THE CENTER FOR WESTERN STUDIES PRESENTS THE FORTY-FOURTH ANNUAL

A National Conference on the Northern Plains History | Literature | Art | Archeology

Wounded Knee 1973: Forty Years Later

AUGUSTANA COLLEGE | APRIL 27 -28, 2 012

On display in conjunction with the Dakota Conference is the art exhibition Interpretations of Wounded Knee 1973 and 1890 , a one-time show featuring the work of twenty -two artists. A public artists’ reception will be held on Thursday, April 26, from 4:3 0- 6:30 p.m. This program is supported in part by a Challenge Grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities Welcome, Dakota Conference Presenters and Attendees!

For the Forty-fourth Annual Dakota Conference, the Center for Western Studies will observe the fortieth anniversary of the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota. We will do so in the larger context of the massacre at Wounded Knee by the US Seventh Calvary on December 29, 1890. On that date, Miniconjou Lakota chief Spotted Elk (Big Foot), over 300 of his followers, and 38 Hunkpapas were attacked at their encampment on the banks of Wounded Knee Creek on the Pine Ridge Reservation. Of the 230 Indian women and children and 120 men at the camp, at least 153 were counted dead and 44 wounded. Army casualties were 25 dead and 39 wounded.

Eighty-three years later, on February 27, 197 3, 200 Lakota and (AIM) supporters seized and occupied the village of Wounded Knee for 71 days in protest of a recent murder and long-held grievances against the BIA. They demanded an end to intimidation of AIM members and “traditionals” on the reservation. They demanded that treaties signed by the U.S. government be honored, especially the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty, which acknowledged claims to the Black Hills. The village was quickly surrounded by law-enforcement officials, and a siege ensued. Before it ended on May 5, the armed conflict claimed the lives of two AIM supporters. An FBI agent and a US Marshall were wounded, and 1,200 people were arrested. Through the free and open exchange among all conference attendees, we will consider the legacy of the occupation—and the earlier massacre.

Fourteen books will be represented at the autograph party on Saturday, including several books on Wounded Knee. Two new books about the Great Plains will be featured in panel sessions: Remaking the Heartland: Middle America in the 1950s , by Robert Wuthnow, and The Plains Political Tradition: Essays on South Dakota Political Culture , edited by Jon Lauck, John Miller, and Donald Simmons.

Dedicated to examining contemporary issues in their historical and cultural contexts, the Dakota Conference is a signature event of the Center for Western Studies, which provides programming in Northern Plains Studies at Augustana College. In awarding a Challenge Grant in support of the Centerʼs endowment, the National Endowment for the Humanities cited the Dakota Conference specifically for its hallmark blending of academic and non-academic presenters. If you value this approach to learning about the past, there is still time to help CWS meet its NEH endowment match. Thank you to each presenter and session chair and to the staff of Mikkelsen Library for their assistance in so many ways.

Harry F. Thompson, Ph.D. , Executive Director Tim Hoheisel , Director of Outreach and Promotion Elizabeth Thrond , Collections Assistant Kristi Thomas , Secretary Financial Contributors

