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Home , Alice Waters, Benjamin Thompson, Franklin Peale, Gene Likens, Jim Peebles, John Isaac Hawkins

autumn 2017 American Philosophical Society Museum

held fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation, the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral , and the Russell News from Sage Foundation and visiting professorships at the University of Bergen and Peking University. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1984) and the National Academy of Sciences (1984), and is a fellow of the American Association The eve of the American Philosophical Society’s 275th birthday, which we will for the Advancement of , American celebrate in grand style throughout 2018, is very much a time to look forward as well as back. Statistical Association, National Academy In this spirit, I write after only a few months as Executive Officer to let you know what’s of Education, American Educational been happening here at Philosophical Hall, as well as what lies ahead. Research Association, the Gerontological The most important thing I can do in this brief text is thank both Keith Thomson for Association of America, and the American Academy of Political and Social Science.

his outstanding leadership as the Society’s Executive Officer from 2012 to 2017 and Clyde Wahl. Brent by Photo He has mentored more than 50 doctoral Barker for his service as the Society’s President from 2011 to 2017. As you know, Linda students, and in 2002 he won the American Greenhouse became President on the conclusion of the April Meeting. Fortunately, both Executive Officer Robert M. Hauser Sociological Association’s award for distin- Keith and Clyde are continuing their service to the Society—Keith as Curator of the Robert Mason Hauser was born in Chi- books, Hauser has been an author of more guished contributions to teaching. In Jefferson Garden and Clyde as a member of the Committee on Meetings and the Judson cago and is a graduate of the University of than 120 scientific papers. His on 2011, that association named its award for Daland Fellowship Committee. I also owe great thanks to the wonderful staff of the Society Chicago and the . intergenerational status attainment has led research in social stratification for Hauser. for their warm welcome, their determined efforts to guide me up the learning curve, and Hauser is a distinguished quantitative soci- to greater understanding of the ways He was elected a member of the American David Rittenhouse, Charles Willson their commitment to the goal of the Society: promoting useful knowledge. ologist best known for his work in social inequality persists across generations. From Philosophical Society in 2005. Peale, 1791. Oil painting. APS. The staff of the Society is fully engaged in projects, both large and small. The front doors stratification, social statistics, and aging. 1969 to 2010, he led the Wisconsin Longi- Hauser comes to the APS after a six- Peale’s portraits of American heroes After two years at Brown University, he had tudinal Study, which has followed more year term as Executive Director of the of Philosophical Hall have finally warped their way into retirement and have been replaced. and leaders, such as David Rittenhouse, a career of more than 40 years at the Uni- than 10,000 Wisconsin high school gradu- Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences Installation of fiber-optic feeder cable to all four buildings will soon be complete, thus helped to cement the memory of the versity of Wisconsin–Madison where he ates of 1957 and their siblings to study the and Education at the National Academies vastly increasing the speed and—we hope—reliability of our Internet connection. A major Revolution and quickly became iconic served as the Vilas Research Professor of life course and aging. This influential bioso- of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. images in American culture. project to redesign and integrate the web presence of the Society is well underway, and it Sociology and directed the Center for cial study is a major resource for investiga- Hauser is looking forward to leading the will be complemented by more attractive and consistent branding of the Society’s activities Demography and , the Institute for tors in the and internationally. APS into its 275th year and beyond by and products. Research on Poverty, and the Center for the Hauser’s research has been supported sustaining its mission and continuing to The current APS Museum exhibition, Curious Revolutionaries: The Peales of , Demography of Health and Aging. In addi- by the National Science Foundation and expand its support for scholarship and is bringing in record crowds—attracted in part by the “Museum” sign at the rear entrance tion to a dozen co-authored or co-edited the National Institutes of Health. He has public outreach. facing . There is suspicion, but no proof as of yet, that the sign would be 19 even more effective if we could persuade the Park Service to trim the low-hanging branch President Linda Greenhouse that partly obscures it. And the Reading Room of the Library is fully occupied, largely Published yearly by the thanks to the expansion of the Society’s fellowship programs. Linda Greenhouse is the Joseph Goldstein teaching at Yale, she writes a biweekly op-ed Science Association in 2002 for “a major American Philosophical Society Two major initiatives are underway, as well. We are developing the Society’s strategic Lecturer in Law and Distinguished column on law for the Times website and journalistic contribution to our under- 104 South Fifth Street plan for 2019–2023. One important part of the planning process is improving communica- Journalist-in-Residence at Yale Law School. serves on several nonprofit boards, including standing of politics”; and the Goldsmith Philadelphia, PA 19106-3387 tion about the full range of current APS activities to the membership—Meetings, to be sure, She assumed this position in 2009 after a the national Senate of Phi Beta Kappa and Career Award for Excellence in Journalism Executive Officer: Robert M. Hauser but also the amazing Library, Research, Museum, Lecture, and Publication programs. We 40-year career at The New York Times, includ- the council of the American Academy of Arts from ’s Kennedy School President: Linda Greenhouse have sent an email to all Members that describes the current status and activities of the ing 30 years covering the United States and Sciences. Her term as the 37th President in 2004. Her newest book, an autobio-

Please send comments to Society and solicits advice about future goals and activities. In addition, we will organize Supreme Court. In addition to her full-time of the American Philosophical Society, to graphical essay on the practice of journal- Alison Swety, Associate Editor, several firsthand discussions with APS Members. which she was elected in 2001, began in ism entitled Just a Journalist, will be published at [email protected]. Last, but by no means least, Members and staff are planning an exciting set of activities April 2017. this fall by Harvard University Press. Other for 2018—the 275th anniversary year of the Society. The anniversary will begin officially Greenhouse is a graduate of Radcliffe books include The Burger Court and the Rise with a dinner on April 13, 2018—’s birthday—and end on January 17, College, Harvard, and earned a Master of the Judicial Right (with Michael J. Graetz); 2019—’s birthday. It would be premature to offer more details, some of of Studies in Law from Yale Law School, The U.S. Supreme Court: A Very Short Intro- Photo by Marisa Doran. by Photo which should remain surprises, but it is likely that Members will enjoy a party at the new which she attended on a mid-career Ford duction; Becoming Justice Blackmun (a biogra- Museum of the American Revolution and a dinner in the style enjoyed by Franklin and Foundation fellowship. She has received 13 phy of Justice Harry A. Blackmun); and Jefferson. There will, of course, be public activities as well, bolstered by new communication honorary degrees. Before Roe v. Wade: Voices That Shaped the features in Library Hall and in the Museum, which will present an exhibition highlighting She received numerous journalism awards Abortion Debate Before the Supreme Court’s historical activities and contributions of the Society and its Members. I hope to greet many for her reporting, including a Pulitzer Prize Ruling (with Reva B. Siegel), a collection of of you in person, both in Philadelphia and around the country. in 1998 (beat reporting); the Carey McWil- primary-source documents now available at Robert M. Hauser, Executive Officer liams Award from the American Political http://documents.law.yale.edu/before-roe.

