DOCSLIB.ORG

Monuments of Christian Sinnuris (Fayyum, Egypt)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Monuments of Christian Sinnuris (Fayyum, Egypt) ECA 8 (2011), p. 29-48; doi: 10.2143 / ECA.8.0.2961364 Monuments of Christian Sinnuris (Fayyum, Egypt) Peter GROSSMANN, Tomasz DERDA, and Jacques VAN DER VLIET Following an earthquake in the early 1990s, the saint. Already in the seventeenth century, the early ancient sanctuary of the Archangel Michael (Kani- orientalist Vansleb (J.M. Wansleben) described it sat al-Malak, Dayr al-Malak Mikhail) in Sinnuris as a church dedicated to the Archangel Michael5. It (locally pronounced Sinauris), a district town about cannot, therefore, be identified out of hand with twelve kilometers north of Fayyum city, was demol- an-Nabulusi’s western monastery6. It seems more ished and replaced by a glittering new church. likely that it was a successor to one of the two town Today, hardly any remains of Sinnuris’ past survive churches mentioned by an-Nabulusi, but even this in situ, and very little is known about the Christian cannot be verified for lack of further information. history of the town, which boasts a flourishing In any case, in September 2003 nothing remained Coptic Orthodox parish as well as a protestant of the earlier churches of Sinnuris other than a church1. ruined altar screen with some Coptic and Arabic For Late Antique and Early Medieval Sinnuris inscriptions, dumped in a narrow corridor to the (CenÕriv, CineÕriv), a certain amount of papyro- east of the new church. In the literature only scarce logical documentation exists in Greek and Coptic, documentation is found about the church’s prede- which still awaits systematic study2. These sources cessors (see below). suggest that the town had its share in the consider- The present article may be described as a form able economic activity that characterized the of salvage archaeology on paper. The first part con- Fayyum in the Byzantine and Early Islamic periods. sists of Peter Grossmann’s notes on the Medieval It was, in fact, sufficiently well known in the fifth church of Sinnuris, elements of which were still and sixth centuries to be mentioned as an Aîguptía kÉmj in the Ethnica of Stephen of Byzantium (s.v. CenÕriv). This impression of prosperity is con- firmed by the beautiful stone monuments from this period that were preserved until recently in the 1 The Orthodox church is no. 19 in the list of churches of Church of St Michael: the Greek funerary stela of the (then) diocese of Fayyum and Giza published in Som- the baker (siligniarios) Damian, published earlier by ers Clarke 1912, 205; it is erroneously mentioned under one of the present authors3, and the votive relief of the lemma ‘Sînarû’ in Timm 1984-1992, V, 2354-2355. For the protestant church, see Meinardus 1977, 579 (under Phib and Phoibammon, republished below. Baptist Evangelical Church); Timm 1979, 135. For a somewhat later period, we have the 2 See Wessely 1904, 163-165, 167-168; Timm 1984-1992, description of the Fayyum written around the year IV, 2034-2035 (s.v. Psenyris); 5, 2355-2356 (s.v. Sinau- 1245 by a Muslim author known as Uthman an- ris); Derda 2008, 143, ad no. 27, l. 7, with full references that are not repeated here. Contrary to Wessely, we con- Nabulusi. He reports that the quite considerable sider both forms of the toponym to refer to the same place. town of Sinnuris numbered two churches, one of 3 Van der Vliet 2002-2003, 140-142, Tafel 22, right. In the which was functioning, whereas the other had 1980s, this stela could still be seen in the old church, see fallen into disuse, in addition to a monastery to the Fathy Khurshid 1998, Pl. 50; it has disappeared since then. 4 Ed. Moritz 1899, 107, l. 15-16; Salmon 1901, 50-51; cf. west of the town, which he designates as Dayr Sin- Keenan 2005. nuris4. Fathy Khurshid, writing in the 1980s, 5 Vansleb 1677, 265; we thank Gertrud van Loon for kindly applies the same name to the modern church com- providing copies of the corresponding pages from Vansleb’s plex. This complex, however, is situated in the Italian diary of 1676 (Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms. italien 435, 51-52); for Vansleb, see now Hamilton north-eastern part of the town centre and is other- 2006, 142-151. wise always referred to by the name of its patron 6 Pace van der Vliet 2002-2003, 140. 