May 2017 Issue of CERN Courier

I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS CERNCOURIER

WELCOME V OLUME 5 7 N UMBER 4 M AY 2 0 1 7 CERN Courier – digital edition Welcome to the digital edition of the May 2017 issue of CERN Courier. Colliders face

The first meeting at which the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) was officially the future discussed took place in March 1984, almost a quarter of a century before the first beams circulated in the machine. Following the outcome of the 2013 European Strategy for Particle Physics, CERN launched a Future Circular Collider (FCC) project to help assess what tool should come next after the LHC to continue its journey to the heart of matter. The FCC, which is among a handful of other high-energy colliders currently under consideration, envisages a 100 km-circumference tunnel in which three different collider modes could be realised: an e+e– collider that would improve by orders of magnitude the measurement precision on the Higgs boson and other Standard Model particles; an electron–proton collider that would probe the proton’s substructure with unmatchable precision; and a 100 TeV proton–proton collider with a discovery potential more than five times greater than the LHC. This month’s cover feature describes the enormous physics potential of such a facility, in particular its ability to measure in detail the properties of the Higgs boson. We also describe the history of dark matter, the search for which is another key goal of the LHC and future colliders, and describe how ESA’s Euclid probe will unearth the true nature of the “dark energy” that is driving the accelerating expansion of the universe. Sticking with the darkness theme, we interview theorist Erik Verlinde, who argues that dark matter is not real.

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To subscribe to the magazine, the e-mail new-issue alert, please visit: CRAB KICKS INTERVIEW http://cerncourier.com/cws/how-to-subscribe. DARK Crab cavities for Erik Verlinde explains HL-LHC pass why dark matter ENERGY EDITOR: MATTHEW CHALMERS, CERN high-voltage tests might be an illusion Euclid to identify source of DIGITAL EDITION CREATED BY DESIGN STUDIO/IOP PUBLISHING, UK p7 p43 cosmic acceleration p23

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Covering current developments in high-energy physics and related ﬁ elds worldwide CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories afﬁ liated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for CERNCOURIER January and August. The views expressed are not necessarily those of the CERN management.

Editor Matthew Chalmers V o l u m e 5 7 N u m b e r 4 m a y 2 0 1 7 Books editor Virginia Greco CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail [email protected] Fax +41 (0) 22 76 69070 5 V i E W p O i n t SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS Web cerncourier.com Advisory board Peter Jenni, Christine Sutton, Claude Amsler, 7 n E W s Philippe Bloch, Roger Forty FOR JEFFERSON LAB'S HALL C LHC cold and preparing for beam Crab cavities promise Laboratory correspondents: • • Argonne National Laboratory (US) Tom LeCompte brighter collisions Sterile neutrinos in retreat GBAR falls into Brookhaven National Laboratory (US) Achim Franz • • Cornell University (US) D G Cassel place • ATLAS pushes SUSY beyond 2 TeV • CMS inches to the top DESY Laboratory (Germany) Till Mundzeck of the Higgs-coupling mountain LHCb brings cosmic collisions EMFCSC (Italy) Anna Cavallini • Enrico Fermi Centre (Italy) Guido Piragino down to Earth ALICE reveals dominance of collective fl ow Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Katie Yurkewicz • Nominal current : 3450 A Forschungszentrum Jülich (Germany) Markus Buescher GSI Darmstadt (Germany) I Peter 15 s CiEnCEWatCh IHEP, Beijing (China) Tongzhou Xu Nominal field : 4,2 T IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia) Yu Ryabov INFN (Italy) Antonella Varaschin s t r O W a t C h Bore diameter : 600 mm Jefferson Laboratory (US) Kandice Carter 17 a JINR Dubna (Russia) B Starchenko Length : 4 m KEK National Laboratory (Japan) Saeko Okada Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US) Spencer Klein F E a t u r E s Los Alamos National Laboratory (US) Rajan Gupta Euclid to pinpoint nature of dark energy NCSL (US) Ken Kingery 19 Nikhef (Netherlands) Robert Fleischer Due for launch in 2020, ESA’s Euclid probe will track galaxies and Novosibirsk Institute (Russia) S Eidelman Orsay Laboratory (France) Anne-Marie Lutz large areas of sky to fi nd the cause of the cosmic acceleration. PSI Laboratory (Switzerland) P-R Kettle Saclay Laboratory (France) Elisabeth Locci On February 27, 2017, 3 large superconducting magnets Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Jane Binks 26 How dark matter became a particle SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (US) Farnaz Khadem designed and manufactured by Sigmaphi passed their final acceptance tests. TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada) Marcello Pavan Over time, an increasing number of particle Produced for CERN by IOP Publishing Ltd physicists became interested in the problem Congratulations to both teams ! IOP Publishing Ltd, Temple Circus, Temple Way, of dark matter, partly driven by new scientifi c Bristol BS1 6HG, UK Tel +44 (0)117 929 7481 results but also by sociological changes.

Publisher Susan Curtis Production editor Lisa Gibson 34 Physics at its limits Technical illustrator Alison Tovey Group advertising manager Chris Thomas A 100 km-circumference collider would address many of the Advertisement production Katie Graham outstanding questions in modern particle physics. Other SIGMAPHI products include… Marketing & Circulation Angela Gage Head of B2B & Marketing Jo Allen 43 Doubting darkness Art director Andrew Giaquinto An interview with Erik Verlinde, who argues that dark matter is an • Particle beamlines & components Advertising Tel +44 (0)117 930 1026 (for UK/Europe display advertising) illusion caused by an incomplete understanding of gravity. (Magnets, Power supplies, Vacuum, or +44 (0)117 930 1164 (for recruitment advertising); E-mail: [email protected]; fax +44 (0)117 930 1178 47 F a C E s & p L a C E s Diagnostics, Installation/alignment, General distribution Courrier Adressage, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] HV decks) In certain countries, to request copies or to make address changes, contact: 59 r E C r u i t M E n t China Ya'ou Jiang, Institute of High Energy Physics, • Injection/extraction systems PO Box 918, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China E-mail: [email protected] 63 B O O k s h E L F Germany Antje Brandes, DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany • RF source solutions E-mail: [email protected] UK Mark Wells, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Polaris House, North Star 66 a r C h i V E Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1SZ E-mail: [email protected] US/Canada Published by Cern Courier, 6N246 Willow Drive, St Charles, IL 60175, US. Periodical postage paid in St Charles, IL, US Fax 630 377 1569. E-mail: [email protected] POSTMASTER: send address changes to: Creative Mailing Services, PO Box 1147, St Charles, IL 60174, US

Published by European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN, I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF H IGH -E NERGY P HYSICS 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland CERNCOURIER

Tel +41 (0) 22 767 61 11. Telefax +41 (0) 22 767 65 55 V OLUME 5 7 N UMBER 4 M AY 2 0 1 7 Colliders face Printed by Warners (Midlands) plc, Bourne, Lincolnshire, UK the future

Sigmaphi Magnets Sigmaphi Electronics CRAB KICKS INTERVIEW DARK Crab cavities for Erik Verlinde explains On the cover: CERN’s Future Circular Collider (FCC) project. (Image credit: HL-LHC pass why dark matter ENERGY high-voltage tests might be an illusion Euclid to identify source of p7 p43 cosmic acceleration p23 D Dominguez and M Chalmers.) Rue des frères Montgolfier 1 rue Branly 56 000 VANNES (France) 67 500 HAGUENAU (France) www.sigmaphi.fr Tél + 33 (0)2 97 01 08 80 Tél + 33 (0)3 67 220 280

CCMay17_Contents.indd 3 05/04/2017 16:00 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 7 N u m b e r 4 M a y 2 0 1 7 CERN Courier May 2017 AM61 Solid State Viewpoint X-Band Klystron Driver Birth of the high-energy network The CERN Alumni Programme will offer unique networking opportunities for all its members. Microwave Amps has long been students, fellows, staff, and any member of personnel at the cutting edge of Solid who has held a contract of either employment State Amplifiers for High Energy or association with CERN, may join the alumni S Bennett/CERNS community simply by registering. Current members Physics applications. Our AM61 of personnel will also be able to register and interact with the alumni, as well as partner companies. The offers users a step change in final objective is to establish a dynamic, long-lasting reliability, affordability, and and high-energy network of engaged members. Since November 2016 it has been possible for flexibility. With Industry leading previous and current members of personnel who wish to become members of the network to leave their Phase and Amplitude stability, contact details on the alumni webpage (see below), the AM61 is the right amplifier which CERN will use to contact them once the new web platform is up and running. Registered members to drive your Klystron. of the CERN alumni community will have access to dedicated editorial content, opportunities to exchange A career networking event at By Laure Esteveny experiences and establish contacts with other alumni, CERN organised by the LHC in addition to career development opportunities. The experiment collaborations With over 60 years of history and currently more than aim is to gather a large number of members, whether in 2016. 13,000 users from all over the world, CERN clearly they are former colleagues still working in academia, has great potential to bring together a varied alumni have set up their own businesses, have moved into 11.424GHz and 11.992GHz Models available community. Today, CERN alumni are distributed completely different professional environments, or around the world, pursuing their careers and passions have retired but wish to stay connected. across many fields including industry, economics, CERN alumni will themselves be actively involved Modular Topology offers 400W, 800W, 1.2kW Power Levels information technology, medicine and finance. in building the community, which will evolve with Several have gone on to launch successful start-ups, them. The advisory board of the new programme RMS Amplitude Stability p-p 0.02% Typical some of them directly applying CERN-inspired will include representatives from the community technologies. as well as members of CERN management. Alumni Setting up and nurturing this important network will be able to set up thematic groups within the RMS Phase Stability p-p 0.036 degrees Typical is a strategic objective for CERN management. community based on factors such as regional interests Following 12 months of careful preparation, the new and scientific topics. A mobile app will help them to CERN Alumni Programme will be launched in June stay connected with news, events and networking Waveguide Output this year. activities that are published by the community. The new community, united by a shared pride in The CERN Alumni Programme kick-off event Integrated Input & Output Circulators having contributed to CERN’s scientific endeavours, will be held on 2–3 February 2018. In addition to See you at IPAC 2017 Stand 3 will provide an opportunity for alumni to maintain offering unique networking opportunities, it will be links with the Organization. It will allow them possible to visit the LHC and its experiments as well 19” Rack to continue to share CERN’s values and support as experimental areas that are usually not accessible its activities, and serve as a valuable resource for to the public. Inspiring seminars and several panel members of personnel in the transition to work sessions will complete the programme. The event is outside the laboratory. Physicists, in particular, often designed to be a valuable experience for all different consider CERN as a “prime environment” that comes types of alumni, from young scientists who have just after academia. The prospect of having to leave recently left CERN to those with long-standing For more information on our X-Band AM61, or any other of our L, S, & C-Band PAs for CERN may be daunting, with no guarantee that one’s careers in different fields, and many others. High Energy Physics Applications, please visit our website: professional future will offer a similar environment We are aware that it will be a challenge to reach Laure Esteveny, and possibilities. However, preliminary statistics all of our alumni spread across the planet over such senior adviser on on the CERN alumni community demonstrate that a long period. If you are one of them, do not hesitate www.microwaveamps.co.uk strategic planning professional experience at CERN nurtures skills and to leave your contact details at https://alumni.cern/. and evaluation for talents that are highly sought after by employers and It is the best way to show your interest, join the new or send us an email to [email protected] CERN’s director for can aid the development of alumni careers in many community and stay connected with CERN. We international relations, is project different fields. also invite you to get in touch with any questions by Coates House, 4 High St, Nailsea, leader for the CERN Alumni The CERN Alumni Programme has been purposely emailing [email protected]. We will be very Programme. designed to be inclusive. Former users, associates, happy to welcome you back to CERN again! North Somerset, BS48 1BT, England. Tel +44 01275 853196 5

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European Chamber Manufacturer News

L H C n e w s LHC cold and preparing for beam M Brice/CERN Following a longer than usual technical stop, which began in December last year to allow for the replacement of the CMS inner tracker, all eight sectors of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have been cooled to their operating temperature of 1.9 K. The machine is now being prepared for the return of proton beams in May. During the extended year-end technical stop (EYETS), one full sector of the LHC – lying between the ATLAS and ALICE experiments – was warmed up to room temperature to replace of one of its 15 m-long superconducting dipoles, which had exhibited abnormal behaviour on a few occasions during the 2016 physics run. The rest of the machine was maintained at 20 K. To make sure none of the LHC’s precious A 360° photo of the LHC tunnel, in which the machine’s proportions are distorted. liquid-helium coolant would be lost during the EYETS interventions, the machine scheduled for mid-April and the start of and installed in the SPS. This will allow the was emptied and its 130-tonne supply was commissioning with beam during the first SPS to reach its full performance again for temporarily stored on the surface. week of May. the 2017 run, and in particular will lift the Following the successful replacement Several other changes were made during limit on the number of bunches for the LHC and reconnection of the dipole magnet, the EYETS, not only to the LHC but also from 96 to 288 per SPS extraction. pre-cooling of the sector to 80 K started on to the injectors. The PS Booster (PSB) With the LHC handed from the 17 February using 1200 tonnes of liquid underwent a massive de-cabling campaign, engineering department to the operations nitrogen carried by 60 thermally insulated which has paved the way for the installation group on 14 April, the second phase of LHC trucks, and was completed by 4 March. of new equipment for the LHC Injector Run 2 will soon be under way, with first High Precision UHV The re-filling of the arcs with liquid helium Upgrade (LIU) project in the coming years. collisions due approximately end of May. started about one week later, with electrical In response to a vacuum leak that developed quality-assurance tests taking place at the in the SPS internal beam dump in April Sommaire en français Chambers Delivered On Time end of the month. Powering tests took place last year, a new internal beam dump was during April, with the machine check-out designed and constructed in record time Le LHC est froid et se prépare pour les 7 faisceaux H i g H -L u m i n o s i t y L H C Les cavités en crabe promettent des 7 which is a measure of its collision rate, Customise & Build Your Own Vacuum Chamber - collisions plus brillantes Use Our Online Chamber Builder™ Service Crab cavities requires new magnets located on either Free side of the LHC detectors that squeeze the Les neutrinos stériles battent en retraite 8 incoming proton beams into tighter bunches • Highly skilled in-house technicians promise brighter GBAR prend forme 8 and force them to cross one another at a ® • 100% quality Faroarm inspection collisions steeper angle. These upgraded inner-triplet ATLAS repousse SUSY au-delà de 2 TeV 11 quadrupoles for the HL-LHC, prototypes • Optional bake out with RGA Couplages du Higgs : CMS vise le « top » 11 of which have recently been completed at • 316LN flanges & materials in stock As the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) CERN and in the US, have larger apertures LHCb ramène les collisions cosmiques 12 gears up for its 2017 restart, teams in the than the present LHC magnets and are sur Terre • Unique Hydra~Cool™ water cooling technology - background at CERN and around the world based on more advanced niobium-tin ALICE révèle la prépondérance du flux 13 are making rapid progress towards a major superconducting technology (CERN Courier unrivalled performance, low cost collectif LHC upgrade due to be operational from March 2017 p23). • Contact us for a chamber enquiry today! 2025. A significant milestone towards the Crab cavities are essential to fully exploit L’ADN étend les capacités de stockage 15 High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC), which the inner-triplet upgrade, since they allow de données will boost the number of proton–proton the crossing angle of the proton beams to be Les débuts de l’Univers révèlent une 17 collisions, was passed in late February with compensated so as to maximise their overlap surprise sur la matière noire the first tests of a new accelerator structure at the collision points. Constructed from

called a crab cavity. high-purity niobium sheets, the HL-LHC s www.lesker.com | Enabling Technology for a Better World Increasing the luminosity of the LHC, crab cavities will operate at 2 K to reach

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News thalesgroup.com

their nominal performance. Unlike the First niobium crab cavity fabricated at CERN accelerating RF cavities currently used at for the High-Luminosity LHC project. the LHC, which accelerate protons in their direction of motion, the crab cavities give the Ulysse/CERNF and magnetic fields on the cavity surfaces: bunches a time-dependent transverse kick 57 MV/m and 104 mT, respectively. By the Worldwide leader in the plane perpendicular to their motion to end of 2017, the two crab cavities will have improve “luminosity levelling”. been inserted into a specially designed So far, two superconducting crab cavities cryomodule that will be installed in the have been manufactured at CERN and RF Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) to undergo in solutions for science tests at 2 K performed in a superfluid helium validation tests with proton beams. This will bath. The first cavity tests demonstrated a be the first time that a crab cavity has ever maximum transverse kick voltage exceeding been used for manipulating proton beams, 5 MV, surpassing the nominal operational and a total of 16 cavities (eight near ATLAS voltage of 3.4 MV. This kick voltage and eight near CMS) will be required for the Wherever safety and security matter, we deliver corresponds to extremely high electric HL-LHC project.

N e u t r i N o s OUTSTANDING PRODUCTION FACILITIES World-class manufacturing plants, Sterile neutrinos in retreat fully equipped to deal with demanding projects MB IOT An experiment in Korea designed to search Exclusion curves for 3 + 1 neutrino INNOVATION FOCUSED RAA allowed 2 2 Pushing boundaries with for light sterile neutrinos has published oscillations in the sin 2θ14−Δm41 parameter its first results, further constraining the 90% C.L. space. The solid blue curve is based on the pro-active R&D, such as in 95% C.L. high-efﬁ ciency RF solutions possible properties of such a particle. Even 99% C.L. comparison with the Daya Bay spectrum,

though the number of light neutrinos cannot ) while the dashed grey curve is from Bugey-3, 2 exceed three, it is still possible to have 1 excluded and the dotted curve from Daya Bay. The (eV 2

additional neutrinos if they are “sterile”. Such 41 NEOS 90% C.L. shaded area is the allowed region from the Bugey-3 90% C.L.

particles, which are right-handed singlets Δ m reactor antineutrino anomaly fit, and the under the electromagnetic, strong and weak Daya Bay 90% C.L.s star is its optimum point. interactions, are predicted by extensions of the Standard Model and would reveal themselves neutrino oscillations, the new results set θ by altering the rate of oscillation between the stringent upper limits on the 14 mixing –1 2 three standard neutrino flavours. An early hint 10 angle (see figure) of sin 2θ14 less than 0.1 for such a state came from observations of the for Δm2 ranging from 0.2–2.3 eV2 at 90% AN ESTABLISHED PARTNER 10–2 10–1 1 41 Committed to serving the global mixing between electron and muon neutrinos 2 confidence level. The results further improve sin 2θ14 scientiﬁ c community in particle by the LSND experiment, although more the constraints to the LSND anomaly physics & thermonuclear fusion recent results from other experiments are so spectrum over an eight-month period, parameter space, say the team. With the far inconclusive. the NEOS team found no evidence for NEOS experiment now completed, the The NEOS detector is a Gd-loaded liquid oscillations involving sterile neutrinos. On the team is discussing a further reactor neutrino scintillator located just 24 m from the core other hand, the team recorded a small excess programme using commercial reactors to be of the 2.8 GW Hanbit nuclear power plant of antineutrinos above an energy of around built in the near future in Korea. in South Korea, which generates a high 5 MeV that is consistent with anomalies seen A RESPECTED HERITAGE flux of antineutrinos. Based on precise at longer-baseline neutrino experiments. ● Further reading For decades Thales has been at the forefront of measurements of an antineutrino energy With no strong evidence for “3 + 1” NEOS Collaboration 2017 Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 121802. RF source production and associated solutions

A N t i m A t t e r to produce antihydrogen ions, which will GBAR falls into place be slowed almost to a standstill using lasers EXPERTISE AT EVERY STAGE and then allowed to fall under gravity over a All the critical industrial processes

M Brice/CERN of the engineering cycle mastered, On 1 March, the first component of a vertical distance of 20 cm. from design to production Cryogenic new CERN experiment called GBAR Although antimatter is not expected couplers (Gravitational Behaviour of Antihydrogen to fall “up”, detecting even the tiniest at Rest) was installed: a 1.2 m-long linear difference between the rate at which matter For over 60 years, Thales’ solutions have been used by the world’s most accelerator that will be used to generate and antimatter fall would have profound prestigious research organisations and OEMs in physics, defense, fusion and positrons. Located in the Antiproton implications for fundamental laws such medical applications. With world-class R&D capabilities and unique testing Decelerator (AD) hall, GBAR is the first as Einstein’s equivalence principle. Two facilities, Thales delivers appropriate solutions with unrivalled performance. of five experiments that will be connected further experiments that are based at the Multidisciplinary expertise across vacuum, high voltage, RF design, precision to the new ELENA deceleration ring and AD, AEGIS and ALPHA, are also studying mechanics and software enables us to offer complete solutions, from design it is specifically designed to measure the the effect of gravity on antimatter. First and development to manufacturing and complex system integration. Every effect of gravity on antihydrogen atoms. The results on anti-ion production are expected moment of every day, wherever safety and security are critical, Thales delivers. experiment will use antiprotons supplied by Installation of the GBAR linac in its shielding next year, with gravity studies following ELENA and positrons created by the linac bunker. later. Search: Thalesgroup 8

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L H C experiments ATLAS pushes SUSY beyond 2 TeV

The ATLAS ~0 looking for final states with multiple jets squark-gluino-neutralino model, m(χ ) = 0 GeV experiment has 6000 1 but little missing transverse momentum. In ATLAS 0 leptons, 2–6 jets released several √s = 13 TeV, 36.1 fb–1 all limits at 95% CL. the absence of deviations from background

␴ new results in its 5000 obs. limit (±1 SUSY theory) predictions, strong exclusion limits are

exp. limits (±1 ␴exp) search for supersymmetry (SUSY) using –1 extracted that complement those of R-parity 4000 observed limit (20.3 fb , 8 TeV) the full 13 TeV LHC data set from 2015 and Meff or RJR (best expected) conserving scenarios.