1 library library From the Librarian

If the Library had a guiding theme ects that connect archival materials with Museum’s exhibition on artist and former this past year, it was the exciting growth of their communities of origin. To facilitate APS Librarian and scholarly programming and digital initia- and share this research, the APS will bring his extended family. The symposium builds tives. From fellowships to conferences to these DKS fellows together for a summer on Peale’s legacy as the great portrait painter digital tools, the APS Library has continued workshop along with other scholars and of the American Founding by exploring to encourage and facilitate new research in community members. The grant will also the politics of art in the Age of Revolutions its collections and beyond. support a capstone conference during the (1770s to 1840s). Panelists vary in discipline To start the year off, the Andrew W. Mellon funding period, travel monies for fellows and theme, from art history to literature, Foundation awarded the APS a major grant and staff, undergraduate internships, plan- and from papers on the independence that will underwrite increased program- ning funds for tribal college sabbatical fel- movements in Latin America to the portraits ming at the Center for Native American lowships, and funds for hiring two new of European courtesans. Along with the and Indigenous Research (CNAIR). Under staff members to manage programming. APS, the conference will be cosponsored by this grant, the APS will launch several new The Mellon Foundation’s Native American the Museum of the American Revolution fellowships and host new workshops and Scholars Initiative (NASI) at the APS prom- and the Philadelphia Museum of Art. This other colloquia aimed at supporting the ises to increase opportunities for scholars of promises to be another event that raises diversification of higher education. The Native American and indigenous studies as the scholarly profile of the APS in the fellowships include yearlong predoctoral well as position the APS as the institution at Philadelphia region and beyond. and postdoctoral opportunities for young the forefront of connecting scholars, archi- The Library’s acquisitions continue apace, or established scholars to work on manu- vists, and Native American communities. especially in the rare book and printed scripts for publication. In addition, the APS In addition to the new Mellon fellowships, materials department. Two recent highlights will award short-term Digital Knowledge the APS Library continues to grow include a copy of ’s A Sharing (DKS) fellowships for scholars and fellowship programs in other areas. Last Course of Lectures on the Theory of Language community members working on proj- year, the Library awarded new predoctoral and Universal Grammar, printed in 1762. A fellowships in early American history, Course of Lectures is the first and only edition history of science, and Native American of Priestley’s 19 lectures on the science of studies. This first cohort of long-term language. Printed on a private press for a small fellows proved to be the backbone of the run, copies of this book are scarce. Another intellectual community at the APS from significant purchase was a compendium their participation in weekly lunch of pamphlets, lectures, manuscripts, and Joseph Priestley’s A Course of Lectures on the Theory of Language and Universal Grammar, printed in 1762. This is the first and only edition presentations to monthly writing work- letters by Benjamin , Charles of Joseph Priestley’s 19 lectures on the science of language given at a dissenting college in Warrington, England. Priestley took some radical shops and other APS events. We look Willson Peale’s son. Franklin Peale, as he stands in this volume, connecting linguistics and politics. He argued against the idea of universal language and for the importance of diversity of languages as a counter to empire and its cultural erasure. The APS Library acquired A Course of Lectures in April 2017. forward to the second cohort’s arrival this was known, was the Chief Coiner at the fall. Short-term opportunities at the Library U.S. Mint and a philanthropist involved in are growing as well and continue to be the many of Philadelphia’s civic organizations After the April 2016 Meeting, the Library creation of freely available data sets and the and another to make digital exhibitions mainstay of the research community at in the early 19th century. Of note are three took the opportunity to re-brand the development of an interactive website that a regular part of cataloging incoming the APS. Resident research fellows are pamphlets printed for the blind in a raised Library’s technology department as the allows users to manipulate the data and see collections. The Library plans to continue welcomed into the scholarly life of the printed script, rather than the dot system Center for Digital Scholarship, which we information in new ways. The Center for to build on the successes of the Center Short-term Fellow Francesco Gerali uses the Benjamin S. Lyman Papers to research an article Society with monthly social hours and a that would become popular in the late 19th hope will highlight the Library’s leadership Digital Scholarship has also developed a new for Digital Scholarship and make the APS on the history of the geosciences in India and standing invitation to any APS program century as Braille spread to the United in the field. Some accomplishments in recommender tool for archives and special a site for technological innovation in the Japan. Photo by Adrianna Link. during the month of their fellowship. In States. Peale served as the president of the the last year include an engaging digital collections repositories called PAL (People digital humanities. The APS Library welcomes researchers and fel- total, the Library received over 150 appli- Institution for the Instruction gallery dedicated to the life and legacy Also Liked), which suggests collections to I’d welcome the opportunity to speak lows from around the world to use the Society’s cations for the 2017–2018 fellowship cycle, of the Blind, and these rare pamphlets point of APS Member , whose users based on past researchers’ preferences, with any of you more about these plans or collections every year. Beginning in 2017, the APS will award several new fellowships under the a new record. to his deep involvement in the organization. papers were recently gifted to the APS much like similar services on Netflix or other ideas you might have for the Library. Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Native American This fall, the Library is also hosting a one of the most significant growth areas Library, and the digitization of Eastern State Amazon. The Center is already planning its Please feel free to email me at librarian@ Scholars Initiative (NASI) in addition to its for the Library over the past several years Penitentiary’s intake records. The Eastern next initiatives, including a major project to amphilsoc.org. short-term resident and long-term predoctoral major international conference on “The opportunities. Art of Revolutions” to complement the has been in the realm of digital innovation. State Penitentiary project included the digitize Benjamin Franklin’s postal books Patrick Spero, Librarian