29 95300_ECA8(2011)_03.indd 29 27/02/13 15:17 visible in 1977, although much had been changed and some pillars in the nave appeared to represent and built over. In the second part, Tomasz Derda an earlier building phase (Fig. 1)9. It is unknown and Jacques van der Vliet republish the Late Antique when the church to which these older elements votive relief of Phib and Phoibammon, which they belonged was erected. Our discussion below sug- recorded in September 2003, adding an icono- gests that it may have been of medieval date, yet it graphical commentary by van der Vliet, who also may have replaced a Late Antique predecessor in acted as the general editor of the article7. In an this location10. The lateral outer walls of this ear- appendix, van der Vliet briefly presents the inscrip- lier, possibly Medieval church were demolished tions of the altar screen mentioned above. already in the nineteenth century, during recon- struction and enlargement works. The structure I. THE ANCIENT CHURCH OF was expanded on its south side with a three-aisled THE ARCHANGEL MICHAEL IN SINNURIS basilical church which had three altar rooms (haykals). A panel in this South Church, inscribed The Church of St Michael in Sinnuris, as it was in Arabic, recorded that it was built in 189011. The visible in the 1970s (Pl. 1), preserved only meagre one-aisled northern annex, with only one altar vestiges of its original architecture8. Merely the apse room, was not dated but may have been somewhat older than the South Church (Fig. 3). Nothing of all these constructions remains today. Fortunately, in 1977, before the church was demolished, those elements of its architecture that 7 The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Clara ten Hacken, Leiden, for the Arabic texts. The article prof- appeared to belong to its earlier, possibly Medieval ited from critical remarks by Gertrud van Loon, Zuzana building phase could be recorded. These seem to Skalova, and Ewa D. Zakrzewska. point to a basilical structure with rectangular pillars 8 Vansleb, who visited Sinnuris on 31 July 1672, must have that are placed in a strangely transversal alignment. seen more, but he was far from impressed. He characterized A western pair of such pillars, integrated into later the church as “fort pauvre”, without giving further details 12 (Vansleb 1677, 265); he showed more interest in the stone constructions, survived in situ . In the light of the relief, described below. general proportions of the church, it seems unlikely 9 Samuel al Syriani/Badii Habib 1990, 146-147, Fig. 190 that there were originally more of these pillars to (ground plan), Pl. 188, left; cf. Fathy Khurshid 1998, 135- 138, Pl. 8 (ground plan) and 46-58; a brief notice with a the west. The strong west wall that was incorpo- photo of the interior also in Leclant 1979, 364, Pl. XIII, rated into the more recent northern annex may Fig. 18 (here reproduced again as Pl. 1). have preserved parts of the original western outer 10 For the Late Antique and Early Medieval sources on Sin- wall. Only the situation of the entrance, placed out nuris, see the references given in the introduction. 11 The panel is reproduced in Fathy Khurshid 1998, Pl. 46; of the axis of the building, is a curious feature. The cf. Samuel al Syriani/Badii Habib 1990, 147. It situates the phenomenon is not without parallels elsewhere: in renovation of the church under the administration of a the Church of the Mother of God in the Monas- mu’allim Shihat Abd as-Sayyid and in the episcopacy of the tery of St Catherine in the Sinai, for instance, dat- famous Bishop Abraham, bishop of the Fayyum between 1881 and 1914, but does not provide further details. For ing from the reign of Justinian, where the displace- a plan of this South Church, see Samuel al Syriani/Badii ment of the main entrance is probably due to Habib 1990, ibid., and Fathy Khurshid 1998, Pl. 8. irregularities in the soil13. In the Sinnuris church, 12 Unwarrantedly considered modern by Samuel al Syriani/ however, this entrance does not seem to have been Badii Habib 1990, 147; that they had been integrated into the design of the modern South Church does not contra- part of the original plan. dict their original character. The next two pillars to the east To the east of this pair of transversal pillars, and are not original, however; their position corresponds situated at about the same distance as to the western exactly to that of the inner piers of the South Church and entrance wall, one finds another pillar belonging to they must have been inserted together with these. 