IENTIFI£ MERI£AN

(Entered at tbe Post Office of :-lew York. N. Y.. as Recond Class M,atter. Copyrijlbt, 1006, by MUDD & Co.)

Vol. XCIV.-No. 12. CEN'.I'S A COPY. ESTABLISHED 1845. NEW YORK, MARCH 24, 1906. (10$3.00 A YEAR.

, I , , , I , • • I L _____ J.!��f.._ ..J.EIL�L______J

rI.OATI/{fi>, PI.AC/N8 AN4 ANcHOR/NS

THE ERECTION OF THE DIAMOND SHOALS LIGHTHOUSE OFF CAPE HATTERAS.--[See page 251.J

Steel and Concret(' Will Be Used in the Construction. The Caisson of Steel Which Forms the Base Will Be Built in a Shipyard, Towed to the Shoals, and Scuttled. Scientific AIIlerican

SCIENTIFIC AMER.ICAN years ago, in its present condition, when running at might be called a jog in the line, to enable the tracks its full capacity, can deliver 295 million gallons of to swing out sufficiently to admit of an additional ESTABLISHED 1845 water per day to the distribution reservoirs in Man­ track at that point, does not appear to be as formidable hattan. The old Croton aqueduct, as now being re­ a curve as the two above mentioned. When a motor· MUNN &. CO:. Editors and Proprietors paired, can be relied on to convey about 80 million man is running at full speed, and particularly should gallons per day. New York city, therefore, has aque­ he be behind time in the rush hours, there is a strong duct connections with the Croton watershed which are temptation for him to take the turnout at a higher Published Weekly at sufficient to bring in a maximum of 375 million gal­ speed than he would if the turnout were merely the No. 361 Broa.dwa.y. New York lons per day. - In years of extreme drought, however, commencement of a long and formidable· looking curve. the Croton w�tershed, even if every reservoir within And yet it is a fact that such short curves as are

TERMS TO SUBSCRIBERS il should be drawn down until it was empty, can be found at turnouts or where the tracks spread to pass One copy, one,y;ea::' for the United States. Canada. or MexICo .._ ...... �3.00 prudently relied upon to yield, in years of extreme on either side of an island platform, are very much One copy, one year. to any foreign country. postage prep81d. £0 168. ad. 4.00 drought, not more than 300 million gallons per day. &harper than the longer and more important curves_ THE SCIENTIFIC ilMERLVAN PUBLICATIONS. Nevertheless the consumption of Croton water has Furthermore, in'the Subway, the important curves are SCientific American (Established 1841» ••••••••• , •••.••••••••••••••�.OO a year already averaged for an entire month as high as 318 "spiraled," or "eased," that is to say they are para­ 8C1entitlc American Supplement (Established 1876)...... •..... £l.OO million gallons per day and for a whole' year 292 mil­ bolic in curve, and the centrifugal thrust of the train American Homes and Garden� ...... •. .... _ .• 0 ••• 3.00 , Scientific AmeriC&Il Export Editiop. (Established ISiS) ...... 0 •• 3.00 lion gallons per day. Now for ten years past the con­ against the outer rail is so gradually developed as not The comblned subscription rates and rates to foreign countries will sumption of water in New York city has increased at to be perceptible to the ordinary passenger. On turn­ be furnished upon application. U.emit by postal or express money order. or by bank draft or check. the average rate of 14 million gallons per day, a rate outs and jogs the change of direction of the track is MUNN & CO .. 361 Broadway. New York. of increase which renders it certain that unless a new so abrupt that if, as happens every day on the Subway, supply is soon provided New York city must face the the motormen on the express trains fail to make the NEW YORK, SATURDAY, MARCH 24, 19 06. untold inconvenience and danger of a water famine. proper reduction of speed, there is a jolt and lurch to ...... the train which tells very plainly what a terrific strain STEEL MANUFACTURERS AND THE CHAIN is being thrown upon the guard rail and upon !)"I,e The Editor is always glad to receive for examination illustrated BRIDGE, articles on suhjects of timely mterest. If the photographs are The Merchants' Association of this city is determined flanges of the car wheels. sharp, the articles short, and the facts authentiC, the contributions to leave no stone unturned in its efforts to expose the A personal inspection of the track at Spring Street will receive spe3ial attention. Accepted articles will be pald for daily increasing scandal of the delay in building the after the accident showed very clearly the point at at regular Space rates. Manhattan Bridge; and they have recently addressed which the centrifugal thrust of the flange of the wheel a strong letter to the Hon. Herman A. Metz, comp­ against the guard rail became great enough to enable "WHAT'S IN A NAME?" troller of the City of New York, which has received the flange to get a sufficient "bite" on the metal to We note in the columns of the daily press that the a favorable answer. enable it to lift itself and its load over the rail and Cunard Company are proposing to bestow upon the In the campaign carried on in the daily press by so cause the derailment. The general manager of the two 25-knot turbine steamers, the time of whose the engineers who were anxious to discredit the ac­ company has issued an official statement, which assigns launching is not far removed, the, names "Lusitania" cepted design for a chain bridge, it was repeatedly the derailment to the fact that the wheel had slipped and "Mauritania." As we stand in meditative con­ stated that the chain bridge would cost more to build on the axle and that this widened the gage between templation of these most interesting products of the than a wire bridge, and that the steel manufacturers the wheel flanges and caused the trucks to jump the art of nomenclature, we are askng, like one of old, would be unable to manufacture eye-bars of the great track_ This may be perfectly true; but it simply "What's in a name?" Saving and except that they size required, that would come up to the requirements r,roves what a terrific lateral thrust is being exercised end in the characteristic last two syllables favored by of the specifications. These statements were merely on the Subway cars if the guard rail reaction is suffi­ the company, they fail to call up any familiar associa­ part of a cloud of pseudo-technical dust with which an cient to shift a wheel on its axle; for these wheels are tions either of people or country. "Umbria" we know effort has been meLde to confuse the issue. thrust onto their axles by a hydraulic pressure, which and "Etruria" we know; but who are these? Now the Merchants' Association has effectually dis­ amounts, we believe, to as high as 15 or 20 tons. A reference to the encyclopedia discloses the fact posed of this contention by writing to several of the Another fact that makes the situation at Spring that "Mauritania" and "Lusitania" were the ancient leading steel manufacturers, firms who would be pos­ Street one that calls for great care in running the names, respectively, of Morocco and Spain-two of the sible bidders for the construction of the chain cable trains is, that the turnout necessitates a break in t.he countries which are playing a leading part in the bridge, and asking them whether such a bridge could continuity of the line of columns, and that as a train present diplomatic amenities at Algeciras; from which be built, and whether it would cost more in time and swings over to the right and crosses this line diagon­ it is evident that the Cunard Company, forecasting a money than a wire bridge. In every case the associa­ ally, it is in a position in which, if the leading car peaceful outcome, have decided to perpetuate the con­ tion was assured by these firms that they were pre­ of a train that was running too fast were derailed, ference by an appropriate christening. pared t8 submit bids and undertake the construction it would run end-on into the first of the columns, be­ One membe.r of our staff has suggested that because of the bridge according to the plans. They further yond the turnout, with one or two results: Either the two new ships are the longest in the world, search stated in their replies that the Manhattan Bridge, if a number of the columns would be carried away and was made among the names of countries living and ' built on the eye-bar plan, will require less time for its • the street above crash into the Subway, or, should they dead for names that bear a similar distinction; while construction than it would if built on the wire cable be able to resist the impact of the 300-ton train, the a contemporary has discovered that the ships will plan. columns would shear their way through the first car, never need to take in water ballast, their names being We do not make any comments upon the breach of splitting it in two. heavy enough to keep them on an even keel in any professional etiquette involved in the starting and We do not wish to be alarmists. The Subway and weather. keeping alive of a daily·press agitation of this charac­ its equipment are absolutely first class; and there is But in all seriousness we do think it would be a ter by engineers of more or less standing-that is a not the slightest ri"k at Spring Street, or elsewhere thousand pities if these two noble ships, representing question for the SOciety of Civil Engineers or fQT' the provided the trains are slowed down to the proper the highest effort of the shipbuilder's art, should be papers devoted exclusively to civil engineering inter-' speell tor .which the curves alt this point 'Times Square; duration of lightning flashes. He thus distinguished to know that this whole question is in the hands and at all turnouts such as that at Spring Street which "instantaneous" and "rapidly succeeding" flashes of of a Board of Water Supply, whose members are strict­ are liable to be taken by express trains at high speed, lightning and those of a "certain duration_" ly non-partisan, and all men of sterling worth. Its it would be advisable to attach some form of guard The oscillating character of lightning flashes has . engineers have formulated a plan, the broad out­ rail to the lines of posts on the outer side of the been proved by B. Walter from photographic records, lines of which are discussed elsewhere in this is­ curve." That the warning was timely was shown on which showed a wave-shaped fluctuation in luminosity. sue, which embodies the results of investigations the morning of March 15 last, when the third car of In a recent issue of the Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift extending over many years, and carried on by the a heavily-crowded express train jumped the track at Mr. K. E. F. Schmidt records some experiments made very best engineering talent of the day. If favor­ the Spring Street turnout, and was only saved from on a rapidly-rotating disk, 10 centimeters in diameter, able legislation is secured, and active construction collision with the columns by the strength of its on which a white cross on a black background had at once begun, it will be possible to complete 'in a couplings, which fortunately proved sufficient to hold been drawn, the members of the cross being 2 milli­ few years' time a sufficient section of the new system it in the general line of the train and fairly close to meters in breadth. This disk being driven by clock­ to ward off the threatened, risk of a water famine_ the rails, until the emergency brakes had brought the work, performed 50 to 60 revolutions per second, and That such a famine is possible if immediate steps are train to a stop. the following observations were made by its means on not taken to prevent it, will be evident from the fol­ We regard the situation at Spring Street as being heavy evening thunderstorms : lowing considerations : ,.particularly dangerous for two reasons: First, that 1. In connection with many flashes, t.he cross would The water supply of New York is at present confined '-'whereas at the Grand Central Station and Times appear once brilliantiy and sharply. almost exclusively to the Croton watershed, with which Square the curves are both sharp and long, and there­ 2. The cross would more frequently appear two, it is connected by two aqueducts, the "old," and the fore, must always be conspicuous in the minds of the three, or even more times as a well-defined image, "new." The new Croton aqueduct, completed fifteen motorman, the curve at Spring Street being only what either in so rapid a succession as to give the impl'8& Scientific American 247

