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Tesis Doctoral UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS FÍSICAS Departamento de Física de la Tierra, Astronomía y Astrofísica II (Astrofísica y Ciencia de la Atmósfera) TESIS DOCTORAL Identificación y caracterización de estrellas poco masivas y enenas marrones con el observatorio virtual MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Miriam Aberasturi Vega Directores Enrique Solano Márquez Eduardo Martín Guerrero de Escalante Madrid, 2016 © Miriam Aberasturi Vega, 2015 Identificación y caracterización de estrellas poco masivas y enanas marrones con el Observatorio Virtual Miriam Aberasturi Vega Universidad Complutense de Madrid Departamento de Astrofísica y Ciencias de la Atmósfera Centro de Astrobiología (INTA−CSIC) Departamento de Astrofísica Madrid 2015 Universidad Complutense de Madrid Departamento de Astrofísica y Ciencias de la Atmósfera Centro de Astrobiología (INTA−CSIC) Departamento de Astrofísica Identification and characterization of low mass stars and brown dwarfs using Virtual Observatory tools Memoria presentada por la Licenciada Miriam Aberasturi Vega para optar al título de Doctora en Ciencias Físicas. Trabajo dirigido por los doctores, Enrique Solano Márquez y Eduardo Martín Guerrero de Escalante Madrid 2015 A mis abuelos, Julián Aberasturi, Asunción Ruiz, Maria Jesús Crespo y Francisco Vega Todo lo que se necesita para que las fuerzas del mal triunfen es que los hombres y mujeres buenos no hagan nada. Edmund Burke (1729-1797). Político y escritor irlandés. En mis momentos de duda me he dicho a mí misma firmemente, si no soy yo, ¿entonces quién? si no es ahora, ¿cuándo? Emma Watson. Septiembre del 2014, discurso en las Naciones Unidas por la igualdad entre hombres y mujeres. http://www.heforshe.org/ I Agradecimientos Me gustaría dedicar esta tesis a todas las mujeres astronómas, empezando por las que comienzan a tener curiosidad por este campo y terminando por las que por méritos propios y con mucho sacrificio, han conseguido hacerse un hueco y ser consideradas personas referentes en el mundo de la astrofísica. ¡Bravo por ellas! Gracias a Enrique Solano y Eduardo Martín por aceptarme para realizar esta tesis doctoral bajo su dirección. De manera especial y sincera quiero agradecer a Enrique Solano por brindarme su apoyo y confianza en mi trabajo, y por guiarme no solamente en el desarrollo de esta tesis, sino también en mi formación como investigadora. Sus ideas y su profesionalidad han sido la clave del buen trabajo que hemos realizado juntos, el cual no se puede concebir sin su siempre oportuna participación. Nunca me cansaré de repetirte que sin ti esto no habría pasado. Le agradezco a ambos el haberme facilitado siempre los medios suficientes para llevar a cabo todas las actividades propuestas durante el desarrollo de esta tesis (¡dónde incluyo todo tipo de contratos para poder terminarla!). Muchas gracias a los dos y espero que podamos seguir trabajando juntos. Quiero expresar también mi más sincero agradecimiento a Benjamín Mon- tesinos por su apoyo en el desarrollo de esta tesis. Debo destacar, por encima de todo, su disponibilidad y paciencia que ha hecho que aprenda muchísimo tanto a nivel científico como personal. No cabe duda que su participación a lo largo de estos años ha enriquecido el trabajo realizado y, además, ha significado el surgimiento de una sólida amistad. Parte de mi trabajo también es gracias a Adam Burgasser. Thank you very much for you patient and you amazing spirit that you transmit not only in your team but also in your life style. Thank you very much for allowing me to live such an important experience for my training as a researcher. I will always remember my six months in San Diego. Quiero dar las gracias al resto de coautores de los artículos que presento en esta tesis, M. Cruz Gálvez, Jose Antonio Caballero, Alcione Mora, Dagny Looper y Neil Reid. Con ellos he tenido la oportunidad de aprender guiándome siempre de sus consejos. Todos forman parte de este trabajo. También quiero agradecer a TODAS las personas del Centro de Astrobiología, o lo que para mi siempre será el LAEFF. En particular, a Jose Manuel Alacid, Raúl Gutierrez, Almudena Velasco, David Cabezas, María Arévalo, Julia Alfonso y Juan Ángel Vaquerizo por esos mediodías de risas distendidas en el comedor de ESAC. He de reconocer que es uno de los mejores momentos del día. A Nuria Huélamo e Ignacio Mendigutía, por ayudarme en estos últimos coletazos de la tesis. ¡Brindo por los momentos buenos vividos juntos y los que nos quedan por vivir!. Dejo atrás una de las mejores etapas de mi vida, y aunque empiezo otra con muchísima ilusión, nunca me olvidaré de las maravillosas personas que me encontré aquel marzo del 2007 en un antiguo edificio de obra con goteras. No podría haber caído en un sitio mejor. Gracias por hacer