Loren and Mavis Amundson CWS Endowment/SFACF Deadwood Historic Preservation Commission Tony & Anne Haga Carol Rae Hansen, Andrew Gilmour & Grace Hansen-Gilmour Carol M. Mashek Elaine Nelson McIntosh Mellon Fund Committee of Augustana College Rex Myers & Susan Richards V.R. & Joyce Nelson Rollyn H. Samp, in Honor of Ardyce Samp Roger & Shirley Schuller, in Honor of Matthew Schuller Jerry & Gail Simmons South Dakota Humanities Council Robert & Sharon Steensma Blair & Linda Tremere Richard & Michelle Van Demark Jamie & Penny Volin Tear at perforation Re I I TOTA Sup M City Adres Name Signature Exp. Date_ScuriyCod(nbk) Credit a# Phone ea Saturdy Saturdy Friday Friday CWS Save CWS Ful-time Single-so One-day Registraon Save Curent Presnt Wounde Mastercd Check nlosd gis _ _ p ls: studen (cour _ _ or L tr _ _ $4 $5 Endowmet Membrship A T _ _ at tin Diner Lunch _ _ tesy For Augstan l h ion by by undergat registaon Augstan Trail Luncheo g e m fe registaon Si furthe o purchasing registn Gift eal : C _ _ after f with M Re with I oux Breakfst entr registaon el s s Pleas Visa T (ma l qu April on m progam Campign h progam ($ informat, faculty e with F ust Fu ir d 50 Coleg, ( e For n Kne F als, ed f n o 16 ( by pa b Ful or st or d REG t retun I a progam be a ud ya Co lodgin, sic o ty-Fo The April va Discover ( We e f b n Meal m il n So p le me al ot a (NE t mi 201 ur t b Centr ID this 16 a o C ISTR le mb cal urth te ste vai ut ate chas H r Packge to e e) e vist 1973: WS Ch l completd h qu rsh ab 605-274 S. p rn An r E-mail nde i a es l Da ) re for e i Sumit l p ed w .augied/lon I le ATI d ) to Stu n ) n Westrn ual American Exps ge kot te p in re ( s r 3 s) _ _ Gr ON di se adv m Dakot Stae a, form an Ave., n es, e Forty te a t Ap l r ance s) wi s Studies, or FO ) with _ Au l l Sioux ril e-mail m Co at RM gu payment 27 ( ch p nferc ric Fals, stan by -28, Years [email protected] ______e s No. 25%) i nc Zip SD a to: 20 lu x x x x x x x x x x x x Col d _ 5719 $15.0 $17.0 $15.0 $43.0 $10. $25.0 $5.0 $50. FRE FRE FRE $45.0 e 12 t a leg x Later $ $_ $ a n ______======d = gr $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ at ______u it y ) . Award for Distinguished Contribution to the Preservation of the Cultural Heritage of South Dakota and the Northern Plains

Lillian Johnsson

A true “daughter of the prairie ,” Lillian Johnsson was born and raised in Worthington, Minnesota, and has been for many years a resident of Chamberlain, South Dakota, with her husband, Gil Johnsson. She has long been active in the General Federation of Womenʼs Clubs (GFWC), serving as President of the South Dakota State Chapter and as a member of the National Board of Directors Finance Committee. She represented South Dakota on the Presidentʼs White House Commission on Women in American History. In 2008 she was awarded the GFWC of South Dakota Jennie Award for Leadership. The General Federation is the largest volunteer association of women in the U.S. and abroad.

Lillian has volunteered with the South Dakota Reading Council; the GFWCʼs Kids Voting Project and Travelers Club; helped to promote meal sites in the local community and on Lower Brule and Crow Creek reservations; and serves as a docent at the Akta Lakota Museum. A craft artisan known as the “Teddy Bear Lady” for her contributions under the national program Good Bears of the World, Lillian has been active in community theater, participated in mission camp activities for the Lakota and other tribes, and with Gil has led tours to Europe and the Middle East.

She served as the authorʼs special assistant for Kristin Hogansonʼs publication Consumersʼ Imperium: The Global Production of American Domesticity, 1865-1920 (University of Press). She has presented numerous programs locally and throughout the state, in schools, retirement centers, and nursing homes. Lillian has given several papers at the Dakota Conference and received the Arthur I. and Willmeta Johnson Award for her 2010 paper “She Chose Her Own Path: Nellie Z. Willhite, South Dakotaʼs First Woman Pilot.” She and her husband, Gil, received the 2008 South Dakota Library Association Friends of the Library Award.

Northern Plains Autograph Party | Saturday, April 28, 2 012 (At the CWS Fantle Building from 12:1 5-1:0 0 p.m.) *Please see Session 23 for the list of authors attending the event and their recent books.

45th Annual Dakota Conference | April 2 6-27, 2013 “The Spanish Northern Plains” The Center for Western Studies, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD Friday, April 27 Registration (CWS Fantle Building) 8:15 a.m. - 5:30 p.m.

Session 1 Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Indian History & Culture I People & Places The West Archives & Memory Chair: John McIntyre Chair: Tony Haga Chair: Gary Earl Chair: Aaron Woodard

9:00 - 9:30 a.m. A History of the Indian Wars: Peter Norbeck: Brought Artesian Central Meade County Tenacity World War II Letters from Native 1891-1973: Violence, Indian Water to the Prairie and Common Bob Benson, Sioux Falls, SD Servicemen Resistance, and Historical Memory Sense to Washington D.C. Rebekah Walker, Augustana College Jameson Sweet, University of Jean Rahja, Aberdeen, SD (student) Minnesota

