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18 Potential Invasive Species of Scale Insects for the USA and Caribbean Basin

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18 Potential Invasive Species of Scale Insects for the USA and Caribbean Basin 18 Potential Invasive Species of Scale Insects for the USA and Caribbean Basin Gregory A. Evans1 and John W. Dooley2 1USDA/APHIS/PPQ/National Identification Service, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, BARC-West, Bldg. 005, Rm 09A, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA; 2USDA/ APHIS/PPQ 389 Oyster Point Blvd, Suite 2A, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA 18.1 Introduction percentage of the total number of species repre- sented in the USA and the respective zoogeo- History has shown that when an exotic pest enters graphic regions indicated beside the number of and establishes in a country outside its native species (Table 18.1). These data were extracted range, it often takes only a little time for the spe- from ScaleNet (2011), an online database that cies to spread to other countries in the region. includes all published information on scale Therefore, it is mutually beneficial for those work- insect species. A few subspecies might be ing in quarantine and crop protection in all regions included as part of the total number of species; of the world to work together to stop, or at least to in addition, the creators of ScaleNet place the slow down, the movement of pests. This chapter northern part of Mexico in the NA, whereas deals with potential invasive scale insect pests for southern Mexico is in the NT region. Northern the USA and the Caribbean Basin. mainland China is included in the PA, whereas There are approximately 7500 known spe- southern China is in the OR region. This differs cies of scale insects (Coccoidea) belonging to 45 from the interception data presented herein, in families (extant and fossil); however, the most that all of Mexico is included in the NT region; common species, and the ones that are usually all of mainland China, Japan and Korea are intercepted at US ports of entry on plant mater- placed in the Eastern PA region; and the records ial, belong to one of the following eight fami- from the AU region are separated into those lies: Asterolecaniidae, Coccidae, Dactylopiidae, from Australia and those from the PI. Diaspididae, Monophlebidae (formerly part of All scale insects are obligate plant feeders, Margardodidae), Ortheziidae, Pseudococcidae and therefore are almost always found closely and Stictococcidae. The number of species in associated with plants, commonly being inter- these families that are known worldwide is cepted on imported plant material. In its native shown in Table 18.1. In addition, the number of area, an ecological balance usually exists between species known to occur in the USA and in the the population of the scale insect and its natural following seven zoogeographic regions: Nearctic enemies, which maintains the population of (NA), Neotropical (NT), Afrotropical (AF), the scale insect below economic injury levels. Palearctic (PA), Oriental (OR), Australasian However, when a species is separated from its nat- (AU) and Antarctica (AN) is provided, with the ural enemies, primarily due to human mediation 320 © CAB International 2013. Potential Invasive Pests of Agricultural Crops (ed. J. Peña) Potential Invasive Species of Scale Insects for the USA and Caribbean Basin 321 Table 18.1. Number of scale insect species of selected families by zoogeographic region, and the percentage of the total number of known species (ScaleNet, 2011). Asterolecaniidae Coccidae Diaspididae Pseudococcidae Total % total Total % total Total % total Total % total Region species species species species species species species species USA 19 7.9 106 9.4 329 13.3 361 15.9 NA 29 12.1 158 14.0 419 17.0 445 19.5 NT 51 21.3 298 26.3 365 14.8 285 12.5 PA 74 30.8 289 25.6 643 26.1 721 31.7 AF 25 10.4 274 24.2 573 23.2 297 13.0 OR 104 43.3 196 17.3 913 37.0 429 18.8 AU 35 14.6 172 15.2 420 17.0 451 19.8 AN 0 0 0 0 1 <1.0 0 0 WW 240 100 1131 100 2465 100 2277 100 Dactylopiidae Monophlebidae Ortheziidae Stictococcidae Total % total Total % total Total % total Total % total Region species species species species species species species species USA 4 40.0 10 4.1 31 15.7 0 0 NA 6 60.0 27 11.0 42 21.2 0 0 NT 9 90.0 42 17.1 64 32.3 0 0 PA 3 30.0 31 12.6 22 11.1 0 0 AF 6 60.0 63 25.6 39 19.7 17 100 OR 2 20.0 73 29.7 27 13.6 0 0 AU 5 50.0 41 16.7 22 11.1 0 0 AN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WW 10 100 246 100 198 100 17 100 NA, Nearctic; NT, Neotropical; AF, Afrotropical; PA, Palearctic; OR, Oriental; AU, Australasian; AN, Antarctica; WW, Worldwide (transported to a new area or by the non-selective Miller (1990) reported that only