sion of an instantaneous occurrence, or else at appreci­ charge for transportation. The shi]':) that brings ore {)oal trade of the Great Lakes, namely, steel barges of able intervals_ Whereas one cross was very luminous, from Spain, Sweden, and other European countries 10,000 tons burden, stanchly built, with quarters for the second as a rule was weaker, and so on with to the United States, must have each trip an east­ a crew of ten to fifteen men, and engine power suffi­ diminishing intensity. The relative position of the ward-bound cargo that will be more than ballast and cient for a speed of 8 or 10 knots per hour, which various bright crosses as well as their succession yield a regular and definite profit. There is but one would give steerageway sufficient for safe handling in showed the greatest variability. T'he impression was material which will meet the requirements of the all weathers. Given a fleet of vessels, with loading docks frequently produced of the disk rotating in the direc­ case, and that is coal. for coal along the Chesapeake Bay or Atlantic coast, tion o� the hands of a clock, while it really rotated in It is in respect of quantity and quality of coal sup­ and a reliable return freight, and the problem of a the opposite direction; or it would appear pendulating. ply that the advantage of North America over Euro­ large and expanding coal export to Europe, which de­ 3. In connection with an extremely sharp powerful pean countries is decisive and overwhelming. What­ pends primarily on an ocean freight rate not exceed­ cloud lightning, an eightfold cross would appear bril­ ever may be the facts concerning ores, the known coal ing $1.25 to $1.50 per ton, would be practically solved. liantly for a moment, all the arms lying at the same measures of the United States render their fuel sup­ As return freights, the potash minerals of Germany distance, while one of the crosses had a somewhat ply secure, abundant, and of excellent quality for have been suggested, but they are limited in quantity greater intensity than the remaining. centuries to come. There are hundreds of thousands and restricted by various conditions, so that there re­ From the above it is inferred that Walter's state­ of acres of gas and coking coals of high quality in mains but one available resource, and that is iron ores ment of the extreme variability in the discharge phe­ the Appalachian region-to. say nothing of other fields of Spain, Finland, and the Scandinavian Peninsula, nomena of lightning flashes is correct. -which have as yet been hardly scratched by the pick three countries which, together, now mine about 14,- The time which actually elapses between the partial and drill of the miner. New coal deposits of greater 000,000 tons per annum, but which, for want of cheap discharges can be computed only if the images appear or lees extent and value are being discovered from and abundant fuel, smelt not more than one-third or for a moment, as according to physiological investiga­ year to year. With what is now known the present one-fourth of that amount. The time will doubtless tion on the duration of "after-images" (Nachbilder), enormous annual output of 280,000,000 tons of bitu­ come when most, if not all, European countries will the duration of the phenomenon cannot be upward of minous coal can be maintained for hundreds of years prohibit the export of native coal, except to their own 1-50 of a second, i.e., the duration of one rotation. without exhausting the available supply. In Europe, colonies. The imported fuel supplies of France, Italy, From other observations it is inferred that the dura­ on the contrary, the years of adequate coal provision Spain, and Scandinavia will then have to come mainly tion of a discharge is about 1-1000 of a second, where­ are definitely numbered. In England experts estimate from beyond the Atlantic. It will be strange indeed as the lightning referred to under No. 3 evidences a the duration of the workable coal measures to be from if American foresight shall fail to recognize the op­ discharge phenomenon including at least eight partial sixty to one hundred years. Germany has a some­ portunity which time will ripen and the laws of demand discharges of equal intensity and succeeding each other what longer lease of industrial life dependent on coal and supply will offer to American enterprise. at regular intervals of about 1-1000 second each. supply, but already the subject is so acute that a ... ' .. .. In connection with the lightning referred to under heavy contract for the delivery of German coal to THE EFFICIENCY OF THE GAS ENGINE. No.1, the. visible discharge must have come to an end France, for iron and steel works, is understood to have What becomes of the heat in the fuel which goes after less than 1-35000. to 1-40000 second, and the par­ been canceled recently at heavy loss to the sellers, be­ into a gas-engine cylinder? Part of it, usually about tial discharges mentioned under No. 2 must have been cause, it is definitely understood, the imperial gov­ 25 per cent, is converted into work, about 40 per cent of the same short duration. ernment objected to the depletion of the national coal is absorbed by the water jacket, and about 35 per cent A determination of the duration of lightning is the supply for the benefit of neighboring countries. is lost by radiation and through the exhaust pipe. If more important, as it will give a means of ascertaining France has native coal for a generation or more, but we can reduce the amount which is wasted, the percent­ the time of oscillation, provided the lightning really the mines are deepening, the cost of production is age turned into work will obviously be increased. · constitutes an oscillating phenomenon. The period of gradually increasing, and economists are looking with Other things being (lqual, the amount which is ab­ discharge would thus be less than 1-30000 second. growing apprehension to the future. Twenty-five or sorbed by the water jacket depends upon the amount

... ' .. at most thirty years hence, the question of an ade­ of surface exposed during inflammation. The higher THE IMPENDING EXHAUSTION OF THE WORLD'S quate fuel supply will be a serious problem for France. the compression the less the surface surrounding the IRON SUPPLY. In 1903 France consumed 42,694,100 tons of coal, of unit of compressed charge. Hence, more heat goes into Several months. ago the chief of the Swedish geo­ which 34,217,661 tons were the product of French the work. The Lenoir engine, firing at atmospheric logical survey, in, pursuance of a resolution adopted mines, while the remaining 8,476,4.:;';) tons were im­ pressure, requires nearly 100 cubic feet of gas per by the Swedish parliament, prepared a report show­ ported. Cardiff and Belgium coals are delivered at B. H. P. hour" while with a compression of flve at­ ing. the extent of the known deposits of iron in the Havre at prices varying, in ordinary seasons, from mospheres an engine of the same horse-power will do world, and the rate at which such deposits are being $4.63 to $5.21 per ton. This is the competition which the same work on 20 cubic feet of gas. consumed. While there has been some dissention as American coal would have to meet, since from that In a paper read before the We'>stern Society of En­ to the exactness of certain details contained in the port of debarkation, common to all imported coals, the, gineers, Mr. C. E. Sargent presents a keen analysis report, it may be accepted as a. substantially accurate costs of duty and freightage to the interior would be of these losses, which it seems well worth summarizing inve�tigation of a subject of vital importance to the the same_ in the following paragraphs: ' world. Most disquieting in this report is the conclu­ The railway freight rate on coal from Havre to The higher the compression within the limits of the siOJi that we are likely to run short of iron within a Paris is 70 francs per carload of 10 tons, or $1.35 per pressure. necessary for premature ignition, the greater single century if the present rate of consumption is ton for a haul of 143 miles. The rate by the River will be the efficiency, but the kind of fuel governs the'> maintained. Seine, which is open to navigation practically the en­ degree, and the compression necessary to ignite kero­ The world has only 10,000,000,000 tons of iron ore tire year, is from $1.05 to $1.10 per ton. Add to this sene vapor, while not so volatile as gasoline, will not available. Of these Germany has twice as many tons the import duty of 26 cents and it will be seen that cause ignition. Natural gases can be compressed to as the United States. Russia and France each have the Belgian and Welsh coals can be landed in ordinary 150 pounds absolute, alcohol to 190 pounds, and blast 400,000,000 tons more than this country. Our annual times at the docks outside the walls of Paris for about furnace gas to 210 pounds, and still require an electric consumption of iron is placed at 35,000,000 tons, which $6.36 to $6.50 per ton. The wholesale price charged by spark for inflammation. is more than a third of the world's total consumption. importers to local dealers for bituminous coal is at In consider;ng the heat which is lost by way of the Corpmenting on the known and generally-accepted present, slightly more. than $10 per ton. Is there exhaust, it must be remembered that, when a cylinder facts of the situation, the Iron and Coal Trades Re­ not in the margin of $3.50 and $3.64 between these full of gas and air is compressed and ignited, the view in one of its recent issues stated: "We would figures an opportunity for. American coal, provided reactions during dombustion raise the temperature of seem to be within a little more than half a century of the whole transaction, including mining, railway the gases enormously, and that for every degree F. of an absolute iron famine. This fact raises problems of and ocean transportation, arid transshipment at sea­ rise in temperature, tilere is a corresponding increase serious consequence to the world's iron industry and ports, is so organized and managed as to develop a of 1/490 of the volume of the gases even though with to the outlook of civilization itself." large trade and reduce e,JCpenses per ton to a mini­ a proper mixture the combustion is not instantaneous. The efficient consul-general of the United States at mum? In other words,. can American bituminous If a full cylinder of combustible mixture is com­ Paris, Mr. F. Mason, has analyzed with considerable coals of the grades adapted t9 gas manufacture, do­ pressed from atmospheric pressure and temperature astuteness the problems involved in this threatened mestic use, and general industrial purposes, be de­ and· heated further by chemical action, then, when industrial catastrophe. From an elaborate report of livered in large quantities at Havre for a cost not ex­ the volume is constant, the pressure is increased. his we abstract the following facts: ceeding $5 per ton. When the exhaust valve opens this pressure causes the It is well known that the high-class ores of the lake It remains to consider tne correlation between these familiar "sea-lion" bark apparently inseparable from district in America will, at the present rate of con­ conditions and the future ore supply of the United the gas-engine. This is the second loss of the in­ sumption, be exhausted within less than fifty years. States and certain European countries, as described in ternal combustion engine, and when we consider that The Mesaba deposits, with the present annual output the first section of the present report. Coal imjJorted from 35 to 40 per cent of the heat is wasted in this of 12,000,000 tons or thereabouts, will not outlast into France pays a duty of 26 cents per metric .,on. way, is it any wonder that engineers have tried to twenty-flve years, and it requires only a simple calcu­ In respect to duty, freight up the Seine to Paris, and minimize the loss? We all know the efficiency of the lation to demonstrate that a continued yearly con· other charges American coal would be on the same direct-acting steam pump and the gain by a more com­ sumption of 35,000,000 tons of ore by the iron anl basis as Belgian and British coals, which come into J plete expansion even though we obtain a lower mean steel industries of the United States will, within the France principally by that route. effective pressure, and consequently less power from lifetime of many. persons now living, eat away entirely The demand for foreign coal will increase with the the same cylinders. To utilize the heat and pressure the 1,100,000,000 tons which, according to the Swedish gradual exhaustion of the French mines, and the con­ in the exhaust, compound gas engines have been sug­ report cited, constitute our country's entire workable sumption will be augumented in proportion to what­ gested, tried, and in a few cases with some success. supply as at present known. Inasmuch, therefore, as ever reduction can in future be made in the present The working fluid of the internal combustion en­ the United States possess but about one-ninth of the high cost of fuel. There are millions of tons of good gine, unlike. steam, is practically a perfect gas, so that world's ore deposit and yet consumes more than one­ coking and gas coals in the Allegheny and Cumber­ the efficiency of the gas engine may be increased if third of the total annual output from all countries, the land districts of the United States which can be pro­ we can expand the burnt gases to a greater volume conclusion is direct and unavoidable that the future duced with profit at the mouth of the mine for an than before compression. As in a steam eng:ne there economic policy of American. iron masters should be to average price of $1 to $1.25 per ton. When the rail­ is a limit to the degree of expansion desirable. When secure by all practical means, the largest possible ore roads now projected or under construction are finished the pressure equals the power required to overcome supply from the mines of other countries. How can and in operation it should be possible to carry such tp!' friction, a further expansion reduces the efficiency this be most economically and effectively accomp­ coals to tide .water for a freight rate not much, if any­ of the engine. Hence the decrease in effic:ency as the lished? thing, in excess of $1 p,er ton. load is lightened. The problem is largely one of transportation, in When in 1902 the project of exporting American In a single-expansion steam engine it has been found which the item of marine freight. rates plays a domin­ coal to Europe was actively discussed, it was the con­ that a terminal pressure of about four pounds above ant part. An economic long-distance ocean rate for sensus of expert opinion that the successful develop· the atmosphere is the most efficient pressure of re­ heavy, low-class merchandise, involves necessarily two ment of such a trade would require the construction of lease, while on account of the lower mechanical effi­ conditions, viz., vessels specially adapted to the trade, a special class of vessels which would do for the ocean ciency of the gas engine a terminal pressure of from 6 and return freights that will bear an equal or higher going coal traffic what they had done for the ore an(1 to 8 pounds seems to give the greatest economy. Scientific Am.erican

ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENTS AT NIAGARA next power plant to be built by this company was FALLS.-III. located on Canadian soil; and being the first in the 110,000 HORSE· POWER PLANT OF TH�; CANADIAN NIAGARA field, it was enabled to select the most favorable site POWER COMPANY. for its intake. By reference to the bird's-eye view The history of the great electric power develop· of Niagara Falls published in our issue of August 12. ments at Niagara Falls divides itself into two impor· last year, it will be seen that, of the three power plants tant periods, the first embracing the pioneer work that on the Canadian side, that of the Canadian Niagara was done upon the American side of the Falls, and the Power Company is the most advantageously located second dealing with the more recent and far more as regards the simplicity and economy of construction extensive operations on the Canadian side. If we of its intake; for while the other two companies have exclude some minor and scattered water-power plants, been under the necessity of building large and ex­ the credit for the first development of electrical energy pensive wing-dams for the purpose of backing up the from the Falls, on a scale of any considerable m:fgni­ water and securing a sufficient depth of flow at the tude, is due, perhaps, to the company now known as intake, the intake of the Canadian Niagara Power the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company is built right on the shore line of the river, Company, who cut a canal on th.e American side from whose depth at this point is sufficient to insure, at all the upper rapids to a forebay on the edge of the cliff times, the requisite supply of water. below the steel arch bridge, and utilized its energy in It may be well, by way of recapitulation, to mention a power house at the foot of the cliffs. The first in­ the salient features of the other two plants on the stallation was modest; but the plant is to have an Canadian side. The largest of these is that which is ultimate capacity of about 40,000 horse-power. under construction by the Ontario Power Company. The first development of the power of the Falls on Its intake is located near the head of the upper rapids, a scale that commanded world-wide attention, was and when the scheme has been completed in its ell­ made by the Niagara Falls Power Company, when they tirety there will be three lS·foot tubes, the first of built a 50,000-horse-power house, and installed in it which is now in place, leading the water from the ten hydraulic electric units, each of 5,000 horse-power. intake to the top of the bluffs below the Canadian The success of this plant was so encouraging that, not Falls. From these conduits a series of 9-foot pen­ long after its completion, the company built on the stocks carry the water down to a vast building 1,000 Governor for Controlling the Speed of the opposite side of their intake canal a second power Turbines. feet in length, located at the foot of the bluffs, i tl

A Thrust Bearing on One of the Vertical l'urbine Shafts in the Wheelpit. Constructing One of the lUassive Arches Which Carry the Generators. house, containing eleven units of which, ultimately, there will be in­ 5,000 horse-power. This brought up stalled twenty-two units of 10,000 the total capacity of the plant of this horse-power each. A little m 0 r e company on the American side to a than a third of the mile down the grand total of 105,000 horse-power. rapids from the Ontario Power Com­ It was inevitable that, in the pro­ pany's intake is located the power cess of utilizing the energy of the station of the Electrical Development Falls, the superior advantages of­ Company, whose ultimate capacity fered on the Canadian side should will be 125,000 horse-power. The raise the question of establishing water is deflected by a wing-dam power plants on the Canadian shore through screens and gates into pen­ line. The greater volume of water stocks which lead to eleven turbines, that flows over the Horseshoe Falls, each of which has a capacity of and the fact that the concave form 13,000 horse-power at three-quarter of the shore line tends to place the gate. The turbines discharge into a deepest and swiftest currents within tailrace tunnel, which leads in a easy reach of wing dams and sluice­ straight line from the bottom of the ways, renders the Canadian side par­ wheel pit to the Falls, where the ticularly attractive to the hydraulic water is discharged near the bottom engineer. Hence it was that the Screen, at Entrance to Forebay, for Preventing Entrance of Driftwood and Ice. of the cliff and behind the great cur-

One of the Eleven 1 U, UOO-Horse-Power Generating Units. View Showing Brick Ring Around a Penstock Mouthpiece, with the Wheelpit Sep" 'fhrough the Opening.

ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT AT NIAGARA FALLS.-lII. Scientific American 249

