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The Indian Ocean Trade and the Roman State
The Indian Ocean Trade and the Roman State This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Research Ancient History at the University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter Troy Wilkinson 1500107 Word Count: c.33, 000 Footnotes: 7,724 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ............T. Wilkinson ......................................................... (candidate) Date .................10/11/2020....................................................... STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where correction services have been used the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signed ..................T. Wilkinson ................................................... (candidate) Date ......................10/11/2020.................................................. STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ......................T. Wilkinson ............................................... (candidate) Date ............................10/11/2020............................................ STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to -
Chapter 3 Who Built the Pantheon? Agrippa, Apollodorus, Hadrian And
Despite so much that is known about Roman buildings, Chapter 3 there is relatively little to say about the individuals involved in the ferment of their creation. We can reconstruct Who Built the Pantheon? confidently the original appearance of many a monument, but not much about their designers. This is not for want of Agrippa, Apollodorus, information; it is just not quite of the right kind. All around the Mediterranean survive ample ruins, including some Hadrian and Trajan strikingly well-preserved buildings, of which the Pantheon is the prime example. This physical evidence is illuminated by literary sources, inscriptions and brickstamps, and on Mark Wilson Jones occasion by maps and drawings inscribed in stone. Notwithstanding some long-running disputes, we can often be sure of the identity and date of individual monuments in major cities. We also possess quite a populous roster of architects’ names, thanks to numbers of their tombstones, along with the occasional textual mention of a few of the men at the top of their profession. Some buildings bear discreet architects’ inscriptions, yet these are nothing like as numerous and prominent as those of their patrons; it is they who take the credit. In short, it is normally impossible to join up specific surviving buildings with specific architects about whom we know any more than the name. In this the Roman period fares worse than the Greek, when architects were frequently tied to particular projects by specifications, contracts and accounts recorded on stone, while the names of famous protagonists can be found in the treatises of Roman writers, most notably Vitruvius and Pliny.1 By such means we know of no fewer than three individuals who had responsibility for the design of the Parthenon in one role or other, Ictinus, Kallikrates and Karpion, while a fourth, Phidias, the creator of Athena Parthenos, may also have had some architectural input. -
Reading an Ancient Vicus with Non-Invasive Techniques
Archaeologia Polona, vol. 53: 2015, 263-267 Interpretation and presentation of prospection results | 263 Reading an ancient vicus with non-invasive techniques: integrated terrestrial, aerial and geophysical surveys at Aequum Tuticum (Ariano Irpino-Av) Giovina Caldarolaa, Laura Castriannia, Giuseppe Ceraudoa, Immacolata Ditarantoa, Veronica Ferraria, Ida Gennarellib and Francesco Periccic KEY-WORDS: ancient road, landscape archaeology, magnetic prospecting, aerial photography Archaeological investigations by the Laboratorio di Topografia Antica e Fotogrammetria (LabTAF) of the University of Salento have been carried out in recent years within the frame of the Via Traiana Project. The main goal of the project is a complete topographical reconstruction of the ancient route by means of a multidisciplinary approach including traditional landscape archaeology methodology and other