2016, obtaining sensitivity for certain new (GeV) The production of metastable SUSY ~ q 3000 particles with masses exceeding 2 TeV. m particles could give rise to decay vertices ~~~~~ ~ q + q (u,d,s,c) SUSY is one of the most studied 2000 L R that are separated by from the proton–proton extensions of the Standard Model (SM) collision point in a measurable way. An and, if realised in nature, it would introduce 1000 ATLAS search [7] based on a dedicated partners for all the SM particles. Under 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 tracking and vertexing algorithm has now the assumption of R-parity conservation, m~g (GeV) ruled out large regions of the parameter SUSY particles would be pair-produced space of such models. A second search [8] and the lightest SUSY particle (LSP) Exclusion limits (95% C.L.) for a SUSY exploited the new layer of the ATLAS pixel would be stable. The strongly produced model with production of squarks and tracking detector to identify short track partners of the gluon and quarks, the gluinos and subsequent decays to quarks segments produced by particles decaying gluino and squarks, would decay to final and massless neutralinos. The dashed line close to the LHC beam pipe, yielding states containing energetic jets, possibly and yellow band indicate the expected sensitivity to non-prompt decays of SUSY Light Transport Systems Self-mixing Sensor leptons, and two LSPs. If the LSP is only sensitivity and one standard-deviation charginos with lifetimes of the order of weakly interacting, which would make it a range of the search, respectively, while the a nanosecond. The result constrains an A major challenge in radiation-intense We offer a compact laser dark-matter candidate, it would escape the solid red line represents the exclusion based important class of SUSY models where the environments is the signal transfer from diode based sensor for detecting the source to the (often expensive and not a small displacement and measuring the detector unseen, resulting in a signature on the observed data yields. The x axis dark-matter candidate is the partner of the radiation-hard) detection system. Lens-based vibration with an accuracy of better than with missing transverse momentum. represents the mass of the gluino while the W boson. light transport systems suffer from aberrations, 300 nm. This easy-to-use sensor can be easily A recent ATLAS analysis [1] searched y axis is the mass of the squark. The ATLAS SUSY search programme misalignment and radiation damage. D-Beam used for many purposes including cryogenic for this signature, while a second [2] targets with the new data set is in full swing, with offers optical fibre based light transport chamber vibration detection or referencing the models where each gluino decays via processes, excluding stop masses up many more signatures being investigated systems that can replace conventional displacement of wired or translational stages the partner of the top quark (the “stop”), to 950 G eV. to close in on models of electroweak-scale lens-based systems. for diagnostics. Moreover, it can also be used producing events with many jets originating SUSY might alternatively be manifested supersymmetry. for velocity measurements of gas-jets and fluid from a b quark (b jets). Both analyses in more complicated ways. R-parity violating Amongst others, we are experienced in the targets. Our sensor provides a reliable, low ● Further reading D-Beam, a new spin-off company from the development, optimisation and experimental cost and robust solution that can be used in find consistency with SM expectations, (RPV) SUSY features an LSP that can University of Liverpool and the Cockcroft exploitation of synchrotron radiation-based even the harshest environments. excluding squarks and gluinos from the decay and hence evade missing transverse [1] ATLAS Collab. 2017 ATLAS-CONF-2017-022. Institute in the UK provides a range of profile monitors, novel micro mirror array-based first two generations at 95% confidence momentum-based searches. Moreover, [2] ATLAS Collab. 2017 ATLAS-CONF-2017-021. beam halo monitors for the measurements with reliable and cost-efficient beam diagnostics level up to masses of 2 TeV (see figure). SUSY particles could be long-lived or [3] ATLAS Collab. 2017 ATLAS-CONF-2017-020. high dynamic range, and advanced sensor for use at accelerator and clinical facilities, D-Beam offers easy-to-use and user [4] ATLAS Collab. 2017 ATLAS-CONF-2017-019. technologies, such as silicon photomultipliers. Pair-produced stops could decay to final metastable, leading to unconventional light sources, and reactors for applications friendly diagnostics for charged particle states containing up to six jets, including detector signatures. Two dedicated searches [5] ATLAS Collab. 2017 ATLAS-CONF-2017-013. in research, healthcare, security, beams. This includes custom-build diagnostics two b jets, or through the emission of a [5, 6] for the production of gluino pairs and [6] ATLAS Collab. 2017 ATLAS-CONF-2017-025. environment and manufacturing. Beam Loss Monitors (BLM) for your specific needs. We have a wide range Higgs or Z boson. Two dedicated ATLAS stop pairs decaying via RPV couplings [7] ATLAS Collab. 2017 ATLAS-CONF-2017-026. of numerical and analytical tools for modelling [8] ATLAS Collab. 2017 ATLAS-CONF-2017-017. Beam diagnostics is a highly specialised area Based on Fibres and optimising our products for even the most searches [3, 4] find no evidence for these have recently been studied by ATLAS, both where it takes many years to develop a new challenging projects. We have established D-Beam offers BLMs based on fibres with sensor technology. The first advantage of a collaborative network with universities, unique features compared to the commonly D-Beam is the availability of a broad range of research centres and industry partners from used BLMs. The fibre-based BLM gathers the CMS inches to the top of the Higgs-coupling mountain cutting edge beam diagnostics solutions that all over the world. are not currently offered by any other company. information from the entire beam line you are interested in, and not only one point. Further information can be found at Secondly, we have the required skilled experts The discovery of the the Higgs boson. Precise measurements of mode, while proceeding at a rate about 100 www.d-beam.co.uk to optimise a given diagnostics technology Due to the large number of monitors necessary Higgs boson in 2012, a such processes therefore provide a sensitive times smaller than gluon fusion, provides a to cover all beam modules in latest generation platform towards your specific applications. Alexandra Alexandrova large scale accelerators, it is desirable to fundamentally new type means to search for new physics. highly distinctive signature in the detector, Email: [email protected] find a solution which minimises also the overall of scalar particle, has The top-Higgs coupling is crucial for the which includes leptons and/or jets from the Telephone: +44(0)1925 864 430 or costs of the system. The use of optical fibres provided the particle-physics production of Higgs bosons at the LHC, decay of the two top quarks. Custom-designed Radiators +44(0)7449 618 935 in different configurations allows covering community with a new tool with which to since the process with the largest production Combined ATLAS and CMS results on We offer radiators for high current/high larger segments of the machines. This allows Prof. Carsten P. Welsch search for new physics beyond the Standard cross-section (gluon–gluon fusion) proceeds ttH production based on the LHC’s Run 1 energy beam applications, as well as highly to find new sources or losses and to protect Email: [email protected] sensitive radiators for low intensity beams Model (SM). Originally discovered via its via a virtual top-quark loop. In this sense, data set showed an intriguing excess: the the equipment. Telephone: +44(0)1925-864 352 where a small number of particles need to be decay into two photons or four leptons, the Higgs production itself provides indirect measured rate was above the SM prediction Or +44(0)7973 247 982 detected. Our radiators can be used for single Our systems provide a resolution of around SM Higgs boson is also predicted to interact evidence for the top-Higgs coupling. Direct with a statistical significance corresponding Fax: +44(0)1925 864 037 particle detection as well as for beam loss 10 cm, which gives an accurate determination with fermions with coupling strengths experimental access to the top-Higgs to 2.3σ. With the increase of the LHC monitoring applications. They are based on of the loss position. Due to their intrinsic D-Beam proportional to the fermion masses. The coupling, on the other hand, comes from the energy from 8 to 13 TeV for Run 2, the ttH the generation of scintillation and Cherenkov design advantages our systems are Keckwick lane, Daresbury laboratory

top quark, being the heaviest elementary study of the associated production of a Higgs production cross-section is expected to s radiation in different types of optical fibres completely insensitive to magnetic fields Daresbury, Warrington, WA4 4AD fermion known, has the largest coupling to boson and a top-quark pair. This production increase by a factor four – putting the and cutting edge photo detectors. and neutron radiation. United Kingdom

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ttH analyses in the crosshairs of the CMS ttH– production The top section summarises the ATLAS and limited by poor knowledge of the antiproton collisions per hour. By operating SMOG be isolated from the much more abundant +0.7 collaboration in its search for new physics. LHC Run 1 CMS combined analysis of the Run 1 data, production cross-sections, however, and with helium, LHCb physicists were able interactions with the helium nuclei. The 2.3–0.6 Compared to the first evidence for Higgs which exhibit a 2.3 standard-deviation cross-section for proton–electron elastic CMS Run 2 no data are available so far on antiproton to mimic cosmic collisions between production in 2012, namely Higgs-boson excess above the SM prediction, while the γγ 1.9+1.5 production in proton–helium collisions. 6.5 TeV protons and at-rest helium nuclei scattering is very well known and allows the decays into clean final states containing two –1.2 lower section shows the latest CMS results The LHCb’s recently installed internal – a configuration that closely matches the density of atomic electrons to be computed. 4I 0.0+1.2 photons or four leptons, the ttH process is _ –0.0 from Run 2. Results that include the full 2016 gas target “SMOG” (System for Measuring energy scale of the antiproton production The result for the antiproton production much more rare, and the expected signal bb –0.2±0.8 data, presented for the first time in March, Overlap with Gas) provides the unique observed by space-borne experiments. has been compared to the most popular yields in these modes are just a few events. For multileptons 1.5±0.5 are indicated in orange. possibility to study fixed-target proton Data-taking was carried out during May cosmic-ray models describing soft +0.6 this reason, searches for ttH production have τ h + X 0.7–0.5 collisions at the unprecedented energy 2016 and lasted just a few hours. hadronic collisions, revealing significant been driven by the higher sensitivity achieved hadronic τ-lepton decays are studied offered by the LHC, with the forward LHCb’s advanced particle-identification disagreements with their predictions. The in Higgs decay modes with larger branching –1 01234 5 separately. signal strength relative to SM prediction geometry of the LHCb detector well suited capabilities were used to determine the yields accuracy of the LHCb measurement is fractions, such as H → bb, H → W W, and The latest results of ttH searches at CMS for this configuration. The SMOG device of antiprotons, among other charged particles, below 10% for most of the accessible phase H → ττ. The search in the H → bb final to WW*, ZZ* and ττ pairs, and make use (see figure) show that we are on the verge of allows a tiny amount of a noble gas to be in the momentum range 12–110 GeV. A novel space, and is expected to contribute to the state is challenging because of the large of events with two same-sign leptons or measuring this crucial process with sufficient injected inside the LHC beam pipe near method has been developed to precisely continuous progress in turning high-energy background from the production of top-quark more than three light leptons produced in precision to confirm or disprove the previous the LHCb vertex detector region. The determine the amount of gas in the target: astroparticle physics into a high-precision pairs in association with jets, and the results association with b-quark jets from top-quark observed excess. With a larger data set it gas pressure is less than a billionth of events are counted where a single electron science. are currently limited by systematic and decays. Multivariate techniques allow should be possible to have clear evidence for atmospheric pressure so as not to perturb elastically scattered off the beam is projected theoretical uncertainties. the background due to jets misidentified ttH production by the end of Run 2. LHC operations, but this is sufficient to inside the detector acceptance. Owing to ● Further reading A compromise between expected signal as leptons to be reduced, while similar observe hundreds of millions of beam–gas their distinct signature, these events could LHCb Collaboration LHCb-CONF-2017-002. yield and background uncertainty can algorithms provide discrimination against ● Further reading be obtained from final states containing irreducible background from tt + W and CMS Collaboration 2017 CMS-PAS-HIG-17-003. leptons. Such analyses target Higgs decays tt + Z production. Events with reconstructed CMS Collaboration 2017 CMS-PAS-HIG-17-004. ALICE reveals dominance of collective flow

LHCb brings The study of the anisotropic scaling relation between vn[P2] coefficients v v ansatz ALICE, Pb–Pb √s NN = 2.76 TeV 2 2 flow in heavy-ion collisions ansatz of momentum correlations and the regular 0.2 < P < 2.0 GeV/c v3 v3 T v v ansatz at the LHC, which measures 0.03 4 4 flow coefficients vn. The presence of other cosmic collisions the momentum anisotropy sources of particle correlation, generically

) 0.02 0.2 ≤|Δη|≤ 0.9 0.9 ≤|Δη|≤ 1.9 of the final-state particles, 2 called non-flow, are expected to break this (P n down to Earth has been effective in characterising the v 0.01 simple scaling, however. extreme states of matter produced in such ALICE has now found that the scaling (a) collisions. Much evidence of collective 0 (c) relation between vn[P2] and regular vn In an effort to improve anisotropic flow and the production of a 1.2 coefficients is well verified for particle 1.0 our understanding of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) in heavy-ion ratio (b) (d) pairs with a minimum separation of 0.9 0.8 cosmic rays, the LHCb collisions has already been reported. 0 30 60 0 30 60 unit of rapidity (figure, right panel), but collaboration has generated However, ALICE recently devised a new centrality (%) centrality (%) breaks down for shorter intervals (left high-energy collisions between protons technique to test for the collective nature of panel) where non-flow effects such as and helium nuclei similar to those that the flow using measurements of differential Flow coefficients for two rapidity ranges resonance decays and jet fragmentation take place when cosmic rays strike the transverse-momentum correlators, P2. plotted as a function of centrality (top), with play an important role. The observed interstellar medium. Such collisions are These quantities measure the degree ratios of the coefficients from experimental scaling at rapidity greater than 0.9 thus expected to produce a certain number of correlation between the momenta of data and corresponding flow ansatz values confirms that collective flow determined of antiprotons, and are currently one of produced particles and are used to probe the (bottom). by the geometry of the collision system the possible explanations for the small evolution of the QGP fireball produced in dominates the correlation dynamics in fraction of antiprotons (about one per heavy-ion collisions. For specific dynamic formed by the impact parameter and the heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. ALICE 10,000 protons) observed in cosmic rays processes, one can derive how the shape beam direction. This produces pressure also observed, in the five per cent most outside of the Earth᾿s atmosphere. By and strength of momentum correlations gradients that are largest in the reaction central collisions, that the third-order measuring the antimatter component of is related to those of particle-number plane. Particle production thus becomes an coefficients v3[P2] are larger than the cosmic rays, we can potentially unveil new correlations. anisotropic and collective process mostly second-order coefficients, 2v [P2]. Such high-energy phenomena, notably a possible Collective-flow models posit that the determined by the orientation relative to coefficient hierarchy is also observed in contribution from the annihilation or decay enormous energy density achieved in the reaction plane. The anisotropy in the particle-number correlations but only for of dark-matter particles. heavy-ion collisions generates large transverse plane is quantified in terms the two per cent most central collisions. In the last few years, space-borne detectors pressure gradients that drive the expansion of Fourier coefficients (vn), whose values The observable P2 thus provides better devoted to the study of cosmic rays have of the QGP fireball. In non-central depend on the initial spatial anisotropy of sensitivity to initial state fluctuations that dramatically improved our knowledge of the collisions, the nuclear overlap region is the fireball as well as pressure gradients. engender finite third-harmonic values. antimatter component. Data from the Alpha anisotropic and approximately almond If the geometry of the system and the Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02), which is shaped, with the longer axis oriented pressure gradients dominate correlations of ● Further reading attached to the International Space Station perpendicular to the reaction plane produced particles, one expects a specific ALICE Collaboration 2017 arXiv:1702.02665. and operated from a control centre at CERN, published last year are currently the most Les physiciens des particules du monde entier sont invités à apporter leurs CERN Courier welcomes contributions from the international precise and provide the antiproton over proton contributions au CERN Courier, en français ou en anglais. Les articles retenus particle-physics community. These can be written in English or French, fraction up to an antiproton energy of 350 GeV (Top) A fully reconstructed proton–helium collision event in the LHCb detector, with the (CERN Courier December 2016 p26). The particle identified as an antiproton shown in pink. (Bottom) An event with a single electron seront publiés dans la langue d’origine. Si vous souhaitez proposer un article, and will be published in the same language. If you have a suggestion for interpretation of these data is currently elastic scattering. faites part de vos suggestions à la rédaction à l’adresse [email protected]. an article, please send proposals to the editor at [email protected].

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Spanish industrial companies are relevant partners in developing, building and maintaining scientific facilities, C o m p i l e d b y J o h n S w a i n , n ortheaStern U n i v e r S i t y components and instruments, specially in the field of accelerators and matter sciences. High precision manufacturing, superconductive magnets, special power supplies, detectors, mechatronic systems, vacuum and cryogenic chambers and structures, highly specialized engineering services, encoders and synchronizing equipment…are just a few of their capabilities that will be presented at IPAC 2017 in Copenhagen. Data-storage record for DNA

Come and visit us at the Spanish Pavilion (#137) Until recently, attempts to store information The new study improves the amount of data in DNA strands have only been able to stored in DNA by a factor 10. reach a fraction of the theoretical maximum storage capacity. A new method developed a Pioneer plaque and a 1948 work by by Yaniv Erlich and Dina Zielinski of the Claude Shannon, after compression) in New York Genome Center goes much DNA oligonucleotides, which they could further towards this goal. Based on a then perfectly retrieve using a process class of computer code called a fountain, that allows 2.18 × 1015 retrievals. The the researchers were able to approach results indicate that perfect data storage the so-called Shannon capacity while and retrieval is feasible at a density of protecting against data corruption. As a 215 petabytes per gram of DNA, improving result, they were able to store 2.14 × 106 on previous work by an order of magnitude. Quadrupole Magnets for CERN, ISOLDE & SESAME (Switzerland, Jordan) ELYTT ENERGY (Madrid) bytes of information (including a full ● Further reading X-ray Mirror Nanobender ALBA Synchrotron computer operating system, a short French (Barcelona) SENER (Barcelona) film from 1895, a $50 Amazon gift card, Y Erlich and D Zielinski 2017 Science 355 950.

Cadinox, welded solutions for complex and unique Supersolid firms up two elements formed a compound (Na2He). installations (Belauntza, Guipúzcoa) Fluorescent frogs The compound, which is expected to be A supersolid is a bizarre quantum state stable up to at least 1000 GPa, has a crystal that is rigid like a solid, yet can flow like a Fluorescence is rare in land animals, being structure made of cubes of eight sodium zero-viscosity liquid (a superfluid). After largely limited to parrots and marine turtles. atoms, half of them filled with helium and many years of theoretical arguments as to Now, for the first time, it has been found in a frog. the rest filled with an electron pair that whether this sort of material could even Carlos Taboada of CONICET in Buenos Aires and binds the sodium atoms together. Complete RF passive solutions for scientific exist, two groups have now reported making colleagues studied South American polka-dot applications RYMSA (Madrid) it. Jung-Ru Li and colleagues of MIT tree frogs (Hypsiboas punctuatus) collected ● Further reading started with sodium atoms configured in a near Santa Fe in Argentina. The colours of these X Dong et al. 2017 Nature Chemistry doi:10.1038/ Bose–Einstein condensate such that lasers frogs are normally a combination of muted nchem.2716. could nudge them to line up spatially as if greens, yellows and reds, but in dim light and they were in a crystal. Julian Léonard and UV illumination they glow bright blue and green. Tools for bees Absolute linear encoders of micro-accuracy and colleagues of ETH Zürich also began with This is genuine fluorescence, not the more nano-resolution for undulators, wigglers and wire common bioluminescence in which organisms scanners controls. FAGOR AUTOMATION, S.COOP. an atomic superfluid, but placed it in an Tool use was originally thought to be Solid State Driver, 600W c. wave at 500MHz, Soft X-ray Spectrometer, ESRF (Grenoble) (Arrasate-Mondragón) optical cavity and excited the atoms with make their own light. The fluorescent molecules uniquely human, although it has since been liquid cooled, ALBA Synchrotron (Barcelona) AVS (Elgoibar) are unlike those in any other animals, being BTESA (Madrid) a laser causing them to emit photons into reported in primates, marine mammals and the cavity and thus create a standing wave derived from dihydroisoquinoline. In twilight birds. Now, Olli Loukola and colleagues that guides the atoms into orderly positions. or night-time conditions, the fluorescence of Queen Mary University in London have The two studies open up a new field of contributes 18–29% of the total emerging light, found that bees also use tools. The team investigation in which many interesting enhancing a creature’s visibility, particularly trained bees to know a “correct” location questions, even including whether or for amphibians, but the reasons for the for a small ball, after which the bees were not supersolids are in thermodynamic fluorescence are still not known. able to move a ball to the correct location equilibrium, remain open. to obtain a sucrose-solution reward. The ● Further reading bees learnt better from watching a live or ● Further reading C Taboada et al. 2017 PNAS doi/10.1073/ model demonstrator than from a “ghost J Léonard et al. 2017 Nature 543 87. pnas.1701053114. demonstrator” in the form of a magnet J-R Li et al. 2017 Nature 543 91. moving the ball, the results showed. The creatures also knew that in cases where more Helium joins chemistry than one ball was present they had to move the closest one, even if it was a different Long thought to be chemically inert, helium colour, indicating an unprecedented neural has now been coaxed into forming a stable flexibility. Apparently, novel behaviour compound. Artem Oganov and colleagues in simple animals can emerge quickly in of Stony Brook University in New York put Meet the fluorescing South American response to environmental pressures. thin pieces of sodium together with helium polka-dot tree frog. (Image credit: gas under pressures up to 155 GPa and C Taboada and J Faivovich.) ● Further reading found that at pressures above 113 GPa the O Loukola et al. 2017 Science 355 833.