tain and between the water and the face of falling American side according as the demands may come in. place, and as soon as the twelve 7-inch pieces are de­ water. The total capacity of this plant is 125,000 horse­ Our thanks are due to Mr. W. D. Robbins, assistant livered from the gun factory, the work of placing them power. engineer for the company, for courtesies extended dur­ on their central pivot mounts in the broadside battery The great work which forms the subject of our illus­ ing the preparation of this article. will be quickly accomplished. With the exception of trations has been built by the Canadian Niagara Power ••• • these last-named guns, everything below the upper Company, a Canadian corporation which is controlled MOUNTING THE 12-INCH GUNS OF THE "CONNECTICUT." deck is completed. by the parent enterprise, the Niagara Falls Power If it were not for the delay in the furnishing of Pending the final determination and announcement Company. At its completion it will have a capacity of of the plans for our new battleships "South Carolina" 110,000 horse-power. In the general arrangement of and "Michigan" (ships which will be of the same its wheel pit, turbines, power station, and tail-race broad type as the "Britannia," carrying only 12-inch tunnel, it resembles the company's plants upon the guns in the main battery), the "Connecticut" repre­ opposite side of the river; but in the details of its sents the highest development of warship construction design it marks the progress which has been made in the United States navy. Furthermore, if the naval during the decade which has intervened since the first designers of the world have been too preCipitate in plant was built upon the American side. The power the sweeping changes which they have made in their station is located approximately parallel with the shore new designs, clianges based on the so-called lessons of line of the river, and at a point about a mile from tne Japanese war-if future engagements will not be the point where the upper rapids commence. The the long-range affairs that is commonly supposed, entrance to the forebay is closed by a strongly-con­ and the opposing fleets, keen for the delivery of a structed iron screen, carried upon a line of masonry crushing and conclusive attack, draw into closer range piers, which serves to prevent the entrance of ice and where the secondary armament can play on the enemy driftwood. Just inside the screen the entrance is with telling effect--;in such event the "Connecticut," crossed by a handsome masonry arch bridge, which with her eight 8-inch and twelve 7-inch guns in ef­ has been built to carry one of the driveways of the fective range, might well prove to be a match for one park. Beyond the bridge the channel widens out into of the new type carrying a few very powerful, but a broad basin 626 x 150 feet in extent, across whose slow-firing guns. waters one sees the dignified and impressive mass of The "Connecticut" is 450 feet by 76 feet 10 inches. the great power station. The water flows from the by 24 feet 6 inches, and displaces 16,000 tons. With forebay to the penstocks through a series of arched 16,500 horse-power she is designed to make 18 knots openings, whence it is conducted by eleven great pen­ an hour. Her full bunker capacity is 2,200 tons of stocks 10 feet 214 inches in diameter to as many tur­ coal. She carries a continuous belt, 11 inches thick bines located in one long. line on the floor.of the wheel amidships.' Her 12-inch guns are protected by 12-inch pit. The effective head of water is 133 feet. From armor; her 8-inch guns by 8-inch armor, and her the turbines the water 1S discharged through draft 7-inch guns are mounted behind armor 7 inches thic](' tubes into a discharge tunnel which. measures 25 feet Her complete armament is four 12's, eight .8's, twelve in height by 18 .feet 10 inches in width. The tunnel 7's, twenty 3's, twelve 3-pounders, and fourteen small extends from the wheel. pit to the face of the' gorge, guns. She also carries four submerged torpedo tubes. a distance of about 1,700 feet, just below the Horse­ Our illustrations represent the emplacing of one of shoe Falls, where it discharges at the level of the the four heavy, long-caliber, 12-inch guns, each of river. which with its saddle and attached port-shield weighs The distinctive feature of this power station is the 75 tons. The guns were lifted and lowered into posi­ unusual size of the turbines and the generating units, tion by the large floating gantry CTdne which was each of which is of a capacity of 10,000 horse-power, or built three years ago specially for the Erc-,)zlyn navy exactly double that of the units established in the first yard for doing this kind of work. T13 gun is lifted power plant of the Niagara Falls Power Company on by means of two wire .cable slings attached to the the American side. It was a notable step on the part lower sheaves of two separate hOisting cables. These of the company to increase the size of its units by hoisting cables lead up to and over a traveling car, 100 per cept, and no little credit is due to them for which runs upon tracks laid on the lower chords of the being the first to make so bold a move at Niagara. cantilever boom. The gun is lifted from the deck The advantages of the larger units are many and valu· 12-Inch Gun Being Transferred from �'loating Crane of the crane untiLit is high eno1.lgh to clear the top able. In�he .fiI'stplace thj;)y occupy .bat little more to the Ship. of the turret. The carriage is then hauled out by space thl1n' units of 5,000 horse-power, and, conse­ means of cables that run in a sheave at the outer end quently, for a given total capacity of plant, there is a the armor for her turrets, the United StaLes battle­ of the boom, until it is in the correct position over great reduction in the length of the wheel pit and the ship "Connecticut," which, as our readers are aware, the turret, and the gun is then lowered into position. power house. Moreover, 10,000 horse-power generators has been constructed at the Brooklyn navy yard, A new feature in these pieces is the provision of a cost considerably less per horse-power than generators would to-day be a completed ship. As it is, about massive port-shield with parallel. vertical edges, the of 5,000 horse-power capacity. The turbines, which three or four per cent of the work remains to be done width of the shield being such that when the gun is in were designed and built by Escher, Wyss & Co., are and practically the whole of this relates to the mount­ position, the clearance between the shield and the gun ' of the vertical type and the power is transmitted by ing of the guns and the bolting on of the turret armor. port is only about sufficient to allow the insertion of massive vertical shafting, 3 feet 4 inches diameter The four 12-inch guns and the eight 8-inch are in a lead pencil. The shield gives a perfect protection in the hollow portion and 14 to the gun detachment inside tht' inches in the solid portion, to turret against fragments of burst­ eleven generators located on the ing shell, and inCidentally, it floor of the power house at serves to prevent the entrance of groUlld level. The generators are gases from the 8-inch guns which wound for three-phase, 25·cycle are mounted a pair on each beam, current of 11,000 volts potential, astern of the 12-inch turret. The the speed of revolution being 250 12-inch gun is an, exceedingly per minute. This high voltage handsome piece, and its great was selected because of the econ­ length of 45 calibers, or nearly omy that it secured in local dis­ 50 feet over all, gives it an appear­ tribution of the power, the cost ance of perfect proportion that is of underground distribution of not possessed by the earlier pieces three-phase, l1,OOO-volt current be­ of shorter length. 'The initial serv­ ing about one-fifth of that of dis­ ice velocity is 2,700 feet a second, tribution of a two-phase 2,200-volt and its 850-pound shell leaves the current. muzzle with an energy of about The cable connections are so ar­ 44,000 foot tons-sufficient for the ranged that the Canadian power penet�ation of 16lh inches of house can operate in connection Krupp steel at a distance of 5,060 with one or both of the American yards, providing, of course, that plants. The cables are carried the projectile carries the usual across the Niagara River over the soft cap. upper steel arch bridge, the total Through the courtesy of Capt. distance between the two plants William J. Baxter, chief naval being about three and one-half constructor at the yard, we were miles. The three-phase, 11,000- given an opportunity to make an volt current is changed to two­ inspection of the great battleship, phase, 2,200-volt current for paral­ which has left a strong impression leling, by means of step-down of the skill with which the in­ transformers; or, if desired, it is terior arrangements have been delivered direct to the various planned, and of the absolutely manufacturing concerns on the first-class character of the work. lands of the Niagara Falls Power The great size of the ship has en­ Company. The output of this abled the designers to provide ae­ great plant will be available for commodations for the officers and Canadian industries in the Prov­ crew which are exceedingly lib­ ince of Ontario, so far as they lie eral and comfortable, and marked within transmission distance, and by careful attention to the latest subject to the Canadian demand These guns with their attached shields weigh, each, 75 tons. They are hoisted and moved into place by the floating gantry sanitary requirements. Particu­ for power it will be available for crane shown in the illustrations. larly interesting is the care with American consumers on the MOUNTING THE 12·INCH GUNS 'IN THE FORWARD TURRET OF THE BATTLESHIP "CONNECTICUT." which this provision has been car- Scientific America.n.

ried out as far as it affects the living quarters of the be taken at a point near Prattsville; 4. Catskill Creek, it is recommended that immediate relief, which is even crew. Immediately above the boiler room is to be to be taken at a point about one mile north of East more necessary in the case of Brooklyn than Manhat­ found a long line of shower baths for the use of the Durham, and also six small streams tributary to aque­ tan Island, be sought in the more easterly sources of firemen ; steam-heated drying racks, for their working duct from Catskill Creek to Ashokan reservoir. The Long Island, which have been as yet undeveloped. clothes; a plentiful supply of wash basins and other total available yield of these Catskill sources, exclusive The connection to Staten Island will probably consist essentials to cleanliness and decency. The same pro· of interstate tributaries, is 660 million gallons daily, of a 48·inch main leading to a terminal emergency vision is made further forward for the crew ; and and, 511 million gallons if we exclude the Catskill reservoir built on high ground on Staten Island. men,tion should be made of a lofty, well-ventilated supply of 149 million gallons. Although there is no The estimated cost of constructing the Ashokan res­ hospital and of a special room for patients having immediate call for the total amount, the present rate ervoir and aqueducts, emergency reservoirs, etc., but infectious diseases, while is tiled throughout, ceiling, of growth of the demand in this city renders it cer­ not the filter beds, as above outlined, is $112,092,000, fioor, and walls, so that it can be subjected to thor· tain that New York city will, within twenty-five years, and the time for its completion from five to eight ough washing and disinfection after the patient has need substantially all the waters that these sources can years. The total cost of completing the whole system, been removed. supply in years of extremely low rainfall. including the Scarsdale filtration plant (estimated to As regards the working of the guns, all of which, THE GREAT ASHOKAN RESERVOIR.-The scheme of con­ cost $17,525,000) and the Rondout and Schoharie de­ by the way, are electrically·controlled, the most inter­ struction proposed is to build at once that portion of velopments, is $161,857,000. esting features are those having to do with the speedy the system which will give the city, in the near future, • f., • a sufficient additional supply, to safeguard it against and safe delivery of the ammunition supply to its ArtifiCial Albumen.-& New Condeused Food to proper destination. This contains many new features any danger of a water famine. The first section that it Supplant Meat. which are of such a character that it is not advisable is proposed to constl'Uct in accordance with this prin­ Consul Pike, of Zittau, reports that an interesting that they should be made public. Suffice it to say that ciple is the great Ashokan reservoir with , a capacity discovery is being discussed by the German press, the ammunition hOists, and the methods adopted for of 250 million gallons daily, and ' an aqueduct of 500 which refers to the result of a recent investigation by the transportation and distribution of the ammunition millio.n gallons daily capacity, to extend from the Prof. Emil Fischer, of Berlin. He writes: from the various magazines to these hoists, have been reservoir to a crossing beneath the Hudson River at "It is contended that the principal nourishment reo New Hamburg, from which place it will be carried to so skillfully designed and placed, that the mechanism quired by the human body for its maintenance is alubp­ New York by way of the new Croton reservoir. The is practically secure against shell fire. As long as men, according to the renowned professor of physiol­ any gun is in action, the gun captain need have no ogy, Pfeiffer, the source of all muscular strength. For anxiety on the score of a failure of the supply of pow­ this reason it has at all times been the endeavor of der and projectiles. our learned men to obtain more knowledge of this Finally, as regards the very interesting competition important ingredient of our daily food. Up till now in the construction of the "Connecticut" and the all such efforts have been in vain, but it was recog· "Louisiana" (a competition, by the way, which the nized that were it possible to make artificial albumen, parties concerned in the construction of the two ships a complete change in the present system of nourishing deny as having any existence ), it may be said that at the human body would be brought about and would the present time the two ships stand about level. render the now so necessary meat foods to a great When the proposition was made to have the "Connecti­ extent dispensable. cut" built at a government yard, those who ob­ "Prof. Emil Fischer, director of the leading chemi­ jected to such an arrangement declared that if the cal institution, the Berlin University, has gained the government built the ship she would cost from any­ credit of having accomplished the first analysis of where from 30 to 40 per cent more and take far longer natural albumen. He has established the composition to build, than if she were constructed at a private of the various ingredients, some of which he has suc­ yard. As a matter of fact she has been built in the ceeded in producing artificially. The substance thus same time, and has cost only about 15 per cent more obtained he has called 'polypeptide,' and it is said to than her sister ship "Louisiana" ; and this in spite of possess a large number of the properties characteristic the fact that the government employees have shorter of natural albumen. The vast importance of this dis­ hours and receive higher pay than the employes in covery will be better comprehended when we realize private yards. that the introduction of this artificial food will reduce • Ie • the disastrous effects of bad harvests, pestilence, etc., THE NEW WATER SUPPLY FOR NEW YORK CITY. to a minimum, and cause famine to become a thing of In the choice of a new source of water supply for the past." New York city, the engineers of the present Board .�.. . of Water Supply have been obliged to exclude from The Current Supolemcnt. their investigations certain desirable water sheds and The current SUl'PLlcMEl\T, No.. 1577, opens with the rivers that had been shut out by prohibitory legisla­ first installment of a good article on Torpedo-Boat tion. The sources of supply in the Catskill Mountains Destroyel's. Clarence M. Barber writes instructively recommended by the Board have been chosen as pre­ on fuel briquetting in America. The excellent article senting the most quickly available and the best and on "Cement Mortar and Concrete : Their Preparatio.n cheapest large sources that can be obtained under pres., and Use for Farm Purposes," is concluded. Recent ent conditions. The Housatonic River is ruled out advances in wireless telegraphy are reviewed by J. because of its location in the State of Connecticut. Erskine Murray. Of interest to the army of pilgrims Ten Mile River, a tributary of the Housatonic flowing who each summer return to New England to enjoy into Connecticut, is ruled out by the uncertainty of the beautiful excurSions for which Bo.ston offers a ' the law governing the diversion of interstate waters; NEW natural geographical and historical center, will spe­ and the watersheds adjOining the Croton watershed cially wish to include in their itinerary a day at the on the north are ruled out by the prohibitions of the Harvard Botanical Gardens, inasmuch as the cen· Legislature in 1903·04. tenary of this institution's conception has been cele­ The choice of the Catskill sources was made largely E R S brated. M. C. Crawford gives a comprehensive descrip­ as the result of a study of the very full data found in tion of the garden, and illustrates it with many photo­ the report of the Commission on Additional Water graphs. The scientific treatment of high-pressure ex­ Supply (the so·called Burr-Hering-Freeman Commis­ plOSives, both solid and gaseous, has left much to be sion) appointed by Mayor Low in 1902. The elaborate desired. For that reason Mr. J. E. Petaval's treatise, studies of that commission, included in ', their report published in the SUPPLEMENT, may be regarded as the and published by the city, were carried on ·by a corpa most valuable contribution to our knowledge of the MAP OF NEW YORK CITY'S' PROPOSED NEW of engineers and assistants comprising in all about the minor articles which may be WATER SUPPLY. subject. Among two hundred men, who spent an entire w,orking season mentioned are those entitled "Starting the Engine," in· the field, and very carefully examined the quality Ashokan reservoir will carry its full water line at an "The Brake Shoe Problem," "Water Power at High and feasibility of all available sources in the State elevation of 600 feet above mean sea, level. Pressure," "A Simple Camera Shutter," "Hybridiza­ of New York. This same commission was' reconvened RYE AND KENSICO RESERVOIRs.,-FroIn the Croton tion of Plants," "Star-Streaming," "Cost of Running by Mayor McClellan and after further investigation reservoir the 500-million-gallon aqueduCt WIll be con­ a Motor Delivery Tricycle." recommended, without reserve, the Catskill Mountain tinued south to Kensico reservoir, W'hJch will be en· . ' • Fe ... sources as being now the most available for a large larged to include Rye Pond an:d form an emergency future supply. storage reservoir at an elevation of 355 feet above American Homes and Gardens Co r April. In other independent investigations the Catskill mean tide containing 25 billion gallons, or fifty The April number of American Homes and Gardens Mountain sources have been repeatedly considered and days' supply at 500 miflion gallons daily; Continuing is one of the handsomest and most diversified issues of proposed, notably as the result of a study of the sub­ south for about four miles, ·tliEOr reservoir will lead to a the periodical which has thus far been. published. The ject under the chief engineer of the Department of large filtering plant at Scarsdale, and six miies' to the "notable American home" which Mr. Barr Ferree pic­ Water Supply, Gas and Electricity of this city during south of this there will' be another storage reservoir turesquely describes is the Long Isiand residence of years 1902 and 1904. at Hill View. The advantage of tl1�se two. reservoirs Mr. W. K. Vanderbilt, Jr., at Great Neck. Beautiful CATSKILL SOURCES TO BE ApPROPRIATED,-The Commis­ is that should any mishap occur anywhere along the photographic illustrations accompany the text. Other sion on Additional Water Supply recommended that 69 miles of aqueduct to the north,· ample time would residences, not quite so large, although distinguished steps be taken at once toward the building of reser­ be given to make repairs without interfering with the by architectural taste, are descri bed and illustrated. voirs, aqueducts, and filters, sufficient to store, purify, regular city supply. Most interesting to the great majority of readers will and convey to New York city 500,000,000 gallons of BROOKLYN AND STATEN ISLAND CONNECTION.-For the be the account of some successful houses costing from water daily from various new sources ; and the report supply of Brooklyn and Staten Island a tunnel of 200 $3,000 to $6,000. Photographs and plans of these of the present chief engineer of the Board of Water million gallons daily capacity will be driven below the dwellings are published. Instructive, too, as well as Supply, Mr. J. Waldo Smith, recommends that the East River, with connections suitable for delivering helpful are excell ently ' i llustrated contributions on following sources be appropriated for New York city, 100 million gallons daily to Brooklyn, this connection "Weaving as an Occupation for Women," by Mabel these being those for 'which authority is 'now being terminating in a large reservoir·in Forest Park. An· Tuke Priestman ; "Old-Fashioned Clocks in American sought in a bill before th e legislature: 1. Esopus other line, capable of delivering 20 million gallons Homes," by Mary H. Northend; "Modern Theory and Creek, to be taken at a point near Olive Bridge ; 2. daily, will be built by way of Brooklyn, its course being the Bedroom," by Jay Wheeler Dow ; "Construction and Rondout Creek, to be taken at a point near Napanoch ; indicated on the accompanying map. In' view of the Care of the Hotbed," by Ida Bennett ; "Garden Work three small streams tributary to the Rondout, to be fact that it will be from five to eight years before the for April," by Eben Rexford, as well as many other ar­ taken as shown on the map; 3. Schoharie Creek, to first water can be brought in from the Catskill region, ticles both timely and entertaining. Scientific American

