TRITONMUN XXI CHARACTER DESCRIPTIONS INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF WOMEN AT THE HAGUE *NOTE: not all of these characters will be assigned in committee* Armenia Lucy Thoumaian Lucy Thoumaian was an Armenian pacifist. She was exiled from the Ottoman Empire and settled in Britain. She and her husband established an orphanage for Armenian orphans and she was very active in pacifism and anti-racism movements. She wrote a manifesto for peace in 1914 which centered on the idea that women must play a large role in peace given that war is a man-made construct. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.1 Austria-Hungary Vilma Glucklich Vilma Glucklich was a Hungarian educational reformer, pacifist and women's rights activist. She was the first woman to be admitted and to receive a degree from a Hungarian university. She was a major leader in the Hungarian women’s rights movement alongside Rosika Schwimmer. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.2 Leopoldine Kulka Leopoldine Kulka was an Austrian writer and pacifist. She was involved with the radical General Austrian Women's Association (GAWA) and edited a women’s political newspaper called Neues Frauenleben (New Women’s Life). She attended the 1915 3 International Congress of Women at The Hague on behalf of GAWA. Rosika Schwimmer Rosika Schwimmer was a Hungarian pacifist, activist and feminist. She was very active in women’s suffrage and in women’s labor movements. Her activism got her branded an enemy when the first World War began and she left Europe for a speaking tour of the United States. Her speeches were extremely influential and inspired the Progressive female activists of the day to take up pacifism as a cause. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.4 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Thoumaian 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilma_Gl%C3%BCcklich 3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldine_Kulka 4 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosika_Schwimmer Belgium Eugenie Hamer Eugenie Hamer was a Belgian journalist and pacifist. She was the co-founder of Belgian Alliance of Women for Peace through Education in 1906. She believed in peace with justice. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.5 Leonie La Fontaine Leonie La Fontaine was a Belgian feminist and pacifist. She was involved with the Belgian League for the Rights of Women and the International Union of Women for Peace. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.6 Canada Laura Hughes Laura Hughes was a Canadian feminist, socialist, and pacifist. She was an outspoken activist for peace. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague as a representative for “the Colonies” because Canada was still part of the British Empire. She was the only Canadian delegate because many of her fellow female activists chose loyalty to the British empire over the fight for pacifism. Hughes was notable in her reluctance to use “maternal feminism” arguments, instead focusing on the capitalist origins of war.7 Denmark Thora Daugaard Thora Daugaard was Danish women’s rights activist, pacifist and feminist. She was educated as a translator. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague. After the conference, she founded the Danish Women’s Peace Chain with Clara Tybjerg.8 Clara Tybjerg Clara Tybjerg was a Danish women’s rights activist, pacifist and educator. She was very involved in the women’s suffrage movement until Danish women gained the right to vote in 1915. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague. She helped found the Danish Women’s Peace Chain with Thora Daugaard.9 5 https://www.womeninpeace.org/h-names/2017/7/6/eugenie-hamer 6 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9onie_La_Fontaine https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/women-in-belgian-history/QQ8AfJxE 7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Hughes 8 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thora_Daugaard 9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Tybjerg German Empire Dr. Anita Augspurg Dr. Anita Augspurg was a German jurist, feminist, pacifist and writer. In college, she did a teachers’ training course as well as took acting classes. She had a five year career as an actress before setting up a photography studio and getting deeply involved in the German women’s rights movement. The fight for women’s rights encouraged Augspurg to pursue a doctor of law at the University of Zurich; women were still not allowed to attend university in the German Empire. She was the first woman to hold a doctor of law in the German Empire. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.10 Lida Gustava Heymann Lida Gustava Heymann was a German feminist and pacifist. She was a key figure in the abolitionist movement to end regulation and domination of prostitution. She helped run the first German society for women’s suffrage. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.11 Italy Rosa Genoni Rosa Genoni was an Italian fashion designer, teacher, feminist and pacifist. She was very active in the fashion world and fought for the women’s labor movement. Her passion for fashion and women’s rights led her to participate in a variety of conferences and to become a professor at the Professional School for Women. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague where she was the only Italian delegate, representing a wide variety of Italian organizations and societies.12 The Netherlands Dr. Mia Boissevain Dr. Mia Boissevain was a Dutch malacologist and feminist. She studied malacology which is a type of zoology that focuses on invertebrates. Her studies put her in contact with other students interested in feminism. She became involved with the women’s movement, even running the propaganda committee for the main Dutch women’s suffrage organization, Vereeniging voor Vrouwenkiesrecht. She was one of the organizers of the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.13 Dr. Aletta Jacobs Dr. Aletta Jacobs was a Dutch physician and women’s rights advocate. She was one of the first female physicians in the Netherlands. She founded the world’s first birth control 10 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Augspurg 11 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lida_Gustava_Heymann 12 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Genoni 13 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mia_Boissevain clinic in 1882. She advocated for deregulating prostitution, for peace and for women’s suffrage. She was on the Dutch Executive Committee which set up the conference. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.14 Rosa Manus Rosa Manus was a Dutch pacifist and suffragist. She became involved in suffragism through the International Women Suffrage Alliance. She was very active in the movement, helping to develop exhibitions and conferences. She played a large role in organizing the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.15 Cornelia Ramondt-Hirschmann Cornelia Ramondt-Hirschmann was a Dutch teacher, feminist, pacifist and theosophist. She became involved with a variety of organizations ranging from women’s rights groups to vegetarian and religious theosophist groups. She was a co-organizer of the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.16 Mien van Wulfften Palthe Mien van Wulfften Palthe was a Dutch feminist and pacifist. She was an artist and an actress who was initially apathetic to the cause of women’s suffrage despite her family’s staunch support of it. She was involved in the fourth conference of the International Women’s Suffrage Alliance, after which she became very invested in the cause of suffrage and pacifism. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.17 Norway Dr. Emily Arnesen Dr. Emily Arnesen was a Norwegian zoologist. She was the second woman in Norway to receive a doctoral degree. Outside of her studies and career as a zoologist and researcher, she was active in political issues. She was on the executive committee of the Norwegian Women’s Union and she was an active writer. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.18 Louise Keilhau Louise Keilhau was Norwegian teacher and pacifist. She was a key member of the Norwegian Red Cross as the only female member of its executive board. She encouraged the Norwegian Red Cross to get involved in helping during the first world war, despite 14 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aletta_Jacobs https://spartacus-educational.com/USAWjacobsA.htm 15 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Manus 16 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelia_Ramondt-Hirschmann 17 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mien_van_Wulfften_Palthe 18 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Arnesen the country’s official neutral position. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.19 Sweden Emilia Fogelklou Emilia Fogelklou was a Swedish theologian, feminist and author. She held many teaching positions and wrote extensively on Christian theology and feminism. She attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.20 Anna Kleman Anna Kleman was a Swedish insurance officer, feminist and pacifist. She was active in the labor movement and women’s suffrage movement. She served on the board of the Association for Women's Political Rights. Kleman attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.21 United Kingdom Kathleen Courtney Kathleen Courtney was a British feminist and pacifist. Her family’s wealth allowed her the freedom to support social issues. She was very active in the women’s suffrage movement of England until the first World War drew her attention to international cooperation and pacifism. She was one of the three English delegates who attended the 1915 International Congress of Women at The Hague.