que me sienta tan afortunada. Y, por supuesto, el agradecimiento más profundo y sentido va para mi familia. Sin su apoyo, colaboración e inspiración habría sido imposible llevar a cabo esta tesis. A mis padres, Paco y Maribel, por su ejemplo de lucha y honestidad; a mi hermana Raquel por hacerme todas esas preguntas sobre mi trabajo con tanto entusiasmo y a Ramón, por escucharme y creer más en mí de lo que creía yo misma. Gracias por estar a mi lado durante todos estos años. A mis amigas de la infancia Ana Paula Tapia, Laura del Castillo, Nuria Jimenez y Sonia González, que aunque vivamos lejos, siempre las he sentido muy cerca de mí. A Esperanza Ibañez, que tanto me entiende y me hace ver las cosas desde otro punto de vista. ¡Gracias por ese apoyo y admiración que me habéis trasmitido siempre! Contents 1 Summary 1 2 Resumen 5 3 Introduction 9 3.1 Very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs formation theories ...... 12 3.1.1 Formation from the collapse of an interstellar cloud . ..... 13 3.1.2 Formationfromtheevolutionofadisk . 13 3.1.3 Observational constraints on the formation of brown dwarfs . 14 3.2 Theproblemoftheage:thelithiumtest . 16 3.3 Thelow-masstailoftheInitialMassFunction. 17 3.4 Spectralandphotometricproperties . 18 3.4.1 Spectralcharacterization. 18 3.4.2 Photometriccharacterization . 26 3.5 Multiplicity ................................. 31 3.5.1 Comparison the binary fraction with theoretical models . 36 3.6 TheVirtualObservatory . ...... ..... ...... ..... ... 37 3.6.1 TheSpanishVirtualObservatory . 38 4 WISE/2MASS-SDSS brown dwarfs candidates using VO tools 41 4.1 Resumen................................... 41 4.1.1 Candidatosaenanasmarrones . 42 4.1.2 Impactodelosresultadosobtenidos . 47 i CONTENTS 4.2 Introduction ................................. 49 4.3 Candidateselection............................. 50 4.4 Physicalparameters............................. 52 4.4.1 Propermotions ........................... 52 4.4.2 Effectivetemperatureandspectraltypes . 55 4.4.3 Distances............................... 56 4.5 Conclusions ................................. 56 4.5.1 Acknowledgements ..... ..... ...... ..... ... 56 5 Search for bright nearby M dwarfs with VO tools 59 5.1 Resumen................................... 59 5.1.1 IdentificacióndeenanasM . 60 5.1.2 Nuevosobjetospertenecientesa Taurus-Auriga . 62 5.1.3 Conclusiones ............................ 62 5.2 Introduction ................................. 63 5.3 Observationsandanalysis . 65 5.3.1 Candidateselection. 65 5.3.2 Spectroscopy ............................ 67 5.4 Results .................................... 69 5.4.1 Spectraltypes ............................ 69 5.4.2 Effective temperatures and surface gravities . 72 5.4.3 Activity ............................... 73 5.4.4 ThreenewmembercandidatesinTaurus . 75 5.4.5 Distances............................... 76 5.4.6 Commonpropermotionpairs. 77 5.5 Discussionandconclusions . 78 5.5.1 Acknowledgements ..... ..... ...... ..... ... 80 5.6 AppendixMaterial ............................. 80 5.6.1 AppendixA1 ............................ 80 5.6.2 AppendixA2 ............................ 84 ii CONTENTS 6 Binary properties of mid to late-T dwarfs from HST/WFC3 87 6.1 Resumen................................... 87 6.1.1 Descripcióndelamuestraymetodología . 88 6.2 Introduction ................................. 91 6.3 Observations................................. 93 6.3.1 Sample................................ 93 6.3.2 Imaginganddatareduction. 96 6.4 WFC3photometry ............................. 96 6.4.1 Measurements............................ 96 6.4.2 LandTdwarfcolours .... ..... ...... ..... ... 99 6.5 WFC3/HSTPSFfittinganalysis. 100 6.5.1 Method................................ 100 6.5.2 Results................................ 102 6.5.3 Searchinglimits. 106 6.6 Analysis ................................... 106 6.6.1 Comparison with known mid and late-T dwarfs binary systems 106 6.6.2 Inferring the binary fraction of brown dwarfs for T5+ . 109 6.7 Conclusions ................................. 110 6.7.1 Acknowledgments . 111 6.8 AppendixA ................................. 119 6.8.1 2MASSJ1520−4422AB ....................... 119 6.9 AppendixB ................................. 122 6.9.1 DENISJ1013−7842 ......................... 122 6.10AppendixC ................................. 123 6.10.1 2MASSJ2237+7228 . 123 7 Conclusions 125 8 Futurework 129 9 Appendix: Collaborations 131 9.1 Ultracoolsudwarfs ............................. 131 iii CONTENTS 9.2 Widelowandverylow-massbinarysystems. 133 10 Curriculum 135 iv List of Figures 3.1 Luminosity vs. age for very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs . 10 3.2 Core temperature vs. age for masses ranging 0.012−0.3 M⊙ ...... 17 3.3 IMFforTaurus,ChamaleonI,thePleiadesandthefield
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