In their report of 1888 the lighthouse board stated miles, and the location selected, as shown by stUdies that the erection of a permanent lighthouse off Cape of the government maps made during the last fifty Cement Tiles Once iJIore. Hatteras would be an engineering task of great magni­ years, has suffered but slight alterations in depth. To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN : tude. After the caisson has been scuttled water ballast In your article of March 3 I notice an article by In 1902 O. L. Spaulding, acting Secretary of the will be pumped into the twenty-four side compartments C. E. Bartlett in regard to cement tile for farm drain- Treasury, stated that the probable cost of erecting such above the sea level. It is then proposed to sink the age. a permanent light on Diamond Shoals according to the foundation caisson as quickly as possible, by a com­ I have no doubt Mr. Bartlett is conscientious in his best plans then proposed would be $1,588,000. bined dredging and compressed air process, the dredg­ opinion but I am afraid he will carry an erroneous The ship-owning and seafaring people throughout ing being done in and through the central well or idea to some one interested in farm drainage. the country clearly realize the importance to their shaft, and the caisson being sunk as far as practicable The fact is: no water to speaK of goes through the property and their lives of the work intrusted to Capt. by open dredging through this well. This work will wall of the tile, but at the joint. Eells and his associates. The petition to Congress for be preferahly done in the spring of the year, as at that For proof take a soft tile, cement the bottom, fill the passage of the act contained the' names of fifteen time the prevailing winds are from the shore, and with water and cover so that none of the water will marine insurance companies, fifteen national banks therefore, the seas do not run so high. be lost by evaporation. If the tile is an unusually soft doing the business of marine men, and 209 steamship After the caisson has been sunk as far as practicable one you will find at the end of twenty-four hours that lines and miscellaneous marine organizations. by open dredging and the added weight of water and the water has lowered about Y2 inch. Through the courtesy of Harriman Brothers, the en­ concrete, the lower air chambers will be filled with In this section of the country the farmers are put­ gineers who have been imrusted with the designing compressed air to force out the water. Laborers will ting in thousands of tile every year, and the simple and the erection of the lighthouse, we are enabled to enter these chambers and assist the hydraulic dredging fact that the glazed tile are meeting a ready sale and present the following description of the proposed machinery in excavating with powerful water jets, giving universal satisfaction, against scarcely no sale structure. shovels and special tools to force the sand toward the for soft tile, is in itself proof of the error of Mr. The foundation for the lighthouse will be a massive central tube, whence it " will be pumped upward and Bartlett's statement. W. M. SNYDER. steel caisson in the form of a truncated cone with a discharged through the outer shell. Renwick, Iowa, March 7, 1906. cylindrical base. Upon this will be erected a tower While the dredging is being done the work will be • e· . comprising essentially a Vlate-steel cylinder with a be .carried on as fast as possible in filling the dif­ To Prevent Obnoxious Odors in tIle Subway. slight batter from base to top, which tower will sup­ ferent chambers with concrete. The material-cement, To the Editor of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN : port a lantern at a height of 150 feet above sea level. crushed stone, granite blocks, boulders, supplies, etc.­ I have read in your valuable paper, from time to The foundation caisson will be 108 feet in diameter will be brought to the caisson in lighters, and hoisted time, various suggestions as to the best means of dOing at the bottom, 80 feet high and 50 feet in diameter at aboard and stored in the different rooms to be used away with the obnoxious odors in the New York Sub­ the top. It will have a double shell of . steel plates when required. A balance in weight will be preserved way, and having traveled in the Subway myself during parallel to each other, spaced 6 feet apart and attached between the increasing weight of the structure and the the past summer, I therefore make these suggestions : to twenty-four upright inclined plate girders, which increasin.g buoyancy of the surrounding water as the (1) I would have suspended from each truck a cas­ will divide the space between the shells into twenty­ caisson sinks to its final depth. The caisson may thus ing (made of some thin metal), same to inclose wheels, four watertight compartments. It will have a double be temporarily held at about the same level, to facili­ brake, shoes and boxes, and having of course an open­ bottom, which is about 7 feet higher than the outer tate certain details of the excavation, or it may be ing at the bottom for the wheels, said opening to be bottom edge of the caisson. The space between the two made to sink more rapidly in the sand. almost airtight, so as not to allow too great an inflow floors of the bottom, about 7 feet apart, is divided into It has been estimated by a competent engineer, who of the outside air while the aim pump is running. twenty-four sections by twenty-four frames or trusses, has made an investigation of this location, that the (2) Have one car in each train fitted with an elec­ extending radially from near the bottom of the twenty­ sand is capable of supporting a weight as high as from tric pump, also a tank (for the storage of foul air), four outer inclined girders, horizontally, to within eight to ten tons per square foot, but at no place, with connecting each casing to a running pipe under the 8 feet of the center of the caisson. this structure, will the pressure be greater than 3.6 car, same to empty into storage tank. The central part of the caisson will be in the form of tons, after deducting the amount of buoyancy or the By having the wheels, brake shoes, and boxes in­ an open vertical shaft, 16 feet in diameter, extending pressure of the water displaced by the caisson. cased, as above stated, the casing would catch any from top to bottom, inclosed by steel plates riveted As soon as the caisson has been sunk to its proper waste oil that might otherwise fall to the roadbed (and together and riveted to the steel girders, extending depth, about 26 feet below the surface of the sand, the in time cause obnoxious odors) ; also the heat gen­ horizontally from this shaft to the inner edge of the bottom being about 50 feet below the surface of the erated from the application of the air brakes, which as twenty-four inclined girders mentioned. These hori­ water, the work of filling will begin. A rip-rap apron we know is very disagreeable. zontal girders, being about 13 feet one above the other, of oval shape, composed of irregular granite blocks or (3) When the motorman applies the air brakes, the act as temporary floor beams that will divide the cais· boulders, will be deposited on the surface of the sand air pump could be automatically started and run as son into five large circular rooms. entirely around the foundation, extending outward long as he may deem necessary in order that the foul The estimated weight of the entire structure, includ­ about 75 feet from the edge of the caisson in the direc­ air which has arisen during the application of the air ing the lighthouse and contents, is to be 27,000 tons. tion of the greatest exposure. brake and already in the casings, with any other odor The displacement of water will be about 10,000 tons, After this caisson has been scuttled and sunk a few that may have arisen from the oil, be forced into the which will leave an effective weight resting on the feet into the sand it is claimed that it will withstand storage tank. sands of the Diamond Shoals of about 17,000 tons, cov­ any storm that may come . up at that season of the year, (4) When the train has come out into the open air, ering an effective area on the base of 8,960 square feet. and by the time it has. reached its total depth of or has arri.ved at the yards, a release valve in the This will give a pressure on the base from a vertical 26 feet in the sand and been partially filled with gran­ storage tank could be opened, thus allowing the in­ weight of 1.9 tons per square foot. The resultant ite and cement and. surrounded with rip-rap, it will closed air to escape. pressure on the base from wind and wave is about 0.9 withstand as great a storm as has ever been recorded (5) Have the casings made similar to the present of a ton per square foot, added to the vertical weight off these shoals. boxes, allowing for the injection of oil, also space for of 1.9 tons per square foot, gives the maximum pres­ The entire shell of the caisson having been filled the cleaning out of the casings when necessary. sure on the leeward side of the caisson of 2.8 tons per with concrete, and the central tube having been loaded It seems to me that this would be a partial solution square foot, while the pressure on the windward side with sand, except a space of about 12 feet deep, for a of the present annoyan<:e. JOSEPH J. PARMENTER. of the base would be 1.9 tons per square foot, minus cistern that will hold 15,000 gallons of fresh water, Chicago, February 27, 1906. 0.9 ton wind and wave pressure. This would still and for rooms 14 feet high for storing the oil, water, leave a downward pressure on the windward side of and hoisting engine for the lighthouse, the foundation 'l'HE DIAMOND SHOALS LIGHTHOUSE. the base of one ton per square foot, which gives this will be complete. The erection of the lighthouse or Ever since American shipping amounted to any­ entire structure as here designed a stability never superstructure will thereupon begin. The lighthouse is thing the Diamond Shoals, extending for eighteen before submitted for the construction of such a light­ of steel construction, and consists of an outside circu­ miles out into the Atlantic, off the point of Cape Hat­ house. The caisson is to be built at some shipyard lar steel shell with an inner central steel tube, which teras, on the North Carolina coast, has been the worst and towed to its destination. contains a spiral stairway, chimneys, and ventilators, menace to shipping known to mariners. The central tube in the caisson, which extends from all of which are well braced by steel girders, frames, A properly placed beacon light at that point is top to bottom, is made of curved rolled steel plates, and partitions, and which has eight different floors an imperative necessity ; for the lighthouse located attached to the ends of the horizontal floor girders besides the lantern g"allery and watchroom. The bn the outer bar is too far inward from the Diamond and to the bracings, all of which when riveted together outer shell of this structure is to be lined with a layer Shoals, while the lightt:hip is too distant seaward, but will form a vessel-like caisson of circular shape, built of concrete or plaster placed upon wire mesh or ex-. is far enough out to insure sufficient depth for all ves­ sufficiently strong to stand its sea voyage and the wind panded metal, about 4 inches thick. sels. In rough weather, the light is not easily discern­ and wave pressure, after its final settlement into the The first floor will be equipped with three lifeboats, ible. A permanent structure located at the edge of the sands of the Diamond Shoals. with a crane for hoisting or lowering on the outside. outer shoal, and high enough to be seen in all kinds of All the inside horizontal girders are covered at the The second floor will be divided into four rooms and weather, has become a necessity. An attempt was different elevations to make temporary floors and will contain the fog-signaling apparatus and two oil made not very long ago to build a lighthouse on this rooms in the caisson. It is proposed to place in these engines. The third floor will contain the hoisting en­ shoal, but was unsuccessful. For four or five years rooms, at the time of towing, the boiler, engines, gine for operating the crane, and two large provision past Capt. Albert F. Eells, of Boston, Mass., has given pumps, derricks, dredging apparatus, concrete-mixing rooms and a bedroom. T'he fourth floor will have the subject much study, and has recently been success, machinery, water, sand and cement, and the different two bedrooms, a writing room and a bathroom. The ful in persuading Congress to give him an opportunity materials necessary for sinking and filling, as well as fifth floor will have two bedrooms, a writing room, to build a lighthouse at his own expense. Under the supplies and equipment for the workmen. and a bathroom. One half of the sixth floor terms of the bill he is authorized to construct a sub­ A portion of the space between the two outer shells, will be devoted to the dining room, and will have a stantial, sufficient lighthouse and fog signal of the and part of the bottom will be filled with concrete well-equipped kitchen, pantry and refrigerator. Thtl most improved construction, together with auxiliary before leaving the shipyard, so that the caisson will seventh floor will have a double sitting room and a works. draw about 21 feet of water. laundry, and on this floor will be placed a tank that The act specifies that Capt. Eells and his associates After reaching its destination the caisson will be will hold 1,600 gallons of fresh water. The eighth shall build the light station at their own cost, maintain held in place by suitable anchors and cables. It will floor will be properly equipped for the Lighthouse the structure and operate the light in accordance with be scutHed by pumping water into the interior com­ Service room. The ninth floor will contain the watch the regulations of the lighthouse board for one year, partments until it rests on the sands in about 24 feet room and will have a gallery extending all the way also at their own cost, after which it shall be placed of water, leaving the top or deck about 56 feet above around it, where those connected with the life-saving under the control of the lighthouse board, who shall the surface of the ocean. service as well as th"e light service may keep constant operate it for four years more at the cost of the The lighthouse will be located some distance back watch and records, during calm or storm. The floor United States. Eells and his associates shall then be from the outer edge of the shoals, so that it will be above this will contain the light, for the installation entitled from the United States to the sum of $750,000, protected from the unbroken force of the ocean waves of which the government has separately appropriated provided the etructllrfl is in a substantial and satisfac­ in time of storm. The shoals below the four-fathom $30,000. The light will be of the firstorder and will be tory condition. contour extend over an area of about six miles by two seen at a distance of 15 miles. Scientific Ame rica.n MARCH 24. 1906.