2 American Philosophical Society, Autumn 2017 3 conservation Publications

One of the little-known pleasures From the of library conservation is immersing a stack of old, discolored book leaves in a bath of Publications deionized water and watching as the paper slowly turns the water yellow. Pressing gently on the paper squeezes out waves of Office yellow excreta. There is something primal The latest Transactions publications, and deliciously disgusting about it. by Fedwa Malti-Douglas (APS 2004) and This past spring, I invited my fellow APS Victoria R. Bricker (APS 2002), printed in staff members to visit the Conservation lab early 2017. With the earlier publication of and observe this process. Like a sideshow Earthworks: Selected Poems by Rosanna barker, the subject line of my email Warren (APS 2015), we started and ended screamed, “Come! See! Thrill with disgust the past Transactions volume with books by View of the Tower of and awe!” My ploy worked: I had 19 visitors Members of the APS. The books varied in the Winds in Athens as I washed, sized, alkalized, and re-sewed subject matter, but all were important for from the north, with the Erechtheum on books for the 2017–2018 Library lobby their honesty, integrity, and scholarship. the Acropolis in the exhibition, Conservation and the Peale-Sellers In her book Speaking in Tongues (Transactions background. Photo by Pamela A. Family Collection at the APS Library. Renée Wolcott immerses leaves from ’s Account of the Skeleton of the 106, part 4), Fedwa Malti-Douglas tells Webb, recipient of the During the first visit, I washed the leaves Mammoth in a bath of warm, dilute gelatin to strengthen it, a process known as sizing. the story of her family’s experience with 2016 John Frederick Photos by Jessica Frankenfield. of Nathan Sellers’s 1780–1808 account divorce, death, exile, and muscular dystrophy. Lewis Award, which book in an antioxidant calcium phytate Rembrandt Peale’s Account of the Skeleton of the Mammoth pamphlet, before treatment. She offers a personal and moving account recognizes the best solution to halt iron gall ink corrosion and of her life, from her early childhood in book published by the stabilize the paper. I followed the calcium Lebanon, to her teenage years in Ithaca, to APS in a given year. phytate dip with several baths in deionized her brilliant career as a Middle Eastern water (free from other damaging ions, Bathing Sellers’s Accounts Studies scholar in Indiana, and finally to of the Winds in Athens—Greeks, Romans, (APS 2013) paper, “The Magic Inside Your such as chlorine). Each bath offered new her current life in New York with her Christians, and Muslims: Two Millennia of Cell Phone and Its Broad Societal Impact,” opportunities to watch yellow discoloration and Sizing Peale’s Mammoth: husband Allen. Continual Use (Memoirs 270), by Pamela A. details the history and technology of the seep from the book leaves. Transformational Journeys: An Ethnologist’s Webb, a classical archaeologist specializing cell phone and its wide range of applications. Many of my observers had the same Adventures in Paper Chemistry Memoir (Transactions 106, part 5) is the in Greek and Roman architecture and Forthcoming issues in the volume will questions: “You can bathe paper in water?!” professional memoir of Victoria R. Bricker, sculpture. The Tower of the Winds stands include papers first presented as Climate and “What is that yellow stuff?” Conservators may also apply new gelatin and craft practices. We seek to retain as an ethnologist who studies the past and in the shadow of the Acropolis in Athens Change and Indo-European symposium In many cases, conservators bathe paper size to bathed paper to strengthen it. much original material as possible when present cultures and languages of ethnic and was in use almost continuously for talks from the April 2017 Meeting. because of the yellow stuff, which consists Historically, paper was dipped in warm glue repairing an artifact, and we use only groups. Bricker’s journeys—from Hong two millennia. Webb examines the Tower Recent issues of Proceedings are available of acidic broken-down paper and adhesive as one of the last stages in papermaking. This chemically stable materials. We also use Kong to Shanghai during World War II, to throughout its entire functional existence, online (https://amphilsoc.org/publications/ residues. Paper is made from cellulose, size often washes out to some extent when reversible methods whenever we can. This the United States after the war, to Germany, expanding on the earlier research, exploring proceedings). Members who wish to have whether that cellulose starts out as rags or we bathe paper, leaving the paper feeling soft means that a future conservator with better Harvard, southeastern Mexico, and eventually its use by Christians and Muslims, and printed copies of the journal can be added as wood. In either case, the long, chain-like and weak. To restore its strength and moisture skills or technology should be able to undo —influenced her choice of detailing different chronological periods, to the mailing list by contacting the cellulose molecule gives paper its strength. resistance, we size it again, using a warm a previous treatment without causing harm ethnology as a career and shaped that career cultures, and the history of the monument. Publications Office mmcdonald@amphilsoc.( Acids and environmental pollutants attack dilute photographic gelatin solution. to the book or document. over 50 years. The focus of the book is The 2017 volume of the Proceedings org or [email protected]). Proceedings the links in the cellulose chain, breaking Conservators take many precautions to Unlike many conservation treatments, Mayan, but the story is universal. contains fascinating talks from recent and Transactions also are available through it up and creating more sites that are make sure that paper—which does weaken bathing is not reversible, but I will gladly The most recent John Frederick Lewis Meetings of the Society and informative JSTOR, the online scholarly library. Select vulnerable to acid attack. Over time, the when wet—is not subjected to too much harness the power of water when the benefits Award was given to the book, The Tower papers by notable scholars, as well as valuable titles now are produced and made available shortened cellulose chains result in paper stress during bathing. We test the paper and of washing outweigh its risks. In the case and informative biographical memoirs of as both print books and e-books. Print The most recent Transactions publications, that is brown, weak, and brittle. Washing any applied inks or paints to see how they of Sellers’s account book, calcium phytate Transformational Journeys: An Ethnologist’s deceased APS Members. One of the papers books continue to be available through our the paper removes the shortest sections of absorb water and make sure the inks won’t treatment and alkalization stopped iron gall Memoir by Victoria R. Bricker and Speaking in in this volume, Nancy L. Segal’s “Twins warehouse and through outside vendors. damaged, discolored cellulose and allows the run. We also place the paper between sheets ink corrosion, strengthened the paper, and Tongues by Fedwa Malti-Douglas, were both Reared Together and Apart: The Science Titles currently offered in e-book format remaining chains to establish new hydrogen of spun-bonded polyester (like sew-in made the manuscript flexible enough to be written by APS Members. Behind the Fascination,” examines identical via Amazon are Against Time: Letters from bonds, returning strength and flexibility to interfacing) to give it a strong, nonabsorbent rebound. In the case of Rembrandt Peale’s and fraternal twins. Included in her paper Nazi Germany, 1938–1939 by Francis W. the paper. support that won’t weaken in water. While 1802 Account of the Skeleton of the Mammoth, (and her talk) is the story of identical twins Hoeber (Transactions 105, part 1), as well as Ever taken bicarbonate of soda for the paper is wet, we can handle it using the bathing allowed me to remove hundreds Victor McKusick (APS 1975) and Vincent the previously mentioned books by Malti- heartburn? To neutralize future acid attacks, edges of the polyester sheets. of disfiguring flyspecks and brown stains, McKusick (APS 1986), distinguished and Douglas and Bricker. We plan to continue conservators often alkalize paper by bathing Conservators can be trusted with these while resizing strengthened the paper. Both illustrious Members of the APS. Another producing our publications as print and it again in a calcium bicarbonate solution. adventures in paper chemistry because— books will be on display in the Library paper published in the volume was first e-books, to make titles more easily available This deposits microscopic alkaline particles unlike restorers—we are trained in general lobby through Spring 2018. Come visit! presented as the 2017 Herman Heine through multiple sources. in the paper as it dries. and organic chemistry as well as art history Renée Wolcott, Assistant Conservator Goldstine Lecture. Irwin Mark Jacobs’s Mary McDonald, Director of Publications