methods, such as geophysical prospecting. The ViaT raiana was built by the Emperor Trajan in AD 109 to link Beneventum and Brundisium over a distance of some 320 km (Fig. 1). Much of its route has now been identified thanks to a large number of surveys conducted in the territories of Apulia and Campania (Ceraudo 2008: 9–23). a Laboratorio di Topografia Antica e Fotogrammetria (LabTAF), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy b Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Provincia di Salerno, Avellino, Benevento e Caserta, Salerno, Italy c ATS Archeo Tech & Survey, Siena, Italy 264 | Arcchaeological Prospection 2015 Fig. 1. Route of the Via Traiana crossing Aequum Tuticum, between Forum Novum and mutatio Aquilonis Fig. 2. Oblique aerial image of Aequum Tuticum: highlighted route of the Via Traiana coming in from the east Interpretation and presentation of prospection results | 265 The project employed systematic field walking and aerial survey as well as the analysis of multi- temporal and multi-scale aerial photographs. -
The Roman Army : Military Units You Are Here: Home | Tablets | Tab
The Roman Army : Military Units you are here: home | tablets | Tab. Vindol. II Introductory Chapters | The Roman Army : Military Units Search database Military Units Personnel Soldiers and Civilians Origins Activities List of Persons View tablet number (118-573): From Alan Bowman and David Thomas, The Vindolanda Writing Tablets (Tabulae Vindolandenses II), London: British Museum Press, 1994. pp. 22-24 go In interpreting the evidence of the tablets from the 1970s, we suggested that in the mid-90s Vindolanda was occupied by the quingenary Eighth Cohort of Batavians and that it was succeeded towards the end of the period c. AD 95-105 by View all Tablets the First Cohort of Tungrians, which may have remained in occupation for some years thereafter.2 This interpretation can now be revised and amplified, beginning with the removal from the record of the Eighth Cohort of Batavians, since Search Tablets the evidence which has accumulated subsequently makes it clear that the numeral should have been read as viiii rather than viii.3 Browse Tablets The evidence of the tablets now indicates the certain or possible presence of three cohorts, or parts thereof, at Vindolanda, the First Cohort of Tungrians, the Third Cohort of Batavians and the Ninth Cohort of Batavians. The Search Tablets strength report of the First Cohort of Tungrians (154) shows that the unit was based at Vindolanda and the database archaeological context of this tablet and of the correspondence of its prefect, Iulius Verecundus, indicates that it was Browse Tablets there in the earlier part of the pre-Hadrianic period. The attribution of the strength report to Period 1 now seems less database likely than was once thought and we prefer to regard this particular piece of evidence as attributable to Period 2 and hence to the last decade of the first century AD. -
1969 Fall Semester Schedule of Classes
r~ LAUGHLIN HEALTH BUILDING DIRECTIONS FOR REGISTRATION I -- \ @.... - -- UNIVERSITY CALENDAR First Semester 1969-70 September 13 Saturday Registration of part-time students for night and Saturday classes September 15 Monday AM Freshman Orientation begins Monday 1M Orientation of transfer students September 16 Tuesday AM Registration of seniors and graduate students Tuesday Registration of juniors ans sophomores September 17 Wednesday AM Registration of juniors and sophomores Wednesday PM Registration of freshmen September 18 Thursday Registration of freshmen September 19 Friday Classes begin (M-W-F schedule) September 22 Monday Last day to register for a full load September 29 Monday Last day to register for credit October 13 Monday Student who drop courses after this da te will automatically receive marks of ''E" in the courses dropped October 20 Monday Freshman grade reports to Data Pro cessing November 17 Monday Mid-term grade reports to the Registrar's Office November 26 Wednesday Thanksgiving Holiday begins at 11:20 A.M. December 1 Monday Class work resumes at 8:00 A.M. December 19 Friday Christmas Holiday begins at 11:20 A.M. January 5 Monday Class work resumes at 8:00 A.M. January 23, 26, 27 and 28 Final examinations January 30 Friday First semester closes at 4:30 P.M. ADVANCE ANNOUNCEMENTS February 4 Wednesday Registration 5 Thursday 6 Friday February 7 Saturday Registration of part-time students for night and Saturday classes February 9 Monday Classes begin June 6 Saturday Second Semester closes at 12:00 M. Volume 34 July 1969 NO.3 Bulletin published by Morehead State University, Morehead, Kentucky, four times a year: April, May, July, and December. -