SOME RECENT FOREIGN FLYING complete, is 287 pounds. The most MACHINES. important feature of the whole The present year bids fair to see machine is said to be that the op­ the solution of the problem of the erator can maintain it at any de­ "heavier than air" flying machine, sired angle to the horizontal. The judging from the number of aero­ machine is said to have flown when planes now being experimented tethered to a pole and run around with by inv entors the world over. a wide circular track surrounding The following descriptions will it. At present the inventor is con­ give an idea of some of the latest structing a motor of larger horse­ attempts at solving the problem of power. As soon as this is com­ flight with a machine of this kind. pleted he plans to give a demon­ Four of our illus trations show stration before Prince Waldemar of the recently invented aeroplane of Denmark, who is greatly interested M. Vuia. This machine consists in aeronautical matters. of a pair of wings covered with Front View of Vuia Aeroplane. A distinctly novel type of flying varnished silk which, when un­ machine is what may be called a folded, have the appearance of a revolving aeroplane apparatus. gigantic bat, as can be seen from This is shown at the bottom of the two of the annexed illustrations. next page. It consists, as may be The aeroplane is mounted on a seen, of two triangular wings in­ framework of steel tubing carried clined somewhat with the hori­ on four pneumatic-tired wire zontal, and suitably mounted on wheels, the front pair of which can rollers on a circular track. The be steered after the maIliner of an track is supported upon a frame­ automobile. In the upper part of work of steel tubing, within which the framework is a carbonic acid the operator is supposed to sit. motor, capable of giving 25 horse­ Mounted upon the wings are two power when operated at high pres­ propellers which are driven by sure. The motor drives the pro­ belts from a motor placed at the peller placed in front of the wings, base of the wings and also mounted and thus draws the machine along on the same frame with them, the the road. When sufficient speed idea being that the wings, driven is attained the machine is expected by the propellers, will revolve rap­ to rise in the air. The speed idly and lift the machine in a ver­ necessary for this is estimated to tical direction. After it has at­