9:35 - 10:05 a.m. The U.S. Governmental Response Breakneck: “Famous” Hill in Sioux Homesteading in Dakota Territory Letters from Mary Collins and to the 1862 Dakota Conflict County, Iowa Alvin Kangas, Lake Norden, SD Frank Waters Robyn Swets, Sioux Falls, SD Gordon Iseminger, University of Sebastian Forbush, Augustana North Dakota College (student)

10:10 - 10:40 a.m. Prelude to Wounded Knee 1890 Aeneas MacKay in the White River Celebrating 150 Years of the Augustana in the 1940s David Kvernes, Carbondale, IL Badlands, August,1849 Homestead Act Alden Hovda, Joyce Olson, Eunice Elwin Rogers, Moorhead, MN Marian Cramer, Bryant, SD Mansfield, Marjorie Hanson Meester, and Arlen Viste, Sioux Falls, SD

10:45 - 11:15 a.m. Indian Archive Project: Writing Local History: The I Paid All My Debts (A North Letters of Love Genealogical and Historical Factual, the Fictive, and the Dakota Saga) Sandy Jerstad, Sioux Falls, SD Resources at the South Dakota Missing in Six: A Football Coachʼs Lloyd Svendsbye, Eden Prairie, MN State Archives Journey to a National Record , by Virginia Hanson, Pierre, SD Marc Rasmussen Wayne Kvam, Kent, OH

11:30 a.m. - 1:00 p.m. Session 5: Lunch (Morrison Commons, Reservations Required) Presiding: Harry Thompson, Augustana College Address: Reporterʼs Notebook: Covering Wounded Knee from the Inside, Kevin McKiernan, Santa Barbara, CA Friday, April 27

Session 6 Session 7 Session 8 Session 9 Indian Art & Photography Oral History Authors Indian History & Culture II Chair: Michael Haug Chair: Deb Hagemeier Chair: Blair Tremere Chair: Gary D. Olson

1:15 - 1:45 p.m. Me & Wounded Knee: Historic The South Dakota Oral History Boosting the Black Hills: Tourism Dissent in Indian Country Photographs Center: Documenting the Northern Promotion, 1880-1941 Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, Rapid City, SD Bob Kolbe, Sioux Falls, SD Plains through Oral History Suzanne Barta Julin, Missoula, MT Jennifer McIntyre and Jessica Neal, South Dakota Oral History Center, University of South Dakota

1:50 - 2:20 p.m. Oscar Howeʼs Wounded Knee Indigenous Poetry and Blood Run Race and Perception: The 1973 Massacre and the Politics & Builders American Indian Movement Popular Culture of an American Allison Hedge Coke, University of Protest in Custer, SD Art Masterpiece Nebraska Kearney , Justin Hammer, Rapid City, SD Edward Welch, Augustana College and Renee Sans Souci, Sioux City, IA

2:25 - 2:55 p.m. Ghost Dance Material at the The Digital Library of South Letters from Mary Riggs and Unjustifiable Expectations: National Museum of the American Dakota: Considerations on Herbert Krause Reservations and Tribal Indian Wounded Knee Oral Interviews Cory Sugden, Augustana College Jurisdiction Emil Her Many Horses, Washington, Danielle De Jager Loftus, David (student) Ann Tweedy, Hamline Law School D.C. Alexander, Kathleen McElhinny, and Dan Daily, University of South Dakota Libraries

3:00 - 3:30 p.m. Interpretations of Wounded Knee The Village on the Bluff Bureaucratic Propaganda & 1973 and 1890 Ron Robinson and Adrien Hannus, Persuasion: The Case of Tim Hoheisel, Augustana College Augustana College Wilsonian Rhetoric during the 1973 Wounded Knee Incident Chad Newswander, University of South Dakota

3:30 - 3:45 p.m. Refreshments (CWS Fantle Building) Friday, April 27

Session 10 Session 11 Session 12 Session 13 Plains History I Indian History & Culture III Plains History II Panel—Revisiting Key Questions Chair: Tom Houle Chair: Edward Welch Chair: Bob Kolbe Concerning the 1973 Takeover and Occupation of Wounded Knee 3:50 - 4:20 p.m. Racism in Reverse: The William Dawes Revisited: Termination Catlin and Audubon—Impressions Chair: Lynn Aspaas Brown Incident Policies of the Eisenhower Era of the Fur Trade Frontier Terry Townsend, Kilian Community Kent LaCombe, University of Brad Tennant, Presentation College Joseph and John Trimbach, College Nebraska-Lincoln authors of American Indian Mafia