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C o m p i l e d b y m a r C Tü r l e r , iSdC a n d o b S e r vaT o r y o f T h e U n i v e r S i T y o f G e n e va , a n d Chipp, U n i v e r S i T y o f Z U r i C h Dark-matter surprise in early universe

New observations using ESO’s Very disc galaxies were much more turbulent Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile indicate than the spiral galaxies we see in our cosmic that massive, star-forming galaxies in the neighbourhood. Both effects seem to become

early universe were dominated by normal, ESO/L Calçada more marked as astronomers look further baryonic matter. This is in stark contrast back in time into the early universe. This to present-day galaxies, where the effects suggests that three to four billion years after of dark matter on the rotational velocity of the Big Bang, the gas in galaxies had already spiral galaxies seem to be much greater. The efficiently condensed into flat, rotating discs, surprising result, published in Nature by an while the dark-matter halos surrounding international team of astronomers led by Schematic representation of rotating disc them were much larger and more spread out. Reinhard Genzel at the Max Planck Institute galaxies in the local (left) and the distant, Apparently it took billions of years longer for Extraterrestrial Physics in Germany, early universe (right). The effect of dark for dark matter to condense as well, so its suggests that dark matter was less influential matter (shown in red) is to increase the dominating effect is only seen on the rotation in the early universe than it is today. rotation speed of the outer regions of local velocities of galaxy discs today. Whereas normal matter in the cosmos can galaxies. This explanation is consistent with be viewed as brightly shining stars, glowing observations showing that early galaxies gas and clouds of dust, dark matter does not local universe, but is now challenged by the were much more gas-rich and compact emit, absorb or reflect light. This elusive, latest observations of galaxies in the distant than today’s galaxies. Embedded in a wider transparent matter can only be observed universe. The rotation curve of six massive, dark-matter halo, their rotation curves via its gravitational effects, one of which star-forming galaxies at the peak of galaxy would be only weakly influenced by its is a higher speed of rotation in the outer formation, 10 billion years ago, was measured gravity. It would be therefore interesting to parts of spiral galaxies. The disc of a spiral with the KMOS and SINFONI instruments explore whether the suggestion of a slow galaxy rotates with a velocity of hundreds on the VLT, and the results are intriguing. condensation of dark-matter halos could help of kilometres per second, making a full Unlike local spiral galaxies, the outer regions shed light on this mysterious component of revolution in a period of hundreds of millions of these distant galaxies seem to be rotating the universe. of years. If a galaxy’s mass consisted entirely more slowly than regions closer to the core of normal matter, the sparser outer regions – suggesting they contain less dark matter ● Further reading should rotate more slowly than the dense than expected. The same decreasing velocity R Genzel et al. 2017 Nature 543 397. regions at the centre. But observations trend away from the centres of the galaxies is of nearby spiral galaxies show that their also found in a composite rotation curve that inner and outer parts actually rotate at combines data from around 100 other distant Editor’s note approximately the same speed. galaxies, which have too weak a signal for an After 13 years as the Courier’s Astrowatch It is widely accepted that the observed “flat individual analysis. contributor, astronomer Marc Türler is moving rotation curves” indicate that spiral galaxies Genzel and collaborators identify two to pastures new. We thank him for his numerous contain large amounts of non-luminous probable causes for the unexpected result. matter in a halo surrounding the galactic Besides a stronger dominance of normal lively columns keeping readers up to date with the disc. This traditional view is based on matter with the dark matter playing a much latest astro results. observations of numerous galaxies in the smaller role, they also suggest that early

Picture of the month

Thirty years ago, a massive stellar explosion sent shock waves not only through space but also through the astronomical community. Detected on 23 February 1987 in the Large Magellanic Cloud – a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way – SN 1987A was the nearest supernova explosion observed in hundreds of years. Since its launch in 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope has observed the expanding dust cloud of SN 1987A several times to give astronomers a better understanding of these cosmic explosions. Its latest image, shown here, was taken earlier this NASA, ESA and R Kirshner; P Challis year to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the supernova. Supernova 1987A is visible in the centre of the image amid a backdrop of stars and surrounded by gaseous clouds. The bright ring around the remains of the exploded star is about one light-year across and was probably ejected about 20,000 years before the star exploded. The origin of the two fainter rings, which extend like mirror images in an hourglass-shaped structure, is still not fully understood.

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CERN Courier May 2017 ar ener A new Large Research Infrastructure based on a linac with unprecedented reliability requirements Euclid to pinpoint nature of dark energy

e or lanch in , the Eroean Sace Aencs Eclid roe will se its nrecedented sensitiit and reach to identi what is casin the eansion o the nierse to accelerate

C The accelerating expansion of the universe, fi rst realised 20 years M Since 1998 SCK•CEN is developing the collaborative effort and supported by several acknowledged from the early design stage ago, has been confi rmed by numerous observations. Remarkably, MYRRHA project as an accelerator driven consecutive Euratom FP’s. Today the design that such a level of availability/reliability Y whatever the source of the acceleration, it is the primary driver of the system (ADS) based on the lead-bismuth effort is pursued under the H2020 MYRTE clearly requires a coherent approach to all dynamical evolution of the universe in the present epoch. That we are CM eutectic (LBE) as a coolant of the reactor and project complemented by several bilateral accelerator components, but also that it a material for its spallation target. MYRRHA is collaboration agreements. compels to implement a global fault tolerant unable to know the nature of this so-called dark energy is one of the MY a flexible fast-spectrum pool-type research concept. most important puzzles in modern fundamental physics. Whether n artist CY irradiation facility, also serving since the FP5 The MYRRHA linac consists of 2 fundamental due to a cosmological constant, a new dynamical fi eld, a deviation view ased on industry EURATOM framework as the backbone of entities: (i) the injector and (ii) the main linac. This has since been confirmed by extensive CMY from general relativity on cosmological scales, or something else, drawings of the uclid spacecraft showing the large sunshield the Partitioning & Transmutation (P&T) The injector is fully normal conducting and reliability modeling. The final design of the dark energy has triggered numerous theoretical models and experi- covered by solar cells and the telescope baffl e on the payload K strategy of the European Commission brings the proton beam from the source linac introduces the possibility of fault concerning the ADS development in the through a 4-rod RFQ followed by a series of tolerance at the level of the superconducting mental programmes. Physicists and astronomers are convinced that module containing the cold parts of the instruments. lso visile third pillar of this strategy. CH-type multigap cavities to 17 MeV. cavities through conservative nominal pinning down the nature of this mysterious component of the uni- is the and antenna to transmit the large amount of data from MYRRHA is proposed to the international conditions on beam dynamics and on cavity verse will lead to a revolution in physics. the second arthSun agrangian point, located . million community of nuclear energy and nuclear A MEBT line matches the beam into the main set points. Based on the cur rent lambda-cold-dark-matter (ΛCDM) model kilometres from arth. The spacecraft measures approximately physics as a pan-European large research linac, which is fully superconducting and of cosmology – which has only two ingredients: general relativ- . m tall and will have a launch mass of around kg. (mage infrastructure in ESFRI to serve as a operated at 2K. A similar fault tolerant concept is applied in multipurpose fast spectrum irradiation 2 families of spoke cavities prepare the the solid state RF amplifiers, which may ity with a nonzero cosmological constant and cold dark matter credit S arreau.) facility for various fields of research. beam for final acceleration in a sequence of therefore continue feeding the accelerating – we identify at this time three dominant components of the uni- 5-cell elliptical cavities. The 600 MeV proton cavities even in case of failing components. verse: normal baryonic matter, which makes up only 5% of the decoupled using several complementary cosmological probes. Type The subcritical core of the MYRRHA reactor beam is then transported through an However, such a scheme, based on total energy density; dark matter (27%); and dark energy (68%). 1a supernovae and baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) are very good (~100 MW ) has to be driven by a 600 MeV achromatic line for vertical injection from redundancy from modularity, may not be th This model is extremely successful in fi tting observations, such probes of the expansion rate, for instance, while gravitational lens- proton beam with a maximum intensity of above into the reactor. A beam window applied in the injector. Fault tolerance is then 4 mA. The ADS application requires this centered in the subcritical core closes the recovered by a mere duplication of the as the Planck mission’s measurements of the cosmic microwave ing and peculiar velocities of galaxies (as revealed by their redshift) beam to be delivered in a continuous regime line. injector: 1 active, 1 hot standby. background, but it gives no clues about the nature of the dark- are very good probes of gravity and the growth rate of structures — the resulting beam power of 2.4 MW matter or dark-energy components. It should also be noted that (see panel overleaf). It is only by combining several complemen- classifies the driver machine as a High Power A specific requirement for ADS The phased approach of MYRRHA will the assumption of a nonzero cosmological constant, implying a tary probes that the source of the acceleration of the universe can Proton Accelerator. application is the high level of the proton primarily concentrate on its linac limited to nonzero vacuum energy density, leads to what has been called be understood. The changes are extremely small and are currently Already in the early design phase of beam reliability, in other words the absence 100 MeV (first spoke family), albeit with 1 MYRRHA the choice for linac has been of unwanted beam trips. In the case of injector only. This installation will be a the worst prediction ever made in physics: its value as measured undetectable at the level of individual galaxies, but by observing endorsed, motivated to a large extent by the MYRRHA it is defined as follows: during a relevantly sized test platform of various fault by astronomers falls short of what is predicted by the Standard many galaxies and treating them statistically it is possible to accu- unprecedented reliability requirements. 3-months operational period the number of tolerance mechanisms, and thereby it will Model for particle physics by well over 100 orders of magnitude. rately track the evolution and therefore get a handle on what dark beam trips longer than 3s should be limited allow for a thorough investigation and Depending on what form it takes, dark energy changes the energy physically is. This demands new observing facilities capa- The design of the MYRRHA linac has been to 10. Shorter beam trips, on the other hand, extrapolation of the realistic capabilities of dynamical evolution during the expansion history of the universe ble of both measuring individual galaxies with high precision and conducted through an intense European are tolerated in large numbers. It has been the full size 600 MeV linac. as predicted by cosmological models. Specifi cally, dark energy surveying large regions of the sky to cover all cosmological scales. modifies the expansion rate as well as the processes by which cosmic structures form. Whether the acceleration is produced Euclid science parameters by a new scalar fi eld or by modifi ed laws of gravity will impact Euclid is a new space-borne telescope under development by the ▲ www.sckcen.be/MYRRHA differently on these observables, and the two effects can be European Space Agency (ESA). It is a medium-class mission

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The geometry of the universe accelerating expansion of our universe from the time it kicked in power and efficiency around 10 billion years ago to our present epoch, using four cosmological probes that can explore both dark-energy and modified- As the market leader in terrestrial broadcasting, we raise the standard

quantum primordial CMB dark matter gravity models. It will capture a 3D picture of the distribution of for efficiency and precision in particle acceleration. Choose from our fluctuations the dark and baryonic matter from which the acceleration will be wide portfolio of excellent high-power and broadband amplifiers and inflation measured to per-cent-level accuracy, and measure possible varia- size increase benefit from the advantages of factor 1030 tions in the acceleration to 10% accuracy, improving our present ❙ Amplifiers up to 100 kW and more for the storage ring knowledge of these parameters by a factor 20–60. Euclid will Visit us at ❙ High-speed linear drive amplifiers for the klystron in observe the dynamical evolution of the universe and the formation IPAC in Copenhagen, linear accelerators (LINAC) The evolution of structure is seeded by quantum fluctuations in the very of its cosmic structures over a sky area covering more than 30% Booth 46 and 47 early universe, which were amplified by inflation. These seeds grew of the celestial sphere, corresponding to about five per cent of the ❙ Fast-response amplifiers for stochastic cooling to create the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies after volume of the observable universe. ❙ Amplifiers with low additive phase noise for prebuncher cavities approximately 100,000 years and eventually the dark-matter distribution The dark-matter distribution will be probed via weak Rohde & Schwarz offers a dedicated portfolio of T&M instruments and of today. In the same way that supernovae provide a standard candle for gravitational-lensing effects on galaxies. Gravitational lensing power amplifier solutions for development, commissioning, optimization astronomical observations, periodic fluctuations in the density of the by foreground objects slightly modifies the shape of distant back- and operation of particle accelerators. visible matter called baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) provide a standard ground galaxies, producing a distortion that directly reveals the cosmological length scale that can be used to understand the impact of distribution of dark matter (see panel overleaf). The way such lens- dark energy. By comparing the distance of a supernova or structure with ing changes as a function of look-back time, due to the continuing www.rohde-schwarz.com/ad/particle-accelerators its measured redshift, the geometry of the universe can be obtained. growth of cosmic structure from dark matter, strongly depends on the accelerating expansion of the universe and turns out to be a clear signature of the amount and nature of dark energy. Spec- troscopic measurements, meanwhile, will enable us to determine tiny local deviations of the redshift of galaxies from their expected value derived from the general cosmic expansion alone (see image p24). These deviations are signatures of peculiar velocities of galaxies produced by the local gravitational fields of surrounding massive structures, and therefore represent a unique test of gravity. Spectroscopy will also reveal the 3D clustering properties of galaxies, in particular baryon acoustic oscillations. Together, weak-lensing and spectroscopy data will reveal signatures of the physical processes responsible for the expansion and the hierarchical formation of structures and galaxies in the presence of dark energy. A cosmological constant, a new dark-energy Hydrodynamical cosmological simulations of a ΛCDM universe at three component or deviations to general relativity will produce different different epochs (left-to-right above), corresponding to redshift z = 6, z = 2 signatures. Since these differences are expected to be very small, and our present epoch. Each white point represents the concentration of however, the Euclid mission is extremely demanding scientifically dark matter, gas and stars, the brightest regions being the densest. The and also represents considerable technical, observational and data- simulation shows the growth rate of structure and the formation of galaxies, processing challenges. clusters of galaxies, filaments and large-scale structures over cosmic By further analysing the Euclid data in terms of power spectra time. Euclid uses the large-scale structures made out of matter and dark of galaxies and dark matter and a description of massive nonlin- matter as a standard yardstick: starting from the CMB, we assume that ear structures like clusters of galaxies, Euclid can address cos- the typical scale of structures (or the peak in the spatial power spectrum) mological questions beyond the accelerating expansion. Indeed, increases proportionally with the expansion of the universe. Euclid will we will be able to address any topic related to power spectra or determine the typical scale as a function of redshift by analysing power non-Gaussian properties of galaxies and dark-matter distributions. spectra at several redshifts from the statistical analysis of the dark-matter The relationship between the light- and dark-matter distributions structures (using the weak lensing probe) or the ordinary matter structures of galaxies, for instance, can be derived by comparing the galaxy based on the spectroscopic redshifts from the BAO probe. The structures power spectrum as derived from spectroscopy with the dark-matter will evolve with redshift also due to the properties of gravity. Information on power spectrum as derived from gravitational lensing. The physics the growth of structure at different scales in addition to different redshifts of inflation can then be explored by combining the non-Gaussian is needed to discriminate between models of dark energy and modified features observed in the dark-matter distribution in Euclid data gravity. (Image credit: MPA Garching/Millennium.) with the Planck data. Likewise, since Euclid will map the dark- matter distribution with unprecedented accuracy, it will be sensi- ¸THx9 Amplifier tive to subtle features produced by neutrinos and thereby help to of ESA’s Cosmic Vision programme and was selected in October constrain the sum of the neutrino masses. On these and other top- 2011 as the first-priority cosmology mission of the next decade. ics, Euclid will provide impor tant information to constrain models. s Euclid will be launched at the end of 2020 and will measure the The definition of Euclid’s science cases, the development of

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the scientific instruments and the processing and exploitation of the Tracking cosmic structure data are under the responsibility of the Euclid Consortium (EC) and carried out in collaboration with ESA. The EC brings together about 1500 scientists and engineers in theoretical physics, particle physics, astrophysics and space astronomy from around 200 laboratories in 14 European countries, Canada and the US. Euclid’s science objectives translate into stringent performance requirements. Mathemati- cal models and detailed complete simulations of the mission were used to derive the full set of requirements for the spacecraft pointing and stability, the telescope, scientific instruments, data-processing algorithms, the sky survey and the system calibrations. Euclid’s performance requirements can be broadly grouped into three catego- ries: image quality, radiometric and spectroscopic performance. The spectroscopic performance in particular puts stringent demands on the ground-processing algorithms and demands a high level of control over cleanliness during assembly and launch.

Dark-energy payload The Euclid satellite consists of a service module (SVM) and a payload module (PLM), developed by ESA’s industrial contractors Thales Alenia Space of Turin and Airbus Defence and Space of Toulouse, respectively. The two modules are substantially thermally and structurally decoupled to ensure that the extremely rigid and cold (around 130 K) optical bench located in the PLM is not disturbed by the warmer (290 K±20 K) and more flexible SVM. The SVM comprises all the conventional spacecraft subsys- tems and also hosts the instrument’s warm electronics units. The Euclid image-quality requirements demand very precise pointing and minimal “jitter”, while the survey requirements call for fast and accurate movements of the satellite from one field to another. The attitude and orbit control system consists of several sensors ® to provide sub-arc-second stability during an exposure time, and Mileon – the longest hollow cold gas thrusters with micronewton resolution are used to actuate the fine pointing. Three star trackers provide the absolute inertial Gravitational-lensing effects produced by cosmic structures on distant attitude accuracy. Since the trackers are mounted on the SVM, galaxies (top; image credit: NASA/ESA & Calçada). Numerical simulations conductor in the world which is separate from the telescope structure and thus subject to (above) show the distribution of dark matter (filaments and clumps with thermo-elastic deformation, the fine guidance system is located on brightness proportional to their mass density) over a line of sight of one Developed in response to the customer demand the same focal plane of the telescope and endowed with absolute billion light-years. The yellow lines show how light beams emitted by distant for seamless magnetic windings. pointing capabilities based on a reference star catalogue. galaxies are deflected by mass concentrations located along the line of sight. The PLM is designed to provide an extremely stable detection Each deflection slightly modifies the original shape of the lensed galaxies, system enabling the sharpest possible images of the sky. The size increasing their original intrinsic ellipticity by a small amount. Since all of the point spread function (PSF), which is the image of a point distant galaxies are lensed, all galaxies eventually show a coherent ellipticity source such as an unresolved star, closely resembles the Airy pattern projected on the sky that directly reveals the projected distribution Meet us at IPAC17, Copenhagen May 14-19 disc, the theoretical limit of the optical system. The PSF of Euclid of dark matter and its power spectrum. The 3D distribution of dark matter images is comparable to those of the Hubble space telescope’s, con- can then be reconstructed by slicing the universe into redshift bins and sidering Euclid’s smaller primary mirror, and is more than three recovering the ellipticity pattern at each redshift. The growth rate of cosmic times smaller compared with what can be achieved by the best structures derived from this inversion process strongly depends on the ground-based survey telescopes under optimum viewing condi- nature of dark energy and gravity, and will be detected by the outstanding tions. The telescope is composed of a 1.2 m-diameter three-mirror image quality of Euclid’s VIS instrument. (Image credit: CNRS/UPMC/IAP/S “anastigmatic Korsch” arrangement that feeds two instruments: Colombi/Y Mellier.) www.luvata.com a wide-field visible imager (VIS) for the shape measurement of galaxies, and a near-infrared spectrometer and photometer (NISP) for their spectroscopic and photometric redshift measurements. which is mapping the stars of the Milky Way with high precision, An important PLM design driver is to maintain a high and sta- all mirrors, the telescope truss and the optical bench are made of ble image quality over a large field of view. Building on the herit- silicon carbide, a ceramic material that combines extreme stiff- s age of previous European high-stability telescopes such as Gaia, ness with very good thermal conduction. The PLM structure