be about 36 miles an hour. As soon The Voia Aeroplane Ready to Rise. tained the desired height, the op­ as the machine is in the air, it can erator can tilt it by moving his The aeroplane is mounted on a light qlladricycle so that it can be drawn along the ground by its propeller until be steered to the right or left by sufficient speed is attained to enable it to rIse in the air. body toward the rudder, and thus means of a vertical rudder, while can cause it to move forward as its inclination is varied by means of varying the angle and in a practical manner the best form to give the well as rise. A parachute can be carried within the of the wings, which are made to turn about their hori­ propellers which it is intended to use for aerial pro­ circular frame and opened in case the machine falls. zontal axis. The total weight of the complete machine pulsion, and the variations in tileir efficiency accord­ The photograph is of a model constructed of oak, bam- is 195 kilogrammes (639.76 pounds), to which must ing to the speed with which they are revolved_ It would be worth while to fit such a machine with a 100- horse-power Buchet motor, weighing 2.2 pounds to the horse-power, in order to see what could be accomplished. The experiments made thus far were certainly very in­ teresting, and all those having the conquest of the air at heart will follow any future ones the inventor may make,_with the ,gIeatest,att(imtion. Four other illustrations, - shown herewith, depict a new aeroplane of somewhat similar construction, which is the invention of Mr. J. C. H_ Ellekammer, a Dane who has made a name for himself in con.nection with the motor bicycle which he invent ed, and the chief features of which are a patent starting valve and "turbine" . carbureter. Mr. Ellekammer began work about a year ago upon this aeroplane and in its trial so far it has been altogether successful. The novel feature about this machine is the long semi-circular body within the front end of which is mounted a pro­ peller. The latter produces a powerful draft beneath this curved body and draws the machine forward through the air. The propeller is driven by a belt from a three-cylinder motor placed directly beneath it, and the cylinders of which set at an angle of 120 degrees, and work upon a single crank. The motor is air-cooled, as usual. Two large triangular wings serve to steady the machine an.d help support it . The operator sits upon a saddle just back ' of the motor. Near View 25-Horse-Power, 4-Cylindel' The Aeroplane with Win�s Folded, of Three bicycle wheels are used to support the machine Com ressed·A ir lUotor. As It Ran Along the Road. p when it is upon terra firma. The machine is con­ be added the weight of M. Vuia, which is 50 kilo­ structed of light steel tubing and canvas. Its length boo, canvas, and steel tubing for the purpose of show­ grammes (164.04 po unds) _ The length of "the wings is 28 feet, arid its wi dth across the wings, 32 feet. ing that the machine could be built on a large scale. from front to back is 2.40 meters (7.87 feet). Their It is fitted with an 8-foot propeller, and its width The wings are 30 feet across and they have a peri- breadth is 8.70 meters (28.54 feet). The pro­ phery of 27 feet. The rudder was about 7 feet peller is 2.20 meters (7.21 feet) in diameter and long and the propellers about 10 feet in diam­ has a pitch of 2.35 meters (7.71 feet)_ In the eter_ The total weight of the machine was in initial experiments made some weeks ago with the neighborhood of 300 pounds, and it was this machine, the wind blew so hard that it was fitted with a light air-cooled gasoline motor of impossible to extend the enormous wings of the 3* horse-power, weighing some 50 pounds. This aeroplane. Consequently, the inventor confined machine is the invention of an Englishman, himself to experimenting with the propeller, Mr. George Clout, whose present address is 234 while causing it to draw the machine along the West 14th Street, this city. He has spent some road with the wings folded. The road was mud­ fifteen years working out t his idea and is de­ dy an.d rutty, and there was a slight up:grade. sirous of interesting capital for the purpose of Notwithstanding this, when the propeller tll-rned building a practical machin-e along these lines. the machine started and attained a speed of 12 An engineer living in Mo naco, Mons. M. lAger, miles an hour. The wind blew from the side. has recently tried to find a satisfactory solution On the return trip, which was slightly" down­ of the problem of flight by a combination of a grade, a little higher speed was attained. - M. helicoptere and aeroplane. His invention is Vuia, accompanied by his mechanic, rode" back based on the following considerations : and forth several times with the same success. If helicupeters have failed to give the desired There is, of course, considerable difference be­ results, this is due to the fact that separate tween 12 miles and 36 miles an hour, the esti­ screws were used for support and for propulsion" !Ilated speed at which the machfne is supposed Now a vertical air screw in a horizontal air CUI­ to leave the ground; but the first experiments rent (and likewise a horizontal screw in a verti­ were sufficiently successful to encourage the in­ cal current) will never work satisfactorily. One Danish Aeroplane Running Along on the Ground Before ventor and those who witnessed them_ More- The of the blades of the screw will in fact possess Dver, this quadricycle, if run on a smooth, flat Rising. with regard to the air an absolute speed equiva­ track, can be used for studying with great ease VIEWS OF NEW FOREIGN AEROPLANES. lent to the sum of the tangential speed and the Scientific American 253

speed of propulsion, while only the difference of these exports from the United States, while all other parts two will be operative on the other side of the screw. of the world take a little less than a half billion dol­ One of the blades will accordingly tend to rise more lars' worth. In no year since 1899 has the value of rapidly than will the other, with the result that the exports to Europe fallen below one billion dollars, equilibrium of the whole machine is upset. Leger while that to all other countries has never touched accordingly uses two screws, which serve simultane­ the 500 million dollar mark. Prior to 1900 the ex­ ously for supporting and propelling the machine. ports to Europe had never been as much as one billion These screws are arranged at an oblique angle, their dollars in value; in that year they crossed the billion common axis being placed in a vertical direction for dollar line, being 1,040 millions, and have since that rising and descending, and in an oblique position for time averaged about 1,050 millions per annum. In horizontal movement. These screws, rotating in op­ 1900 the exports to all sections of the world other than posite directions round their common axis, mutually Europe were 354 million dollars in value, but have deal with the resulting recoil. If now the machine grown �ar by year until in 1905 they were 498 mil­ be given supporting surfaces, the axis of the screws lions, the growth since 1900 in exports to tne non­ being inclined as far as the horizontal position, it will European countries having been proportionately great­ work as an aeroplane and have the advantage of this er than tnat to Europe. type of airship, viz., the requirement of much less On tne import side, Europe supplies, as already indi­ power for propulsion, or the attainment of a far higher cated, about one-half of tne merchandise brought into speed with a given amount of power. tne United States. Prior to 1890 tn� snare of tne im­ Leger has recently carried out experiments with a ports drawn from Europe averaged about 55 per cent ; helicopter of half the dimensions required for lifting after 1890 the average was a little more than, 50 per a man (see annexed cut) in the presence of the Prince cent ; in 1905 it was 48.4 per cent. This reduction in of Monaco, who takes an active interest in this work Diagram of Leger's Helicopter. the percentage of tne imports drawn from Europe is and who has repeatedly presented reports on the apparently accounted for by tne growing demand in same to the French Academy of Sciences. The tne United States for tropical and subtropical prod· screws of this apparatus were 6.25 meters (20.5 ucts wnicn are supplied almost exclusively by the feet ) in diameter and 1.75 meters (5.74 feet) in otner grand divisions of the world. The value of breadth. They were made of highly resistant rein­ tropical and subtropical products brougnt into tne forced aluminium sheets, and were each 21 kilo· United States in 1905 was 508 million, dollars, grammes (46.29 pounds ) in weight, while the com­ against 303 millions in 1895 and 218 millions in plete apparatus without the motor weighed 85 kilo­ 1885. Most of this class of imports comes, of grammes (187.39 pounds ). It was operated by an course, from tne non-European sections of th� electric motor placed on ·the ground and driving world; much of it from South America, especially the screws through a shaft and universal joints. coffee and India rubber ; much of it from tne south­ The experimental machine carried 25 kilogram­ ern part of Nortn America, espeCially sugar, sisal, mes (55.11 pounds) dead weight, the total amount and tropical fruits ; a considerable part from Asia, to be lifted thus being 110 kilogrammes (242.5 including tea, raw silk, and spices, while Oceania pounds), which was actually raised by the expendi­ contributes sugar, spices, cocoa, and otner products ture of 6 horse-power. Now motors of a maximum of this cnaracter, and Africa Egyptian cotton, India weight of 2 kilogrammes (4.4 pounds) per horse­ rubber, nides and skins, and a small supply of power, inclusive of the amount of fuel required for sugar. one hour's operation, are at present constructed. Tne trade of the United States with Europe is Fifteen kilogrammes (33.06 pounds) of the load composed on the import side chiefly of manufactures above referred to will accordingly correspond to a aoo materials for use in manufacturing; on tne ex­ motor of 7.5' horse power and 30 kilogrammes port side of food stuffs, manufacturers' materials, (66.13 pounds) to the weight of a man of half size. The Oppositely-Revolving Propellers of the Helicopter. and manufactures. The manufactures imported ' Now 110 kilog�ammes (242.5 pounds) were lifted from Europe are chiefly the higner grades of cot­ by 6-horse-power, i. e., 18.3 kilogrammes (40.4) ton, silk, and wool fabrics into whicn labor, and pounds) by each horse-power. Consequently 7.5 in many cases hand labor, largely enters ; wnile horse-power may be expected to produce an chemicals, certain grades of iron and steel manu­ ascensional force of 7.5 X. 18.3 . :- 137.25 kilo­ factures, toys, wines, cnina and porcelains, cut grajumes, ()r 313.08 pounds. As the machine, and plate glass, and ctner a:rticle.s of this kind motor, and half:size man weigh respectively 85, contribute largely to tne grand total. In addi­ 15, and 30 kilogrammes, there is a total weight tion to this, however, there are imported from to be lifted of 130 kilogrammes (286.59 pounds). tne European countries certain articles tne prod­ Therefore there should be 7.25 kilogrammes, or uct of their respective colonial pOl;lsessions, in­ 26.49 pounds surplus lifting power, which is cluding India rubber, fibers, tobacco, hides and ample. skins, wool, tin, raw silk, diamonds, and various The inventor intends shortly to construct and tropical and subtropical productions. The arti­ to test a helicopter of larger size. This fly­ cles exported to Europe are chiefly breadstuffs, ing machine is to be provided with screws of meats and live cattle, and fruits, for food; raw Front View of a Danish Aeroplane. 12.50 mete r s cotton for use (40.02 feet) in in manufactur­ diameter. The ing, and a va­ output of its riety of III a n u­ motor will be factures, includ­ 100 horse-power. i n g copper in It is intended to pigs, bars, and transport a man ingots, mineral and carry an oil, agricultural amount of fuel imp I ernen ts, sufficient for six boots and shoes, h 0 u r s' opera­ manufactures of tion: According wood, oil cake, to M. Leger, its cotton-seed a i I, dimensions a s vegetable oils, The Aeroplane Leaving Its Shed. Rear of Aeroplane, Showing Rudders. compared with n a val stores, those of other flying machines and various manufactures of will be rather moderate. iron and steel. ••• Of tne 1,021 million dollars' Trade of the United States wortn of mercnandise sent to with Europt·_ Europe in 1905, 239 millions Europe takes two-thirds of was manufactures, tne other the exports of the United 782 million dollars' worth be­ States and supplies practical­ ing largely food stuffs and ly one-half of the imports. manufacturers' mate riaI s. This statement summarizes With the growing tendency the facts which have been of our steadily increasing developed by a series of dis­ population to consume at cussions of the trade (,f the nome a larger share of t.h0 United States with the coun­ food stuffs produced in the tries of Europe recently pre­ United States, and to increas � sented by the Department of tne consumption by our own Commerce and Labor through factories, the supply which its Bureau of Statistics. can be spared for Europe is These discussions have pre­ decreaSing ratner than in­ sented an analysis of the creasing. and as a conse­ trade with each country of quence the percentage of ex­ Europe by principal articles, ports s ent to Europe is slowly and when summarized show decreaSing. that Europe takes more than An English Machine Consisting of Revolving Wings Driven by Propellers. Prior to 1887 tne share of a billion dollars' worth of the RECENT FLYING MACHINES OF THE HEAVIER-THAN-AIR TYPE. our total exports sent to Eu- 254 Scientific Axnerican rope was over 80 per cent; since that time the percent­ passes to the low-pressure cylinders through a length HOW SHINGLES ARE MADE. age has gradually fallen until it reached 72 per cent in of flexible coupling. The exhaust is led to the smoke BY DAY ALLEN WILLEY. 1902, and in 1905 was but 67.23 per cent of the total, box through a swivel jOint in the center of the low­ Although over $20,000,000 worth of shingles are while the share of the exports takEill by those grand pressure cylinder truck. manufactured in the United States yearly, this portion divisions to which the exports are chiefly manufactures Provision is made for supplying both the high-pres­ of the timber' industry is perhaps least known of the shows an increased percentage in 1905 compared with sure cylinders and also the low-pressure cylinders with several divisions into which the proq.ucts of the for­ 1904. high-pressure steam when found necessary, in starting est enter, partly for the reason that the making of ...... heavy loads or on heavy grades when increased power shingles, espeCially in the eastern part of the country, A NEW FRENCH COMPOUND LOCOMOTIVE. is found deSirable. In this case the engine operates is usually carried on in connection with the ordinary BY FRANK c. PERKINS. as a simple locomotive with four cylinders. sawmill. In fact, the making of shingles is classed as The powerful tank locomotive herewith illustrated ...... a. part of the sawmill industry, but in the States which has recently been constructed and placed in operation Opening of Broadway Extension to Hal')elll River. produce the greater proportion of the shingles, one by the Compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Nord. It The final section of the new subway at the extreme finds very large plants devoted to shingle making en­ has two sets of six-coupled driving wheels, one set in north end of Manhattan island to the south bank of tirely. front and the other at the rear, with two bogie wheels the improved Harlem River or ship canal was com­ As everyone knows, hemlock, cypress, and white pine connected with each truck, one pair follow ing the six pleted and put into operation on March 12, with the are used extensively for roofing purposes. Cedar, how­ forward drivers and the other pair on the rear truck exceptioI1 of two deep underground stations located ever, is employed to such an extent that over half of leading the six rear drivers. Each set of eight wheels at 168th and 181st Streets. These are 100 and 125 the shingles annually cut in the United States are of is carried in its own separate swiveling truck. There feet below the surface at Washington Heights, and this wood, the output of white pine shingles represent­ are two separate sets of tanks for water and fuel, one are connected by electric elevators in shafts sunk ing about $3,500,000 in val ue an� the cypress $3,000,- located over the forward driving wheels, and the other through solid rock; no stops will be made there until 000, nearly all of the remainder being contributed by over the rear drivers and inclosed with a cab as noted they are finished, which is promised at an early date. hemlock, which is used widely in the bJast. As cedar in the illustration. The shafts are 15 feet by 32 feet in size. The size forms such a large proportion of the forest growth of This locomotive is of considerable length, measuring of the stations cut in the rock are 320 feet long, by Oregon and Washington, we find in these States the 16.186 meters over all and including the bumpers. The 73 feet wide at the shafts, but narrower at each side majority of the mills devoted entirely to making total heighth of the locomotive is 4.22 meters and the sufficient for platform space. Trains are now run shingles. They secure the raw material usually in the total width 2.874 meters. The following interesting from the Battery at the .extreme south end of the isl­ form of "bolts"-Iogs which have been cut to the data as well as the drawing and photograph was fur­ and to the 157th Street station; there a transfer is exact length of the shingles desired, so that it is only nished by G. Du Bousquet, l'ingenieur en chef du made to the train running over the extension to Har­ necessary to split the bolt into the requisite thick­ materiel et de la traction of the La Chapelle works of lem River and King's Bridge every eleven minutes. nesses and finish the sections for commercial pur­ the Chemin de Fer du Nord. When all the stations are completed it is expected poses. As a rule, the mills are located in the Vicinity This locomotive has a boiler with 130 tubes, each trains will be run through without transfer. A person of woodland which has been stripped of the first 4.75 meters in length and of an external diameter of is· now able to have quick transit from one end of growth. 70 millimeters. The total heating surface of the boiler the island to the other for the moderate fare of five As is well known, the custom prevails in the North­ is 244.55 square meters, of which 234.56 square meters cents, a certainty which but a very few years ago west in cutting large trees of making the necessary represents the heating surface of the tubes. seemed like a visionary dream. incision anywhere from 6 feet to 10 feet above the The grate is 2.54 meters in length and 1.186 meters The first elevated structure of the Broadway section ground, as the felling can be done with more safety

