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WWWarsawarsawarsaw . X/2020 ContributorsContributorsContributors of of this of this this volume volume volume . X/2020 . X/2020 vol vol vol EEEastastast CristianCristianCristian Barna Barna Barna | Elena | Elena | Elena V. V.Baraban V.Baraban Baraban | Grażyna | Grażyna | Grażyna Drzazga Drzazga Drzazga IevaIevaIeva Gajauskaite Gajauskaite Gajauskaite | Zbigniew | Zbigniew | Zbigniew Karaczun Karaczun Karaczun | Pawel | Pawel | Pawel Kowal Kowal Kowal WEER AllenAllenAllen C. C.Lynch C.Lynch Lynch | Nicola | Nicola | Nicola Meller Meller Meller | Weronika | Weronika | Weronika Michalak Michalak Michalak WEER WEER EEEuropeanuropeanuropean JohnJohnJohn S. S.Micgiel S.Micgiel Micgiel | Veronica | Veronica | Veronica Mihalache Mihalache Mihalache | Tetiana | Tetiana | Tetiana Poliak-Grujić Poliak-Grujić Poliak-Grujić AdrianAdrianAdrian Popa Popa Popa RRReviewevieweview VolumeVolumeVolume X/2020 X/2020 X/2020 THETHETHE POST-SOVIET POST-SOVIET POST-SOVIET SPACESPACESPACE THREE THREE THREE DECADESDECADESDECADES LATER LATER LATER TIMETIMETIME OF OF OF TROUBLES TROUBLES TROUBLES 20202020 // Sixteenth2020 // Sixteenth // Sixteenth annual annual session annual session session OROROR TRIUMPH? TRIUMPH? TRIUMPH? THE POST-SOVIET SPACE THREE DECADES LATER TIME OF TROUBLES OR TRIUMPH? OR TROUBLES TIME OF LATER THREE DECADES SPACE THE POST-SOVIET THE POST-SOVIET SPACE THREE DECADES LATER TIME OF TROUBLES OR TRIUMPH? OR TROUBLES TIME OF LATER THREE DECADES SPACE THE POST-SOVIET TRIUMPH? OR TROUBLES TIME OF LATER THREE DECADES SPACE THE POST-SOVIET RRR EDITORS:EDITORS:EDITORS: PAWEŁ PAWEŁ PAWEŁ KOWAL KOWAL KOWAL | JOHN | JOHN | JOHN S. S. MICGIEL S. MICGIEL MICGIEL Warsaw East European Review Volume X/2020 International Board: Egidijus Aleksandravičius | Vytautas Magnus University Stefano Bianchini | University of Bologna Miroslav Hroch | Charles University Yaroslav Hrytsak | Ukrainian Catholic University Andreas Kappeler | University of Vienna Zbigniew Kruszewski | University of Texas, El Paso Jan Kubik | Rutgerts University Panayot Karagyozov | Sofia University Alexey Miller | Russian Academy of Sciences Mykola Riabchuk | Kyiv-Mohyla Academy Barbara Törnquist-Plewa | Lund University Theodore Weeks | Southern Illinois University Editorial Committee: Jan Malicki | chair of the Committee (director, Centre for East European Studies, University of Warsaw) John S. Micgiel | WEEC Conference Director (Centre for East European Studies, University of Warsaw) Wiktor Ross | secretary of the WEEC Programme Board (Centre for East European Studies, University of Warsaw) Editor-in-Chief John S. Micgiel Deputy Editor-in-Chief Paweł Kowal ISBN: 978-83-61325-64-2 ISSN: 2299-2421 Copyright © by Studium Europy Wschodniej UW 2020 Typographic design & cover design Hubert Karasiewicz Printing Duo-Studio Table of Contents Foreword, John S. Micgiel and Pawel Kowal .................................... 5 Nord Stream 2 Current State of the Project and its implications for European Energy Security Warsaw East European Review Nicola Mellere University of Bologna ............................................ 7 Climate change and health Weronika Michalak, HEAL Poland, Dr hab. Zbigniew Karaczun, Polish Climate Coalition .............................. 25 The Modern Interfaces of Intermarium and the Fight against Destiny Adrian Popa, Cristian Barna, “Mihai Viteazul” National Intelligence Academy Bucharest, Romania ................................................................. 35 Lenin, Trotsky, and Parvus in the Battle for Russian Unity Elena V. Baraban, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB ........................ 51 Broken European memories and recovered national consciousness Veronica Mihalache, “Mihai Viteazul” National Intelligence Academy ........... 71 Toxic language of contempt: The real purpose of online hate speech Magda Stroińska, McMaster University & Grażyna Drzazga, University of Groningen ................................... 79 The small state’s role in the Euro-Atlantic area: Potential changes in Lithuania’s foreign policy Ieva Gajauskaite, Ph. D., General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania, Department of Political Science ................... 91 “Why Putin Did Not Try to Help Elect Trump” Allen C. Lynch, University of Virginia ............................................ 105 Information disorder and What Ukraine is Doing About It. Analysis of Ukraine’s Policies and Actions to Combat Russia-Generated information disorder Tetiana Poliak-Grujić .......................................................... 