13 See Grossmann 1990, 34, Fig. 3; also in the city church of this same building phase. This latter pillar shows a the Holy Anargyroi at Pharan (Sinai) the outer entrance to more or less westward oriented T-shaped profile, the narthex as well as the entrance to the nave are clearly but with legs of unequal length on all sides, as can placed out of the axis of the church, see Grossmann 1998, often be found in pillars of transeptal churches14. In 66-74, with Fig. 5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Pharaonic Egypt Through the Eyes of a European Traveller and Collector
    Pharaonic Egypt through the eyes of a European traveller and collector Excerpts from the travel diary of Johann Michael Wansleben (1672-3), with an introduction and annotations by Esther de Groot Esther de Groot s0901245 Book and Digital Media Studies University of Leiden First Reader: P.G. Hoftijzer Second reader: R.J. Demarée 0 1 2 Pharaonic Egypt through the eyes of a European traveller and collector Excerpts from the travel diary of Johann Michael Wansleben (1672-3), with an introduction and annotations by Esther de Groot. 3 4 For Harold M. Hays 1965-2013 Who taught me how to read hieroglyphs 5 6 Contents List of illustrations p. 8 Introduction p. 9 Editorial note p. 11 Johann Michael Wansleben: A traveller of his time p. 12 Egypt in the Ottoman Empire p. 21 The journal p. 28 Travelled places p. 53 Acknowledgments p. 67 Bibliography p. 68 Appendix p. 73 7 List of illustrations Figure 1. Giza, BNF Ms. Italien 435, folio 104 p. 54 Figure 2. The pillar of Marcus Aurelius, BNF Ms. Italien 435, folio 123 p. 59 Figure 3. Satellite view of Der Abu Hennis and Der el Bersha p. 60 Figure 4. Map of Der Abu Hennis from the original manuscript p. 61 Figure 5. Map of the visited places in Egypt p. 65 Figure 6. Map of the visited places in the Faiyum p. 66 Figure 7. An offering table from Saqqara, BNF Ms. Italien 435, folio 39 p. 73 Figure 8. A stela from Saqqara, BNF Ms. Italien 435, folio 40 p. 74 Figure 9.
    [Show full text]
  • ACLED) - Revised 2Nd Edition Compiled by ACCORD, 11 January 2018
    EGYPT, YEAR 2015: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) - Revised 2nd edition compiled by ACCORD, 11 January 2018 National borders: GADM, November 2015b; administrative divisions: GADM, November 2015a; Hala’ib triangle and Bir Tawil: UN Cartographic Section, March 2012; Occupied Palestinian Territory border status: UN Cartographic Sec- tion, January 2004; incident data: ACLED, undated; coastlines and inland waters: Smith and Wessel, 1 May 2015 Conflict incidents by category Development of conflict incidents from 2006 to 2015 category number of incidents sum of fatalities battle 314 1765 riots/protests 311 33 remote violence 309 644 violence against civilians 193 404 strategic developments 117 8 total 1244 2854 This table is based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project This graph is based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event (datasets used: ACLED, undated). Data Project (datasets used: ACLED, undated). EGYPT, YEAR 2015: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) - REVISED 2ND EDITION COMPILED BY ACCORD, 11 JANUARY 2018 LOCALIZATION OF CONFLICT INCIDENTS Note: The following list is an overview of the incident data included in the ACLED dataset. More details are available in the actual dataset (date, location data, event type, involved actors, information sources, etc.). In the following list, the names of event locations are taken from ACLED, while the administrative region names are taken from GADM data which serves as the basis for the map above. In Ad Daqahliyah, 18 incidents killing 4 people were reported. The following locations were affected: Al Mansurah, Bani Ebeid, Gamasa, Kom el Nour, Mit Salsil, Sursuq, Talkha.