Luvata_Mileon_CERN_FP_advert_ 03_17.indd 1 04/04/2017 10:59 CCMay17_EUCLID.indd 23 05/04/2017 16:22 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 7 N u m b e r 4 M a y 2 0 1 7 CERN Courier May 2017 CERN Courier May 2017 Dark energy Dark energy ELEGANT Airbus/Thales/ESA FOM2 Ground control SDSS dichroic NISP fine guidance FOM1 mirror One Euclid field of 0.5 square degrees will generate 520 Gb/day of SOLUTIONS sensor mirror VIS compressed data and 240 Gb/day of NISP compressed data, and one such field is obtained in an observing period lasting about VIS focal 1 hour and 15 minutes. All raw science data are transmitted to plane assembly REQUIRE the ground via a high-density link. Even though the nominal mission will last for six years, mapping out the 36% of the sky at the required sensitivity and accuracy within this time involves large PRECISION amounts of data to be transmitted at a rate of around 850 Gb/day during just four hours of contact with the ground station. The complete processing pipeline from Euclid’s raw data to the final data TOOLS products is a large IT project involving a few hundred software engineers and scientists, and has been broken down into functions handled by almost a dozen separate expert groups. A highly varied Integrated Engineering Software – collection of data sets must be homogenised for subsequent combination: data from different ground and space-based telescopes, vis- our LORENTZ series will impress VIS shutter FOM3 ible and near-infrared data, and slit-less spectroscopy. Very precise with its speed, accuracy, unit mirror and accurate shapes of galaxies are measured, giving two orders of M3 mirror magnitude improvement with respect to current analyses. intuitive nature, and ease-of-use. The cold compartment of the Euclid payload module, into which Based on the current knowledge of the Euclid mission and the light comes from the telescope primary and secondary mirrors present ground-station development, no showstoppers have been 2D/3D Beam Optics and Charged Particle 2D map of the large-scale galaxy distribution observed by the (not shown). The beam is then folded by two flat mirrors (FOM1 identified. Euclid should meet its performance requirements at Trajectory Analysis Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Our galaxy is at the centre. and FOM2) and converged by an elliptical mirror (M3) to a all levels, including the design of the mission (a survey of 15,000 Regions with redder colour have a higher density of galaxies; dichroic plate, which transmits the near-infrared light to the square degrees in less than six years) and for the space and ground Application Programming Interface regions of greener colour have lower galaxy densities, and black entrance pupil of the NISP instrument and reflects the visible segments. This is very encouraging and most promising, taking Extremely precise calculation of Electromagnetic regions have no galaxies. The elongated structures of a higher light to a third flat mirror (FOM3), which finally bends the light into account the multiplicity of challenges that Euclid presents. density of galaxies pointing toward the centre are signatures of the towards the focal plane of the VIS instrument. The entire On the scientific side, the Euclid mission meets the precision and ﬁ elds using our proprietary BEM solvers peculiar redshifts (or velocities) of galaxies. Euclid will measure structure, including mirrors and most of the support brackets, is accuracy requested to characterise the source of the accelerating structures as far out as z = 2 over a larger area of the sky. made of silicon-carbide ceramic material (dark grey). The expansion of the universe and decisively reveal its nature. On the LORENTZ compartment, irregularly shaped, about 2.5 m diameter, is technical side, there are difficult challenges to be met in achieving is passively cooled to a stable temperature of around 130 K, and a thermally controlled, with a large radiator (light grey) the required precision and accuracy of galaxy-shape, photometric v secondary mirror mechanism will be employed to refocus the tele- transferring excess heat to space, and is separated structurally and spectroscopic redshift measurements. Our current knowledge 9.4 scope image on the VIS detector plane after launch and cool down. and thermally from the rest of the spacecraft by six struts made of the mission provides a high degree of confidence that we can The VIS instrument receives light in one broad visible band cover- of glass fibre and titanium (yellow). To get an impression of the overcome all of these challenges in time for launch. ing the wavelength range 0.55–0.90 μm. To avoid additional image physical dimensions: the size of M3 is 54 × 40 cm. distortions, it has no imaging optics of its own and is equipped with ● Further reading a camera made up of 36 4 k × 4 k-pixel CCDs with a pixel scale of caused by gravitational lensing and are not a result of artefacts in L Amendola et al. 2016 arXiv:1606.0018. 0.1 arc second that must be aligned to a precision better than 15 μm the optics. The telescope will deliver a field of view of more than R Laureijs et al. 2011 arXiv:1110.3193. over a distance of 30 cm. Pixel-wise, the VIS camera is the second 0.5 square degrees, which is an area comparable to two full Moons, G Racca et al. 2016 Proc. SPIE 9904 9904-19, arXiv:1610.05508. largest camera that will be flown in space after Gaia’s and will pro- and the flat focal plane of the Korsch configuration places no extra duce the largest images ever generated in space. Unlike Gaia, VIS requirements on the surface shape of the sensors in the instru- Résumé will compress and transmit all raw scientific images to Earth for ments. As the VIS and NISP instruments share the same field of Euclid sur la piste de l’énergie noire further data processing. The instrument is capable of measuring view, Euclid observations can be carried out through both channels the shapes of about 55,000 galaxies per image field of 0.5 square in parallel. Besides the Euclid satellite data, the Euclid mission will Nous savons depuis près de 20 ans que l’expansion de l’Univers degrees. The NISP instrument, on the other hand, provides near- combine the photometry of the VIS and NISP instruments with s’accélère, mais nous ignorons toujours ce qu’est l’« énergie noire » à infrared photometry in the wavelength range 0.92–2.0 μm and has complementary ground-based observations from several existing l’origine de cette accélération. La sonde Euclid de l’Agence spatiale a slit-less spectroscopy mode equipped with three identical grisms and new telescopes equipped with wide-field imaging or spectro- européenne, qui sera lancée en 2020, utilisera sa sensibilité et sa (grating prisms) covering the wavelength range 1.25–1.85 μm. The scopic instruments (such as CFHT, ESO/VLT, Keck, Blanco, JST portée inédites pour identifier la nature de l’énergie noire. Selon sa grisms are mounted in different orientations to separate overlapping and LSST). These combined data will be used to derive an estimate forme, l’énergie noire modifie légèrement l’historique de l’expansion Contact us about our 30 Day Free Evaluation. spectra of neighbouring objects, and the NISP device is capable of of redshift for the two billion galaxies used for weak lensing, and to de l’Univers prédite par les modèles cosmologiques ; détecter de si We’ll show you how to get results from your exact design. delivering redshifts for more than 900 galaxies per image field. The decouple coherent weak gravitational-lensing patterns from intrin- petites différences exigera des dispositifs capables de mesurer des NISP focal plane is equipped with 16 near infrared HgCdTe detec- sic alignments of galaxies. Organising the ground-based observa- galaxies individuelles avec une haute précision et d’étudier de vastes tor arrays of 2 k × 2 k pixels with 0.3 arcsec pixels, which represents tions over both hemispheres and making these data compatible régions du ciel, afin de couvrir toutes les échelles cosmologiques. the largest near-infrared focal plane ever built for a space mission. with the Euclid data turns out to be a very complex operation that The exquisite accuracy and stability of Euclid’s instruments will involves a huge data volume, even bigger than the Euclid satellite Yannick Mellier, CNRS-UMPC/IAP and CEA/IRFU, on behalf of the Euclid provide certainty that any observed galaxy-shape distortions are data volume. Consortium, and Giuseppe Racca and Rene Laureijs, ESA.

24 integratedsoft.com • (+1) 204.632.5636

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IES 21384 CERN Mag Half Page Ad-Bleed-FIN.indd 1 2017-03-21 11:28 AM CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 7 N u m b e r 4 M a y 2 0 1 7 CERN Courier May 2017 CERN Courier May 2017 Dark matter history Dark-matter history How dark matter became a particle

It took decades for dark matter to enter the lexicon of particle physics. Today, explaining the nature and abundance of dark matter is one of the most pressing problems in the field.

Astronomers have long contemplated the possibility that there may be forms of matter in the universe that are imperceptible, either because they are too far away, too dim or intrinsically invisible. Lord Kelvin was perhaps the first, in 1904, to attempt a dynamical estimate of the amount of dark matter in the universe. His argument was simple yet powerful: if stars in the Milky Way can be described as a gas of particles acting under the influence of gravity, one can establish a relationship between the size of the system and the velocity dispersion of the stars. Henri Poincaré was impressed by Kelvin’s results, and in 1906 he argued that since the velocity dispersion predicted in Kelvin’s estimate is of the same order of magnitude as that observed, “there is no dark matter, or at least not so much as there is of shining matter”. The Swiss–US astronomer Fritz Zwicky is arguably the most famous and widely cited pioneer in the field of dark matter. In 1933, he studied the redshifts of various galaxy clusters and noticed a large scatter in the apparent velocities of eight galaxies within the Coma Cluster. Zwicky applied the so-called virial theorem – which estab- lishes a relationship between the kinetic and potential energies of a system of particles – to estimate the cluster’s mass. In contrast to what would be expected from a structure of this scale – a velocity dispersion of around 80 km/s – the observed average velocity dispersion along the line of sight was approximately 1000 km/s. From this comparison, Zwicky concluded: “If this would be confirmed, we would get the surprising result that dark matter is present in much greater amount than luminous matter.” In the 1950s and 1960s, most astronomers did not ask whether s the universe had a significant abundance of invisible or missing

The large-scale structure of the universe is thought to be dominated by vast filaments of dark matter, as simulated by the EAGLE (Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments) project. (Image credit: EAGLE Project.)

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Image credits: (from left) Wikicommons; L Athanassoula ;Carnegie Institution for Science (Left) Lord Kelvin was perhaps the first, in 1904, to attempt a dynamical estimate of the amount of dark matter in the universe. Albert Bosma (middle), currently at the Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, and Vera Rubin (right), who died at the age of 88 in December 2016, played an important role in convincing the scientific community of the presence of dark matter around galaxies.

mass. Although observations from this era would later be seen as swayed by observations of galaxy clusters, arguments pertaining evidence for dark matter, back then there was no consensus that to the stability of disc galaxies, or even cosmological considera- the observations required much, or even any, such hidden mate- tions. Despite disagreements regarding the strengths and weak- rial, and certainly there was not yet any sense of crisis in the field. nesses of these various observations and arguments, a consensus It was in 1970 that the first explicit statements began to appear nonetheless began to emerge by the end of the 1970s in favour of arguing that additional mass was needed in the outer par ts of some dark-matter’s existence. galaxies, based on comparisons between predicted and measured rotation curves. The appendix of a seminal paper published by Ken Enter the particle physicists Freeman in 1970, prompted by discussions with radio-astronomer From our contemporary perspective, it can be easy to imagine that Mort Roberts, concluded that: “If [the data] are correct, then there scientists in the 1970s had in mind halos of weakly interacting par- must be in these galaxies additional matter which is undetected, ticles when they thought about dark matter. In reality, they did not. either optically or at 21 cm. Its mass must be at least as large as the Instead, most astronomers had much less exotic ideas in the form mass of the detected galaxy, and its distribution must be quite dif- of comparatively low-luminosity versions of otherwise ordinary ferent from the exponential distribution which holds for the optical stars and gas. Over time, however, an increasing number of par ticle galaxy.” (Figure 1 overleaf.) physicists became aware of and interested in the problem of dark Several other lines of evidence began to appear that supported matter. This transformation was not just driven by new scientific the same conclusion. In 1974, two influential papers (by Jaan results, but also by sociological changes in science that had been Einasto, Ants Kaasik and Enn Saar, and by Jerry Ostriker, Jim taking place for some time. Peebles and Amos Yahil) argued that a common solution existed Half a century ago, cosmology was widely viewed as something for the mass discrepancies observed in clusters and in galaxies, and of a fringe science, with little predictive power or testability. Par- made the strong claim that the mass of galaxies had been until then ticle physicists and astrophysicists did not often study or pursue underestimated by a factor of about 10. research in each other’s fields, and it was not obvious what their By the end of the decade, opinion among many cosmologists respective communities might have to offer one another. More than and astronomers had crystal- any other problem in science, it was dark matter that brought par- lised: dark matter was indeed ticle physicists and astronomers together. An increasing abundant in the universe. As astrophysical alternatives were gradually ruled out one by Although the same conclusion one, the view that dark matter is likely to consist of one or more yet number of particle was reached by many groups of undiscovered species of subatomic particle came to be held almost physicists became scientists with different subcul- universally among both particle physicists and astrophysicists alike. tures and disciples, many indi- Perhaps unsurprisingly, the first widely studied particle dark- aware of and viduals found different lines of matter candidates were neutrinos. Unlike all other known particle interested in evidence to be compelling dur- species, neutrinos are stable and do not experience electromag- the problem of ing this period. Some astrono- netic or strong interactions – which are essential characteristics for mers were largely persuaded by almost any viable dark-matter candidate. The earliest discussion dark matter. new and more reliable measure- of the role of neutrinos in cosmology appeared in a 1966 paper ments of rotation curves, such by Soviet physicists Gershtein and Zeldovich, and several years as those by Albert Bosma, Vera later the topic began to appear in the West, beginning in 1972 with s Rubin and others. Others were a paper by Ram Cowsik and J McClelland. Despite the very

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interesting and important results of these and other papers, it is notable that most of them did not address or even acknowledge the 10 200 M33 possibility that neutrinos could account for the missing mass that had been observed by astronomers on galactic and cluster scales. An exception included the 1977 paper by Lee and Weinberg, whose 0 0 0 R 0 R Best Cyclotron Systems provide turnkey systems final sentence reads: “Of course, if a stable heavy neutral lepton 80 80 that not only include a cyclotron specific to your were discovered with a mass of order 1–15 GeV, the gravitational 10 200 NGC2403 isotope requirements, but also targets, automated Assembly of a Best 35 MeV Cyclotron at field of these heavy neutrinos would provide a plausible mecha- Best Theratronics facility, Ottawa, Ontario, CA nism for closing the universe.” ) radiochemistry, infrastructure, operations, and While this is still a long way from acknowledging the dynamical 2 0 0 maintenance support. evidence for dark matter, it was an indication that physicists were 0 R80 0 R80 beginning to realise that weakly interacting particles could be very

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abundant in our universe, and may have had an observable impact 20 • Multiple beam line configurations as per customer design IC 342 on its evolution. In 1980, the possibility that neutrinos might make • Currents from 400uA up to 1000uA depending on model up the dark matter received a considerable boost when a group 0 0 • Best 28u is fully upgradeable to 35 MeV in the field studying tritium beta decay reported that they had measured the 0 R80 0 R80 mass of the electron antineutrino to be approximately 30 eV – Best Cyclotron Capabilities Summary similar to the value needed for neutrinos to account for the majority 10 rotation velocity (km/s) 200 of dark matter. Although this “discovery” was eventually refuted, HI surface density (10 M101 Cyclotron Energy (MeV) Isotopes Produced it motivated many particle physicists to consider the cosmological F18, Tc 99m, C11, N13, O15, implications of their research. 0 0 Best 15 15 64 67 124 103 0 R 0 R Cu , Ga , I , Pd Installation of Best 70 MeV Cyclotron at Italian Although we know today that dark matter in the form of Stand- 80 80 Best 20u/25 20–15, 25–15 Best 15 + I123, In111, Ge68/Ga68 National Laboratories (INFN), Legnaro, IT ard Model neutrinos would be unable to account for the observed 10 200 Best 28u (Upgradeable) 28–15 Best 15 + I123, In111, Ge68/Ga68 large-scale structure of the universe, neutrinos provided an impor- NGC6946 Greater production of Best 15, Best 35 35–15 tant template for the class of hypothetical species that would later 20u/25 isotopes plus Tl201, Rb81/Kr81 be known as weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs). Astro- 0 0 Best 70 70–35 Sr82/Rb82, I123, Cu67, Kr81 + research physicists and particle physicists alike began to experiment with a 0 R80 0 R80 variety of other, more viable, dark-matter candidates. radius radius Best Particle Therapy is developing a Proton-to-Carbon therapy system to deliver Cold dark-matter paradigm Fig. 1. Flat rotation curves for galaxies, which indicate they are energetic particle beams of protons and carbon The idea of neutrino dark matter was killed off in the mid-1980s spinning faster than expected if they were made purely from ions to achieve a high level of precision to treat with the arrival of numerical simulations. These could predict baryonic matter, began to emerge from 21 cm observations in the deep-seated as well as radiation-resistant tumors. how large numbers of dark-matter particles would evolve under early 1970s. Shown are the hydrogen surface density profile (left) the force of gravity in an expanding universe, and therefore allow and rotation curves (right) of five galaxies as obtained by Rogstad ion Rapid Cycling Medical Synchrotron astronomers to assess the impact of dark matter on the formation and Shostak in 1972, where the bars under the galaxy names (iRCMS) is planned to have: Best/BNL of large-scale structure. In fact, by comparing the results of these indicate their average radial diameter and R80 corresponds to the simulations with those of galaxy surveys, it was soon realised that radius containing 80% of the observed hydrogen. • Intrinsically small beams facilitating ion Rapid Cycling no relativistic particle could account for dark matter. Instead, the beam delivery with precision Medical Synchrotron paradigm of cold dark matter – i.e. made of particles that were non- Solutions beyond the Standard Model • Small beam sizes – small magnets, (iRCMS) relativistic at the epoch of structure formation – was well on its way Neutrinos might be the only known particles that are stable, elec- light gantries – smaller footprint to becoming firmly established. trically neutral and not strongly interacting, but the imagination Best Medical is collaborating with Meanwhile, in 1982, Jim Peebles pointed out that the observed of particle physicists did not remain confined to the Standard Brookhaven National Laboratory • Highly efficient single turn extraction characteristics of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) also Model for long. Instead, papers started to appear that openly con- (BNL) under a DOE-CRADA program. • Efficient extraction – less shielding seemed to require the existence of dark matter. If just baryons templated many speculative and yet undiscovered particles that • Flexibility – protons and/or carbon, existed, then one could only explain the observed degree of large- might account for dark matter. In particular, particle physicists future beam delivery modalities scale structure if the universe started in a fairly anisotropic or began to find new candidates for dark matter within the frame- “clumpy” state. But by this time, the available data already set an work of a newly proposed space–time symmetry called super- upper limit on CMB anisotropies at a level of 10–4 – too meagre symmetry. The cosmological implications of supersymmetry to account for the universe’s structure. Peebles argued that this were discussed as early as the late 1970s. In Piet Hut’s 1977 paper problem would be relieved if the universe was instead dominated on the cosmological constraints on the masses of neutrinos, he by massive weakly interacting particles whose density fluctua- wrote that the dark-matter argument was not limited to neutri- Specifications within are subject to change. tions begin to grow prior to the decoupling of matter and radia- nos or even to weakly interacting particles. The abstract of his tion during which the CMB was born. Among other papers, this paper mentions another possibility made within the context of the www.bestcyclotron.com www.bestproton.com received enormous attention within the scientific community supersymmetric partner of the graviton, the spin-3/2 gravitino: and helped establish cold dark matter as the leading paradigm to “Similar, but much more severe, restrictions follow for particles s www.teambest.com describe the structure and evolution of the universe at all scales. that interact only gravitationally. This seems of importance 31

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. written around this time did not yet fully embrace the need to solve mass in this system). A comparison of the weak lensing and -ray Perhaps it will not be too many more years before we come to the dark-matter problem, occasional sentences could be found that maps of the bullet cluster clearly reveals that the mass in this sys- understand what that matter is. reflected the gradual emergence of a new perspective. tem does not trace the distribution of baryons. Another source of During the years that followed, an increasing number of par- gravitational potential, such as that provided by dark matter, must ● urther reading ticle physicists would further motivate proposals for physics instead dominate the mass of this system. eroe ooer ri beyond the Standard Model by showing that their theories could ollowing these observations of the bullet cluster and similar sys- e r et al atre troo account for the universe’s dark matter. In 1983, for instance, John tems, many researchers expected that this would effectively bring Preskill, Mark Wise and Frank Wilczek showed that the axion, the MN hypothesis to an end. This did not happen, although the sum

.; STScI/ESO WFI; Magellan/D Clowe et al originally proposed to solve the strong CP problem in quantum bullet cluster and other increasingly precise cosmological measure- omment la matire noire est devenue une particule chromodynamics, could account for all of the dark matter in the ments on the scale of galaxy clusters, as well as the observed proper- universe. In 1993, Scott Dodelson and Lawrence Widrow proposed ties of the CMB, have been diffi cult to reconcile with all proposed a matire noire, prdite dans les annes 190, est essentielle a scenario in which an additional, sterile neutrino species that did versions of MN. It is currently unclear whether other theories dans notre connaissance de lnivers. endant des dcennies, not experience electroweak interactions could be produced in the of modifi ed gravity, in some yet-unknown form, might be compat- on la croyait compose dobets tels ue des versions faible early universe and realistically make up the dark matter. Both the ible with these observations. ntil we have a conclusive detection of luminosité d’étoiles et de gaz habituels. Au fi l du temps, toujours axion and the sterile neutrino are still considered as well-motivated dark-matter particles, however, the possibility that dark matter is a plus de physiciens des particules ont nanmoins pris conscience du problme de la matire noire et sy sont intresss, en raison