Paul DeMain, publisher, Letters from William Cleveland 4:25 - 4:55 p.m. We Will Remember Survival Divide and Conquer—Fur Trader News from Indian County and Max Evans Group: Education from Activism Manuel Lisa and the Sioux in the Mathew Garred, Augustana College Marcella Gilbert, Marty, SD War of 1812 Denise Maloney, (student) Aaron Woodard, Kilian Community daughter of College

5:00 - 5:30 p.m. Archival Records of the Bergsaker Indian Agency School Letters from Samuel Woodford Hall Occupation at the Center for Administration 1891-1896: Edyth and Martin Larson Western Studies Forney's Experience Abby DeGroot, Augustana College Elizabeth Thrond, Augustana College Celia Benson, Sioux Falls, SD (student)

Bergsaker Hall Occupation: Reflections from an Eyewitness David Kemp, Sioux Falls, SD

5:35 - 6:05 p.m. I Can't Forgive You for Hitting Me Letters from Bishop Hare and Until You Stop: On the Prospects Frederick Manfred of Cultural Reconciliation Jordan Dobrowski, Augustana John Gehm, Sioux Falls, SD College (student)

6:15 a.m. - 7:30 p.m. Session 14: Dinner (Morrison Commons, Reservations Required) Presiding: Tim Hoheisel, Augustana College Recognition of Authors Attending Conference Presentation of Awards for 2011 Papers: (Amateur) Arthur I. and Willmeta Johnson Award and Richard Cropp Award; (Professional) Herbert W. Blakely Award and Ernest M. Teagarden Award; (Student) Cedric Cummins Award; Carol Martin Mashek Award in Womenʼs History; and Ardyce Samp Award Address: The Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder, Stew Magnuson, Arlington, VA

8:00 - 9:00 p.m. Special Event: , “ Wounded Knee, Before, During, and After” (Chapel of Reconciliation, Tickets Required) Free to those who have paid full registration and Augustana students and faculty with ID. Tickets are $10 each for all others. Saturday, April 28 Trail Breakfast (CWS Fantle Building) Registration Desk Open 7:30 a.m. - 12 noon

Session 15 Session 16 Session 17 Session 18 Panel—Investigations and South Dakota History Film Session: Reflections on 1968 Panel—Plains Political Tradition Prosecutions Arising out of the Chair: Elizabeth Thrond and the American Indian Chair: Jonathan Ellis 1973 Movement Chair: Brad Tennant Chair: Richard Muller Jonathan K. Lauck, Sioux Falls, SD Duane Brewer, Pine Ridge, SD “Another Direction,” 10-minute documentary Michael Card, 7:55 - 8:25 a.m. David Gienapp, Madison, SD Damned Indians Revisited University of South Dakota Michael Lawson, Washington, D.C. “Taking AIM: The Story of the James McMahon, Sioux Falls, SD American Indian Movement,” Molly Rozum, 10-minute documentary Doane College David Price, Rochester, MN “Hanto Po: An Historical Kenneth Blanchard, Photographic Essay on the Northern State University American Indian Movement,” 8:30 - 9:00 a.m. Every Stone has a Story 56-minute documentary Robert Black, Sioux Falls, SD Loris Sofia Gregory, Apple Valley, MN

9:05 - 9:35 a.m. Social History in a Rural South Dakota Township circa 1910 Grant K. Anderson, LeCenter, MN

9:40 - 10:10 a.m. Dancing With Ghosts: Wounded Writing about Place: London, Jules Sandoz: A Waldensian at Knee 1890, Forty Years Later Sioux Falls, the Plains, and Poetry Wounded Knee Blair Tremere, Golden Valley, MN Patrick Hicks, Augustana College Richard Voorhees, Bayport, MN