    [Show full text]
  • Christian Funerary Stelae of the Byzantine and Arab Periods from Egypt
    Christian Funerary Stelae of the Byzantine and Arab periods from Egypt von Bianca Tudor 1. Auflage Christian Funerary Stelae of the Byzantine and Arab periods from Egypt – Tudor schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei beck-shop.de DIE FACHBUCHHANDLUNG Tectum 2011 Verlag C.H. Beck im Internet: www.beck.de ISBN 978 3 8288 2631 1 Bianca Tudor CHRISTIAN FUNERARY STELAE of the Byzantine and Arab periods from Egypt Tectum Verlag Bianca Tudor CHRISTIAN FUNERARY STELAE of the Byzantine and Arab periods from Egypt Zugl.: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Univ. Diss. 2008 ISBN: 978-3-8288-2631-1 Umschlagabbildung: Stela inv.no. EA 54351 │ Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum, London Umschlaggestaltung: Susanne Bauer │ Tectum Verlag Tectum Verlag Marburg, 2011 Besuchen Sie uns im Internet www.tectum-verlag.de Bibliografische Informationen der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Angaben sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar. I INTRODUCTION 1 1 GENERAL REMARKS 1 2 STATE OF RESEARCH AND PERSPECTIVES 3 3 OBJECTIVES 9 4 METHODOLOGY 11 5 TERMINOLOGY 13 6 EDITORIAL CONVENTIONS 17 II CHRISTIAN BURIAL PLACES 19 1 GENERAL REMARKS 19 2 LOWER EGYPTIAN BURIAL PLACES 25 2.1 Alexandria 25 2.2 Western Delta 28 Marea (Hawariya) 28 Taposiris Magna (Abusir) 30 Burg al-Arab 30 2.3 Abu Mina 31 2.4 Eastern Delta 34 Tall al-Yahudiya (Suez) 34 2.5 The Memphite region 34 Giza 34 Dayr al-Nahiya 35 Abusir 35 2.6 Saqqara 35 3 MIDDLE
    [Show full text]
  • ACLED) Compiled by ACCORD, 7 November 2016
    EGYPT, YEAR 2011: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) compiled by ACCORD, 7 November 2016 National borders: GADM, November 2015b; administrative divisions: GADM, November 2015a; Hala’ib triangle and Bir Tawil: UN Cartographic Section, March 2012; Occupied Palestinian Territory border status: UN Cartographic Sec- tion, January 2004; incident data: ACLED, undated; coastlines and inland waters: Smith and Wessel, 1 May 2015 Conflict incidents by category Development of conflict incidents from 2002 to 2011 category number of incidents sum of fatalities riots/protests 241 938 violence against civilians 61 200 strategic developments 28 0 battle 25 48 remote violence 10 6 total 365 1192 This table is based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project This graph is based on data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event (datasets used: ACLED, undated). Data Project (datasets used: ACLED, undated). EGYPT, YEAR 2011: UPDATE ON INCIDENTS ACCORDING TO THE ARMED CONFLICT LOCATION & EVENT DATA PROJECT (ACLED) COMPILED BY ACCORD, 7 NOVEMBER 2016 LOCALIZATION OF CONFLICT INCIDENTS Note: The following list is an overview of the incident data included in the ACLED dataset. More details are available in the actual dataset (date, location data, event type, involved actors, information sources, etc.). In the following list, the names of event locations are taken from ACLED, while the administrative region names are taken from GADM data which serves as the basis for the map above. In Ad Daqahliyah, 4 incidents killing 2 people were reported. The following locations were affected: Al Mansurah, Garrah. In Al Bahr al Ahmar, 2 incidents killing 0 people were reported.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollen Atlas of the Flora of Egypt 5. Species of Scrophulariaceae
    Pollen Atlas of the flora of Egypt * 5. Species of Scrophulariaceae Nahed El-Husseini and Eman Shamso. The Herbarium, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt. El-Husseini, N. & Shamso, E. 2002. The pollen atlas of the flora of Egypt. 5. Species of Scrophulariaceae. Taeckholmia 22(1): 65-76. Light and scanning electron microscope study of the pollen grains of 47 species representing 16 genera of Scrophulariaceae in Egypt was carried out. Pollen grains vary from subspheroidal to prolate; trizonocolpate to trizonocolporate. Exine’s sculpture is striate, colliculate, granulate, coarse reticulate or microreticulate. Seven pollen types are recognized and briefly described, a key distinguishing the different pollen types and the discussion of its systematic value are provided. Key words: Flora of Egypt, pollen atlas, Scrophulariaceae. Introduction The Scrophulariaceae is a family of about 292 genera and nearly 3000 species of cosmopolitan distribution. It is represented in the flora of Egypt by 50 species belonging to 16 genera, 8 tribes and 3 