4 American Philosophical Society, Autumn 2017 5 MUSEUM MUSEUM

The exhibition now on view at the Curious Revolutionaries draws on the The exhibition is divided into three During the Revolutionary War, the As his portrait gallery grew and attracted APS Museum is Curious Revolutionaries: extensive APS Library collections, including major thematic sections: The Peales and the brothers fought in several battles while a supportive audience, Charles Willson’s The Peales of Philadelphia. This exhibition the largest existing archival collection of New Nation, Peale’s Philadelphia Museum, completing sketches and portraits of their idea for developing a public museum began displays the work of the Peales, an early Peale materials. The Peale-Sellers Family and The Legacy of the Peales. Each section fellow soldiers and officers. On display are to take shape. By educating the American American family of patriots, soldiers, artists, Collection (of 19 linear feet, comprising offered us the opportunity to explore lesser- both James’s and Charles Willson’s wartime public and increasing their understanding of politicians, inventors, explorers, naturalists, some 38 boxes and 147 volumes) and known aspects of the Peale family and sketchbooks featuring military scenes the natural world, Peale believed his museum entrepreneurs, and world-class, ever-busy the Society’s related collections include experiment with new curatorial approaches. drawn from the field. could help cultivate a more enlightened tinkerers. Their boundless curiosity led letters and diaries, as well as sketchbooks, Toward the end of the war, Charles Willson citizenry and advance America’s prestige them to pursue a wide variety of interests, painting palettes, hand-cut silhouettes, The Peales and the New Nation created immensely popular patriotic window around the world. In 1786 (the year he was which ranged from excavating mastodon and watercolors. Highlights from the Formative visitor studies indicated that displays that drew huge crowds from all elected a Member of the APS), he founded fossils in upstate New York, to collaborating APS Museum collections include admission most museum-goers were unfamiliar with over the city. However, Charles Willson’s the Philadelphia Museum at his home on on inventions like the polygraph, to tokens from Charles Willson Peale’s the Peales—except, on occasion, for their participation in Philadelphia’s radical political Third and Lombard Streets, establishing

painting the pantheon of American leaders, Philadelphia Museum (which was located portraiture. Taking this into account, we scene damaged his reputation among local what would become the first successful Self-Portrait, Charles Willson Peale, to collecting and cataloging thousands of in Philosophical Hall from 1794 to 1810), used the exhibition’s opening section to elites. To restore his good name, he began public museum and a model for future 1777–1778. Oil on canvas. APS. species from all over the world. miniature patent models designed introduce visitors to the Peale family and painting portraits of American Revolutionary democratic museums. Charles Willson Peale completed by Charles Willson Peale and his son emphasize their role in the nation’s early heroes and leaders. By focusing on Charles this self-portrait during the British occupation of Philadelphia. He Raphaelle, and several paintings. Together, history. We focused on the roles of Charles Willson’s various (and not always glorious) Sketches from Hudson River sketchbook, Charles proudly wears his Pennsylvania these important collections reveal the Willson and his brother James in the roles in the conflict, we hoped to present a Willson Peale, 1801. Watercolor and ink on paper militia uniform and a captain’s gold Peales’ influence on early American popular American Revolution, along with their early more complicated history of the American with leather binding. APS. Peale-Sellers Family braid on his hat. Peale sketched Collection. culture through innovations in art, science, artistic endeavors. One of the highlights of Revolution. military scenes and painted his fellow officers throughout the war. and technology. this section of the exhibition is a dictionary of painters that the Peales treated as a family bible, recording family births, deaths, and marriages in the front pages.

Curious Revolutionaries:The Peales Give Their Encore at Philosophical Hall’s Museum

6 American Philosophical Society, Autumn 2017 MUSEUM MUSEUM

Peale’s Philadelphia Museum iature—which became Charles Willson’s once home, Charles Willson and his In 1794, Charles Willson Peale moved his most successful publicity innovation for sons pioneered techniques in comparative museum (and his family) into the APS’s selling museum souvenirs. Charles Willson anatomy to mount two full mastodon Philosophical Hall, where it remained until entrusted its operation to his slave, Moses skeletons, the first of which was unveiled 1810. One of the most exciting finds in the Williams, who became particularly skilled on Christmas Eve 1801 on the second floor Society’s collections was the October 25, at cutting intricate, accurate likenesses. Each of the Society’s Philosophical Hall. It was so 1794 edition of the General Advertiser, which year, as many as 8,000 visitors bought pro- popular that Charles Willson charged visitors contains Charles Willson’s announcement files at eight cents apiece. an additional 50 cents to see it. The second of the move. In 1795, Benjamin Franklin In 1801, Charles Willson and his family mastodon toured Europe with Rembrandt Peale was born in the building and was made their most famous contribution to and Rubens Peale in 1802 and 1803. In promptly named after the Society’s founder. science and the fledgling field of paleon- addition to combating Buffon’s claims, the In 1802, Peale expanded the Philadelphia tology when they excavated two mastodons discovery and its publicity promoted wider Museum into the Pennsylvania State House in upstate New York. The American scien- public and scientific conversations about the (now Independence Hall), where it re- tific community was intrigued by the rem- age of the earth and the then-controversial mained until his death in 1827. nants of giant bones that had been found concept of extinction. Throughout the museum’s heyday, Charles in the area and debated their significance. Peale’s museum contributed to science Willson made his business successful The preeminent French naturalist, Comte by pioneering organizational principles through innovations in advertising, sales, de Buffon, had promoted his theory of in its displays. Natural specimens were membership, and appeals to public curiosity. American degeneracy, arguing that species arranged according to Linnaean principles He promoted tiered ticket subscriptions— were weaker and smaller in North America. of taxonomic order. By 1814, the museum for daytime or nighttime, and for three, six, In 1789, APS Member Nicholas Collin contained 1,824 birds, 250 quadrupeds, 135 or 12 months—and convinced Philadelphia’s gave a speech calling upon the community reptiles, and 650 fish, in addition to its 269