10:15 - 10:30 a.m. Refreshments (CWS Fantle Building) Saturday, April 28

Session 19 Session 20 Session 21 Session 22 Panel—Warrior Women of Wounded Knee & the Media People Panel—Robert Wuthnowʼs Wounded Knee and Beyond Chair: David Kvernes Chair: Shon Cronk Remaking the Heartland: Chair: Karla Abbott Middle America since the 1950s Chair: Jonathan K. Lauck Elizabeth Castle, University of South Dakota Pamela Riney-Kehrberg, Iowa State University 10:35 - 11:05 a.m. , Wounded Knee: A Journalist Lincolnʼs Quest for the Presidency Eagle Butte, SD Reminisces Miles Browne, Urbandale, IA Annette Atkins, Richard Muller, University of South College of Saint Benedict/ Marcella Gilbert, Dakota Saint Johnʼs University Marty, SD John E. Miller, Danyelle Means , South Dakota State University 11:10 - 11:40 a.m. Newburgh, NY Visualizing Wounded Knee: Finding Genealogy Information in (Emeritus) Mainstream and Indigenous Media Norway Jace DeCory, Black Hills State Verlyss Jacobson, Lennox, SD Richard J. Jensen, University University of Illinois-Chicago

11:45 a.m. - 12:15 p.m. Hero or Villain: Newspaper Images Winter on the Range: The of AIM at Wounded Knee 1973 Blizzards of 1944 in the Letters of Mavis Richardson, Minnesota State Margaret Swenson and Clarice University, Mankato “Kay” Swenson Weiss Loren Amundson, Sioux Falls, SD

12:15 - 1:00 p.m. Session 23: Northern Plains Autograph Party (CWS Fantle Building) Elizabeth Castle, “ʻThe Original Gangsterʼ: The Life and Times of Red Power Activist Madonna Thunder Hawk,” The Hidden 1970s: Histories of Radicalism (Rutgers University Press) Sandy Jerstad, Letters of Love: Sermons and Reflections by Mark and Sandy Jerstad (Zion Publishing) Suzanne Barta Julin, A Marvelous Hundred Square Miles: Black Hills Tourism, 1880-1941 (South Dakota State Historical Society Press) Allison Hedge Coke, Blood Run (Salt Publishing); Allison Hedge Coke, ed., and Renee Sans Souci, Sing: Poetry from the Indigenous Americas (University of Arizona Press) Elizabeth Cook-Lynn, A Separate Country: Postcoloniality and American Indian Nations (Texas Tech University Press), and A Harvest of Words: Contemporary South Dakota Poetry (Center for Western Studies) Patrick Hicks, A Harvest of Words: Contemporary South Dakota Poetry (Center for Western Studies) Jon Lauck, John Miller, and Donald Simmons, eds., The Plains Political Tradition: Essays on South Dakota Political Culture (South Dakota State Historical Society Press) Michael Lawson, Dammed Indians Revisited: The Continuing History of the Pick-Sloan Plan and the Missouri River Sioux (South Dakota State Historical Society Press)

List of authors continues on following page… Saturday, April 28

Continued list of authors…

Stew Magnuson, The Death of Raymond Yellow Thunder: And Other True Stories from the Nebraska-Pine Ridge Border Towns (Texas Tech University Press) Russell Means, Where White Men Fear to Tread: The Autobiography of Russell Means (St. Martinʼs Griffin) Ron Robinson, with Adrien Hannus, The Village on the Bluff: Prehistoric Farmers/Hunters of the James River Valley (Archeology Laboratory) Lloyd Svendsbye, I Paid All My Debts: A Norwegian-American Immigrant Saga of Life on the Prairie of North Dakota (Lutheran University Press) Joseph Trimbach and John Trimbach, American Indian Mafia: An FBI Agent's True Story about Wounded Knee, , and the American Indian Movement (AIM) (Outskirts Press) Robert Wuthnow, Remaking the Heartland: Middle America in the 1950s (Princeton University Press)

1:15 - 2:30 p.m. Session 24: Luncheon (Morrison Commons, Reservations Required) Presiding: Tony Haga, Chair, CWS Board of Directors Award for Distinguished Contribution: Lillian Johnsson, Chamberlain, SD Address: Reflections on Wounded Knee 1973, Senator James Abourezk, Sioux Falls, SD, Wounded Knee resident Michael Her Many Horses, Wounded Knee, SD, and AIM co-founder , , MN

2:45 - 4:00 p.m. Special Film Screening Post-conference Event: Screening of “A Good Day to Die: The Movement that Started a Revolution and Inspired a Nation,” the documentary (following lunch, Morrison Commons, 3-in-1 Room) *A special screening is made possible by a Media Project Grant from the South Dakota Humanities Council www.agooddaytodiefilm.com/

Notes The Center for Western Studies Augustana College NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION 2001 South Summit Avenue U.S. POSTAGE Sioux Falls, SD 5 7197 PAID PIERRE SOUTH DAKOTA PERMIT NO. 123