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Manual on Mussel Farming

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Manual on Mussel Farming ICAR Research Complex for Goa Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Ela, Old Goa - 403402 P.O. Box: 1603 Goa, India Cochin - 682014, Kerala, India (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) October~ 2003 Technical Bulletin No.3 October, 2003 MfiHUfiL 0" MUSSEL FfiRMI"G ~~ ICAR ICAR RESEARCH COMPLEX FOR GOA Ela, Old Goa - 403 402 Goa, India CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE P.O. Box: 1603 Cochin - 682014, Kerala, India Published by : V. S. Korikanthimath Director ICAR Research Complex for Goa Ela, Old Goa - 403 402, India Grams Research, Velha Goa Fax 0832 - 2285649 Phone 0832 - 2285381, 2284678, 2284679 (0) 0832 - 2284260 (R) [email protected] In collaboration with: Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute P.O. Box No. 1603, Cochin - 682014 Kerala, India. Text Prepared & Compiled by : K.K.Appukuttan P. K. Asokan Sunil K. Mohamed S. Subramanian K. George Joseph Edited by : S. Subramanian P. K. Asokan Technical Assistance: Sidharth K. Marathe Pranjali Thali V.G.Surendranathan M.P. Sivadasan Front Cover: Grown up mussels ready for harvest. Back Cover : 1. Mussel seeds in the intertidal laterite rocks. 2. Seeding of ropes. 3. Mussel farming in backwaters. 4. Arikadukke - traditional mussel cusuine of Malabar. Printed at : Lokmanya Process Corlim, Ilhas, Goa - 403 110 1. INTRODUCTION 2. POTENTIAL FOR OYSTER AND MUSSEL CULTURE IN GOA 3. BIOLOGY OF GREEN MUSSEL 4. MUSSEL FISHERY IN INDIA S. SITE SELECTION, SEEDING AND AVAILABILITY OF SEEDS 6. CULTURE OF MUSSEL 7. ECONOMICS OF MUSSEL CULTURE 8. DEPURATION 9. DIVERSIFIED PRODUCTS FROM MUSSEL MEAT Chapter 1 Introduction Mussel farming has a long history that dates vested 67.4 tonnes of mussels during May-June back to the thirteenth century. Mussels are farmed 1997.A portion of the harvested and shucked meat in many areas of the world with the most common (2000-Kg) was sold to the Integrated Fisheries species cultured being the blue mussel, Mytilus Project, Cochin at a rate Rs.45 per Kg. The re- edulis. The main producers of mussels are coun- maining harvest was sold in the domestic market. tries such as China, Korea, Spain, The Netherlands, The groups could realise Rs.3,34,555/= from the Denmark, France and New Zealand. In 1997, 1.1 harvest with a net profit of Rs.l,04,455/= within a million tonnes of mussels were produced worldwide, period of 6 months. with most production occurring in China (nearly 400,000 tonnes). The Indian mussel industry is rela- Production tively small compared with world standards and in The total green mussel production by capture 1997, the total Indian production of mussels was fisheries from Malabar area was 6317 tonnes dur- 5937 tonnes. ing 2001. The total production from culture was 400 In India, mussel culture is becoming popular tonnes. This forms only 6.3 % of the total mussel in the Malabar area since last six years following production from Malabar, which had increased from the success achieved by CMFRI in rearing green 4.62 % during 1999. mussel in the backwaters. The simple methods em- The yields obtained during 1999 by the ployed for mussel farming was transferred to pro- groups and the numbers of ropes suspended are gressive farmers who took up mussel culture in the given below: backwaters. Soon they found the venture profit- able. Demands carne from new entrepreneurs for Sl. Hace Total No. of Yield/rope training and mussel farming spread from Kasaragod No. yeild ropes (Kg.) to Ponnani. From a total of 250 tonr.es of mussels (tonnes) harvested in 2000, the total harvest estimated for 1. KoyaniJram 22.75 the year 2002 is 800 tonnes. 700 32.5 2. Kayuthakadu 36.22 5W 40.24 Mussel culture in the backwaters of Kerala 3. KaVlillChira 25.2 5W 28 was first started in Padanna and Cheruvattur 4. Parantharmdu 12.75 300 42.5 Panchayats in Hosdurg Taluk of Kasaragod district. 5. Badkekad 18.75 625 30 Later it was taken to Elathur in Calicut district and Qi Vallikunnu and Ponnani in Malappuram district. 6. 13.5 482 28 This has happened mainly due to the popularisation 7. Thekkekadu 22 7(1) 29 efforts by the CMFR Institute. This year the Total 151.75 4fG7 3289 (Av.) Padanna farmers go for the sixth harvest. During the year 2002, the numbers have dra- Initially this low cost technology of farming matically increased and the total production esti- was transferred to five groups with 15 to 21 mem- mated is 750 tonnes. The total production from bers at Cheruvattur and Valiyaparamba. Financial Malabar is estimated at 800 tonnes. The number of assistance was provided by the North Malabar groups and individuals engaged in mussel culture Gramin Bank and Cheruvattur Farmers Co-opera- has gone up dramatically and the total number is tive Bank. They provided a loan of Rs.2,60,200/= about 