Epigraphic Evidence for Boundary Disputes in the Roman Empire
EPIGRAPHIC EVIDENCE FOR BOUNDARY DISPUTES IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE by Thomas Elliott A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History. Chapel Hill 2004 Approved by _____________________________________ Advisor: Professor Richard Talbert _____________________________________ Reader: Professor Jerzy Linderski _____________________________________ Reader: Professor Mary Boatwright _____________________________________ Reader: Professor George Houston _____________________________________ Reader: Professor Melissa Bullard ii This page intentionally left blank. iii © 2004 Thomas Elliott ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iv This page intentionally left blank. v ABSTRACT THOMAS ELLIOTT: Epigraphic Evidence for Boundary Disputes in the Roman Empire (Under the direction of Richard Talbert) This dissertation presents all published Greek and Latin epigraphic documents relating to internal boundary disputes of the Roman empire. In date, it spans the period from 2 BC to the third century AD. Spatially, the documents derive from 12 provinces ( Achaia, Africa, Asia, Baetica, Cilicia, Creta et Cyrene, Dalmatia, Iudaea, Lusitania, Macedonia, Moesia and Syria ), plus Italy. The presentation of each includes a text, English translation, bibliography and commentary. Analytical chapters expand upon recent published work by G. Burton and B. Campbell. Terminological analysis permits classification of epigraphic and literary evidence into five categories: boundary disputes, restoration of public and sacred lands, other land disputes, the assignment of boundaries and other authoritative demarcations involving Roman officials. The analysis also provides a more focused definition of several Latin and Greek words that indicate the delivery of a verdict by a Roman official ( decretum, sententia, iudicium, ἀποφάσις, κρίσις, ἐπικρίμα ). -
Northern Michigan University Grade Array in Courses Numbered Less Than 200 Fall 2015
Northern Michigan University Grade Array in Courses Numbered Less Than 200 Fall 2015 Course ID Dept Code Credits A B C D F I MG S U W Total Unsatisfactory % Unsatisfactory ELI 090A LG 3 1 1 1 100.0% ELI 090B LG 3 1 1 1 100.0% ELI 092A LG 3 1 1 1 100.0% ELI 094A LG 3 1 1 1 100.0% ELI 094B LG 3 1 1 1 100.0% AUT 105 TOS 4 2 1 2 4 9 7 77.8% AUT 170 TOS 4 2 1 2 2 3 10 7 70.0% AMT 101 TOS 6 1 4 7 3 15 10 66.7% ELI 061A LG 3 1 2 3 2 66.7% ELI 061B LG 3 1 2 3 2 66.7% COS 111 TOS 4 1 2 6 7 4 5 25 16 64.0% COS 113 TOS 8 2 7 3 4 4 5 25 13 52.0% ELI 071A LG 3 1 1 2 1 50.0% ELI 072B LG 3 1 1 2 1 50.0% HM 101 TOS 4 3 5 3 5 3 3 22 11 50.0% AUT 166 TOS 4 1 4 1 2 3 11 5 45.5% MA 151 MA 4 2 5 8 7 1 4 27 12 44.4% AMT 103 TOS 6 4 2 3 3 1 1 1 15 6 40.0% AUT 100 TOS 1 4 1 1 4 10 4 40.0% MA 100 MA 4 16 23 51 30 9 4 15 147 58 39.5% MA 104 MA 4 22 37 32 10 14 31 146 55 37.7% MA 163 MA 4 16 5 4 1 8 1 5 40 15 37.5% ET 112 ENGT 4 7 9 6 2 8 3 35 13 37.1% HV 172 TOS 4 4 2 1 1 3 11 4 36.4% MU 101 MU 2 6 6 2 2 1 5 22 8 36.4% COS 112 TOS 4 4 10 2 4 5 25 9 36.0% OIS 183 BUS 4 1 7 5 3 2 2 20 7 35.0% CS 120 MA 4 35 21 24 8 16 19 123 43 35.0% BI 104 BI 4 22 21 18 7 9 1 15 93 32 34.4% ELI 081A LG 3 2 1 3 1 33.3% ELI 081B LG 3 2 1 3 1 33.3% HV 170 TOS 4 4 3 1 3 1 12 4 33.3% PS 101 PS 4 18 19 21 14 6 8 86 28 32.6% WD 180 TOS 4 24 2 1 11 2 40 13 32.5% MA 106 MA 3 11 2 10 3 2 6 34 11 32.4% PH 101 PH 3 5 10 9 5 3 3 34 11 32.4% HS 101 HS 4 7 23 17 10 7 5 69 22 31.9% CH 111 CH 5 28 34 29 16 13 13 133 42 31.6% PY 100S PY 4 47 30 45 21 14 21 178 56 31.5% HS 102 HS 4 12 18 16 11 7 -
The Reforms of Trajan and the End of the Pre–Neronian Denarius
