INAUGURAL – DISSERTATION Dipl.-Phys. Alexander A. Schegerer

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INAUGURAL – DISSERTATION Dipl.-Phys. Alexander A. Schegerer INAUGURAL – DISSERTATION zur Erlangung der Doktorwurde¨ der Naturwissenschaftlich-Mathematischen Gesamtfakult¨at der Ruprecht - Karls - Universit¨at Heidelberg vorgelegt von Dipl.-Phys. Alexander A. Schegerer, geboren in Kaufbeuren Tag der mundlichen¨ Prufung:¨ 17. Oktober 2007 II Struktur- und Staubentwicklung in zirkumstellaren Scheiben um T Tauri-Sterne Analyse und Modellierung hochaufl¨osender Beobachtungen in verschiedenen Wellenl¨angenbereichen Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Thomas Henning Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Duschl IV Meinen Eltern, Maria-Christa und Wolfgang Schegerer, gewidmet. VI Thema Im Zentrum dieser Doktorarbeit steht die Untersuchung der inneren Strukturen zirkumstella- rer Scheiben um T Tauri-Sterne sowie die Analyse zirkumstellarer Staub- und Eisteilchen und ihres Einflusses auf die Scheibenstruktur. Unter Zuhilfenahme von theoretisch berechneten Vergleichsspektren gibt der Verlauf der 10 µm-Emissionsbande in den Spektren junger stellarer Objekte Hinweise auf den Entwick- lungsgrad von Silikatstaub. Die Silikatbanden von 27 T Tauri-Objekten werden analysiert, um nach potentiell vorliegenden Korrelationen zwischen der Silikatstaubzusammensetzung und den stellaren Eigenschaften zu suchen. Analog erlaubt das Absorptionsband bei 3 µm, das dem Wassereis zugeschrieben wird, eine Untersuchung der Entwicklung von Eisk¨ornern in jungen stellaren Objekten. Erstmals ist es gelungen, kristallines Wassereis im Spektrum eines T Tauri-Objektes nachzuweisen. Unser wichtigstes Hilfsmittel zur Analyse der Temperatur- und Dichtestrukturen zirkum- stellarer Scheiben ist ein Monte-Carlo-Strahlungstransportprogramm. In einem erweiterten Modellansatz wird die Dichtestruktur der Scheibe in Abh¨angigkeit von deren Temperaturver- teilung selbstkonsistent, mit Hilfe der hydrostatischen Gleichgewichtsbeziehung ermittelt. Die korrekte numerische Umsetzung wird in einer Vergleichsstudie verifiziert. Interferometrische Beobachtungen von 14 T Tauri-Objekten im mittleren und nahen infraro- ten Wellenl¨angenbereich liefern Informationen uber¨ die r¨aumliche Verteilung von warmem und heißem Staub. Ebenfalls sind Aussagen uber¨ die radiale Abh¨angigkeit des Entwicklungsgrades von Silikatstaub in den zirkumstellaren Scheiben um T Tauri-Sterne m¨oglich. Zur Modellie- rung interferometrischer Messungen und gleichzeitig der spektralen Energieverteilungen der beobachteten Objekte wird der Ansatz der passiven Scheibe bzw. der aktiven Scheibe mit oder ohne zirkumstellarer Hulle¨ herangezogen. Mit Hilfe der interferometrischen Messungen kann die Anzahl der Modelle, die allein die spektrale Energieverteilung reproduzieren k¨onnen, verringert werden. Subject The key issues of this thesis is the investigation of the inner regions of the circumstellar disks around T Tauri stars as well as the analysis of the properties of circumstellar dust and ice particles and their influence on the disk structure. Using theoretically calculated spectra for different dust components as reference, the shape of the 10 µm emission feature in the spectra of young stellar objects provides hints for the evolutionary state of silicate dust. The silicate features of 27 T Tauri objects are analysed in order to find possible correlations between the silicate dust composition and stellar properties. Correspondingly, similar informations about the evolutionary status of water ice in circum- stellar disks can be derived from the absorption band at 3 µm. For the first time crystallised water ice was detected in the spectrum of a T Tauri object. Our primary tool of the analysis of the density and temperature structure of circumstellar disks is a Monte-Carlo program for radiative transfer simulations. In an extended modeling approach the density structure of the disk is self-consistently determined by the relation of hydrostatical equilibrium. The numerical implementation is tested in a benchmark study. Interferometric observations of 14 T Tauri objects in the mid- and near-infrared wavelength range provide informations about the spatial distribution of warm and hot dust. Furthermo- re, it is found that the evolutionary state of silicate dust depends on its radial location in the circumstellar disks of T Tauri stars. For the modeling of all the interferometric measure- ments and of the spectral energy distributions of the observed objects, simultaneously, the approach of a passive disk and an active disk with or without a circumstellar envelope is used, respectively. By means of the interferometric measurements, the number of models that can reproduce the spectral energy distribution, is strongly reduced. VIII Inhaltsverzeichnis I Einleitung 1 1 The Objects Of Joy 3 1.1 ThematikundFragestellung. ...... 3 1.2 Beobachtungsmethoden . .... 