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NORTHERN FOREST FORAGING GUIDE Northern Forest Foraging Guide

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NORTHERN FOREST FORAGING GUIDE Northern Forest Foraging Guide NORTHERN FOREST FORAGING GUIDE Northern Forest Foraging Guide • Although foraging for edible plants Ideally, people will become exceptional is permitted on most public land stewards of Ontario’s natural areas. in Ontario, obtain permission from Sustainable harvesting methods the owner before collecting plants relating to trees, shrubs, plants and on private property. Another best fungi vary, so in some cases additional practice is to obtain permission research may be required to ensure from the local First Nation sustainability. The timing of harvesting community before harvesting is also important, as some parts of on traditional territory. a plant (such as flowers or fruit) are • Management goals vary for protected not available year-round, while others areas and nature reserves. Ensure (such as tree needles) are. Not taking that wild food foraging is permitted in more than is needed at one time is also Vladimir Melnikov/Essentials Collection/ Getty Images International these areas before harvesting. important, as taking too much reduces available resources for other users and • Most importantly, take only what contributes to increased waste of these Ontario’s forests, meadows and waters provide an incredible range of nutritious you can use and use what you take. resources. Harvesting too much can and delicious edible wild plants. Ontario Nature has prepared this foraging guide Edible wild plants are a shared also impact a species’ ability to grow as an introduction to this local resource, and to encourage people to get outside resource. Users of them must take and reproduce. and experience the wonders the natural world provides. responsibility for ensuring that they will continue to thrive year after year. The trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants and fungi listed in this guide are a sample of some of the abundant local species that can be harvested Sustainable Harvesting sustainably in Northern Ontario, though there are many other wild edibles to Improper harvesting techniques and explore. The guide is intended to be a starting point for people interested in overharvesting can have a significant foraging for edible wild plants and should not be considered to be a definitive negative impact on the ability of a resource for their identification and use. species to reproduce. This practice can lead to the disappearance of a species from an area and the loss of a local Basic Rules for Harvesting can positively identify as edible. food source, affecting both humans Edible Wild Plants and Fungi Learning about plants from a local and other species. A general rule is to Harvesting edible wild plants can be expert, consulting books and collect only 5 percent of any individual a fun, educational and sustainable taking courses or workshops are patch of a given species within a Kendal Donahue activity for all ages if it is done recommended (see the resources maximum of 25 percent of an area. properly. Ontario Nature has identified at the end of this guide). Following this guideline helps ensure Practicing sustainable methods of some basic rules for harvesting that the plants are able to reproduce. • Harvest plants in areas where you harvesting the species listed in this wild plants to ensure the safety of For plants that have a long life cycle know the risk of contamination from guide is crucial to minimizing human participants and the sustainability and take many years to grow to industrial and other pollution is low. impact on them and other species that of plants involved. maturity, sustainable harvesting entails rely on them. Such methods contribute • Eat only a small quantity of any plant picking even less. • Be sure you know what you are to increased food security and you have not eaten before and assess harvesting, and eat only plants you independence, which are particularly how it affects you before eating more. TREES SHRUBS HERBACEOUS PLANTS FUNGI 2 3 TREES Cedar Thuja spp. important in communities where species. Be extremely cautious about healthy foods are not always available look-alike and poisonous species. IDENTIFICATION USES & RELATED INFORMATION or easy to obtain. • Large conifer tree with rough, crumbly bark • Tea made from the leaves is said to • Leaves scaly and very fragrant soothe the throat, and tea made from Caution! the bark is said to aid kidney function If you are uncertain about the • Soaking in bath water containing cedar identification of a species, before LOCATION leaves is said to soothe rashes, skin consuming it consult additional • Moist areas in forests and swamps or irritation and shingles field guides and expert sources to near water confirm what it is. Experts suggest • Cedar oil can be