AIIN, 61 (2015), pp. 21–42 THE REFORMS OF TRAJAN AND THE END OF THE PRE–NERONIAN DENARIUS Numismatists habitually attribute the creation of Roman imperial coinage to Augustus, and commonly refer to imperial currency as ‘Augustan’.1 Consequently any changes to the imperial coinage tend to be regarded as adulterations of this original ‘Augustan system’. The changes that took place under Nero, for example, are usually treated as the first signs of thoughtless manipulation of this system, and in addition these changes are understood as evidence of the empire’s financial weakness.2 The same is claimed of Trajan’s changes to the denarius and aureus.3 However, other interpretations of these changes are possible, and this paper attempts to set out evidence to support the argument that the Neronian and Trajanic reforms are linked, and that both were attempts to establish a stable currency. It is quite clear that Nero’s role in establishing a stable currency has been understated or completely misunderstood. Thanks to new compositional and metrological studies it is now possible to appreciate the importance of the Neronian reforms.4 It was the Neronian aureus and denarius standards, and not the Augustan, that persisted through the first and second centuries. As far as the precious metal issues are concerned, the Neronian coinage marked the beginning of a new era. Subsequent emperors continued to maintain these standards (with one 1 HARL 1996: 73–96. 2 CRAWFORD 1978: 151–2; WALKER 1978: 110–14; DUNCAN–JONES 1994: 221 n. 35. 3 BOLIN 1958: 201; WALKER 1978: 151–3. -
The Handbooks De Officio Proconsulis: Authorship
THE HANDBOOKS DE OFFICIO PROCONSULIS : AUTHORSHIP AND AUDIENCE Rex B. Crews A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics in the College of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2016 Approved by: James B. Rives Sara Mack Mary T. Boatwright Cecil W. Wooten Luca Grillo © 2016 Rex B. Crews ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Rex B. Crews: The Handbooks de officio proconsulis : Authorship and Audience (Under the Direction of James B. Rives) The sixth-century Digest of Justinian preserves individual extracts from four juristic treatises, entitled de officio proconsulis or praesidis and composed during the late second and early third centuries A. D. In the late 19th century the legal scholar Otto Lenel attempted to reassemble these extracts by author and work, with the goal of providing some sense of their original form. The general assumption of many scholars since then has been that these treatises were composed as instructional manuals for the Roman governor, but their original purpose and original audience have been little studied. This dissertation explores the authorship and audience of the works de officio proconsulis/praesidis by comparing the extracts from these legal works with the actual juridical activities of Roman governors as found in literary and epigraphic sources. This comparison reveals many points of correlation between the two and demonstrates that these legal works could have been useful both to the governor and provincial litigants. iii This study concludes that their authors likely conceived of these works more as theoretical legal treaties on the governor’s officium ; however, litigious provincials and the advocates serving them could have found their contents very useful in settling their political scores and legal disputes in the courts of Roman governors, while governors or the jurists on their consilia may have occasionally consulted these handbooks in resolving cases brought before them. -
The Numismatic Chronicle 175 Offprint