117 WEEReview 10 | 2020 | 3 Foreword t the end of June 2018, over a hundred students, scholars, and members of the public met at Warsaw University to review, analyze, and discuss the ongoing trans- Aformation of Central and Eastern Europe. A variety of panels focused during three days on issues that challenge governments and societies both in and out of area such as: NATO and its eastern flank, Nord Stream 2 and diversification of energy supply, climate change, hate speech, the foreign policies of small states, information disorder, recovered national consciousness, and Russian interference in US elections. In this volume, we present the research of those scholars whose work was recom- mended by panel chairs and reviewers and who were willing and able to meet the dead- lines and rules for inclusion in this year’s edition of the Warsaw East European Review. We trust it will meet with our readers’ approval. The tenth edition of the Warsaw East European Review will surely be an interesting addition to the bookcases of post-Soviet-space re- searchers. We encourage you to read it and continue to work with us in the future. We have barely scratched the surface of this interesting and important topic. Paweł Kowal John S. Micgiel WEEReview 10 | 2020 | 5 6 | WEEReview 10 | 2020 Nord Stream 2 Nord Stream 2 Current State of the Project and its implications for European Energy Security Nicola Mellere University of Bologna History of the Project Nord Stream 2 is a planned pipeline through the Baltic Sea within the project Nord Stream. The pipeline Nord Stream 2 would flank the already existing Nord Stream 1 in transporting natural gas over 1,220 km from the large reserves in North-Western Russia to the German Baltic coast. In particular, Nord Stream 2 is expected to link Ust Luga in Russia with Greifswald in Germany. The project is planned to double the existing Nord Stream 1 pipeline, with the total volume of both ventures being a maximum of 110 bcm per year. In- deed, Nord Stream 2 is expected to transport annually 55 billion cubic metres (bcm), which is the same amount of Nord Stream 1. The history of Nord Stream project began in 1997, when the Finnish-Russian consor- tium “North Transgas Oy” was established to explore the possibilities of transporting gas from Russia to Europe. In 1999 the consortium concluded the exploration stating that an offshore route through the Baltic Sea is the best option from economic, technical and en- vironmental points of view. Then, in 2000 the EU recognized the need for a new pipeline. In 2005, the North Stream consortium was formed with the participation of Gazprom, the German companies Wintershall and E.ON Ruhrgas. Later two other companies joined the consortium: the Dutch company Gasunie and the French GDF SUEZ SA. The construction of the lines of Nord Stream 1 lasted from April 2010 until October 2012, when Line 2 of Nord Stream 1 officially became operational. In June 2015, Nord Stream 2 was officially announced with the signing of a memoran- dum and the establishment of the company Nord Stream 2 AG. The financing agreement between Gazprom, the French company ENGIE, the Austrian OMV, the British-Dutch Shell and the German Uniper and Wintershall was confirmed in April 2017. The cost of the pro- ject is estimated to be €9,5 billion, but some documents reported that it will cost €9,8 or even more if there will be any changes in the project, as in the event of the modification of WEEReview 10 | 2020 | 7 Nord Stream 2 The landfall of Nord Stream in Germany. Current State of the Project in March 2019. Photo credit: www.nord-stream.com. the expected route.1 Late 2019 is the target date set for completion of Nord Stream 2, but there are already some doubts regarding the actual construction times.2 Furthermore, it should be noted, that the cost of Nord Stream is only the cost of the offshore pipeline and it excludes for example the cost of the EUGAL pipeline, which has to be built in order to transport the gas through Germany.3 The creation of Nord Stream 2 AG immediately ran into some problems, because the Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection forced a change in the participa- tion quotas in the project. In fact, Gazprom had to bear the entire financial cost of the pro- ject and by doing this Gazprom remained the sole shareholder of Nord Stream 2 AG. The signed agreement of 2017 provided loans from the European companies interested in the project to Nord Stream 2 AG. The transported gas of Nord Stream 2 is expected to be transferred to other European states through Germany. Nord Stream 2 is being promoted as a solution to the EU’s grow- ing gas demand in the near future and the decreasing domestic production of the blue fuel in the EU countries and in Norway. In addition, the advocates of Nord Stream 2 justify 1 Alan Riley, “Nord Stream 2: Understanding the Potential Consequences,” Atlantic Council, June 2018, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Nord_Stream_2_interactive.pdf. 2 “„Kommersant”: Nie uda
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