produced by putting the that if you have not eaten a plant cedar buds/tips in a jar with olive oil and HARVESTING TIME before, try only a small sample of it; letting it sit, sealed, for 4-6 weeks. Some people’s responses to even known • Year-round people use this oil to treat warts and cold edible species may vary. When you sores, and as a natural insect repellant use a plant for the first time, allergic reactions or other sensitivities may Amber DeGrace CC BY 2.0 CAUTIONS occur; if they do, consult a medical professional. Aboriginal peoples have Acknowledgments • Consume only a small quantity, because traditional medicinal uses for some Ontario Nature would like to cedar leaves release small amounts of the plants mentioned in this guide, acknowledge all of the experts of toxins and many of these uses have been consulted during the preparation of included in the text. Consult a medical this guide. They are listed at the back professional or expert Indigenous of the guide, along with other knowledge holder before using any resources. Additionally, the guide plant for medicinal purposes. includes Aboriginal knowledge about using and preparing plants, Disclaimer and Ontario Nature thanks Indigenous Ontario Nature takes no responsibility knowledge holders for their sharing whatsoever for any adverse health and contribution. effects due to the consumption or other use of any plant described in this guide. It is intended to provide general information only. Check with your healthcare provider before using wild plants to treat any medical condition. Before consuming any wild plants, you should be absolutely certain of their identification. Seek expert advice and use at least two reputable field guides to confirm the identification of a davelogan/Signature Collection/Getty Images davelogan/Signature TREES SHRUBS HERBACEOUS PLANTS FUNGI 4 5 TREES Jack Pine Pinus banksiana Paper Birch Betula papyrifera IDENTIFICATION USES & RELATED INFORMATION IDENTIFICATION USES & RELATED INFORMATION • Short needles in clusters of two that are • Some people use the needles to prepare • Older bark white and papery, younger • Sap can be boiled to reduce it to a syrup, not twisted together tea high in vitamin C (honey or cinnamon bark smooth which has half the sugar of maple syrup • Cones closed and tight to the branches may be added to mask the bitter taste) • Triangular leaves with toothed margins and is more savoury (tastes similar to soy • Some people chew the raw pitch to treat sauce or Worcestershire sauce) LOCATION sore throats LOCATION • Inner bark can be added to soups and • Some people warm the sap and apply stews or dried and powdered to use as • Throughout boreal forest, but also in • Sunny, moist areas a flour some open areas it externally as a salve which is said to relieve joint and muscle pain, swelling, • Catkins and leaves can be added raw to HARVESTING TIME bites, burns and irritations salads or cooked in vegetable side dishes HARVESTING TIME • Spring to fall • Tea can be made from the twigs and leaves • Year-round CAUTIONS • Do not eat this plant if you are pregnant CAUTIONS (can cause miscarriage) • Harvest the inner bark only from recently downed branches or small branches clipped from the main tree to minimize the impact on overall tree health and growth Allie KF CC BY-SA 2.0 Allie KF CC BY-SA Collection/Getty Images nikamata/Signature TREES SHRUBS HERBACEOUS PLANTS FUNGI 6 7 SHRUBS Cranberry Rubus idaeus Vaccinium oxycoccos and macrocarpon Common Red Raspberry IDENTIFICATION USES & RELATED INFORMATION IDENTIFICATION USES & RELATED INFORMATION • Mostly under 20 cm in height • Berries can be eaten raw or processed • Up to 2 m in height • Berries can be eaten raw, made into jams, • Flowers pink, berries red/purple into jams or jellies, juices, sauces or teas • Prickly spreading stems, becoming jellies, or juices or added to desserts • Berries can also be added to both sweet smoother with age • Young, peeled stems are edible in both LOCATION and savoury foods, such as pies, muffins, • Alternate compound leaves on prickly raw or cooked preparations soups, stews and salads stalks, usually three to five leaflets per leaf • Wet areas and near bogs, ponds and lakes • Some people boil the leaves into a tea to • The health benefits of cranberries are said • Flowers white/green treat diarrhea and cramps to include reduced risk of the formation HARVESTING TIME of kidney stones, and relief from bladder LOCATION CAUTIONS • September to November (best after infections, cramps and nausea • Do not consume wilted leaves, which can first frost) • Moist, temperate regions • Tannins in the cranberries are said to be toxic improve heart health and reduce both HARVESTING TIME tooth decay and the formation of plaque on teeth • Summer CAUTIONS • Consume only in moderation to avoid possible irritation of stomach Mako CC BY 2.0 Avalon_Studio/Signature
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