultation effective confidence building measures in the areas along the line of actual control. Neither side will undertake specified levels of military exercises in mutually identified zones. Each side shall give the other prior notification of military exercises of specified levels near the line of actual control permitted under this Agreement.

Article IV

In case of contingencies or other problems arising in the areas along the line of actual control, the two sides shall deal with them through meetings and friendly consultations between border personnel of the two countries. The form of such meetings and channels of communications between the border personnel shall be mutually agreed upon by the two sides.

Article V

The two sides agree to take adequate measures to ensure that air intrusions across the line of actual control do not take place and shall undertake mutual consultations should intrusions occur. Both sides shall also consult on possible restrictions on air exercises in areas to be mutually agreed near the line of actual control.

Article VI

The two sides are agreed that references to the line of actual control in this Agreement do not prejudice their respective positions on the boundary question.

Article VII

The two sides shall agree through consultations on the form, method, scale and content of effective verification measures and supervision required for the reduction of military forces and the maintenance of peace and tranquility in the areas along the line of actual control under this agreement.

237 Article VIII

Each side of the India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question shall appoint diplomatic and military experts to formulate, through mutual consultations, implementation measures for the present Agreement. The experts shall advise the Joint Working Group on the resolution of differences between the two sides on the alignment of the line of actual control and address issues relating to redeployment with a view to reduction of military forces in the areas along the line of actual control. The experts shall also assist the Joint Working Group in supervision of the implementation of the Agreement, and settlement of differences that may arise in that process, based on the principle of good faith and mutual confidence.

Article IX

The present Agreement shall come into effect as of the date of signature and is subject to amendment and addition by agreement of the two sides.

Signed in Duplicate at Beijing on the 7th day of September, 1993 in the Hindi, Chinese and English Languages, all three texts having equal validity.

For the Government of the For the Government of the Republic of India People's Republic of China

Source: Government of India, PRIME MINISTER P.V.NARASIMHA RAO VISITS CHINA SEPTEMBER 6 TO 9, 1993. External Publicity Division, Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi.

238 APPENDIX - 12

1991 CENSUS

FIGURES AT A GLANCE

FINAL POPULATION TOTALS OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH

POPULATION PERSONS MALES FEMALES

TOTAL 864,558 465,004 399,554 RURAL 753,930 400,968 352,964 URBAN 110,628 64,038 46,590

B 0) AREA 83,743 SQ. KM. (ii) DENSITY 10

(i) NUMBER OF DISTRICTS 12 (ii) NUMBER OF TOWNS 12 (iii) NUMBER OF C. D. BLOCKS 48 (iv) NUMBER OF CIRCLES 112

(V) NUMBER OF VILLAGES 3,649

D. GROWTH RATE POPULATION 1981-91 TOTAL (+) 36.83 RURAL (+) 27.70 URBAN (+) 167.04

SEX RATIO (FEMALES PER 1,000 MALES) TOTAL 859 RURAL 880 URBAN 728

239 F. LITERACY RATE IN PERCENTAGE (Excluding 0-6 Year Population) PERSONS 41,59 MALES 51,45 FEMALES 29.69

G, TOTAL MAIN WORKERS (PERCENTAGE) TOTAL 45,22 RURAL 46.54 URBAN 36.23

H. MARGINAL WORKERS (PERCENTAGE) TOTAL 1.02 RURAL 1.15 URBAN 0.16 I. NON WORKERS (PERCENTAGE) TOTAL 53.76 RURAL 52.31 URBAN 63.61

240 FINAL POPULATION FIGURES

SLNO. STATE/DISTRICT TOTAL TOTAL SCHEDULED SCHEDULED RURAL POPULA CASTES TRIBES URBAN TION POPULATION POPULATION

(Persons) (Persons) (Persons)

Arunachal Pradesh Total 864,558 4,052 550,351 Rural 753,930 2,858 518,222 Urban 110,628 1,194 32,129

Tawang Districts Total 28,287 55 22,238 (Border Dstrict) Rural 28,287 55 22,238

Urban - - -

West Kameng District Total 56,421 242 29,900 (Border Dstrict) Rural 50,766 196 27,956 Urban 5,655 46 1,944

East Kameng Division Total 50,395 39 43,116 Rural 50,395 39 43,116 Urban _ .

4. Lower Subansiri Division Total 84,294 622 110,609 (Border Dstrict) Rural 75,524 253 96.020 Urban 8,770 369 14,589

5. Papum Pare District Iota) 71,684 Inclusive of Lower

241 Rural 40,678 Subansiri Division Urban 31,006 —do---

6. Upper Subansiri District Total 50,086 82 43,034 (Border Dstrict) Rural 50,086 82 43,034

Urban - - -

7. West Siang District Total 89,936 266 70,571 (Border Dstrict) Rural 76,697 159 65,039 Urban 13,239 107 5,532 8. East Siang Disrict Total 99,643 447 68,330 Rural 85,004 297 64,525 Urban 14,639 150 3,805

9. Dibang Valley District Total 43,068 486 19,572 (Border District) Rural 36,092 300 18,290 Urban 6,976 186 1,282 ..

10. Lohit District Total 109,706 1,303 40,933 (Border District) Rural 86,460 1,077 38,065 Urban 23,246 228 2,868

11. Changlang District Total 95,530 168 33,278 (Border District) Rural 95,530 168 33,278

Urban - - -

12, Tirap District Total 85,508 342 68,770 (Border District) Rural 78,411 232 66,661 Total 7,097 110 2,109

Source. Arunachal Pradesh News Letter, Vol - V, No. 130, Naharlagun, Sunday August 15, 1993, Special Issue

242