Two birds, “drawn for Capt. M. Lewis,” political and social elite to subscribe. to find a complete skeleton of the gigantic paintings. Some of these original specimens Hyalophora cecropia (silk moth), Charles Willson Peale, 1818. APS. Peale-Sellers Visitors to the Philadelphia Museum re- animal. After hearing about the discovery are on display in our exhibition. Titian Ramsay Peale II, c. 1817. Pencil Family Collection. ceived a short, digestible gallery guide to of a mastodon in Newburgh, New York, Many of Charles Willson’s children and watercolor on paper. APS. help them interpret the museum’s displays. Charles Willson successfully solicited $500 inherited their father’s appreciation for the Charles Willson also gave public lectures, from the APS in order to undertake the full natural world and contributed to collecting and David Rittenhouse, who had experi- and the museum contained a menagerie excavation. He documented the enterprise for the museum. Rubens assumed control mented with safe and efficient heating tech- “Mr. Peale’s Museum, of wild animals, including two live grizzly in his diary, on display in the exhibition, of the Philadelphia Museum, and, in 1814, nologies. Peale installed “smoke-eaters”— bears. In 1802, John Isaac Hawkins gave and memorialized the scene in his painting, Rembrandt established another Peale fuel-efficient, smoke-free, and decorative containing the portraits Charles Willson his physiognotrace inven- Exhumation of the Mastodon. Museum in . In 1825, Rubens —in his Philadelphia Museum. tion—a device for tracing profiles in min- established yet another branch in New York. Rubens and his brother Rembrandt in- of Illustrious Personages, This exhibition compares Charles Willson’s stalled new in the Philadelphia drawings of bird specimens collected by and Baltimore Peale Museums. Gas-lighting distinguished in the late Lewis and Clark with those of his son, these large public buildings helped establish Titian Ramsay Peale II. Titian became a America’s first commercial gas company. Revolution of America, prolific scientific illustrator in his own right, Throughout this section of the exhibition, documenting new species on expeditions we wanted visitors to imagine what it and other Paintings—Also, around the globe. The exhibition includes felt like to be in Peale’s museum without Titian’s drawings, watercolors, and bird trying to physically replicate it. We tried a Collection of preserved specimens from the U.S. Exploring to make the whole gallery feel whimsical, Expedition in 1838–1842. quirky, and amusing. As visitors enter, other side, our spatial designer, Russ Drisch, Beasts, Birds, Fish, Reptiles, At his museum, Charles Willson Peale they are greeted by Charles Willson Peale constructed a large set of cases meant to initiated moving picture shows, built one revealing his museum behind a curtain, in a mimic an Enlightenment cabinet. This Insects, Fossils, Minerals, of the nation’s first skylights, and installed reproduction of his famous painting, Artist highlights the Peales’ interests in taxidermy, new heating and cooling technologies. One in His Museum. Beneath the newspaper archaeology, and global exploration. The Petrifactions, and other of the APS Museum’s most interesting col- advertisement announcing the Philadelphia cabinet also includes an educational box lections includes five fireplace models made Museum’s move to Philosophical Hall, where visitors can take out and touch a curious Objects, natural by Charles Willson and his son Raphaelle. visitors are invited to add their signatures to shell or mastodon tooth. Facing visitors In May 1796, the Society launched a con- those of George Washington, , on the opposite side of the gallery is a wall and artificial.” test for the improvement of fireplaces. The and James Monroe, in a replica subscription of silhouettes. At the far end of the gallery, Peales submitted five models, won the book for tickets to the museum. visitors can use a touchscreen to watch —The Pennsylvania Packet, 1788 competition (they ran unopposed), and Flanking the gallery on one side is a large, topical videos about silhouettes, taxidermy, were granted a U.S. patent for their designs. colorful vinyl reproduction of the museum and paint palettes, as well as a short, amusing The models built on previous designs by as it appeared in the Pennsylvania State film on Peale’s museum produced by Voyage en Amérique en Sicile et en Égypte, Édouard de Montulé, 1821. APS. Benjamin Franklin, Benjamin Thompson, House (now Independence Hall). On the Independence National Historical Park.