NASA/CXC/CfA/ M Markevitch et al dark-matter candidates, and are actively searched for with a variety manifestation of a new theory of gravity remains open. of particle and astroparticle experiments. Today, the idea that most of the mass in the universe is made up de nouveaux résultats scientiﬁ ques mais aussi des changements of cold and non-baryonic particles is not only the leading para- sociologiues ui avaient lieu dans le monde des sciences. The Bullet Cluster is a system of two colliding galaxy clusters The triumph of particle dark matter digm, but is largely accepted among astrophysicists and particle uourdhui, lide selon lauelle la masse de lnivers est that is dominated by sources of gravitational potential beyond In the early 1980s there was still nothing resembling a consensus physicists alike. Although dark-matter’s particle nature continues compose principalement de particules froides et non baryoniues, what normal baryonic matter can explain. about whether dark matter was made of particles at all, with other to elude us, a rich and active experimental programme is striving dont nous ne connaissons pas la nature, est largement accepte possibilities including planets, brown dwarfs, red dwarfs, white to detect and characterise dark-matter’s non-gravitational interac- parmi les astrophysiciens et les physiciens des particules. with respect to supersymmetric theories,” wrote Hut. dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes. Kim Griest would later coin tions, ultimately allowing us to learn the identity of this mysterious In their 1982 paper, Heinz Pagels and Joel Primack also consid- the term “MACHOs” – short for massive astrophysical compact substance. It has been more than a century since the ﬁ rst pioneering ianrano ertone iersity o msteram a an ooper ermi ered the cosmological implications of gravitinos. But unlike Hut’s halo objects – to denote this class of dark-matter candidates, in attempts to measure the amount of dark matter in the universe. atioa eerator aoratory a the iersity o hiao paper, or the other preceding papers that had discussed neutrinos as response to the alternative of WIMPs. There is a consensus today, a cosmological relic, Pagels and Primack were keenly aware of the based on searches using gravitational microlensing surveys and dark-matter problem and explicitly proposed that gravitinos could determinations of the cosmic baryon density based on measure-

provide the solution by making up the missing mass. In many ways, ments of the primordial light-element abundances and the CMB, POWERED BY their paper reads like a modern manuscript on supersymmetric that MACHOs do not constitute a large fraction of the dark matter. dark matter, motivating supersymmetry by its various attractive An alternative explanation for particle dark matter is to assume features and then discussing both the missing mass in galax- that there is no dark matter in the first place, and that instead our ies and the role that dark matter could play in the formation of theory of gravity needs to be modified. This simple idea, which large-scale structure. Around the same time, supersymmetry was was put forward in 1982 by Mordehai Milgrom, is known as modi- being further developed into its more modern form, leading to the fied Newtonian dynamics (MOND) and has far-reaching conse- introduction of R-parity and constructions such as the minimal quences. At the heart of MOND is the suggestion that the force due The World’s Most Advanced supersymmetric standard model (MSSM). Such supersymmetric to gravity does not obey Newton’s second law, F = ma. If instead 2 Digital Pulse Processor models included not only the gravitino as a dark-matter candidate, gravity scaled as F = ma /a0 in the limit of very low accelerations −10 2 but also neutralinos – electrically neutral mixtures of the super- (a << a0 ~ 1.2 × 10 m/s ), then it would be possible to account for for high-rate Spectroscopy partners of the photon, Z and Higgs bosons. the observed motions of stars and gas within galaxies without pos- With a Pearson™ Current Monitor you can make precise Over the past 35 years, neutralinos have remained the single most tulating the presence of any dark matter. amplitude and waveshape measurement of AC and pulse studied candidate for dark matter and have been the subject of many In 2006, a group of astronomers including Douglas Clowe currents from milliamperes to kiloamperes. Current can be • Up to 8 channels thousand scientific publications. Papers discussing the cosmologi- transformed the debate between dark matter and MOND with measured in any conductor or beam of charged particles, of simultaneous cal implications of stable neutralinos began to appear in 1983. In the publication of an article entitled: “A direct empirical proof including those at very high voltages. A typical model gives you an amplitude accuracy of +1%, processing the first two of these, Weinberg and Haim Goldberg independently of the existence of dark mat- -0%, 20 nanosecond rise time, droop of 0.8% per discussed the case of a photino (a neutralino whose composition is ter”. In this paper, the authors millisecond, and a 3dB bandwidth of 1 Hz to 20 MHz. • Over 3 Mcps dominated by the superpartner of the photon) and derived a lower described the observations of Other models feature 1.5 nanosecond rise time, or a droop processed by In the early 1980s as low as 0.05% per millisecond. bound of 1.8 GeV on its mass by requiring that the density of such a pair of merging clusters col- each channel particles does not overclose the universe. A few months later, a there was still no lectively known as the Bullet longer paper by John Ellis and colleagues considered a wider range Cluster (image above left). As Contact Pearson Electronics [email protected] consensus about Tel: +1-510-401-5760 of neutralinos as cosmological relics. In Goldberg’s paper there a result of the clusters’ recent for application information. www.xia.com is no mention of the phrase “dark matter” or of any missing mass whether dark collision, the distribution of et al. matter was made problem, and Ellis took a largely similar approach by simply stars and galaxies is spatially Pearson Electronics requiring only that the cosmological abundance of neutralinos not of particles. separated from the hot X-ray- 4009 Transport St. Palo Alto, CA 94303 USA be so large as to overly slow or reverse the universe’s expansion emitting gas (which constitutes Telephone: (650) 494-6444 FAX (650) 494-6716

Wide Band Current Monitor www.pearsonelectronics.com rate. Although most of the papers on stable cosmological relics the majority of the baryonic

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Physics at its limits

A 100 km-circumference collider would address ments worldwide during the past 40 years pushing both the energy a discovery potential more than five times greater than the 27km- perhaps the biggest guaranteed physics goal of the FCC pro- and the precision frontiers. The discovery of the Higgs boson at circumference LHC. An electron–proton collider (FCC-eh), fur- gramme, is our understanding of the Higgs boson. While there many of the outstanding questions in modern the LHC is a perfect example: precise measurements of Z-boson thermore, would allow the proton’s substructure to be measured is no doubt that the Higgs was the last undiscovered piece of the decays at previous lepton machines such as CERN’s Large Elec- with unmatchable precision. Further opportunities include the SM, it is not the closing chapter of the millennia-old reductionist particle physics and secure our exploration of tron–Positron (LEP) collider pointed indirectly but unequivocally collision of heavy ions in FCC-hh and FCC-eh, and fixed-target paradigm. The Higgs is the first of its kind – an elementary scalar the microscopic world for generations. to the existence of the Higgs. But it was the LHC’s proton–proton experiments using the injector complex. The earliest that such a particle – and it therefore raises deep theoretical questions that collisions that provided the high energy necessary to produce it machine could enter operation is likely to be the mid 2030s, when beckon a new era of exploration (figure 1, p39). directly. With exploration of the Higgs fully under way at the LHC the LHC comes to the end of its operational lifetime, but the long Consider its mass. In the SM there is no symmetry that protects and the machine set to operate for the next 20 years, the time is ripe lead times for collider projects demand that we start preparing now the Higgs mass from large quantum corrections that drag it up to the Since Democritus, humans have wondered what happens as we slice to consider what tool should come next to continue our journey. (see timeline overleaf). A Conceptual Design Report (CDR) for a mass scale of the particles it interacts with. You might conclude that matter into smaller and smaller parts. After the discovery almost 50 Aiming at a high-energy collider with a clean collision environ- 100 km collider is expected to be completed by the end of 2018 and the relatively low mass of the Higgs implies that it simply does not years ago that protons are made of quarks, further attempts to explore ment, CERN has for several years been developing an e+e– linear hundreds of institutions have joined the international FCC study interact with other heavy particles. But there is good, if largely theo- smaller distances have not revealed tinier substructures. Instead, we collider called CLIC. With an energy up to 3 TeV, CLIC would com- since its launch in 2014. An independent study for a similar facility retical, evidence to the contrary. We know that at energies 16 orders have discovered new, heavier elementary particles, which although bine the precision of an e+e– collider with the high-energy reach of a is also under way in China. of magnitude above the Higgs mass where general relativity fails not necessarily present in everyday matter are crucial components of hadron collider such as the LHC. But with the lack so far of any new The CDR will document the accelerator, infrastructures and to provide a consistent quantum description of matter, there must nature’s fundamental make-up. The arrangement of the elementary particles at the LHC beyond the Higgs, evidence is mounting that experiments, as well as a plethora of physics studies proving FCC’s exist a full quantum theory that includes gravity. The fact that the particles and the interactions between them is now well described by even higher energies may be required to fully explore the next layer ability to match the long-term needs of global high-energy-physics Higgs is so much lighter than this scale is known as the hierarchy the Standard Model (SM), but furthering our understanding of the of phenomena beyond the SM. Prompted by the outcome of the 2013 programmes. The first FCC physics workshop took place at CERN problem, and many candidate theories (such as supersymmetry) basic laws of nature requires digging even deeper. European Strategy for Particle Physics, CERN has therefore under- in January to review the status of these studies and discuss the exist that require new heavy particles interacting with the Higgs. By Quantum physics gives us two alternatives to probe nature at taken a five-year study for a Future Circular Collider (FCC) facility complementarity between the three FCC modes. comparing precise measurements of the Higgs boson with precision smaller scales: high-energy particle collisions, which induce short- built in a new 100 km-circumference tunnel (see image overleaf). SM predictions, we are indirectly searching for evidence of these range interactions or produce heavy particles, and high-precision Such a tunnel could host an e+e– collider (called FCC-ee) with an The post-LHC landscape theories. The SM provides an uncompromising script for the Higgs measurements, which can be sensitive to the ephemeral influence energy and intensity much higher than LEP, improving by orders of To chart the physics landscape of future colliders, we must first interactions and any deviation from it would demand its extension.

of heavy particles enabled by the uncertainty principle. The SM magnitude the precision of Higgs and other SM measurements. It imagine what questions may or may not remain at the end of the Even setting to one side grandiose theoretical ideas such as quans - was built from these two approaches, with a variety of experi- could also house a 100 TeV proton–proton collider (FCC-hh) with LHC programme in the mid-2030s. At the centre of this, and tum gravity, there are other physical reasons why the Higgs may

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FCC – design study design proto construction physics Polymers Mandalaz provide a window to undiscovered sectors. As it carries no spin production, and at the top–antitop quark threshold. Controlling the and is electrically neutral, the Higgs may have so-called “relevant” beam energy at the 100 keV level would allow exquisite measure- interactions with new neutral scalar particles. These interactions, ments of the Z- and W-boson masses, while the high luminosity of Composites even if they take place only at very high energies, remain relevant at FCC-ee will lead to samples of up to 1013 Z and 108 W bosons, not low energies – contrary to interactions between new neutral scalars to mention several million Higgs bosons and top-quark pairs. The

and the other SM particles. The possibility of new hidden sectors experimental precision would surpass any previous experiment Compounds already has strong experimental support: although we understand and challenge cutting-edge theory calculations. the SM very well, it does not account for roughly 80% of all the FCC-ee would quite literally provide a quantum leap in our under- matter in the universe. We call the missing mass dark matter, and standing of the Higgs. Like the W and Z gauge bosons, the Higgs candidate theories abound. Given the importance of the puzzle, receives quantum electroweak corrections typically measuring a www.goodfellow.com | [email protected] | 0800 731 4653 (UK) | +44 (0) 1480 424800 (outside UK) searches for dark-matter particles will continue to play a central few per cent in magnitude due to fluctuations of massive particles role at the LHC and certainly at future colliders. such as the top quark. This aspect of the gauge bosons was success- Furthermore, the SM cannot explain the origin of the matter– fully explored at LEP, but now it is the turn of the Higgs – the key- antimatter asymmetry that created enough matter for us to exist, stone in the electroweak sector of the SM. The millions of Higgs otherwise known as baryogenesis. Since the asymmetry was cre- bosons produced by FCC-ee, with its clinically precise environment, Research Grade Ultra High Vacuum ated in the early universe when temperatures and energies were would push the accuracy of the measurements to the per-mille level, high, we must explore higher energies to uncover the new particles accessing the quantum underpinnings of the Higgs and probing deep + – → Electron Guns responsible for it. With the LHC we are only at the beginning of into this hitherto unexplored frontier. In the process, e e HZ, the Wide range of Energies and Emissions this search. Another outstanding question lies in the origin of the mass recoiling against the Z has a sharp peak that allows a unique neutrino masses, which the SM alone cannot account for. As with and absolute determination of the Higgs decay width and production 1 eV to 100 keV fA’s to 100’s of mA’s dark matter, there are numerous theories for neutrino masses, such cross-section. This will provide an absolute normalisation for all FOR EXAMPLE: as those involving “sterile” neutrinos that are in the reach of lepton Higgs measurements performed at the FCC, enabling exotic Higgs EMG-4213 - Photo-Emission Electron Gun Instrumentation and hadron colliders. These and other outstanding questions might decays to be measured in a model-independent manner. Port Laser also imply the existence of further spatial dimensions, or larger The high statistics promised by the FCC-ee programme go far Port symmetries that unify leptons and quarks or the known forces. The beyond precision Higgs measurements. Other signals of new physics Guard Ring Technology Metals | Advanced Ceramics LaB6 Cathode LHC’s findings notwithstanding, future colliders like the FCC are could arise from the observation of flavour-changing neutral cur rents Source Source Unit Flange needed to explore these fundamental mysteries more deeply, pos- or lepton-flavour-violating decays by the precise measurements of Unit CF 2.75 sibly revealing the need for a paradigm shift. the Z and H invisible decay widths, or by direct observation of parti- High Performance Solutions Differential Pumping cles with extremely weak couplings such as right-handed neutrinos for Particle Accelerators Port Electron–positron potential and other exotic particles. Given the particular energy and luminosity H.C. Starck’s global supply chain o ers semi-ﬁnished, ﬁnished and fully Electron + – + – Output The capabilities of circular e e colliders are well illustrated of a 100 km e e machine, the precision of the FCC-ee programme machined products for high energy physics projects: 30 keV Electron Gun Focus by LEP, which occupied the LHC tunnel from 1989 to 2000. Its on electroweak measurements would allow new physics effects to > Beam Collimators > Targets > Shutters Photo-Emission / Thermionic Modes Unit Down to 100s of fs Pulses (Laser Dependant) > Radiation Shielding > Beam Blockers point-like collisions between electrons and positrons and pre- be probed at scales as high as 100 TeV. If installed before FCC-hh, it Magnetic Focus and Deflection cisely known beam energy allowed the four LEP experiments to would therefore anticipate what the hadron machine must focus on. From pure and alloyed refractory metals: > Molybdenum > Tungsten > Niobium > Tantalum High Brightness / Long Lifetime Sources test the SM to new levels of precision. Putting such a machine in High Stability Energies and Beam Currents a 100 km tunnel and taking advantage of advances in accelera- The energy frontier Fabrications are available in a wide range of at and round products: > Plate, Sheet, Foil > Bar and Tube Source Alignment During Full Operation tor technology such as superconducting radio-frequency cavities The future proton–proton collider FCC-hh would operate at seven Superconducting wire bundles are manufactured from niobium and Analog and Digital Control; Metering to 0.01% would offer even greater levels of precision on a larger number times the LHC energy, and collect about 10 times more data. The dis- tantalum bar and foils with toll extrusion services for the large diameter Customer Replaceable Firing Units of processes. We would be able to change the collision energy in covery reach for high-mass particles – such as Z´ or W´ gauge bosons bundles. Custom Projects Encouraged the range 91–350 GeV, for example, allowing data to be collected corresponding to new fundamental forces, or gluinos and squarks [email protected] s at the Z pole, at the WW production threshold, at the peak of ZH in supersymmetric theories – will increase by a factor five or www.hcstarck.com [email protected] Wilton, NH USA 603-878-1616 36 www.KimballPhysics.com

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(Far left). The FCC accelerator complex in IPAC17 1.000 the Geneva region, showing the LHC for comparison. (Middle) Technical timeline of the FCC project shown in comparison with 0.100 previous and existing CERN colliders. (Left) Fig. 1. Together, FCC-ee, hh and eh can provide detailed measurements on the Higgs properties. The figure shows 0.010 indicative precision in the determination of The 8th couplings to gauge bosons, quarks and leptons, as well as of the Higgs International 0.001 self-coupling, of its total width and of the ZZ WWγγ gg Zγ HH tt bb cc ττ μμ BRinv Γtot invisible decay rate. Firmer estimates will Particle HL-LHC FCC-ee FCC-hh FCC-eh appear in the CDR. more, depending on the luminosity. The production rate of particles Higgs self-interactions they could remain so. The rate of Higgs pair- already within the LHC reach, such as top quarks or Higgs bosons, production events, which in some part occur through Higgs self- Accelerator will increase by even larger factors. During its planned 25 years of interactions, would grow precipitously at FCC-hh and enable this data-taking, more than 1010 Higgs bosons will be created by FCC- unique property of the Higgs to be measured with an accuracy of hh, which is 10,000 times more than collected by the LHC so far and 5% per cent. Among many other uses, such a measurement would Conference 100 times more than will be available by the end of LHC operations. comprehensively explore classes of baryogenesis models that rely These additional statistics will enable the FCC-hh experiments to on modifying the Higgs potential, and thus help us to understand the is hosted by improve the separation of Higgs signals from the huge backgrounds origin of matter. that afflict most LHC studies, overcoming some of the dominant FCC-hh would also allow an exhaustive exploration of new TeV- systematics that limit the precision attainable from the LHC. scale phenomena. Indirect evidence for new physics can emerge While the ultimate precision on most Higgs properties can only be from the scattering of W bosons at high energy, from the produc- achieved with FCC-ee, several demand complementary information tion of Higgs bosons at very large transverse momentum, or by test- from FCC-hh. For example, the direct measurement of the coupling ing the far “off-shell” nature of the Z boson via the measurement between the Higgs and the top quark necessitates that they be proof lepton pairs with invariant masses in the multi-TeV region. The duced together, requiring an energy beyond the reach of the FCC-ee. plethora of new particles predicted by most models of symmetry- At 100 TeV, almost 109 of the 1012 produced top quarks will radiate a breaking alternative to the SM can be searched for directly, thanks Higgs boson, allowing the top-Higgs interaction to be measured with to the immense mass reach of 100 TeV collisions. The search for a statistical precision at the 1% level – a factor 10 improvement over dark matter, for example, will cover the possible space of param- what is hoped for from the LHC. Similar precision can be reached for eters of many theories relying on weakly interacting massive par- Higgs decays that are too rare to be studied in detail at FCC-ee, such ticles, guaranteeing a discovery or ruling them out. Theories that FRIATEC AG as those to muon pairs or to a Z and a photon. All of these measure- address the hierarchy problem will also be conclusively tested. ments will be complementary to those obtained with FCC-ee, and For supersymmetry, the mass reach of FCC-hh pushes beyond the Aliaxis Technical Ceramics will use them as reference inputs to precisely correlate the strength regions motivated by this puzzle alone. For composite Higgs theo- of the signals obtained through various production and decay modes. ries, the precision Higgs coupling measurements and searches for FRIALIT®-DEGUSSIT® One respect in which a 100 TeV proton–proton collider would new heavy resonances will fully cover the motivated territory. A come to the fore is in revealing how the Higgs behaves in private. 100 TeV proton collider will even confront exotic scenarios such The Higgs is the only particle in the SM that interacts with itself. as the twin Higgs, which are nightmarishly difficult to test. These Expert for accelerator parts made As the Higgs scalar potential defines the potential energy contained theories predict very rare or exotic Higgs decays, possibly visible of high performance ceramics in a fluctuation of the Higgs field, these self-interactions are neatly at FCC-hh thanks to its enormous Higgs production rates. defined as the derivatives of the Beyond these examples, a systematic effort is ongoing to catego- scalar electroweak potential. rise the models that can be conclusively tested, and to find the loop- With the Higgs boson being an holes that might allow some models to escape detection. This work Future colliders excitation about the minimum of will influence the way detectors for the new collider are designed. like the FCC will be this potential, we know that its Work is already starting in earnest to define the features of these needed to explore first derivative is zero. The sec- detectors, and efforts in the FCC CDR study will focus on com- ond derivative of the potential is prehensive simulations of the most interesting physics signals. The these fundamental simply the Higgs mass, which experimental environment of a proton–proton collider is difficult mysteries more is already known to sub-per- due to the large number of background sources and the additional deeply. cent accuracy. But the third and noise caused by the occurrence of multiple interactions among the fourth derivatives are unknown, hundreds of billions of protons crossing each other at the same s and unless we gain access to time. This pile-up of events will greatly exceed those observed