sub-families (El-Hadidi et al., 1999). Within the family, a wide range of pollen morphology exists and provides not only an additional parameter for generic delimitation but also reinforces the validity of many of the larger taxa. Erdtman (1952), gave a concise account of the pollen morphology of some members of the family. Several authors studied and described the pollen of species of the family among whom to mention: Risch (1939), Ikuse (1956), Natarajan (1957), Verghese (1968), Olsson (1974), Elisens (1985c & 1986), Bolliger & Wick (1990) and Argu (1980, 1990 & 1993). Material and Methods Pollen grains of 47 species representing 16 genera of Scrophulariaceae were the subject of the present investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt Oi.Uchicago.Edu
    oi.uchicago.edu Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt oi.uchicago.edu PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY AND ECOLOGY A Series Edited by Karl W. Butzer and Leslie G. Freeman oi.uchicago.edu Karl W.Butzer Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt A Study in Cultural Ecology Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London oi.uchicago.edu Karl Butzer is professor of anthropology and geography at the University of Chicago. He is a member of Chicago's Committee on African Studies and Committee on Evolutionary Biology. He also is editor of the Prehistoric Archeology and Ecology series and the author of numerous publications, including Environment and Archeology, Quaternary Stratigraphy and Climate in the Near East, Desert and River in Nubia, and Geomorphology from the Earth. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London ® 1976 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 1976 Printed in the United States of America 80 79 78 77 76 987654321 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Butzer, Karl W. Early hydraulic civilization in Egypt. (Prehistoric archeology and ecology) Bibliography: p. 1. Egypt--Civilization--To 332 B. C. 2. Human ecology--Egypt. 3. Irrigation=-Egypt--History. I. Title. II. Series. DT61.B97 333.9'13'0932 75-36398 ISBN 0-226-08634-8 ISBN 0-226-08635-6 pbk. iv oi.uchicago.edu For INA oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu CONTENTS List of Illustrations Viii List of Tables ix Foreword xi Preface xiii 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Concept-Environmental-And-Social-Review-Summary-ESRS-Egypt-Greater-Cairo-Air
    The World Bank Egypt: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project (P172548) Public Disclosure Authorized For Official Use Only Public Disclosure Authorized Concept Environmental and Social Review Summary Concept Stage (ESRS Concept Stage) Date Prepared/Updated: 05/28/2020 | Report No: ESRSC01371 Public Disclosure Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized May 28, 2020 Page 1 of 14 The World Bank Egypt: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project (P172548) BASIC INFORMATION A. Basic Project Data Country Region Project ID Parent Project ID (if any) Egypt, Arab Republic of MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH P172548 AFRICA Project Name Egypt: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project Practice Area (Lead) Financing Instrument Estimated Appraisal Date Estimated Board Date Environment, Natural Investment Project 5/28/2020 7/30/2020 For Official Use Only Resources & the Blue Financing Economy Borrower(s) Implementing Agency(ies) Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Environment Proposed Development Objective(s) To improve air quality management systems and to reduce air and climate pollutants from critical sectors in Greater Cairo. Public Disclosure Financing (in USD Million) Amount Total Project Cost 200.00 B. Is the project being prepared in a Situation of Urgent Need of Assistance or Capacity Constraints, as per Bank IPF Policy, para. 12? No C. Summary Description of Proposed Project [including overview of Country, Sectoral & Institutional Contexts and Relationship to CPF] The proposed project D. Environmental and Social Overview D.1. Detailed project location(s) and salient physical characteristics relevant to the E&S assessment [geographic, environmental, social] May 28, 2020 Page 2 of 14 The World Bank Egypt: Greater Cairo Air Pollution Management and Climate Change Project (P172548) The proposed project is composed of 5 components which aim at reducing air pollution from two main sources of air pollution in Greater Cairo Region: i) open burning of municipal solid waste; and ii) vehicle emissions.
