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Home , Jim Peebles, Michel Mayor

Das moderne Universum

Teil 6: Extrasolare Planeten

Prof. Dr. Jochen Liske Fachbereich Physik Hamburger Sternwarte [email protected] Überleitung: Kosmologie  Exoplaneten Der Nobelpreis für Physik 2019 Year Laureates Citation 1936 V.F. Hess Discovery of cosmic radiation

1967 H.A. Bethe Nuclear reactions, energy production in stars 1974 M. Ryle Contributions to radio , mit Bezug zur A. Hewish discovery of pulsars Astrophysik

1978 A.A. Penzias Discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background R.W. Wilson 1983 S. Chandrasekhar Evolution of stars, nuclear reactions W.A. Fowler 1993 R.A. Hulse Discovery of binary pulsar, gravitational waves J.H.Taylor

2002 R. Davis Contributions to Neutrino and X-ray astrophysics M. Koshiba R. Giacconi 2006 J. C. Mather Blackbody form and anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background G.F. Smoot

2011 S. Perlmutter Discovery of the accelerated expansion of the Universe B.P. Schmidt A.G. Riess 2015 T. Kajita Discovery of neutrino oscillations (solution to the solar neutrino problem) A.B. McDonald

2017 R. Weiss First direct observation of gravitational waves K. Thorne B. Barish 2019 J. Peebles Contributions to cosmology and discovery of M. Mayor D. Queloz James Peebles

Didier Queloz This year’s Laureates have transformed our ideas about the cosmos. While James Peebles’ theoretical discoveries contributed to our understanding of how the universe evolved after the , Michel Mayor and explored our cosmic neighbourhoods on the hunt for unknown . Their discoveries have forever changed our conceptions of the world.

James Peebles Michel Mayor

Didier Queloz “for theoretical discoveries in ”

James Peebles Michel Mayor

Didier Queloz Einstein

Hubble In Princeton, in den 60ern …

David Wilkinson

Jim Peebles Robert Dicke Robert

Arno Penzias Robert Wilson John Mather Credit: Planck Collaboration

Saul Perlmutter

Brian Schmidt Credit: M. McCaughrean (ESA) / ESO “for the discovery of an orbiting a solar-type star”

James Peebles Michel Mayor

Didier Queloz

Credit: ESO Credit: ESO / L. Calçada / Nick Risinger Credit: ESO

Credit: ESO Credit: ESO Credit: L. Weinstein / Ciel et Espace Photos Credit: ESO Credit: ESO / Fragen? Definition

Definition der Internationalen Astronomischen Union (2006): The IAU therefore resolves that planets and other bodies in our Solar System, except satellites, be defined into three distinct categories in the following way: 1. A "planet" is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and (c) has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit. 2. A "dwarf planet" is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, (c) has not cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit, and (d) is not a satellite. 3. All other objects, except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as "Small Solar-System Bodies". Definition Extrasolarer Planet Emphasizing again that this is only a working definition, subject to change as we learn more about the census of low-mass companions, the Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) has agreed to the following statements: 1. Objects with true masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium (currently calculated to be 13 Jupiter masses for objects of solar metallicity) that orbit stars or stellar remnants are "planets" (no matter how they formed). The minimum mass/size required for an extrasolar object to be considered a planet should be the same as that used in our Solar System. 2. Substellar objects with true masses above the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are "brown dwarfs", no matter how they formed nor where they are located. 3. Free-floating objects in young star clusters with masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are not "planets", but are "sub- brown dwarfs" (or whatever name is most appropriate). These statements are a compromise between definitions based purely on the deuterium-burning mass or on the formation mechanism, and as such do not fully satisfy anyone on the WGESP. However, the WGESP agrees that these statements constitute the basis for a reasonable working definition of a "planet" at this time. We can expect this definition to evolve as our knowledge improves.

Dale Frail

Aleksander Wolszczan

Credit: ESO

Credit: NASA / Kepler Credit: NASA / Kepler

Credit: NASA

Credit: ESO Credit: ESO Credit: ESO / A.-M. Lagrange Credit: ESO / A.-M. Lagrange

Credit: NASA / ESA / A. Gáspár and G. Rieke (University of Arizona) Credit: NRC-HIA / C. Marois / Keck Observatory

Fragen? Credit: exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu

Stand 04.06.2020:

4268 Planeten in 3154 Planetensystemen Credit: ESO  Fast jeder Stern ist von mindestens einem Planeten umgeben.

 Ca. 20% sonnenähnlicher Sterne haben einen erdähnlichen Planeten in der bewohnbaren Zone.

http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov http://exoplanet.eu

Credit: Alex Parker Credit: Daniel Fabrycky

Credit: NASA / Ames Research Center / Wendy Stenzel

Credit: NASA Ames / JPL-Caltech / T. Pyle & W. Stenzel Credit: ESO

Credit: ESO Credit: ESO Venus Erde Mars

Credit: ESA Fragen?