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Unknown unknowns NEED ENERGY EFFICIENCY In principle, the LHC could have – and still could provide – answers FOR YOUR ACCELERATOR? 10–3 to many of these outstanding questions in particle physics. That no

arXiv:1612.02728 new particles beyond the Higgs have yet been found, or any sig- L3 Electron Devices takes power to new levels pp nificant deviations from theory detected, does not mean that these with our new 704 MHz, 1.2 MW pulsed Multi- questions have somehow evaporated. Rather, it shows that any Beam IOT (MBIOT). This innovative MBIOT 10–5 expectations for early discoveries beyond the SM at the LHC – often operates at high efficiency over a wide dynamic ep based on theoretical, and in some cases aesthetic, arguments – were range at a significantly lower voltage and smaller 2 misguided. In times like this, when theoretical guidance is called size — simplifying modulator requirements and –7 | Θ 10 into question, we must pursue experimental answers as vigorously as installation. ee possible. The combination of accelerators that are being considered for the FCC project offer, by their synergies and complementarities, It’s the perfect complement to our proven 10–9 an extraordinary tool for investigating these questions (figure 2). portfolio of linear accelerator products, including There are numerous instances in which the answer nature has thyratrons, magnetrons, electron emitters and offered was not a reply to the question first posed. For example, IOTs. 10–11 Michelson and Morley’s experiment designed to study the prop- For more information on our many advanced erties of the ether ended up disproving the existence of the ether 10 50 100 500 1000 technologies, please go to L3T.com/EDD. M (GeV) and led to Einstein’s theory of special relativity. The Kamiokande experiment in Japan, originally built to observe proton decays, Fig. 2. The complementary role of the ee, pp and ep colliders in instead discovered neutrino masses. The LHC itself could have probing a sterile neutrino of mass M and mixing angle θ with disproven the SM by discovering that the Higgs boson is not an ordinary neutrinos. elementary but a composite particle – and may still do so, with its future more precise measurements. at the LHC, and will pose a significant challenge to the detectors’ The possibility of unknown unknowns does not diminish the performance and to the data-acquisition systems. The LHC experi- importance of an experiment’s scientific goals. On the contrary, Electron Devices L3T.com ence is of immense value for projecting the scale of the difficulties it demonstrates that the physics goals for future colliders can play that will have to be met by FCC-hh, but also for highlighting the the crucial role of getting a new facility off the ground, even if a increasing role of proton colliders in precision physics beyond their completely unanticipated discovery results. This is tr ue of all expe- conventional role of discovery machines. ditions into the unknown. We should not forget that Columbus set sail to find a westerly passage to Asia. Without this goal, he would Asymmetric collisions not have discovered the Americas. Muons, Inc. Smashing protons into electrons opens up a whole different type http://www.muonsinc.com/ of physics, which until now has only been explored in detail by a ● Further reading Providing creative solutions for research, single machine: the HERA collider at DESY in Germany. FCC-eh J L Abelleira Fernandez et al. 2012 J. Phys. G 39 075001. development, design, production, and N Arkani-Hamed et al. 2016 Physics Reports 652 1. applications using advanced accelerator and would collide a 60 GeV electron beam from a linear accelerator, particle beam technologies. Current areas external and tangential to the main FCC tunnel, with a 50 TeV pro- M Bicer et al. 2014 JHEP 1401 164. include: ton beam. It would collect factors of thousands more luminosity R Contino et al. 2016 arXiv:1606.09408. 1) Systems: GEM*STAR Accelerator-driven Molten- than HERA while exhibiting the novel concept of synchronous, T Golling et al. 2016 arXiv:1606.00947. Salt Reactors, SNM Detection, Monoenergetic symbiotic operation alongside the pp collider. The facility would M Mangano et al. 2016 arXiv:1607.01831. Gamma Beams, Rare Decay Experiments, 6D Muon Beam Cooling, Extreme Muon Beam serve as the most powerful, high-resolution microscope to examine Cooling, Microtrons for Active Interrogation, ERLs the substructure of matter ever built, with high-energy electron– Résumé to Produce Rare Radioisotopes proton collisions providing precise information on the quark and La physique poussée dans ses limites 2) Simulation software: G4beamline for GEANT4, gluon structure of the proton. MuSim for MCNP and other codes This unprecedented facility would enhance Higgs studies, includ- Un collisionneur de 100 km de circonférence, tel qu’imaginé par 3) Beams: sources of p, e, Η− and polarized ions ing the study of the coupling to the charm quark, and broaden the l’étude du CERN sur un futur collisionneur circulaire, pourrait and beam designs for p, n, µ, γ, ion beams new-physics searches also performed at FCC-hh and FCC-ee. répondre à plusieurs questions de la physique des particules 4) RF cavities: SRF and fast-tunable, dielectric- Unexpected discoveries such as quark substructure might also arise. moderne. Une machine électron-positon permettrait d’améliorer loaded NC Uniquely, in electron–proton collisions new particles can be created considérablement la précision des mesures du Higgs et d’autres 5) RF components: couplers, HOM dampers, and in lepton– quark fusion processes or may be radiated in the exchange particules du Modèle standard, un collisionneur proton-proton magnetron power for SRF of a photon or other vector boson. FCC-eh could also provide access de 100 TeV aurait plus de cinq fois le potentiel de découverte du 6) Detectors: high intensity beam profile monitors to Higgs self-interactions and extended Higgs sectors, includ- LHC, et un collisionneur électron-proton permettrait de mesurer la 7) Magnets: HTS high-field, permanent and hybrid, helical beam cooling magnets, SMES ing scenarios involving dark matter. If neutrino oscillations arise sous-structure du proton avec une précision inégalée. “WELDED SOLUTIONS FOR COMPLEX AND from the existence of heavy sterile neutrinos, direct searches at the FCC-eh would have great discovery prospects in kinematic regions Michelangelo Mangano, CERN, Patrizia Azzi, INFN Sezione di Padova, Seeking new R&D and application areas and UNIQUE INSTALLATIONS” complementary to FCC-hh and FCC-ee, giving the FCC complex Monica D’Onofrio, University of Liverpool, and Matthew Mccullough, partnerships for commercial ventures CERN. a striking potential to shine light on the origin of neutrino masses. Please visit us at Booth 91 at IPAC17 www.cadinox.com

CCMay17_FCC.indd 40 05/04/2017 16:32 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 7 N u m b e r 4 M a y 2 0 1 7 CERN Courier May 2017 Interview: Erik Verlinde Doubting darkness J Ordan/CERN Theorist Erik Verlinde argues that dark matter is an illusion caused by our incomplete understanding of gravity.

What is wrong with the theory of gravity we have? The current description of gravity in terms of general relativity has various shortcomings. Perhaps the most important is that we cannot simply apply Einstein’s laws at a subatomic level without Magnets and coils generating notorious infinities. There are also conceptual puzzles related to the physics of black holes that indicate that general rela- High quality magnets and coils, designed and manufactured by Swedish engineering in tivity is not the final answer to gravity, and impor tant lessons learnt order to provide the best solutions for all your needs! We take pride in close collaborations from string theory suggesting gravity is emergent. Besides these with the customer, whether it is for research or industry. theoretical issues, there is also a strong experimental motivation  SCANDITRONIX-MAGNET.SE to rethink our understanding of gravity. The first is the observation that our universe is experiencing accelerated expansion, suggesting it contains an enormous amount of additional energy. The second is dark matter: additional gravitating but non-luminous mass that explains anomalous galaxy dynamics. Together these entities Visit us at Booth 99 account for 95 per cent of all the energy in the universe. at IPAC'17 Isn’t the evidence for dark matter overwhelming? It depends who you ask. There is a lot of evidence that general Your partner for passive rf components relativity works very well at length scales that are long compared TRANSMISSION LINES, COAXIAL & WAVEGUIDE to the Planck scale, but when we apply general relativity at galactic • and cosmological scales we see deviations. Most physicists regard Erik Verlinde of the University of Amsterdam in the Netherlands this as evidence that there exists an additional form of invisible photographed at CERN in April following his seminar on ® PATCH PANELS & SPLITTERS ARMCO Pure Iron matter that gravitates in the same way as normal matter, but this emergent gravity. • assumes that gravity itself is still described by general relativity. High Purity Iron for CUSTOMISED RF COMPONENTS Furthermore, although the most direct evidence for the existence is that different parts of space–time are glued together via quan- of dark matter comes from the study of galaxies and clusters, not all tum entanglement. This is due to van Raamsdonk and has been Magnetic Applications astronomers are convinced that what they observe is due to particle extended and popularised by Maldacena and Susskind with dark matter – for example, there appears to be a strong correlation the slogan “EPR = ER”, where EPR is a reference to Einstein– between the amount of ordinary baryonic matter and galactic rota- Podolsky–Rosen and ER refers to the Einstein–Rosen bridge: a tion velocities that is hard to explain with particle dark matter. On “wormhole” that connects the two parts of the black-hole geom- the other hand, the physicists who are car rying out numerical work etry on opposite sides of the horizon. These ideas are being devel- on particle dark matter are trying to explain these correlations by oped by many theorists, in par ticular in the context of the Anti-de including complicated baryonic feedback mechanisms and tweak- Sitter/Conformal Field Theory (AdS/CFT) correspondence. The ing the parameters that go into their models. Finally, there is a goal is then to derive the Einstein equations from this micro- large community of experimental physicists who simply take the scopic-quantum perspective. The first step in this programme evidence for dark matter as a given. was already made before my work, but until now most results were derived for AdS space, which describes a universe with a

Is your theory a modification of general relativity, or a rewrite? negative cosmological constant and therefore differs from our www.exirbroadcasting.com The aim of emergent gravity is to derive the equations that gov- own. In my recent paper [arXiv:1611.02269] I extended these Visit us at Exir Broadcasting AB ern gravity from a microscopic quantum, while using ingredi- ideas to de Sitter space, which contains a positive dark energy and www.aksteel.eu Industrigatan 17 - SE-242 31 Hörby - Sweden s ents from quantum-information theory. One of the main ideas has a cosmological horizon. My insight has been that, due to the IPACBooth 2017 #9 +46 415 30 14 00 - [email protected] 43 anzeige_cern-courier_FINAL.indd 1 26.03.2015 15:07:50

CCMay17_INTERVIEW.indd 43 05/04/2017 16:34 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 7 N u m b e r 4 M a y 2 0 1 7 CERN Courier May 2017 SUPERCON, Inc. Interview: Erik Verlinde Superconducting Wire and Cable presence of positive dark energy, the derivation of the Einstein quite a large community working on gravity and quantum entan- equations breaks down precisely in the circumstances where we glement, and recently we received a grant together with theorists Standard and Specialty designs are available to meet your most demanding observe the effects of “dark matter”. from the universities of Groningen, Leiden, Utrecht and Amster- dam, to work on this topic. superconductor requirements. How did the idea emerge? The idea of emergent gravity from thermodynamics has been lin- Within a month of your paper, Brouwer et al. published results SUPERCON, Inc. has been producing niobium-based superconducting wires and cables for half a century. gering around since the discovery by Hawking and Bekenstein of supporting your idea. How significant is this? We are the original SUPERCON – the world’s first commercial producer of niobium-alloy based wire and black-hole entropy and the laws of black-hole thermodynamics My theory predicts that the gravitational force due to a centralised cable for superconducting applications. in the 1970s. Ted Jacobson made an important step in 1996 by mass exhibits a certain scaling relation. This relation was already deriving the Einstein equations from assuming the Bekenstein– known to hold for galaxy rotation curves, but these can only be meas- Standard SC Wire Types Product Applications Hawking formula, which expresses the microscopic entropy in ured up to distances of about 100 kilo-parsec because there are no NbTi Wires Magnetic Resonance Imaging terms of the area of the horizon measured in Planck units. In my visible stars beyond this distance. Brouwer and her collaborators Nb3Sn —Bronze Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 2010 paper [arXiv:1001.0785] I clarified the origin of the inertia used weak gravitational lensing to determine the gravitational force Nb3Sn —Internal Tin High Energy Physics force and its relation to the microscopic entropy in space, assuming due to a massive galaxy up to distances of one mega-parsec and con- CuNi resistive matrix wires SC Magnetic Energy Storage that this is given by the area of an ar tificial horizon. After this work firmed that the same relation still holds. Par ticle dark-matter models Fine diameter SC Wires Medical Therapeutic Devices I started thinking about cosmology, and learnt about the obser- can also explain these observations, but they do so by adjusting a free Aluminum clad wire Superconducting Magnets and Coils vations that indicate a close connection between the acceleration parameter to fit the data. My prediction has no free parameters and Wire-in-Channel Crystal Growth Magnets scale in galaxies and the acceleration at the cosmological horizon, hence I find this more convincing, but more observations are needed Innovative composite wires Scientific Projects which is determined by the Hubble parameter. I immediately real- before definite conclusions can be drawn. ised that this implied a relation between the observed phenomena associated with dark matter and the presence of dark energy. Is there a single result that would rule your theory in or out? “We deliver superconductivity!” If a dark-matter particle would be discovered that possesses all Your paper is 50 pages long. Can you summarise it here? the properties to explain all the observations, then my idea would Contact us at [email protected] The idea is that gravity emerges by applying an analogue of the be proven to be false. Personally I am convinced this will not hap- laws of thermodynamics to the entanglement entropy in the vac- pen, although I am still developing the theory further to be able to www.SUPERCON-WIRE.com uum. Just like the normal laws of thermodynamics can be under- address important dynamical situations such as the Bullet Cluster stood from the statistical treatment of microscopic molecules, (see pp26–33) and the acoustic oscillations that explain the power ad.indd 1 28/03/2012 09:43 gravity can be derived from the microscopic units that make up spectrum of the cosmic microwave background. One of the prob- space–time. These “space–time molecules” are units of quantum lems is that particle dark-matter models are so flexible and can information (qubits) that are entangled with each other, with the therefore easily be made consistent with the data. By improving amount of entanglement measured by the entanglement entropy. and extending the observations of gravitational phenomena that I realised that in a universe with a positive dark energy, there is a are currently attributed to dark matter, we can make better com- Industry contribution to the entanglement entropy that grows in proportion parisons with the theory. I am hopeful that within the next decade Best to area. This leads to an additional force on top of the usual gravity the precision of the observations will have improved and the theory law, because the dark energy “pushes back” like an elastic medium will be developed to a level that decisive tests can be performed. DLC, Boron Doped Hybrid Meet us and results in the phenomena that we currently attribute to dark at matter. In short, the laws of gravity differ in the low-acceleration How would emergent gravity affect the rest of physics? and Graphene Stripper Foils IPAC17 Pulse / Delay Generator regime that occurs in galaxies and other cosmological structures. Our perspective on the building blocks of nature would change drastically. We will no longer think in terms of elementary par- * 250 Femtosecond Resolution How did the community react to the paper? ticles and fundamental forces, but units of quantum information. Submitting work that goes against a widely supported theory Hence, the gauge forces responsible for the electroweak and strong * 2 Picoseconds Jitter requires some courage, and the fact that I have already demon- interactions will also be understood as being emergent, and this is strated serious work in string theory helped. Nevertheless, I do the way that the forces of nature will become unified. In this sense, * Card, PXI, OEM, Rack or Benchtop experience some resistance – mainly from researchers who have all of our current laws of nature will be seen as emergent. been involved in particle dark-matter research. Some string theorists find my work interesting and exciting, but most of them take Résumé a “wait and see” attitude. I am dealing with a number of different Des doutes sur l’obscurité communities with different attitudes and scientific backgrounds. A lot of it is driven by sociology and past investments. Selon le théoricien Erik Verlinde, si l’espace, le temps et la gravité n’existent pas aux échelles les plus petites, la matière et l’énergie How often do you work on the idea? noires pourraient être une illusion due à une compréhension Emergent gravity from quantum entanglement is now an active incomplète de la gravité. En mars, après un séminaire au CERN Micromatter Technologies Inc. field worldwide, and I have worked on the idea for a number of sur la gravité émergente, Erik Verlinde a évoqué avec le Courier les Test, Measurement and Nuclear Instrumentation since 1963 years. I mostly work in the evening for around three hours and réactions suscitées par son travail et l’avenir de cette idée. perhaps one hour in the morning. I also discuss these ideas with my Live Chat @ www.berkeleynucleonics.com or 800-234-7858 PhD students, colleagues and visitors. In the Netherlands we have Matthew Chalmers, CERN.

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3500 Periodic Table of thethe ElementsElements A w A r d s André Lagarrigue Prize 2016 Data provided by kind permission of www.webelements.com Bernard Degrange, emeritus director collaboration where he contributed to 95.96 of research at CNRS, has been awarded the first measurement of the ratio of the the 2016 André Lagarrigue Prize in neutrino and antineutrino cross-sections

acknowledgement of his exemplary Sylvaine/LLRP on nucleons and studied exclusive channels

Flerovium Livermorium career in experimental particle physics. produced in neutral or charged-current Fl Lv Co-financed by the CNRS, the University interactions. In the early 1980s he [289] [294] Paris Sud, Linear Accelerator Laboratory moved into the study of cosmic rays and (LAL), Eʹcole Polytechnique, CERN high-energy gamma-ray astronomy, helping and CEA, with the support of the French to discover several “blazars” in the Crab Physical Society, the prize was created Nebula with the CAT experiment. For

1529 in 2005 in honour of André Lagarrigue. the simultaneous observation of gamma Director of LAL from 1969 to 1975, and X-rays during the major bursts of

13.78 13.50 Lagarrigue played a leading role in the these extragalactic sources, Degrange 1050 1750 discovery of weak neutral currents in the was awarded the silver medal of the Gargamelle bubble-chamber experiment CNRS in 1997. Anticipating the detection at CERN, thus paving the way for power of stereoscopy associated with fast electroweak theory. high-granularity imagery, he made major After completing his thesis in 1969, Bernard Degrange worked on bubble contributions to the design and the results of Degrange joined the Gargamelle chambers and gamma-ray astronomy. the HESS experiment. CERN communications E v E n t make the grade Hidden Figures premiered Solid State Power Amplifier for Particle Accelerators C Nellist/CERN C Nellist/CERN The Czech Republic’s Academia Film On 2 March, in collaboration with CERN HBH develops and fabricates custom designed power amplifiers for particle accelerators. A modular concept Olomouc has decided to give its 2017 Award and 20th Century Fox, the Pathé cinema facilitates fast installation and easy maintenance. The amplifiers can be provided in a frequency range from for Contribution to Science Communication in Geneva hosted an advance screening 50MHz to 3GHz in a power range from 80kW cw to 500kW pulse operation. VSWR can be infinite, any phase. to CERN, for its “long-lasting commitment of the filmHidden Figures, followed not only to research in the edge of science by a debate on the position of women in Smart monitoring of amplifier parameters of The following parameters are con- but also to communication of its results and science. The film tells the story of three an 8kW amplifier tinuously monitored with 8kHz science in general to broader public”. The African-American female scientists Power Forward / Wa5 sampling rate, limits/threshold can be set as necessary committee described CERN as a pioneer who played key roles in the US space in developing new ways to communicate conquest, contributing in particular to the • Output power / Output VSWR science via social media, film, traditional preparations for putting astronaut John • Temperature of each transistor and media and events such as CineGlobe. The Glenn into orbit. After the film, Maite each load resistor dedicated to circulator award ceremony will take place on 29 April Barroso Lopez of CERN’s IT department, • Power at each load resistor at Palacký University Interactive Science Stéphanie Beauceron and Anne-Marie Centre in Olomouc. Magnan from CMS, and Andry • Output power of each amplifier pallet Sum Power / Wa5 Rakotozafindrabe from ALICE shared • VSWR between each amplifier pallet their experiences of science careers with and circulator the audience in a debate. They answered • Drain current and drain voltage of questions about the alleged rivalry among

each transistor M Brice/CERN 3 x 8kW women, about whether there is a link The panel recalled awkward moments in amplifiers combined • Water flow rate between CERN and NASA as pictured in their careers that highlighted attitudes to the film, and about their mentors. women in science.

Power into Loads / Wa5 C o r r E C t i o n

There was an error in the Compiler’s Note measurements up to 1979. It emerged only Courtesy of FRIB on the Archive page of the March issue of after BNL measurements in 2006, being the the Courier (p54) concerning the g-2 value consequence of much reduced theoretical of the muon. The discrepancy between and experimental uncertainties rather than CineGlobe is one of the many ways that Standard Model theory and experimental any significant change in the experimental HBH Microwave GmbH Phone: +49 7244 608010 CERN communicates its science. data was not evident in the CERN value. Helmholtzstr. 1 Email: [email protected] e.g. parameters of an 8kW amplifier when 76297 Stutensee, Germany www.hbhmw.de operating into a short - amplifier switched ON/OFF 47

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C o n f e r e n C e s A wealth of new results at Moriond

The 2017 Rencontres de Moriond conference Results of searches for bottonium states at took place in La Thuile, Italy, from 18 March the Belle experiment and charmonium-like to 1 April, with around 270 participants states at BESIII were also shown. In

attending the two-week-long event. The four I Cossin/CNRS particular, the analysis of the Y(4260) main LHC experiments presented many fresh appears to be inconsistent with a single peak results, ranging from precise measurements at more than seven standard deviations. of the Standard Model (SM) to searches for The heavy-flavour field also saw several new physics, including the first obtained with new results presented by LHCb. Besides the full 13 TeV data set collected during 2016. an update of the measurement of the rarest Numerous results from experiments outside decay of a particle containing a b quark ever CERN were also presented, especially in the observed, and the recent observation of a neutrino field, and participants heard some of new system of five particles all in a single the latest developments in theory. Moriond is the traditional winter meeting analysis, LHCb presented the most precise Analyses of the Higgs boson presented by for particle physicists. single measurement of the CP-violating CMS included a precise new measurement phase φs. The LHCb collaboration is also of the Higgs mass. CMS also showed results top-quark mass. putting in place new analyses to shed light from searches for associated Higgs-top Among the highlights of searches for on two flavour anomalies: R(D*) and production in final states with multiple physics beyond the SM were new limits on R(K), which remain around three standard leptons, which provides direct evidence for supersymmetric particles from ATLAS, deviations away from their SM values. A the existence of a top-quark Higgs coupling which now exclude models with particle measurement of the angular coefficient with a measured signal strength consistent masses above 2 TeV (see p11). ATLAS also P5´ in the flavour-changing neutral current with the SM. Both CMS and ATLAS showed showed searches for new heavy particles decay of B mesons was also presented by new measurements of total and differential decaying to jets of hadron particles, ATLAS, CMS and Belle, and was found to be cross-sections of the Higgs boson decaying excluding non-elementary quarks with compatible with previous LHCb results. into four leptons or two photons, which masses as large as 6 TeV. Both ATLAS In the dedicated heavy-ion session, ALICE agree with the SM. ATLAS also showed and CMS are also looking for new heavy showed recent results from large samples of preliminary results from searches for the resonances decaying to a vector and a Higgs proton–proton, lead–lead, and proton–lead rare Higgs-boson decay to two muons, which boson: ATLAS sees a 3.3 standard deviation collisions collected in 2015 and 2016. One POSITIONING are now approaching the sensitivity required local excess for a W´ → WH decay at masses of the new results, concerning the azimuthal to observe a signal. around 3 TeV, whereas CMS sees a similar asymmetry of the production of J/ψ mesons, Concerning other SM particles, ATLAS local excess but at a lower mass. Exotic shows that heavy quarks directly “feel” the FOR BEAM presented its first measurement of the mass searches from CMS using the full 2016 data shape and size of the asymmetric quark–gluon of the W boson with similar precision sample place new limits on many scenarios plasma produced in the interaction region. DIAGNOSTICS to the previous best result from a single including dark matter, new types of quarks, With LHC Run 2 about to get under way experiment. The D0 and CDF collaborations vector bosons and gravitons. No significant with a similar integrated-luminosity target as at the former Tevatron collider, meanwhile, deviations from SM predictions have been achieved in 2016, the search for new physics Custom range of linear and XYZT presented precise measurements of the observed so far by CMS and ATLAS. is in full swing at CERN and elsewhere.

products to meet the precision, HEPMAD speed and reliability demands of modern beamline diagnostic Madagascar event positioning. marks 15 years Trusted to provide exceptional performance at some of the most The 8th High-Energy Physics (HEP) advanced light sources globally. Madagascar International Conference (HEPMAD 2016) was held in Antananarivo, Madagascar, from 13 to 18 October. It was Contact us with your application. the event’s 15th anniversary and some HEPMAD is an opportunity for foreign participants to discover the richness of 50 participants – including 15 invited Madagascan science, nature and culture. high-energy physicists from abroad – were present. It is the only conference series in precision tests of the Standard Model, Higgs bottomium states using QCD spectral sum high-energy physics and indeed across all properties and searches for new physics, rule. The high-energy physics talks were science held in sub-Saharan countries, and were presented by ATLAS and CMS. complemented by national contributions aims to be both pedagogical and topical, Theory talks, meanwhile, covered topics about climate science and sustainable reviewing the latest experimental and including the status of the muon anomalous technologies for energy. www.uhvdesign.com theoretical results in high-energy physics. magnetic moment and determinations of the The next HEPMAD event will take place Recent results from the LHC, including masses and couplings of charmonium and in Antananarivo on 21–27 September 2017.