8 American Philosophical Society, Autumn 2017 9 MUSEUM

Artist in His Museum, Charles Willson Peale, 1822. Oil on canvas. Courtesy of the “ ...at my time of Life I cannot help Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, pository of significant artworks, natural Philadelphia. Gift of Mrs. Sarah Harrison feeling some Anxiety to know the fate of objects, and cultural artifacts aimed at (The Joseph Harrison, Jr. Collection). amusing and educating the broad public, my labours. Every thing I do is with a Peale’s Philadelphia Museum set the prec- edent for modern museums. Today, the use view to a permanency, yet at my death of orderly, scientific displays, as well as ap- proaches to advertising, tiered ticketing, there is a danger of its [the museum] memberships, advisory boards, targeted pro- gramming, and guided public tours have being divided or lost to my Country.” become standard practice for museums and cultural heritage sites. —Letter from Charles Willson Peale to Thomas Jefferson in 1806 In this section, we included a small hom- age to Sophonisba Peale and Coleman Sellers, whose descendants have been the main keepers and authors of the Peale fam- ily’s history. On display are Sophonisba’s and Coleman’s portraits, marriage certificate, and love letters they wrote to each other during their courtship. We also included an architectural model of the renovation plans for the Peale Center for Baltimore History and Architecture, an organization working Philadelphia Museum admission ticket, 1822. APS. Peale-Sellers Family Collection. to revive Baltimore’s Peale Museum and its original building. Ever busy and ever curious, the Peales were one of the most productive—and most eccen- The Legacy of the Peales as Sarah Miriam Peale and Anna Claypoole tric—early American families. Committed We focused the final section of the exhibi- Peale (James’s daughters, and accomplished to advancing Enlightenment ideals and the tion on the Peale family’s legacy as both artists in their own right). Specializing in new American republic, the Peales became artists and museum operators. Charles still lifes and portraiture, Mary Jane opened influential members of Philadelphia’s ar- Willson’s portraiture of American Revolu- a studio in Pottsville, Pennsylvania in 1852. tistic, intellectual, and political communi- tionary heroes defined his legacy as an Anna Claypoole Peale specialized in min- ties. Through their many pursuits, the Peales artist. Raphaelle, Rubens, and many other iatures. She and her sister, Sarah Miriam, left an unmistakable legacy that continues Peales in subsequent generations pursued were the first female members elected to to shape American popular culture and the an artistic life and inherited many of his the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. museums we visit today. techniques and skills. This section includes Both were successful painters at a time By learning about the Peales, we hope sketchbooks, color palettes, notes on paint- when professional female artists were rare. that visitors to historic Philadelphia will ing techniques, and several portraits and Ultimately, after 62 years as a successful gain a more humanized perspective on still lifes. Rembrandt, Titian, and others also start-up, Peale’s museum dissolved and its early American history and the formation continued in the tradition of advancing collections were sold at auction between of an American identity. We also hope that their own careers through the production of 1848 and 1854. Many of the paintings were our visitors will reflect on the value of mu- patriotic imagery and national iconography. purchased by the city of Philadelphia, and seums, archives, and collections—and see Patriotic primers and designs for American can be seen today in the Second Bank at them as crucial tools in answering histori- currency showcased in the exhibition reveal Independence National Historical Park. cal and scientific questions. Finally, we hope this continued trend of nationalism. The bulk of the natural and cultural col- that visitors will be inspired by the whimsi- This section of the exhibition also fea- lections, sold to Moses Kimball and P. T. cal, wonderful, and peculiar Peales enough tures the work of Charles Willson’s grand- Barnum, burned in catastrophic fires in 1851 to tinker, make art, or start a collection for daughter, Mary Jane Peale, who carried the and 1865. A few remnants were preserved themselves. Peale family’s artistic legacy through the by museums at Harvard, Philadelphia’s Between April and September 2017, some 19th century. Little has been written about Academy of Natural Sciences, and here at 74,000 visitors have already come to see Mary Jane despite the Society’s large collec- the APS. The collections that survive are Curious Revolutionaries. At the very least, we tion of her diaries and correspondence. As some of the earliest natural collections in the hope the Museum’s visitors have developed a she remains relatively unknown, we wanted United States, and often represent the “type” new appreciation for the curious Peales. to highlight Mary Jane’s artistic skill and pas- or reference specimen for an entire species. Diana Marsh and Amy Ellison, sion. She received great encouragement and The Peales democratized the American Andrew W. Mellon tutoring from her uncle Rembrandt, as well museum—a novel idea that stuck. As a re- Post-Doctoral Curatorial Fellows

10 American Philosophical Society, Autumn 2017 Seen at the

Book signing preceding Patrick Spero’s talk on Frontier Country L–R: Pat McPherson, Edward (Ned) Montgomery, Jr. Photo by Kelly & Massa.

Physick House reception Jefferson Garden reception honoring outgoing President preceding Mark Thompson’s Clyde Barker L–R: Warren public program L–R: Joan Washington, Mary C. Washington, Johnson, Ineke Dikland, Anna Mary McDonald, Michael Meadows. Photo by Kelly & Silverstein. Photo by Kelly & Massa. Massa.

Jefferson Garden reception preceding Mark Thompson’s public program L–R: Emilie Thompson, Anne Blumberg, Jane Blumberg Thompson, Mark Thompson, Jean Blumberg, Nathaniel Dorfman. Photo by Kelly & Massa.

Friends Opening of Curious Revolutionaries L–R: J. Perry Leavell, Barbara Oberg, David Maxey. Photo by Kelly & Massa.

APS Members, guests, and staff in the Berkshires—an evening at Shakespeare & Company Beinecke Library reception Friends Opening of Curious Physick House reception Left to right: Laura Spero, Alar Toomre, Joyce Toomre, Robert M. Hauser, Patrick Spero, Linda Greenhouse, honoring incoming President Revolutionaries L–R: Peale and honoring outgoing President Jim Peebles, Tina Packer (Founder, Shakespeare & Company), Alison Peebles, Lesley Peebles, Anna Meadows, Linda Greenhouse L–R: Barbara Sellers family descendants: Cora Clyde Barker L–R: Richard Annie Westcott, Linda Jacobs, Shreve Simpson, Howard Gardner, Richard Kagan. Photo by Olivia Winslow. Franke, Richard Franke, Linda Pluta and son, William Pluta, Worley, Dode Barker, Linda Greenhouse, Clyde Barker. Lucy Bell Sellers, Lucy Bell Jarka- Greenhouse, Clyde Barker, Photo by Sirota Rosenthal Sellers, Frances Stead Sellers. Martin Levitt. Photo by Kelly The APS presents a variety of events each year, including public programs, lectures, and exhibitions. Productions. Photo by Kelly & Massa. & Massa. This year, we honored outgoing President Clyde Barker at a reception at the Physick House, and welcomed Linda Greenhouse as President of the Society at a reception at Yale University. Librarian Patrick Spero gave a public lecture and book signing for his book, Frontier Country. Another public program featured Mark Thompson, a newly elected APS Member and president and CEO of the New York Times Company, Book signing preceding who discussed his book, Enough Said. In conjunction with the opening of the new APS Museum exhibition, Curious Revolutionaries: The Peales Patrick Spero’s talk on Frontier Country L–R: Patrick of Philadelphia, we hosted the Friends of the APS as well as Peale and Sellers family descendants. During the summer, several APS Members Spero, Sandra M. Hewlett. and guests enjoyed an evening at Shakespeare & Company in the Berkshires with President Linda Greenhouse, Executive Officer Robert M. Photo by Kelly & Massa. Hauser, and other APS staff. Please keep an eye out for upcoming events noted in the monthly e-newsletter and on the APS website. We’d love to see you!