    [Show full text]
  • National Feasibility Study & Roadmap for Riverbank
    SUPPORTING INNOVATION IN WATER & WASTEWATER IN EGYPT NATIONAL FEASIBILITY STUDY & ROADMAP FOR RIVERBANK FILTRATION IN EGYPT CAIRO 2018 (REVISED) 2020 RBF Unit, Sohag, Egypt - ©2021 COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) 2020 All rights reserved United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) P.O. Box 30030 00100 Nairobi GPO KENYA Tel: 254-020-7623120 (Central Office) www.ar.unhabitat.org DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any county, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries regarding its economic system or degree of development. Excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the United Nations and its member states. i National Feasibility Study and roadmap for River Bank Filtration in Egypt NATIONAL FEASIBILITY STUDY AND ROADMAP FOR RIVER BANK FILTRATION IN EGYPT FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT PARTNERS COORDINATORS The initial version of this report was produced under Hyat Inclusive and Sustainable Local Economic Development Project in partnership with the Egyptian Ministry for Local Development, the Egyptian Ministry for Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities, the Egyptian Holding Company for Water and Wastewater and the United Nations Human Settlement’s Programme (UN Habitat). Funded by the United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security and UN Habitat. CONTACT DETAILS Holding Company for Water and Wastewater (HCWW) Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Fo#371/22004
    ins I 1 cms PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE Conditions of supply of Public Records leaflet 3 2 4 U.V ' Caliphate Islam . Registry ~\ Refers to Foreign Office despatch No. 416 of the 4th Number Jf ^014/2014/16 April 1938 (Ji 1527/1034/65) Peels that it would be FROM, . , advisable to avoid any tiling in the nature of Sir ;/I .La rnp s o n , "representations" from His Majesty's Government Cairo. * regarding Egyptian aspirations to the Oaliph.--.te. No. 459 Suggests that if the Egyptians raise the matter, he (535/6/38 should express his personal feeling that an Egyptian Dated 22nd Apr . 1938. Caliphate claim would stir up trouble with Moslem Received \ States and that such a conflict would "be unwelcome to in Registry jlOth May. 1938, His Majesty's Government. No Moslem ruler possesses orthodox quslif ications for the Caliphate', "but Sheikh • J: Egypt and. Sudan. el Maraghi may have unorthodox regional caliphates in mind, (copies sent to y\ngora, Bagdad, Jedda and Beirut) Last Paper. References. 7 Oxau-sjA dl&Abu »JU-U ) . vx --- / A / I574I 9/37 ins cms PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE Fo Please note that this copy is supplied subject to^Public Record Office's terms and conditions and that your use i iof it may be subject to copyright restrictions. Further information ts given in the enclosed Terms and Conditions of supply of Public Records' leaflet 3 Caliphate of Islam. Reg.istry Refers to Foreign Office despatch No.416 of 4th Number April (E 1527/1034/65). Peels that it would be Sir M.Lampson, advisable to avoidanything in the nature of FROM Cairo.