CCMay17_Faces&Places.indd 49 05/04/2017 17:00 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 7 N u m b e r 4 M a y 2 0 1 7 CERN Courier May 2017 CERN Courier May 2017 Faces & Places Faces & Places Physics at the intensity frontier

The Standard Model of particle physics The RICH detector

has proved to be a consistent description of PinzinoJ at CERNʼs NA62 natureʼs fundamental constituents and their experiment, which

IAS, Nanyang Technological University interactions, and its predictions have been searches for confirmed by numerous experiments, most extremely rare kaon recently with the discovery of the Higgs decays using highly boson at the LHC. However, the model fails to intense beams. Celebrating explain several phenomena in particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology, and it is expected PT2026 NMR Precision Teslameter that yet unknown particles or interactions are 90 years of needed to explain these puzzles. Our inability to observe new particles Reach new heights quantum possibly lies in their extremely feeble interactions. If true, this would imply that experiments are needed not just at the (CERN Courier November 2016 p28). intensity-frontier experiments – SHiP, NA62, in magnetic eld mechanics high-energy frontier but also at the “intensity A two-week-long “theory institute” took DUNE, MATHUSLA and many others – frontier”, by increasing the number of place at CERN from 20 February to 3 March was discussed. These future experiments are measurement In the digital era, where we are surrounded collisions to search for rare events. In to discuss the theory and phenomenology at different stages today, ranging from the by ever more technological innovations, 2016, CERN created a Physics Beyond of possible new physics at low energy preparation of a comprehensive design report it is interesting to reflect on the enormous Colliders study group with a mandate to scales. More than 100 participants from (SHiP) to a letter of intent (MATHUSLA). The Metrolab PT2026 sets a new progress that modern physics has made explore opportunities offered by the CERN 21 countries discussed the theoretical The time is therefore ripe to ensure that any standard for precision magnetometers. following the quantum-mechanics revolution accelerator complex to address outstanding landscape, predicting new light particles necessary changes to the experiment designs Leveraging 30 years of expertise building 90 years ago. The story began in 1900, questions in particle physics through projects and “dark forces”. The potential for the can still be made to the physics reach of with Max Planck’s suggestion that light is complementary to high-energy colliders new physics reach of existing and planned intensity-frontier experiments. the world’s gold standard magnetometers, quantised, which Albert Einstein was the it takes magnetic eld measurement to first to fully comprehend and exploit. Then, a realistic option that is compatible with the new heights: measuring higher elds with in the mid 1920s, a revolution in physics took CLIC looks to level of resources available at CERN. place: quantum mechanics was formulated S Doebert Another highlight was the summary of better resolution. by Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, the future the successful demonstration of key CLIC Paul Dirac and a handful of other young concepts obtained by the recently completed The PT2026 offers unprecedented exibility geniuses under the supervision of Niels Bohr CTF3 test programme at CERN. Part of the and with Einstein as a critical voice. At the The annual Compact Linear Collider CFT3 facility has now been approved for in the choice of parameters, interfacing famous Fifth Solvay Conference in 1927, (CLIC) workshop took place at CERN on conversion into an electron accelerator facility and probe placement, as well as greatly where 17 of the participants either already 6–10 March, attracting 220 collaborators called CLEAR (CERN Linear Electron improved tolerance of inhomogeneous were or were to be Nobel laureates, much of from 26 countries to discuss the latest status Accelerator for Research), providing an open the basic elements of quantum mechanics of the CLIC accelerator and detector studies. user facility for accelerator R&D, irradiation elds. And with Ethernet & USB interfaces were ready and discussed. Never in the CLIC is a future multi-TeV electron–positron and training. The future CLEAR programme and LabVIEW software, it ts perfectly into history of physics has so much been achieved linear collider at CERN envisaged for the will include CLIC high-gradient and modern laboratory environments. by so few in such a short time. era beyond the High-Luminosity LHC instrumentation studies. To commemorate the beginning of this (HL-LHC). First beams in CLIC could be Acceleration in the two-beam module at the The successful operation of high-gradient

www.agence-arca.com - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master le - Photo: Scott Maxwell, Master www.agence-arca.com revolution and its impact on the modern foreseen in 2035 and be the starting point of a CTF3 facility was thoroughly tested in accelerating structures and experience world, a special conference titled 90 Years of 20–25 year-long physics programme. 2015–2016, verifying power production and with advanced beam-dynamics techniques, Quantum Mechanics was held at the Institute During the workshop particular focus was energy gain while operating at the nominal developed for the small dimensions of of Advanced Study at Nanyang University placed on the recently published updated CLIC gradient of around 100 MV/m. these structures, have inspired a growing in Singapore on 23–26 January. The event staging scenario for the CLIC accelerator, number of applications outside of particle gathered leading experts in the foundations where construction and operation are CLIC week 2017 hosted a variety of physics. Applications of high-gradient of quantum mechanics, quantum cosmology, pursued in three stages with collision sessions with 150 speakers, covering and X-band technology include compact quantum gravity, quantum field theory, energies of 0.38, 1.5 and 3 TeV, respectively the activities of both the accelerator and linacs and advanced diagnostics for photon quantum condensed matter, quantum optics, (CERN Courier November 2016 p20). At its detector-and-physics studies. The workshop sources, as well as medical applications. quantum information and technology, and initial energy, CLIC is optimised for Higgs also included meetings among the CLIC Many of the technologies under study for quantum chemistry. Altogether there were and top measurements and enables a scan accelerator institutes and the detector-and- the CLIC detector are also of interest to the 30 talks, with six speakers being Nobel at the top-quark pair-production threshold, physics institutes. In both meetings the focus HL-LHC, where the high granularity and

Pantone 286 Pantone 032 laureates. Some 300 participants attended while the higher-energy stages provide the was on the steps necessary to submit a project- time-resolution needed for CLIC are equally from all over the world, with a strong best sensitivity to new physics through direct implementation plan in time for the European crucial. Other communities also benefit: for emphasis on South East Asia and China. and indirect searches. High-energy operation Strategy update in 2019–2020. Particular example, software reconstruction techniques also provides access to rare processes such as priority is given to the studies where cost developed for particle flow at linear Magnetic precision has a name www.metrolab.com Luminaries of the physics world gathered to double Higgs production, which is sensitive and power can be reduced, presenting the colliders have been applied to current and mark 90 years of quantum progress. to the important Higgs self-coupling. initial CLIC project and further upgrades as next-generation neutrino experiments.

50 51

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Status reports from all accelerator international market, such as electronic trends in the country’s accelerator science uC facilities of JINR were presented, as were cooling systems, electron accelerators for and technology. The success of this project S Smirna activities at other major accelerator centres. industrial applications, components and will influence government support of other The National Research Centre Kurchatov synchrotron systems, magnetic systems accelerator projects, such as the super C-tau deonstrates Institute carries out a broad range of and power systems, for example for the factory project at BINP. activities, among them the development of a European X-FEL. BINP is also actively Although Russia has a highly developed synchrotron radiation source and operation involved in the construction of FAIR scientific infrastructure and potential to international of the U-70 facility, Russiaʼs largest and NICA, while continuing to develop design complex accelerator facilities, the accelerator complex, with its new facility domestic projects including a free electron corresponding market is underestimated. u had a strong international theme. for carbon-beam medical applications laser, two electron–positron colliders Applied research projects such as medical outlook and plans to attain high-power neutron (VEPP 2000 and VEPP4M) and facilities beams for Russia’s first proton-therapy fluxes. Important work also continues for radioisotope analysis. facility, along with the Russian For many years the biennial Russian at the Institute for Nuclear Research of The conference concluded with a satellite “mega-science” projects, are thus a vital conference on accelerator physics and the Russian Academy of Sciences and meeting devoted to NICA, for which most factor for accelerating Russian industry. As technology, RuAC, was viewed by the the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics Russian accelerator centres are already is clear, such projects are reinforcing the international accelerator community as (BINP). The latter facility has established involved in manufacturing elements. Backed international outlook of Russian accelerator an internal event for representatives of itself as a manufacturer and supplier of by the Russian government since 2016, science and technology. The next RuPAC the Soviet accelerator school. Although high-tech accelerator facilities to the NICA is a major factor driving current event will be held in autumn 2018. New range of photodetector modules for photon counting applications representatives of the latter have actively been woring in accelerator centres V i s i t s

Our compact range of photodetector modules is available in around the world since the beginning of S Bennett/CERN credits: Image rectangular as well as cylindrical formats incorporating a fast perestroia in the late s, it is indeed Marianne Thyssen, amplifier-discriminator and a low power high-voltage supply. rare to see a foreign specialist invited to MEP and European commissioner for They are available with both 25mm and 30mm diameter a prominent position in Russia. ut that J Ordan/CERN employment, social low noise PMTs. The combination of high-speed situation is changing, and RuAC held at St etersburg State niversity SbS in affairs, skills and electronics and fast photomultiplier with low dark counts November last year saw the worldʼs largest labour mobility, enables a wide dynamic range to be achieved. These accelerator projects represented and more toured CERN on modules can be supplied with TTL output or with an than reports by participants from outside 10 March, during integrated counter-timer and a USB output which can be Russia. For the ﬁ rst time, the event also which she visited powered directly from the PC or laptop. provided simultaneous translation from CMS, ISOLDE and Russian to nglish. the new MEDICIS Today, RuAC has become an excellent facility. She is New compact 1.5 inch, 2 inch and 3 inch photomultiplier tubes platform for information exchange between pictured signing the researchers woring in accelerator science guestbook with CERN and technology and related issues. ore Director-General Introducing our new compact range of end window than reports from SbS students were Fabiola Gianotti. photomultipliers with blue-green sensitive bialkali presented at RuAC, and the geographical photocathode and 10 high gain, high stability, SbCs reach of the event extended to participants from institutions in 3 countries. In dynodes of linear focused design for good linearity and addition to traditional participants raine, timing.The compact nature of these photomultiplier tubes elarus and Armenia, the event was attended make these designs ideal for compact detectors for use by experts from China, South Africa, K, in scintillation applications. ermany, Italy, Canada, S, Japan, oland,

Sweden and Switerland. Bennett/CERNS CRN’s igh-uminosity C and Please contact us for more information on these new products and for details on Future Circular Collider projects were any of the other products we have available. presented, and several other reports were devoted to mutual research between Our wide range of products cover very low dark counts photomultipliers, for photon Russian and uropean scientists. A counting applications, light-tight housings, HV supplies and associated custom particular focus was the FAIR-NICA built electronics. collaboration concerning production and testing of superconducting accelerator ET Enterprises Limited, Riverside Way, magnets. Two new facilities have been UK minister of state for universities, science, Uxbridge, UB8 2YF, UK research and innovation Jo Johnson (top) came Phone: +44 (0)1895 200880 commissioned at the Joint Institute for Fax: +44 (0)1895 270873 Nuclear Research JINR in ubna for the to CERN on 29 March, during which he [email protected] international FAIR and NICA projects in Enrique Cabrero Mandoza, director-general of CONACYT in Mexico, visited CERN on 23 March, visited the underground area at CMS. Two www.et-enterprises.com Germany and Russia, respectively. The ﬁ rst immediately following the 9th CERN–Latin American School held in San Juan del Rio. He visited the days later, chief scientific adviser to the UK ADIT Electron Tubes, 300 Crane Street, is a high-tech assembly and testing hall ALICE experiment and the LHC tunnel before signing the guestbook with CERN’s head of relations government Mark Walport (bottom) also visited Sweetwater, Texas 79556, USA for superconducting magnets, while the with associate members and non-Member States, Emmanuel Tsesmelis, and director of international CERN, taking in the computing centre, ATLAS Phone: (325) 235 1418 second is a heavy-ion linear accelerator that relations Charlotte Warakaulle. and the Antiproton Decelerator. Fax: (325) 235 2872 3 [email protected] accelerates ions up to Au to an energy of www.electrontubes.com making photons count 3. e per nucleon.

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CCMay17_Faces&Places.indd 52 05/04/2017 16:36 CCMay17_Faces&Places.indd 53 05/04/2017 16:36 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 7 N u m b e r 4 M a y 2 0 1 7 CERN Courier May 2017 Faces & Places NEW ARC4 - Optical Arc detector System 2.0 O b i t u a r i e s

Our well established 16 channel arc detector system ARC4 went through a substantial design upgrade and is ready Ludwig Faddeev 1934–2017 for launch in 2017. New features:

Ludwig Dmitrievich Faddeev was an RAS which he supervised several currently • User friendly configuration via panel keyboard and web outstanding scientist who made exceptional world-renowned mathematicians and contributions to modern theoretical and theoretical physicists. He visited the theory interface (ethernet). mathematical physics. He was born in 1934 department at CERN for the first time in • light sensitivity < 1Lux in what is now St Petersburg, Russia, and 1973 and made several further visits. • response time < 2µs attended Leningrad University. His name The importance of Faddeev’s work has is well known in theoretical physics in been recognised with awards for both physics • up to 4 independent system interlock signals connection with the quantum three-body and mathematics, including the 1975 Dannie system, and he made decisive contributions Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics The new modular ARC4 provides a high degree of custo- to the quantisation of the Yang–Mills theory of the American Physical Society; the 1990 and gravitational fields. The Faddeev–Popov Mathematical physicist Ludwig Faddeev. ICTP Dirac Medal; the 2002 Pomeranchuk mization and allows an easy upgrade and replacement. covariant prescription for quantisation of Prize; the 1996 Max Planck Medal; the 1995 Our ARC4 portfolio is complemented by accessories such non-Abelian gauge theories (“Faddeev– His work stimulated the widespread and 2004 Russian Federation State Prizes; as low-loss glass fibre optic cables, radiation-hard plastic Popov ghosts”, discovered in 1966–1967) application of solitons in relativistic quantum the 2006 Henri Poincaré Prize; and the 2008 laid some of the foundations for the Standard field theory. Shaw Prize. Faddeev was a member of the cables and viewport connectors. Model of strong, weak and electromagnetic Work by Faddeev and his group on the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1976, interactions. so-called quantum method of inverse as well as a number of foreign academies Please contact us and we will advise you. Faddeev is one of the creators of modern scattering is now the basis of a flourishing including the US National Academy of mathematical physics, and he believed that branch of mathematics and mathematical Sciences and the French Academy of mathematical beauty is the most important physics involving quantum groups and Sciences. From 1976 to 2000 he was deputy ARC4 will be available in Fall 2017. guiding principle in physics. As predecessors their representations. In 1980, Faddeev director of the Steklov Mathemetical of this point of view, he cited Dirac, Weyl also clarified the group-theoretical origin Institute and was the founding director of the AFT microwave GmbH | Donaustraße 18 - 71522 Backnang | Tel.: +4971919659-0 | www.aft-microwave.de | [email protected] and Fock – the latter having been one of of anomalies in the context of “cocycles”, Euler International Mathemetical Institute, his teachers at Leningrad. In the 1970s, after which he continued his work on which he led until his death. Faddeev was one of the first to recognise the multidimensional solitons and Yang–Mills Ludwig Faddeev was a man of great importance of the newly discovered solutions theory in the 1990s until his retirement. honesty who was always ready to discuss Modulators, Power Supplies, RF Transmitters of nonlinear partial differential equations Faddeev created a very special atmosphere new ideas. We will miss him very much. IPAC 2017 – solitons, and he believed that they would at the Leningrad Steklov Mathematics ● Irina Aref’eva and Andrey Slavnov, reduce the number of fields in Lagrangians. Institute in the 1970s and 1980s, during Steklov Mathematics Institute. May 14-19 • Copenhagen, Denmark Visit us in Booth 83 Victor Kryshkin 1939–2017

Victor Kryshkin of the Institute for High active participant in the CMS experiment Energy Physics (IHEP) in Protvino passed at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. He away on 16 January after a long illness. He was a technical co-ordinator of the CMS was a long-standing member of the CMS hadron-endcap calorimeter and made major collaboration and made several important contributions to the design of the detector. ™ contributions to the CMS detector. Under his leadership, the Protvino group PowerMod After graduation from Voronezh assembled all of the active elements of the University, Kryshkin started work as an hadron-endcap calorimeters. More recently, Solid-State Pulsed Power Systems experimental physicist in Tomsk Institute Kryshkin performed several original for Nuclear Physics. There he carried out studies on gas-discharge detectors, which his first experiment: measuring the lifetime he was planning to use in calorimetry. The • Compact, Rugged, Reliable of the neutral π meson, which was included Victor Kryshkin was a member of the CMS novelty of his research has been confirmed • Voltages to 500 kV in the Review of Particle Physics. Since collaboration. by 21 registered patents. Turnkey 1973 he worked at IHEP in Protvino, and Victor Kryshkin was not only a Modulator • Currents to 10 kA was one of the key people who proposed this apparatus. The most important result of prominent scientist, he was also a very and then established the two-arm magnetic these studies was the observation of a kink interesting companion, possessing an Systems • Frequencies to Hundreds of kHz spectrometer, with the main aim to study in the dependence of the cross-section for encyclopedic knowledge in many fields. His hadron production with high-momentum the production of meson pairs on the sum main hobby was studying astrophysics and • Hundreds of Installations Worldwide transfer in proton–proton and proton– of transverse momenta in proton–proton space science and he was also interested in nuclear interactions. Many important interactions at an energy of 70 G eV. history and art. He read a lot, particularly

In 1991 Kryshkin became professor of Russian and English literature, and liked s 35 Wiggins Avenue • Bedford, MA 01730 USA • www.divtecs.com scientific results revealing the structure of elementary particles were obtained using physics at IHEP, and since 1992 he was an to tell jokes and anecdotes. Living in

CCMay17_Faces&Places.indd 55 05/04/2017 16:36 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 7 N u m b e r 4 M a y 2 0 1 7 CERN Courier May 2017 Ultra High Performance Faces & Places Silicon Drift Detector The Heartbeat of High Power

® FAST SDD Leningrad after the Second World War, behind his wife Galina, a son and three Kryshkin learnt how to paint, and never granddaughters. Count Rate = >1,000,000 CPS missed an opportunity to visit an art On behalf of the CMS collaboration, we gallery or museum. He could not imagine offer our condolences to his family and his life without music, especially jazz. colleagues. The True State-of-the-Art He loved his family very much and leaves ● His friends and colleagues. • New in-house manufacturing • Lower noise • Lower leakage current Heinrich Leutz 1928–2017 • Better charge collection Heinrich Leutz, who joined CERN in 1966 25 mm2 FAST SDD® 55Fe Spectrum 1.8E+06 1.0E+07 Det. Temp: 215K as leader of the BEBC physics aspects group, Background: 26,000:1 Mn K T : 4 µs 1.6E+06 α pk passed away on 26 February, aged 89, 1.0E+06 Mn K 1.4E+06 β following several years of serious health 1.0E+05 1.2E+06 problems. During his long and active career

