TRITONMUN XXI CHARACTER DESCRIPTIONS INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF WOMEN AT THE HAGUE
*NOTE: not all of these characters will be assigned in committee* Armenia Lucy Thoumaian Lucy Thoumaian was an Armenian pacifist. She was exiled from the Ottoman Empire and settled in Britain. She and her husband established an orphanage for Armenian orphans and she was very active in pacifism and anti-racism movements. She wrote a manifesto for peace in 1914 which centered on the idea that women must play a large role in peace given that war is a man-made construct. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.1
Austria-Hungary Vilma Glucklich Vilma Glucklich was a Hungarian educational reformer, pacifist and women's rights activist. She was the first woman to be admitted and to receive a degree from a H a a e . S e a a a eade e H a a e movement alongside Rosika Schwimmer. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.2 Leopoldine Kulka Leopoldine Kulka was an Austrian writer and pacifist. She was involved with the radical Ge e a A a W e ' A c a (GAWA) a d ed ed a e ca newspaper called Ne e F a enleben (Ne W men Life). She attended the 1915 3 International Congress of Women at The Hague on behalf of GAWA. Rosika Schwimmer Rosika Schwimmer was a Hungarian pacifist, activist and feminist. She was very active e a e a d e ab e e . He ac e b a ded a enemy when the first World War began and she left Europe for a speaking tour of the United States. Her speeches were extremely influential and inspired the Progressive female activists of the day to take up pacifism as a cause. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.4
1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Thoumaian 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilma_Gl%C3%BCcklich 3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldine_Kulka
4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosika_Schwimmer Belgium Eugenie Hamer Eugenie Hamer was a Belgian journalist and pacifist. She was the co-founder of Belgian Alliance of Women for Peace through Education in 1906. She believed in peace with justice. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.5 Leonie La Fontaine Leonie La Fontaine was a Belgian feminist and pacifist. She was involved with the Belgian League for the Rights of Women and the International Union of Women for Peace. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.6
Canada Laura Hughes Laura Hughes was a Canadian feminist, socialist, and pacifist. She was an outspoken activist for peace. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague a a e e e a e e C e beca e Ca ada a a e B Empire. She was the only Canadian delegate because many of her fellow female activists chose loyalty to the British empire over the fight for pacifism. Hughes was notable in her e c a ce e a e a e a e , ead c e ca talist origins of war.7
Denmark Thora Daugaard T a Da aa d a Da e ac , ac a d e . S e a educated as a translator. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague. After the conference, she founded e Da W e Peace C a C a a Tybjerg.8 Clara Tybjerg C a a T b e a a Da e ac , ac a d ed ca . S e a e ed e e a e e e Da e a ed e e in 1915. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague. She e ed d e Da W e Peace C a T a Da aa d.9
5 https://www.womeninpeace.org/h-names/2017/7/6/eugenie-hamer 6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_La_Fontaine https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/women-in-belgian-history/QQ8AfJxE
7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Hughes 8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thora_Daugaard 9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Tybjerg
German Empire Dr. Anita Augspurg Dr. Anita Augspurg was a German jurist, feminist, pacifist and writer. In college, she did a eac e a c e a e a ac c a e . S e ad a e ea ca ee a a actress before setting up a photography studio and getting deeply involved in the German e e e . T e e e couraged Augspurg to pursue a doctor of law at the University of Zurich; women were still not allowed to attend university in the German Empire. She was the first woman to hold a doctor of law in the German Empire. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.10 Lida Gustava Heymann Lida Gustava Heymann was a German feminist and pacifist. She was a key figure in the abolitionist movement to end regulation and domination of prostitution. She helped run e Ge a c e e s suffrage. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.11
Italy Rosa Genoni Rosa Genoni was an Italian fashion designer, teacher, feminist and pacifist. She was very ac e e a d a d e e ab ement. Her passion for a a d e ed e a c a e a a e c e e ce a d become a professor at the Professional School for Women. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague where she was the only Italian delegate, representing a wide variety of Italian organizations and societies.12
The Netherlands Dr. Mia Boissevain Dr. Mia Boissevain was a Dutch malacologist and feminist. She studied malacology which is a type of zoology that focuses on invertebrates. Her studies put her in contact e de e e ed e . S e beca e ed e e e e , e e e a a da c ee e a D c e suffrage organization, Vereeniging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht. She was one of the organizers of the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.13 Dr. Aletta Jacobs D . A e a Jac b a a D c c a a d e ad ca e. S e a e e e a e c a e Ne e a d . S e ded e d b c
10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Augspurg
11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lida_Gustava_Heymann 12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Genoni
13 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Boissevain
clinic in 1882. She advocated for deregulating prostitution, for peace and for w e suffrage. She was on the Dutch Executive Committee which set up the conference. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.14 Rosa Manus Rosa Manus was a Dutch pacifist and suffragist. She became involved in suffragism through the International Women Suffrage Alliance. She was very active in the movement, helping to develop exhibitions and conferences. She played a large role in organizing the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.15 Cornelia Ramondt-Hirschmann Cornelia Ramondt-Hirschmann was a Dutch teacher, feminist, pacifist and theosophist. S e beca e ed a a e a a a e to vegetarian and religious theosophist groups. She was a co-organizer of the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.16 Mien van Wulfften Palthe Mien van Wulfften Palthe was a Dutch feminist and pacifist. She was an artist and an ac e a a a a e c e ca e e a e de e e a staunch support of it. She was involved in the fourth conference of the International W e S a e A a ce, a e c e beca e e e ed e ca e suffrage and pacifism. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.17
Norway Dr. Emily Arnesen Dr. Emily Arnesen was a Norwegian zoologist. She was the second woman in Norway to receive a doctoral degree. Outside of her studies and career as a zoologist and researcher, she was active in political issues. She was on the executive committee of the Norwegian W e U a d e a a ac e e . S e a e ded e 1915 I e a a Congress of Women at The Hague.18 Louise Keilhau Louise Keilhau was Norwegian teacher and pacifist. She was a key member of the Norwegian Red Cross as the only female member of its executive board. She encouraged the Norwegian Red Cross to get involved in helping during the first world war, despite