    [Show full text]
  • Fractured Walls... New Horizons: Human Rights in the Arab Region
    A-PDF MERGER DEMO Fractured Walls... New Horizons Human Rights in the Arab Region Annual Report 2011 (1) Fractured Walls... New Horizons Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies Human Rights in the Arab Region CIHRS Annual Report 2011 Reform Issues (29) Publisher: Cairo Institute for Human Cofounder Rights Studies (CIHRS) Dr. Mohammed El-Sayed Said Address: 21 Abd El-Megid El-Remaly St, 7th Floor, Flat no. 71, Bab El Louk, Cairo. POBox: 117 Maglis ElShaab, Cairo, Egypt President Kamal Jendoubi E-mail address: [email protected] Website: www.cihrs.org Tel: (+202) 27951112- 27963757 Director Bahey eldin Hassan Fax: (+202) 27921913 Cover designer: Kirolos Nathan Layout: Hesham El-Sayed Dep. No: 2012/ 10278 Index card Fractured Walls... New Horizons Human Rights in the Arab Region Annual Report 2010 Publisher: Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS) Reform Issues (29), 24cm, 278 Pages, (Cairo) Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (Author) With support from The European Commission The Open Society Foundation (2) Table of Contents Dedication 5 Introduction: The Arab Spring: A Struggle on Three Fronts 7 Part One: Limits of the “Arab Spring” 23 Report Summary: Human Rights in the Context of the “Arab Spring” 25 The “Arab Spring” at the United Nations: Between Hope and Despair 45 Part Two: Human Rights in the Arab World 81 Section One – The Problem of Human Rights and Democracy 81 1- Egypt 83 2- Tunisia 103 3- Algeria 119 4- Morocco 129 5- Syria 143 6- Saudi Arabia 159 7- Bahrain 173 Section Two – Countries under Occupation and Armed Conflict
    [Show full text]
  • Situation and Treatment of Christians; Availability of State Protection
    Home > Research > Responses to Information Requests RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) New Search | About RIRs | Help 31 July 2012 EGY104165.E Egypt: Situation and treatment of Christians; availability of state protection Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa 1. Overview Sources state that Christians constitute approximately 8 to 12 percent of Egypt's population (US 13 Sept. 2011, 2). According to the US Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook, Coptic Christians make up 9 percent of the population, while other Christians constitute 1 percent of a total population of approximately 84 million (US 2 July 2012). According to the US International Religious Freedom Report for July 2010 to December 2010, Christians live dispersed throughout Egypt, but mostly in Upper Egypt in the south of the country, and parts of Cairo and Alexandria (ibid. 13 Sept. 2011, 2). The report adds that the rest of the population consists of approximately 90 percent Sunni Muslim, 1 percent Shia Muslim, and a very small Jewish and Bahai population (ibid.). 2. Legal Status Egypt's state religion is Islam (Freedom House 2012a; US 13 Sept. 2011, 1). According to the US International Religious Freedom Report, Egypt’s legislation is drawn from principles of Sharia law (ibid.). The report adds that although the constitution includes principles of religious freedom, in practice this is not being followed, and the government's respect for religious freedom is "poor" (ibid.). According to the US International Religious Freedom Report, Mormons and Jehovah's Witnesses are not recognized by the government and the latter are monitored by government authorities (US 13 Sept.
    [Show full text]
  • Food Safety Inspection in Egypt Institutional, Operational, and Strategy Report
    FOOD SAFETY INSPECTION IN EGYPT INSTITUTIONAL, OPERATIONAL, AND STRATEGY REPORT April 28, 2008 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Cameron Smoak and Rachid Benjelloun in collaboration with the Inspection Working Group. FOOD SAFETY INSPECTION IN EGYPT INSTITUTIONAL, OPERATIONAL, AND STRATEGY REPORT TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR POLICY REFORM II CONTRACT NUMBER: 263-C-00-05-00063-00 BEARINGPOINT, INC. USAID/EGYPT POLICY AND PRIVATE SECTOR OFFICE APRIL 28, 2008 AUTHORS: CAMERON SMOAK RACHID BENJELLOUN INSPECTION WORKING GROUP ABDEL AZIM ABDEL-RAZEK IBRAHIM ROUSHDY RAGHEB HOZAIN HASSAN SHAFIK KAMEL DARWISH AFKAR HUSSAIN DISCLAIMER: The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...................................................................................... 1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................... 3 Vision 3 Mission ................................................................................................................... 3 Objectives .............................................................................................................. 3 Legal framework..................................................................................................... 3 Functions...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]