1.0E+04 in experimental physics he took part in three 1.0E+06 Award Winning Technology main research fields: nuclear spectroscopy; Counts 8.0E+05 1.0E+03 122 eV FWHM high-energy physics with bubble chambers; Ampegon’s power supplies and pulse modulators provide unlimited benefi ts for any Accelerator System. 6.0E+05 1.0E+02 and detector technologies for hadron Our Type µ short pulse modulator received the Swiss Technology Award 2016. Out of all nominated products, the Type µ 4.0E+05 1.0E+01 colliders. In each of these areas, Leutz was was chosen for the highest levels of technological innovation, combined with both economical and social benefi ts. 2.0E+05 responsible for original inventions that led to 0.0E+00 1.0E+00 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 Energy (keV) improved physics results. During his first active research period in Leutz was an active member of CERN’s the 1950s and 1960s, based at the University “LAA” programme. Resolution vs Peaking Time 180 of Heidelberg, Leutz led a research group Transmission Antenna Scientifi c Green 2 ampegon.com SystemsScience SystemsMedTech ApplicationsIndustry TechnologiesBroadcast 25 mm studying colour centres in crystals, nuclear chamber (LEBC activity) that was used for 170 beta decay, electron capture, polarisation charm physics and allowed one of the first 160 Standard SDD and photon spectroscopy. One of his definitive studies of charm production at a ® remarkable contributions during this period proton facility. 150 FAST SDD concerned the idea to grow scintillation After the closure of bubble chambers

140 crystals doped with radioactive isotopes, around 1984, Leutz concentrated on

on (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) @ 5.9 FWHM on(eV which allowed precise spectroscopy to be promoting detector technologies for ti 130 performed while avoiding source-thickness high-energy colliders within the CERN LAA Resolution (eV FWHM @ 5.9 keV) Resolu and scattering-correction effects. Important (Lepton Asymmetry Analyser) programme. 120 Innovative Detectors for High Energy Physics 0.000 1.00 1 2.00 2 3.00 3 4.00 4 5.00 5 Peaking Time (μs) publications from this period demonstrate In particular, he dedicated his efforts to the Peaking Time (µs) excellent research results in nuclear physics development of plastic scintillating fibres during the 1950s and 1960s. and new photodetectors called hybrid photon Options: His move to high-energy physics started detectors for particle tracking in LHC-like Hamamatsu Photonics is proud of its long history of collaboration with many of the world’s leading research • 25 mm2 active area collimated to 17 mm2 in the 1970s when he joined the French– environments and for non-high-energy laboratories – supplying award winning, high quality detectors which have contributed to the achievement • 70 mm2 collimated to 50 mm2 German–CERN programme to design and physics applications. In this last phase of of many scientiﬁ c milestones. construct the Big European Bubble Chamber his professional career, he particularly • Windows: Be (0.5 mil) 12.5 µm, or (BEBC) at CERN as the SPS started up. enjoyed being surrounded by motivated and C Series (Si3N4) Responsible for the physics aspect of the motivating young people: a new generation • TO-8 package fits all Amptek configurations BEBC project, Leutz soon became well that he endeavoured to shape and which had known in the bubble-chamber community the great opportunity to be mentored by around the world. His team developed a him. Books and publications testify to his track-sensitive liquid-hydrogen-filled, outstanding contributions to experimental optically transparent target box to observe physics, even beyond his retirement from Photomultiplier Tubes and Modules MPPCs®, Arrays and Modules primary particle interactions, surrounded CERN in 1993. Super Kamiokande • LHC • KM3NeT • Xenon1T Experiment T2K Experiment • Cherenkov Telescope • ILC by a heavy-liquid neon-hydrogen mixture Throughout his professional life, Leutz to provide improved photon conversion. His developed his exceptional talents to promote bold proposal was no less than to operate a original ideas, establish collaborations “bubble chamber inside a bubble chamber” with physics teams worldwide, motivate by finding a temperature and pressure high-level technical support in his own team Please see our web site for complete regime such that the pressure cycle was and – last but not least – make friends to specifications and vacuum applications transmitted from the heavy liquid to the whom he always offered great hospitality Large Area APDs and Arrays Silicon Strip Detectors hydrogen volume for primary interactions, at his home, together with his wife Ingrid. CMS • GSI / PANDA ATLAS • CLEO • DELPHI • LHC-B allowing interactions and tracks in both Whenever they meet at CERN, friends and ® AMPTEK Inc. media to be visualised on the same photo. former colleagues recall the great times they [email protected] A further step was the construction of spent with Heinrich Leutz. a high-resolution fast-cycling bubble ● His friends and colleagues. www.amptek.com

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Several PhD Positions at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) on Experimental and Theoretical Aspects of Neutrinos and Dark Matter

We are looking for highly qualified and motivated We are offering PhD positions in Physics on various students holding an MSc or equivalent degree in experimental as well as theoretical topics on neutrino NEW updated physics or astrophysics to pursue doctoral research at properties, neutrino astronomy at low and high the Munich School on Neutrinos and Dark Matter. energies, the particle nature of dark matter, axion Meet us at IPAC 2017 in Copenhagen Model 1090-200/350 The School is an Integrated Research Training Group searches, and super novae processes including the High Current Ion Implanter within the recently founded SFB1258 “Neutrinos investigation of stellar matter. Booth #26-27 • Upgraded and improved design and Dark Matter in Astro- and Particle Physics” We offer participation in running and future experiments

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IHEP Recruitment of Overseas High-level Talents Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Research Areas: (CAS) invites applications for permanent staff positions at all levels. IHEP is Experimental Particle and Nuclear Physics, Theoretical Physics, Astronomy and a comprehensive research laboratory for particle and astroparticle physics, Astrophysics,Nuclear Technology, Multidisciplinary Research, Accelerators, accelerator physics and technology, radiation technologies and applications, as Neutron physics, Condensed matter physics well as for nuclear analytical techniques and interdisciplinary research. Contact: For More Information: http://english.ihep.cas.cn/ Division for Human Resources, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Recruitment Objectives: Based on the needs of the research areas and the disciplines development E-mail: [email protected] of IHEP, we are now publicly recruiting overseas outstanding talents and Tel: (86)010-88235879, Fax: (86)010-88233102 scholars of relevant disciplines who possess research abilities and innovation Address: No. 19 (B), Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, (Postcode: 100049) awareness. Applications should include a CV, an outline of academic accomplishments, Programs: description of current research and plan for future research, 3 – 5 published 1 National “Thousand Talents Program” (full time & part time programs) for papers representative of your work, and a record of citations for your work. You established scientists. should arrange for 3 letters of reference from experts in your 2 National “Thousand Young Talents Program” for outstanding field to be sent by post or email (established scientists are not junior scientists. requested). 3 Pioneer “Hundred Talents Program” of CAS, for outstanding junior scientists, For detailed information please visit excellent junior detector or accelerator experts. http:// english.ihep.cas.cn/ju/201303/ 4 “Outstanding Talents Program” of IHEP, for scientific research or technical W020130326502657080582.pdf talents.

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Surpass design challenges Challenges and Goals for Accelerators in and more than 90% of the world’s total with ease using the XXI Century ® man-made quantity of nuclear antimatter. COMSOL Multiphysics . By Oliver Brüning and Stephen Myers (eds) This section of the book concludes with a Work with its powerful World Scientific description of the lepton–proton collider mathematical modeling Also available at the CERN bookshop HERA at DESY, the GSI heavy-ion tools and solver technology This mighty 840 page book covers an facility, and the rare-isotope facility REX to deliver accurate and impressive range of subjects divided into at ISOLDE. Space is also given to the comprehensive simulation no less than 45 chapters. Owing to the accelerator that was never built, the US results. expertise and international reputations Superconducting Super Collider (SSC), of the authors of the individual chapters, of which “the hopeful birth and painful VERIFY AND Develop custom few if any other books in this field have death” is recounted. applications using the managed to summarise such a broad topic The following 25 chapters are devoted to OPTIMIZE Application Builder and with such authority. While too numerous accelerators for the 21st century, with the deploy them within to list in the space provided, the full list section on “Accelerators for high-energy your organization and of authors – a veritable “who’s who” of physics” centred on the Large Hadron YOUR DESIGNS to customers worldwide ® the accelerator world – can be viewed at Collider (LHC). In the main article, with COMSOL Multiphysics with a local installation of worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.114 magisterially written, it is recalled that COMSOL Server™. 2/8635#t=toc. the 27 km length of the LEP tunnel The evolution of computational tools for The book opens with two chapters was chosen having already in mind the numerical simulation of physics-based Beneﬁ t from the power devoted to a captivating historical review installation of a proton–proton collider, systems has reached a major milestone. of multiphysics today of the Standard Model and a general and the first LHC workshop was organised comsol.com/products introduction to accelerators, and closes as early as 1984. The following chapters with two special sections. The first of are dedicated to ion–ion collisions at the these is devoted to novel accelerator ideas: LHC and to the upgrades of the main ring © Copyright 2017 COMSOL. plasma accelerators, energy-recovery and the injector. The high-energy version linacs, fixed-field alternating-gradient discussed. The ISR’s breakthroughs of the LHC and the design of a future accelerators, and muon colliders. The last were numerous, including the discovery 100 km-circumference collider (with both section describes European synchrotrons of Schottky scans, the demonstration electron–positron and proton–proton used for tumour therapy with carbon ions of stochastic cooling and absolute collision modes) are also covered, as well and covers, in particular, the Heidelberg luminosity measurements by van der as the proposed TeV electron–proton Ion Therapy Centre designed by GSI and Meer scans. Even more remarkable was collider LHeC. The overall picture is the CERN Proton Ion Medical Machine the harvest of the SPS proton–antiproton unique, complete and well balanced. MT25 Study. The last chapter describes the collider, culminating with the Nobel Other chapters discuss frontier transformation of the CERN LEIR prize awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon accelerators: super B-factories, the BNL synchrotron into an ion facility for van der Meer. The necessary Antiproton Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) The 25th International Conference on radiobiological studies. Accumulator and Collector are discussed and its electron–ion extension, linear Concerning the main body of the book, in a separate chapter, which ends with an electron–positron colliders, electron– 17 chapters look back over the past 100 amusing recollection: “December 1982 positron circular colliders for Higgs studies Magnet Technology years, beginning with a concise history saw the collider arriving at an integrated and the European Spallation Source. Amsterdam, the Netherlands of the three first lepton colliders: AdA in luminosity of 28 inverse nanobarns and Special accelerators for nuclear physics, Frascati, VEP-1 in Novosibirsk and the Rubbia offering a ‘champagne-only’ party such as the High Intensity and Energy August 27-September 1, 2017 Princeton–Stanford electron–electron with 28 champagne bottles!” Antiproton ISOLDE at CERN and the FAIR project collider. A leap in time then takes the production methods are covered in detail, at GSI, are also discussed. Unfortunately, reader to CERN’s Large Electron–Positron including a description of the manoeuvres the book does not deal with synchrotron  Magnets for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Fusion, High-Field Facilities, Medical, collider (LEP), which is followed by a needed to manipulate antiproton bunches light sources, free electron lasers and high- Biological, and Analytical Applications. description of the Stanford Linear Collider. and of the production of cold antihydrogen power proton drivers. However, the latter  Coils for Power, Energy, Transport, and Other Applications Unfortunately, this latter chapter is too atoms. This subject is continued in a later are discussed in connection with neutrino short to do full justice to such an innovative chapter dedicated to CERN’s new ELENA beams by covering the CERN Neutrinos to  Materials, and Associated Technologies for Magnets approach to electron–positron collisions. antiproton facility. Gran Sasso project and neutrino factories.  Magnet Test, Analysis, and Design Tools The next section is devoted to The Fermilab proton–antiproton collider The book is aimed at engineers and beginnings, starting from the time of the started later than the SPS, but eventually physicists who are already familiar with Brookhaven Cosmotron and Berkeley led to the discovery of the top quark by the particle accelerators and may appreciate Bevatron. The origin of alternating- CDF and D0 collaborations. The Fermilab the technical choices and stories behind gradient synchrotrons is well covered antiproton recycler and main ring are existing and future facilities. Many of through a description of the Brookhaven described, followed by a chapter dedicated its chapters could also be formative for Conference Chair - Herman ten Kate AGS and the CERN Proton Synchrotron. to the Tevatron, which was the first young people thinking of joining one of The first two hadron colliders at CERN superconducting collider. The first author the described projects. I am convinced Co-chair - Andries den Ouden – the Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) remarks that, over the years, some 1016 that these readers will receive the book Program Chair - Arjan Verweij and the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) antiprotons were accumulated at Fermilab, very positively. Exhibition Manager - Arend Nijhuis www.MT-25.org proton–antiproton collider – are then corresponding to about 17 nanograms ● Ugo Amaldi, TERA Foundation.

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Big Data: Storage, Sharing, and Security astrophysical objects at different stages By Fei Hu (ed.) of their evolution as well as in plasma, CRC Press condensed-matter and nuclear physics. It Nowadays, enormous quantities of data in is also of great interest for the physics of a variety of forms are generated rapidly high-energy concentrations that are either in fields ranging from social networks already attained or can be reached in the near to online shopping portals to physics future under controlled terrestrial conditions. laboratories. The field of “big data” Ultra-extreme astrophysical and involves all the tools and techniques that nuclear-physical applications are also can store and analyse such data, whose analysed. Here, the thermodynamics of volume, variety and speed of production matter is affected substantially by relativity, are not manageable using traditional high-power gravitational and magnetic methods. As such, this new field requires us fields, thermal radiation, the transformation to face new challenges. These challenges of nuclear particles, nucleon neutronisation, and their possible solutions are the subject and quark deconfinement. of this book of 17 chapters, which is The book is intended for a wide range of clearly divided into two sections: data specialists who study the EOS of matter and management and security. high-energy-density physics, as well as for Each chapter, written by different senior students and postgraduates. authors, describes the state-of-the-art for a specific issue that the reader may face when Theory of Quantum Transport at implementing a big-data solution. Far from Nanoscale: An Introduction being a manual to follow step-by-step, topics By Dmitry A Ryndyk are treated theoretically and practical uses Springer are described. Every subject is very well This book provides an referenced, pointing to many publications for as those “in house”. Cloud environments may introduction to the theory readers to explore in more depth. require data to be securely transmitted, stored of quantum transport at Given the diversity of topics addressed, it is and analysed to avoid access by unauthorised the nanoscale – a rapidly difficult to give a detailed opinion on each of sources. Proposed approaches to apply developing field that studies them, but some deserve particular mention. security include encryption, authorisation charge, spin and heat transport One is the comparison between different and authentication methods. in nanostructures and nanostructured communication protocols, presented in The book is a good introduction to many of materials. 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CCMay17_Bookshelf.indd 64 05/04/2017 16:38 CERNCOURIER www. V o l u m e 5 7 N u m b e r 4 M a y 2 0 1 7 CERN Courier May 2017 CERN Courier Archive: 1974 ...the power in microwaves! A l o o k b A c k t o cERN c o u R i E R v o l . 14, M Ay 1974, c o M p i l E d b y p E g g i E R i M M E R Our changing view of the nature of matter 1954–1974 ULTRA AVAILABLE The electromagnetic force Perhaps the most In quantum electrodynamics (QED) famous bubble intermediary photons removed the enigma chamber picture in of “action at a distance” between charged history – the AMPLIFIERS particles. However, when trying to calculate detection of the physical quantities we finished up with omega minus infinite values. A charged particle sets up its particle predicted FOR ACCELERATOR & photon cloud which changes the properties by the of the charged particle which changes the classification properties of the cloud and so on. In the scheme of unitary late 1940s, R P Feynman, J Schwinger symmetry – taken MEDICAL APPLICATIONS and S Tomonaga noticed that behind the in the 80-inch infinities lie apparent infinities of particle chamber at mass and charge. When they “renormalized” Brookhaven. TMD in collaboration with Rosatom - NIITFA is now able to the theory by feeding in physically observed offer revolutionary, ultra-available RF solid state amplifiers values of mass and charge, finite values “building blocks” [quarks]. electrons emerging from the beta decay of emerged for electromagnetic phenomena. The most spectacular prediction was of the cobalt 60. They were spinning clockwise for scientific and medical applications. But why do we have to plug in the observed existence of the omega minus. Playing with and, to preserve the angular momentum mass and charge for the calculations to work their three mathematical blocks, they grouped balance, emerging neutrinos (which could with such perfection? It would obviously baryons of spin 3/2 in a group of ten and by not be detected) must always be spinning Innovative power combining and control system results in: be philosophically more satisfying if they 1961 nine of these had been identified. During anticlockwise. By now we know that there emerged naturally from the theory itself. the CERN conference of 1962, Gell-Mann are only left-hand spinning neutrinos; • Ultra-compact systems, typically one Perhaps the electron is a black hole! One can wrote on the blackboard the mass (1680 MeV), right-hand spinning neutrinos do not exist. Applications: plausibly argue that its Schwarzchild radius of charge (–1) and strangeness (–3) of the missing This was a profound philosophical change 19” rack / 100 kW (pulse) • Synchrotrons, LINACs for scientific, about 10 –55 cm would give it enough size to get tenth member. At the beginning of 1964, the in our view of Nature. We believed that Nature • CW / Pulse Systems, long pulse experimentation/particle physics rid of the QED infinities and give the correct omega minus, with precisely these properties, was symmetric and “right” and “left” were • Modular Solid State architecture, and Spallation systems electron mass. So perhaps gravitation is was seen for the first time at Brookhaven. human conventions to help us find our way compact modules (<10 kg) deeply involved with the electric properties of around traffic islands. Parity violation in the • Medical therapy equipment matter but so far no firm framework has been The weak force weak interaction has overthrown this belief Courtesy Honeywell Aerospace • Highly Maintainable with Hot Swap • Cyclotrons for radioisotope found for these ideas. The first big change in our view of the weak and left the suspicion that Nature always cares capability production force came in 1956. T D Lee and C N Yang, about the direction that things happen but that • Wall Plug efficiency competitive with The strong force attempting to explain some puzzling in strong and electromagnetic interactions this • Option to upgrade existing systems In 1954 the picture was of protons and observations on kaon decay into two and is hidden by more powerful effects. Now we tube technology (55% demonstrated) neutrons [baryons] bound in the nucleus three mesons, made the revolutionary could contact intelligent beings in a remote • Highly robust to VSWR mismatch Other Products: through intermediary mesons, pions. But suggestion that in weak interactions Nature corner of the Universe and communicate • High MTBF and Low MTTR trouble was brewing. A heavier meson, the might be particular about the direction to them in which direction we turn around • High Power, Very Low Phase Noise kaon, had been spotted in nuclear emulsion in which things happen, violating parity. traffic islands. • No loss of power from any single TWT Amplifiers photographs of cosmic rays, and heavier Immediately after, C S Wu looked at ● Compiled from texts on pp156–166. element failure • Brazed UHV components baryons (such as the lambda and sigma) had • High efficiency enhances reliability been seen. • Electron Guns The floodgates really opened when the Compiler’s Note • Frequencies available from Point-like black holes are still a matter of conjecture but big ones large bubble chambers of L Alvarez came into 20 MHz to 1.3 GHz operation at the Berkeley 6 GeV Bevatron. A made headline news recently. In 2015, on 14 September and again on whole host of new mesons and baryons were 26 December, jubilant teams at the LIGO observatory in the US watched • MW power capability identified and the list has grown to include the Earth being shaken by gravitational waves created when pairs of huge over 200 distinct particles. Initially thought of black holes collided, 1.3 and 1.4 billion years ago, respectively. Closer as rather exotic entities, something new was to home, the composite Event Horizon Telescope (EHT), located at nine For more information on our leading edge needed to explain their behaviour. sites, is zooming in on a picture of Sagittarius A*, the black hole at the The most important advance came in centre of the Milky Way, a mere 26,000 light-years away. technology email us at [email protected] 1961 from Y Ne’eman and M Gell-Mann As for traffic islands, with the number of potentially Earth-like using SU(3), a simple 19th century unitary exoplanets discovered by astronomers steadily increasing, so does or visit www.tmd.co.uk group of transformations in three complex the chance of finding aliens out there smart enough to appreciate the dimensions for studying sets of three objects. They classified the particles in groups, properties of terrestrial traffic islands, although it would be tricky to explain why the polarity flips multiplets, mathematically treating them as from place to place across our planet! if in reality they were built up of three basic

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5 V i ew p o i n t F e at u r e s 43 Doubting darkness 19 Euclid to pinpoint nature of dark energy An interview with Erik Verlinde, who argues that dark matter is an 7 N ew s Due for launch in 2020, ESA’s Euclid probe will track galaxies and illusion caused by an incomplete understanding of gravity. large areas of sky to find the cause of the cosmic acceleration. • LHC cold and preparing for beam • Crab cavities promise 47 F a ce s & P l a ce s brighter collisions Sterile neutrinos in retreat GBAR falls into • • 26 How dark matter became a particle place • ATLAS pushes SUSY beyond 2 TeV • CMS inches to the top 59 R ec r u i t me n t of the Higgs-coupling mountain LHCb brings cosmic collisions Over time, an increasing number of particle physicists became • interested in the problem of dark matter, partly driven by new down to Earth ALICE reveals dominance of collective flow 63 B oo k s h elf • scientific results but also by sociological changes. 15 S c i e n cewat c h 66 r c h i ve 34 Physics at its limits A 17 A s t r owat c h A 100 km-circumference collider would address many of the outstanding questions in modern particle physics.

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