7 II Die Analyse der Staubentwicklung in den zirkumstellaren Scheiben um T Tauri-Sterne 11 2 Die Entwicklung von Silikatstaub 13 2.1 Vorgeschichte ................................... 13 2.2 Mit TIMMI 2 und LWS beobachtete Objekte . ..... 14 2.3 DieModellfunktion............................... 17 2.3.1 Die Ein-Temperatur-N¨aherung ........................ 18 2.3.2 Emissionsprofile ............................... 18 2.4 Fehlerbetrachtung ............................... 21 2.5 Ergebnisse der Modellierung der Silikatbande . ............ 21 2.6 Vorliegende Korrelationen . ....... 26 2.7 Por¨oserStaub...................................... 29 2.8 ZusammenfassungundDiskussion . ...... 30 3 Wassereis in T Tauri-Objekten 33 3.1 Die Bedeutung von Wassereis in jungen stellaren Objekten............. 33 3.2 BeobachtungenmitNAOS-CONICA . 34 3.3 Datenreduktion.................................. 38 3.4 Beobachtungsergebnisse . ...... 41 3.5 Die Modellierung der Wassereisbande . ......... 41 3.6 Modellergebnisse ................................ 47 3.7 Kristallines Wassereis in den Scheiben um T Tauri-Objekte?............ 49 III Die Modellierung der Dichtestrukturen zirkumstellarer Scheiben um T Tauri-Sterne 51 4 Das hydrostatische Gleichgewicht 53 4.1 Die Bedeutung von Strahlungstransportsimulationen . .............. 53 4.2 TheoretischerAnsatz. ..... 55 4.3 Diskussion...................................... 57 4.4 Die numerische Umsetzung in den Strahlungstransportprogrammen MC3D und RADMC......................................... 58 IX X INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 4.5 Vergleichsstudie................................ ..... 59 4.6 Ausblick........................................ 62 5 Die Beobachtung von RY Tau mit MIDI – eine Fallstudie 65 5.1 Die Bedeutung der Beobachtungen mit MIDI . ....... 65 5.2 Beobachtungen und Datenreduktion . ....... 66 5.2.1 BeobachtungenmitMIDI . 66 5.2.2 Datenreduktion................................ 67 5.2.3 Beobachtungsergebnisse . 68 5.3 Handwerkszeug ................................... 68 5.3.1 MC3D – Strahlungstransport mit Hilfe des Monte-Carlo-Verfahrens . 68 5.3.2 Staubmodell .................................. 69 5.4 ModellederDichtestruktur . ...... 70 5.4.1 AktiveundpassiveScheibe . 71 5.4.2 Grenzwall am Scheibeninnenrand . ..... 74 5.4.3 Aktive Scheibe mit zirkumstellarer Hulle...................¨ 76 5.5 Die Staubzusammensetzung der Scheibenatmosph¨are................ 78 5.6 Diskussion...................................... 81 5.6.1 Die Vorzuge¨ des aktiven Scheibenmodells ohne und mit Hulle¨ ....... 81 5.6.2 Besitzt RY Tau einen stellaren Begleiter? . ........ 83 5.6.3 Ein Vergleich mit HAeBe-Objekten . ..... 84 5.6.4 Komplexes Wechselspiel der Scheibenparameter und Fehlerbetrachtung . 84 5.7 Zusammenfassung ................................. 86 6 Beobachtungen von T Tauri-Objekten mit MIDI 87 6.1 DerSonderfallRYTau .............................. 87 6.2 Objekte, Beobachtung und Datenreduktion . ......... 88 6.3 Modellansatz und Vorgehensweise . ........ 88 6.4 Modellergebnisse ................................ 91 6.4.1 TTau ...................................... 91 6.4.2 DRTau ..................................... 97 6.4.3 GWOri ..................................... 99 6.4.4 HD72106B ................................... 100 6.4.5 RULup ..................................... 102 6.4.6 AS205...................................... 103 6.4.7 HBC639..................................... 105 6.4.8 SCrA ...................................... 106 6.5 Staubentwicklung in allen T Tauri-Objekten? . ........... 108 6.6 Zusammenfassung ................................. 110 7 Die innersten Strukturen zirkumstellarer Scheiben 115 7.1 EntwicklungamScheibeninnenrand. ........ 115 7.2 Beobachtungen mit dem Interferometer AMBER . ........ 116 7.3 ReduktionvonAMBER-Daten . 117 7.4 MeßergebnisundModellierung . 118 7.5 Beobachtungen mit dem Interferometer IOTA . ......... 121 7.6 ReduktionvonIOTA-Daten . 122 7.7 Meßergebnisse................................... 123 7.8 Beobachtung von HD 142666 mit MIDI . 124 7.9 Die Modellierung des jungen stellaren Objektes HD 142666 ............ 124 7.10 Zusammenfassung ................................ 127 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS XI IV Ruckblick¨ und Ausblick 129 8 Zusammenfassung 131 9 Bisherige Grenzen und zukunftige¨ Beobachtungstechniken 135 9.1 MATISSE........................................ 137 9.2 ALMA.......................................... 137 Literaturverzeichnis 139 A Verwendete Akronyme 159 B Konstanten und astrophysikalische Gr¨oßen 161 C Konversionsfaktoren fur¨ Helligkeitseinheiten 163 D Sternspektrum 165 E Der Vielteilchenansatz 167 F Das Modell der aktiven Scheibe 169 G Vorangegangene Messungen 173 G.1 RYTau ......................................... 173 G.2 TTau .......................................... 174 G.3 DRTau ........................................
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