75. An interesting to note that the number of for the implementation of the project with a sub- single holding has increased and most of them are sidy component of 50% subsidy. These groups har- male members. market throughout the year. This will increase the profitability of the culture operation. In Kasargod, the net operating profit ranged from Rs. 7,646/= in Kayambram to Rs. 16,413/= at 5. Post harvest technology Badkekad. The cost analysis of mussel culture at Value added products of longer shelf life need Padanna showed that the major cost was that of to be developed from mussel meat to increase the Nylon rope (34%), Bamboo (20%) and seed (20%). revenue realization from cultured mussels. Mussel The other expenditres involved cloth (7%), construc- fry, mussel pickle etc. are some of the best examples tion cost (5%), harvesting (4%), seeding (4%) and for value added products. More studies are needed coir rope (3%). to develop ethnic cuisines with longer shelf life. Constraints 6. Siltation of backwaters 1. Availability of seed Some areas in the backwater system have very The seeds required for culture is presently high siltation levels especially during rainy season. collected from traditional fishing areas and these This often results in mortality of mussels in the are often causing conflicts between farmers and farms. Hence scientific feasibility studies are re- mussel fishermen. Hence it is essential that addi- quired to demarcate potential culture sites. tional spat collectors has to be established along the coast to ensure supply of seeds to the farmers. 2. Marketing 1. Backwater mussel culture is a recent phenom- enon along the Malabar coast and opens immense The harvesting seasons of cultured mussels is potential for resource and employment generation mostly during April - May months and farmers are among coastal communities especially women liv- forced to sell their crop before the onset of mon- ing below poverty line. soon to avoid mass mortality of mussels due to fresh- water influx into the backwater system. At present 2. Mussel culture is a low investment activity with only a few processing plants purchases cultured very good returns. If promoted properly, mussel mussels from the farmers and as a result the local farming can be used as a tool for women empow- market are flooded with cultured mussels during erment in the coastal areas and can stimulate a these months resulting in fall in the prices and healthy socio-economic development in the area. thereby affecting the profitability of the operation. 3. Better post harvest technologies can develop at- 3. Depuration system tractive value added products. Since very good ex- The main constraint in the export of cultured port markets are available for mussels, they can be mussels is the lack of proper depuration techniques. taken up as a challenging opportunity by technicians Depuration plants are needed at regular intervals and scientists. along the coast so as to depurate the cultured mus- In the western countries, mussel is considered sels for export processing. as poor man's oyster. But in India, mussel can be 4. Storage facility considered as tool for the upliftment of the poor people living in the coastal areas especially along If sufficient cold storage facility is provided, the Malabar Coast. cultured mussels can be depurated, shucked and stored not only for export market but also for local Manual on Mussel Farming Chapter 2 Potential for oyster and mussel culture in Goa Introduction Baga, Mandovi, Zuari, Sal, Saleri, Talpona and Goa is a small maritime state and has a rea- Galjibag of which Mandovi and Zuari are the main sonable scope for fisheries production, mainly from ones. The river courses add upto a total distance marine capture and inland culture resources. It has of 250 km and with its tributaries, canals and an equally good potential for production of fisher- creeks form a network of 555 km of riverine sys- ies processed products for both internal and ex- tem. port markets. More than 90 per cent of the popu- Estuaries lation are fish eaters. Though Goa's coastline of The tidal influence and seawater ingress es- 105 km forms only 1.25 per cent of the country's tablish long estuarine system in many rivers of total of 8192 km, its recorded marine fish landing Goa. The total estuarine area is 13,157 ha. Ex- contribution to the country's total ranges from 2.2 cepting June to September, when there is a heavy to 3.8 per cent, over the last four years. Similarly, freshwater discharge into the sea due to monsoon the quantity of fisheries exported from Goa is more rains, salinity and tidal effects are very much pro- than 2.0 per cent of the total fisheries exported by nounced and they can be felt as interior as 40 km India, contributing about Rs.35.00 crore (0.43%) from the river mouth as in the case of Zuari river.
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