14 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletta_Jacobs https://spartacus-educational.com/USAWjacobsA.htm
15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Manus
16 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_Ramondt-Hirschmann
17 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mien_van_Wulfften_Palthe
18 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Arnesen
e c c a e a . S e a e ded e 1915 I e a a C e Women at The Hague.19
Sweden Emilia Fogelklou Emilia Fogelklou was a Swedish theologian, feminist and author. She held many teaching positions and wrote extensively on Christian theology and feminism. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.20 Anna Kleman Anna Kleman was a Swedish insurance officer, feminist and pacifist. She was active in e ab e e a d e a e e e . S e e ed e b a d e Association for Women's Political Rights. Kleman attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.21
United Kingdom Kathleen Courtney Ka ee C e a a B e a d ac . He a ea a ed e e eed c a e . S e a e ac e e e suffrage movement of England until the first World War drew her attention to international cooperation and pacifism. She was one of the three English delegates who attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague. The other English delegates were unable to travel due to sudden restrictions on travel to mainland Europe.22 Chrystal Macmillan Chrystal Macmillan was a British suffragist, pacifist, barrister, and feminist. Macmillan was one the first female students to enroll at the University of Edinburgh. She was the first woman to graduate with honors with a degree in science and mathematics. She would continue to study a variety of subjects from Greek to philosophy. Macmillan beca e ed e a d eace ac . S e a e the three English delegates able to attend the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.23 Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence Emmeline Pethick-La e ce a a B e ac . S e a a Ba e . S e a e ac e e e suffrage movement, but she was ousted following a disagreement with the Pankhursts who favored more radical paths to suffragism. She
19 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Keilhau
20 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia_Fogelklou
21 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Kleman
22 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Courtney
23 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrystal_Macmillan
traveled with the American delegation to attend the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.24
United States of America Grace Abbott Grace Abbott was an American social worker and pacifist. She focused her efforts on immigrant rights and child welfare reform. She was actively involved in these fields and ed H H e, e U.S. C d e B ea , e Immigrants' Protective League, and more. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.25 Fannie Fern Andrews Fannie Fern Andrews was an American educator and pacifist. She was a teacher who advocated for a curriculum of peace and international cooperation to be taught in schools. She felt that a lack of understanding of others contributed to war and that negotiation was key to peace. She established the American Peace League in 1908. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.26 Emily Greene Balch Emily Greene Balch was an American economist, sociologist and pacifist. She worked for Wellesley College until her pacifist work got her fired. She focused her research on the plight of poverty and child labor which informed her activism. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague and she co-authored the book, Women at the Hague: the International Congress of Women and its Results.27 Sophonisba Breckinridge Sophonisba Breckinridge was an American activist, reformer and educator. She was the first woman to be admitted to the Kentucky bar. She was the first woman to graduate with a PhD from the University of Chicago in political science and economics. She worked as a researcher on social problems and how they affected child laborers, African Americans, immigrants and women. She later became a professor. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.28 Alice Hamilton Alice Hamilton was an American physician, research scientist, reformer, and pacifist. She was a pioneer in the fields of occupational health and industrial toxicology who helped
24 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_Pethick-Lawrence,_Baroness_Pethick-Lawrence 25 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Abbott https://history.nebraska.gov/sites/history.nebraska.gov/files/doc/publications/NH1975GraceAbbott.pdf
26 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Fern_Andrews 27 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1946/balch/biographical/
28 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge https://spartacus-educational.com/USApeaceW.htm
explore how industrial chemicals and other compounds affected the health of workers. She volunteered in a variety of capacities at Hull House, where she lived. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.29
Julia Lathrop Julia Lathrop was an American social reformer. She focused on education and child welfare reform. She was a close friend of Jane Addams. She worked on the Illinois Board of Charities as its first ever female appointment. She advocated for social reforms that encouraged female participation in a variety of professions. She was the first female head of a federal bureau when she was appointed to be the direc e U.S. C d e Bureau. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.30 Lola Maverick Lloyd Lola Maverick Lloyd was an American suffragist, feminist and pacifist. She came from a wealthy family. Following an event where Lloyd heard a speech given by Rosika Schwimmer, she became deeply involved in the pacifist cause. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.31 Le a O Reill Le a O Re a a A e ca e , a a d ade anizer. She worked for labor reform and suffragism. She felt betrayed by the bourgeoisie women in e e ab e , b e c ed e a e. O'Re served as the Trade Union Delegate to the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.32 Mary Heaton Vorse Mary Heaton Vorse was an American journalist, activist and pacifist. She was active in e e e e , e ec c de e de ce, ed ca a d voting rights. She was also involved in the labor strikes of the day. She wrote for a wide variety of newspapers. Vorse attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.33 Julia Grace Wales Julia Grace Wales was a Canadian academic and pacifist. She was horrified by the violence of the first world war and wrote an influential pamphlet called, "Continuous Mediation Without Armistice" aka the Wisconsin Plan. Wales represented the Wisconsin Peace Party at the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.34
29 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Hamilton
30 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Lathrop
31 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Maverick_Lloyd
32 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonora_O%27Reilly
33 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Heaton_Vorse
34 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Grace_Wales