The Numismatic Chronicle 175 Offprint The Camel Drachms of Trajan in Context: Old Problems and a New Overstrike by BERNHARD E. WOYTEK and KEVIN BUTCHER LONDON THE ROYAL NUMISMATIC SOCIETY 2015 THE CAMEL DRACHMS OF TRAJAN IN CONTEXT 117 The Camel Drachms of Trajan in Context: Old Problems and a New Overstrike1 BERNHARD E. WOYTEK and KEVIN BUTCHER [PLATES 14-15] INTRODUCTION In AD 106 the reign of the Nabataean king Rabel II ended, after more than three decades.2 His kingdom was annexed by Roman troops under the Syrian governor Cornelius Palma,3 and Trajan (98‒117) created the province of Arabia.4 Other territorial gains were to follow under this emperor’s rule: some lasting, like Dacia, others short-lived, like Armenia and Mesopotamia. All these new provinces were duly commemorated on Trajan’s imperial coinage; the subtle linguistic differences in the respective coin legends are telling. While Armenia and Mesopotamia were recorded as ‘in potestatem p(opuli) R(omani) redactae’,5 Dacia was called ‘capta’,6 Arabia just ‘adquisita’.7 1 While KB has been working on this material on-and-off as part of a larger project on provincial silver coinage since the late 1980s, research on the topic by BEW goes back to the summer of 2010, when he was a Visiting Scholar in Residence at the American Numismatic Society (New York) for the annual Graduate Summer Seminar. The support by the staff and the curators at the ANS, especially by Peter G. van Alfen and Elena Stolyarik, during that period is gratefully acknowledged, as is the valuable assistance of Gilles Bransbourg and David Hill in obtaining additional images of camel drachms in the ANS collection as well as scans of an article in the ANS library. -
On the Cusp of an Era
On the Cusp of an Era BIAL-18-srinivasan_CS2.indd i 16-3-2007 14:55:12 Brill’s Inner Asian Library Editors Nicola di Cosmo Devin Deweese Caroline Humphrey VOLUME 18 BIAL-18-srinivasan_CS2.indd ii 16-3-2007 14:55:12 On the Cusp of an Era Art in the Pre-KuߧÖa World Edited by Doris Meth Srinivasan LEIDEN • BOSTON 2007 BIAL-18-srinivasan_CS2.indd iii 16-3-2007 14:55:13 On the cover: Lavender Flowers near Maimana. © Luke Powell This book is printed on acid-free paper. ISSN 1566-7162 ISBN 978 90 04 15451 3 © Copyright 2007 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands BIAL-18-srinivasan_CS2.indd iv 16-3-2007 14:55:13 CONTENTS Chapter One Pre-Kußà»a Art: A New Concept ................ 1 Doris Meth Srinivasan Chapter Two Pathways Between Gandhàra and North India during Second Century B.C.–Second Century A.D. ........................................................................ 29 Saifur Rahman Dar Chapter Three Passages to India: •aka and Kußà»a Migrations in Historical Contexts ....................................... -
Petitions in the Epigraphic Record: Development of the Legal Order Outside of the Imperial Hierarchy
PETITIONS IN THE EPIGRAPHIC RECORD: DEVELOPMENT OF THE LEGAL ORDER OUTSIDE OF THE IMPERIAL HIERARCHY Kevin Kallmes A thesis submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Greek in the Department of Classics in the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Chapel Hill 2017 Approved by: Professor James Rives Professor Luca Grillo Professor Emily Baragwanath ©2017 Kevin Kallmes ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Kevin Kallmes, Petitions in the Epigraphic Record: Development of the Legal Order outside of the Imperial Hierarchy (Under the direction of Professor James Rives) The Roman imperial bureaucracy in the 2nd and 3rd centuries had expanded to include direct provincial administration, which led to disputes between imperial representatives and provincial subjects. To resolve these disputes, subjects turned to the burgeoning petition and response system of the Roman emperors, but the petitioners themselves lacked the legal education to effectively utilize precedent or rhetorical formulas. Despite this, fifteen petitions found in inscriptions from the 2nd and 3rd century AD in Latin and Greek from disparate regions contained the same structure and persuasive formulas. Based on these cross-empire similarities, I argue that these methods of presentation were maintained by legal counsels, whose services represented an organic growth of systematic aid based on the unmet needs of petitioners. Then, as a part of Diocletian’s reform, the content of petitions was used as a source of legal precedent and to identify issues in the provincial bureaucracy that needed resolution. iii This thesis is dedicated to Professor James Rives for his mentorship, inspiring dedication, and drive to enrich the history of the legal profession.