about 8% of the use of chemical pesticides), then high infestations known species of armored scales had been of the scale often occur, resulting in economic reported as pests somewhere in the world. damage. Therefore, any scale insect species that Nevertheless, since it is difficult to predict the has been separated from its natural enemies and impact an invasive species might have, all invading survives the environmental conditions in its new scale species are of interest to plant-protection environment, has the potential to become a pest workers. species in its non-native habitat. Virtually all of Regardless of the efforts by plant-protection the major scale insect pests in the USA and officers, discovery of an invasive scale often hap- Caribbean basin are non-native species. pens after the scale population has become esta- The introduction of an exotic species has blished and population outbreaks have occurred; often been followed by large population out- however, some species have been discovered breaks and subsequent economic plant damage. shortly after they entered the country, and meas- The cycad aulacaspis scale, Aulacaspis yasumatsui, ures were taken to eradicate the species before it was an obscure species in South-East Asia until it had a chance to become established. Examples of arrived in Florida in 1996; thereafter, its popula- invasive species of armored scales that have tion exploded and has now spread to many other recently been introduced and have been esta- countries. However, not all invasive species blished in a region include: Aulcaspis yasumatsui become major pest species. In fact, Miller and Takagi and Poliaspis cycadis Comstock on cycads 322 G.A. Evans and J.W. Dooley in Florida, and Parlagena bennetti Williams, a pest the world and their rapid movement on the world of palms that is now known to occur in Trinidad, market has also increased the movement of these St Andres Island (Colombia) and the Bay Islands pests and the likelihood of their introduction and (Honduras). establishment in the region. Plant material is In Table 18.1, the number of potential inva- being imported into the USA from nearly every sive species for a country or region was deter- country in the world. In addition, there is much mined by subtracting the number of species greater diversity and a much higher volume of known to occur in the country or region from the plant species being imported than ever before. total number of species known worldwide. This Exporting countries are bringing new lands into number does not take into account the number of production, which sometimes results in native cryptic and other species that have not been species moving from their usual hosts onto the described. crop (an alternate host). In addition, the manage- For example, currently 329 species of ment of these species is sometimes complicated armored scales are known to occur in the USA, by the lack of taxonomic expertise to identity the representing 13.3% of the total number of spe- species, and insufficient knowledge about the cies (2465) known worldwide. Therefore, 2136 fauna of many regions of the world. (86.7%) species are not known to occur in the The Animal and Plant Health Inspection USA but could potentially invade and establish Service (APHIS/USDA) and the Department of there and perhaps become economic pests. The National Homeland Security, US Customs and potential of an exotic species to enter a region Border Protection (NHS/CBP) are responsible for and become an economic pest is a function of the preventing the introduction of exotic species into characteristics of the species, and the probability the USA. Currently, there are several US inspec- that it will arrive, gain entrance and establish in tion stations distributed throughout the USA and the country and/or region. Some of the impor- its territories at airports, seaports and land bor- tant characteristics of a scale-insect species are: der ports. APHIS has for many years maintained (i) ability to adapt to a new habitat; (ii) reproduc- the AQAS (Agricultural Quarantine Activity tive rate; (iii) life cycle (number of generations Systems) database, which is an internal database per annum); (iv) natural enemies (native and of records of insects, mites, mollusks and other exotics); (v) host plants (economic crops and pests intercepted at US ports of entry (Table alternate hosts); and (vi) the part(s) of the plant 18.2). These data include the pest species, host on which it feeds (fruit, leaves, roots). Information plant, the part of the host plant on which it was on its known plant hosts, distribution and other found and the country from which the shipment information can be gathered quickly from originated. The data are limited, however, because ScaleNet (2011).
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