12 American Philosophical Society, Autumn 2017 13 Members Class 3: Social Sciences Orley Ashenfelter Joseph Douglas Green 1895 Professor of Economics, Elected Anne Case Alexander Stewart 1886 Professor of Economics and Public Affairs, Director, Research Program in Development Studies, Princeton University In Claude S. Fischer Professor of the Graduate School in Sociology, University of California, Berkeley David Hollinger Preston Hotchkis Professor Emeritus, University of California, Berkeley 2017 Beth A. Simmons Andrea Mitchell University Professor of Law, Business Ethics and Political Science, University of Pennsylvania Law School

Class 1: Mathematical and Physical Sciences Class 4: Humanities

John Clarke Professor of the Graduate School, University of Lorraine Daston Professor, Director, Institute for California, Berkeley the History of Science; Visiting Professor of Social Thought and History, Committee on Social Thought, Benedict H. Gross Leverett Professor of Emeritus, Harvard University Edward Mendelson Lionel Trilling Professor in the Humanities, Columbia University Laura L. Kiessling Steenbock Professor of Chemistry, Laurens Anderson Professor of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin– Barbara Newman Professor of English, Religious Studies, and Madison Classics, John Evans Professor of Latin, Northwestern University Rebecca Richards-Kortum Malcolm Gillis University Professor, Sabine Schmidtke Professor for Islamic Intellectual History, Department of Bioengineering, Rice University Institute for Advanced Study Michael S. Turner Director, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Jan Ziolkowski Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Medieval Latin, , Bruce V. and Diana M. Rauner Distinguished Service Harvard University; Director, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library Professor, University of Chicago and Collection

Class 2: Biological Sciences Class 5: The Arts, Professions, and Leaders in Public and Private Affairs Mary C. Beckerle Chief Executive Officer, Director, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Jon M. Huntsman Presidential Endowed Chair, Margaret H. Marshall Senior Counsel, Choate, Hall & Associate Vice President for Cancer Affairs, Distinguished Professor, Stewart LLP; Former Chief Justice, Supreme Judicial Court, Department of Biology, University of Utah Commonwealth of Sean B. Carroll Allan Wilson Professor of Molecular Biology and Edward A. Montgomery, Jr. Vice-Chair, Curtis Institute of Music; Genetics, University of Wisconsin–Madison; Vice President for Chair, Philadelphia Chamber Music Society; Honorary Chair, International Members Silhouette sheet, Moses Williams, c. 1802–1825. Science Education, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Endowment Campaign, United Way of Greater Philadelphia and APS. Peale-Sellers Family Collection. Southern New Jersey Leif Andersson Professor, Functional Genomics, Uppsala University; Stuart H. Orkin David G. Nathan Distinguished Professor of Professor, Animal Genomics, Texas A&M University; Visiting 44th President of the United States Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Investigator, Howard Hughes Professor, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Medical Institute David Skorton Secretary, Smithsonian Institution Katharine Ellis 1684 Professor of Music, University of Cambridge Neil H. Shubin Robert R. Bensley Distinguished Service Professor Mark Thompson President, Chief Executive Officer, The New Frantz Grenet Professor, Collège de of Anatomy, University of Chicago York Times Company Meave Leakey Research Professor, Department of Anthropology, Marc Tessier-Lavigne President, Bing Presidential Professor, Billie Tsien Principal, Partner, Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects Stony Brook University Stanford University Tod Williams Principal, Partner, Tod Williams Billie Tsien Louise Richardson Vice-Chancellor, University of Oxford Architects

14 American Philosophical Society, Autumn 2017 15 Linguistics. • Barbara Grosz was awarded the Everett Mendelsohn Excellence in Mentoring Award. • Conrad K. Harper was awarded Artist Jon R. Friedman Donates Portraits of APS Members to Society the American Law Institute’s Henry J. Friendly Medal. • Stephen Hawking received a Pride of Britain Award for Lifetime Achievement. • Julia Hirschberg was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. • Julia Hirschberg was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. • Leroy E. Hood was awarded the 2017 News of Members National Academy of Sciences Award for Chemistry in Service to Society. • Alexander Jones was appointed as Leon Levy Director of the 2017 Institute for the Study of the Ancient World at New York University. • received the 2017 American Physical Society Medal A. was awarded the 2017 National Academy of Sciences for Exceptional Achievement in Research. • Donald E. Knuth was Award in Chemical Sciences. • A. Paul Alivisatos was appointed named a Lifetime Achiever by Marquis Who’s Who. • Nicholas D. executive vice chancellor and provost at the University of California, Kristof was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. • Berkeley. • Kwame Anthony Appiah was named one of the Carnegie Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot was named Woman of the Year by We Can. Corporation of New York’s 2017 “Great Immigrants.” • Ruth Arnon • received the 2017 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. • Jacqueline Knowledge Award in Ecology and Conservation. • Stephen J. Lippard K. Barton was named Member, President’s Committee on the National received the 2016 Welch Award in Chemistry. • Jane Lubchenco Medal of Science, by President Obama. • Bonnie L. Bassler was received the 2017 National Academy of Sciences Public Welfare elected to the National Academy of Medicine. • Sir Tim Berners-Lee Medal. • Dusa McDuff was awarded the 2017 American Mathematical received the CME Group Melamed-Arditti Innovation Award. • Sir Society Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exhibition. • Jerome Tim Berners-Lee was awarded the 2016 Association for Computing McGann received a Thomas Jefferson Award. • Marcia McNutt was Machinery A. M. Turing Award. • Mina J. Bissell was awarded the 14th named the 2017 Desert Research Institute Nevada Medalist. • Yo- Annual American Association for Cancer Research Award for Lifetime Yo Ma’s Silk Road Ensemble won the 2017 Grammy Award for Achievement in Cancer Research. • Former President Jimmy Carter Best World Music Album. • Martin E. Marty was awarded the 2017 received the 2017 O’Connor Justice Prize. • Former President Jimmy Newberry Library Award. • Jane Mayer was elected to the American Carter was awarded the Gerald R. Ford Medal for Distinguished Academy of Arts and Sciences. • received the 2016 Public Service. • Anne Case was elected to the American Academy of Distinguished Leadership Award from the American Academy of Arts Arts and Sciences. • received the 2016 Peace Abbey and Sciences. • Jerry M. Melillo was named chairman of the Gulf Foundation Courage of Conscience Award. • Noam Chomsky was Research Program Advisory Board. • W. J. T. Mitchell was elected awarded the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation Distinguished Peace to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. • Toni Morrison Leadership Award. • Ralph J. Cicerone was named the National received the 2016 Emerson-Thoreau Medal from the American Self-Portrait, January 2012, Jon R. Friedman, 2012. Oil on prepared paper. APS. Academy of Engineering Distinguished Honoree. • Marvin L. Cohen Academy of Arts and Sciences. • Princeton University will rename was awarded the 2017 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics. • Rita West College in honor of Toni Morrison. • William T. Newsome Colwell was named the 2017 laureate of the International Prize for was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. • Onora Artist Jon R. Friedman (APS 2016) has donated 20 Member portraits After completing the photo shoot, Friedman then uses digital Biology. • Sir David Cox was named the inaugural recipient of the O’Neill was awarded the Holberg Prize 2017. • Peter Paret was to the APS Museum. These paintings are oil on prepared paper and layout programs as a sketchbook to try different poses and expressions. International Prize in Statistics. • Sir David Cox received the BBVA awarded the Pritzker Military Museum and Library Literature Award are part of a set of five or six preliminary sketches that Friedman Many of his subjects are scholars who are not accustomed to posing Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Basic Sciences. • for Lifetime Achievement in Military Writing. • I. M. Pei’s Grand typically creates in the process of completing a portrait on canvas. for portraits, but he finds they are intellectually engaged in the Robert H. Dennard was awarded the 2017 National Academy of Louvre received the 2017 Twenty-Five Year Award from the American A selection of these paintings are on display in Benjamin Franklin process and invested in a final product that reflects their personality Sciences Award for the Industrial Application of Science. • Rita Dove Institute of Architects. • Jeroen G. W. Raaijmakers was elected to the Hall and include a self-portrait and portraits of United States Circuit and work. received the 2017 Harold Washington Literary Award. • Rita Dove American Academy of Arts and Sciences. • Martin J. Rees received Judge David S. Tatel (APS 2007), geneticist Janet D. Rowley (APS These donated paintings are important additions to the Society’s was named an inaugural recipient of the U.S. Presidential Scholars the 2017 American Physical Society Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize. • 1993), biochemist Maxine F. Singer (APS 1990), and former APS collection of fine art portraits of elected Members and are doubly Foundation’s Roosevelt “Rosey” Thompson Award. • Marian Wright Jeremy Sabloff was named Chairman and Member, Cultural Property Librarian and Executive Officer Whitfield J. Bell (APS 1964). significant as they were painted by an APS Member. Edelman received the 2017 Inamori Ethics Prize. • Advisory Committee, Department of State, by President Obama. Friedman is a sought-after portrait artist with commissions including received the California Academy of Sciences Fellows Medal. • Sandra • Peter Schäfer was elected to the American Academy of Arts and portraits of Bill and Melinda Gates for the National Portrait Gallery, Clyde Barker, Portrait Study, Faber was awarded the 2017 Gruber Cosmology Prize. • Susan Fiske Sciences. • Denise Scott Brown was awarded the 2017 Jane Drew Jon R. Friedman, 2012. Oil on former APS Executive Officer Herman H. Goldstine (APS 1979), prepared paper. APS. received the 2017 – Award. • Elaine Prize. • Amartya Sen was awarded the 2017 Johan Skytte Prize. • Susan and recent APS President Clyde F. Barker (APS 1997). Fuchs was awarded the 2016 Vanderbilt Prize in Biomedical Science. Solomon was awarded the 2017 Arthur L. Day Prize and Lectureship. Friedman began his career as a sculptor but took up portraiture • was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom • Richard Taruskin was awarded the 2017 Kyoto Prize. • Keith S. when his father, Herbert Friedman (APS 1964), was writing a book by President Obama. • Owen Gingerich received the Benedict Thomson was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. that required illustrations to accompany biographical sketches of Polak Prize. • Louise Glück was awarded the National Humanities • Mitsuko Uchida, accompanist, won the 2017 Grammy Award for experts in cosmology and . Medal by President Obama. • Jane Goodall received Penn Museum’s Best Classical Solo Vocal Album. • John C. Van Horne received the Friedman’s portraits emerge from a collaborative process with the Wilton Krogman Award for Distinguished Achievement in Biological Heritage Award from the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. • J. subject. He spends the day with the subject when possible, observing Anthropology. • Peter Grant and Rosemary Grant received the was elected to the National Academy of Medicine. • their body language and surroundings and conducting a photo shoot Royal Medal in Biology. • Vartan Gregorian was awarded the medal Alice Waters was inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame. that serves as a “visual brainstorm.” Friedman’s subjects often have of Chevalier of the French Legion of Honor. • Paul F. Grendler • Susan Wessler was named a foreign member of the Royal Society. Y M specific ideas about the settings, attire, and objects they would like received the Paul Oskar Kristeller Lifetime Achievement Award of • received the 2017 SAGE-CASBS Award. • to include in their portrait to embed references to their careers and

the Renaissance Society of America. • Barbara Grosz received the Peter Wolynes was elected a foreign fellow of the Indian National Design: S D private lives. Lifetime Achievement Award of the Association for Computational Science Academy.

16 American Philosophical Society, Autumn 2017 American Nonprofit Philosophical Organization ociety U.S. Postage S PAID Philosophical Hall Philadelphia, PA 104 South Fifth St. Permit No. 6122 Philadelphia, PA 19106-3387

November 2016 Awards Karl Spencer Lashley Award: Charles G. Gross, for “his pioneering studies of the neurophysiology of higher visual functions and the neural basis of face recognition and object .” April 2017 Awards Jacques Barzun Prize in Cultural History: Richard E. Payne, for A State of Mixture: Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity. Karl Spencer Lashley Award: Michael N. Shadlen, for “his pioneering experimental and theoretical studies of decision-making, identifying neural mechanisms that accumulate and convert sensory information toward behavioral choices.”

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