A NEW FRENCH MALLET COMPOUND LOCOMOTIVE. Total heating surface. 2,361 square feet. Steam pressure. 228pounds. Cylinders : High·pressure, 16 illcbe�, low-pressure, 25 inches diameter, by 27 inches stroke. Wei ght, 103.4 tons_ in width, glvmg a total grate area of about 3 square of the subway is in the neigh borhood of West 125th and less difficulty. Consequently, a single stump of :l meters. The steam pressure is said to be 16 kilo­ Street, over what is known as Manhattan Valley. The tree 5 feet or 6 feet in diameter will cut into a sur­ grammes per square centimeter for this boiler, with a road then runs underground under Broadway or King's prisingly large number of shingles if it is sound in the maximum steam pressure of 6.5 kilogrammes per Bridge Road to 169th Street thence north in a straight heart. The bolts are made with cross-cut saws oper­ square centimeter for the low-pressure cylinders. The line under St. Nicholas Avenue and Washington ated by hand, · or portable saws driven by engines boiler shell has a diameter of 1.456 meters and is con" Heights to 199th Street, where it emerges from the mounted on trucks belted to mechanism especially de­ structed of steel plate 17 millimeters in thickness. It hill on to the secoiid elevated structure, comprising signed for this class of work. As the lengths lUto is mounted 2.8 meters above the rail. The steel frames three tracks over what is known as the Inwood Val­ which the stumps Or trunks are cut make them of a are more than 12 meters long and are spaced 1.142 ley to 218th Street station located on the south bank size which can be readily handled, the use of a tram­ meters apart. of the Harlem River and opposite the south end of way or skidway is unnecessary, and frequently advan­ The high-pressure cylinders are 400 millimeters In the drawbridge over the river at this point. tage is taken of some watercourse to construct a diameter and the low-pressure cylinders are 630 milli­ It is expected a new double-decked drawbridge will flume of suitable dimensions. This consists merely of meters in diameter, the piston stroke in each case supplant the present one by which the road can be car­ a conduit of planks supported at various distances being 680 millimeters. The diameter of the six driv­ ried over the Harlem and the tracks of the New York from the surface according to the grades to be over­ ing wheels is 1.455 meters, while 0.850 meter represents Central and Hudson River Railroad now running along Come. The water may be secured from a spring or the diameter of the four bogie wheels. The total its northern bank, up mider Broadway to Yonkers. It creek on the hillside, although at times it is diverted wheel base of each truck or the distance from the cen­ has taken five and Ii haH years to complete this sec­ from a larger stream by damming the latter, the fal l ter of the bogie wheel axle to the last driving wheel tion. of water in the flume being sufficient to carry the bolts axle is 5.795 meters, while the total wheel base of this A most charming and desirable residential section to the mill. · tank engine is 12.59 meters. of the city. will thus have convenient and frequent Some of the flum�s in Washington are ten and twelve The total weight of this French engine empty is transit to all other business sections. miles in length. A'3 fast as the timber is removed 81.482 tons, while its weigh t complete with water and • f.-� .. they are extended through the tracts where the bolt fuel ready for operation is 105.43 tons. The total Rush Paper. cutters are operating, since it is only necessary. to adhesive weight of the locomotive complete is 88.93 Very little paper has bC€n made of late years from place the bolts in the flume and thus transport them tons and it has a maximum effort when working as ,t rags. Vegetable substances are employed, as alfa, directly to the mill pond. The cost of building the compound engine of 18,607 kilogrammes with an in­ wood, and straw ; the idea has not prevailed that the flume is so small, that this novel method of transporta­ creased tractive effort of 24,064 kilogrammes with a \Vild or cultivated rush can be employed for this pur­ tion is generally the most economical by far. But a direct admission of steam at high pressure in the large pose. But an inventor has ascertained that, when suit­ small amount of water is required, as the cedar is so or low-pressure cylinders. The coal bunkers are capa­ ably treated, the plant will produce a very white and light that it will float in a very shallow depth. At ble of holding five tons of fuel, and the capaCity of the consistent paper pulp by means of the following treat­ the mill end of the conduit it enters a pond, where it water tank is 12.8 tons of water. ment : 1,000 kilogrammes of the green rush, cut up is kept in a boom like the ordinary sawlogs until The method of carrying the steam from the boiler to as fine as possible, is mingled with a caustic lye of 3'0 required. the cylinders on the swiveling trucks and from the deg. R, and boiled in an autoclave for five or six hours The shingle mill, like the sawmill, is provided with trucks back to the smoke box is as follows : The under a pressure of 6 kilogrammes at 170 deg. C. The an inclined way leading into the water. This is fitted steam pipe runs from the steam dome down to a swivel pulp is washed with water, sulphuric acid in suitable with an endless conveyer, upon which the bolts are joint arranged vertically over the king-pin of the quantity added, then bleached with chloride of lime guided by the "bolt puncher," as he is termed. Leav­ truck with its axle in line with the Iring-pin. Thence and washed energetically. It is then suitable for em· ing the conveyer, they are taken by hand or by �u other it is led to the high-pressure cylinders, from which it ployment in the manufacture of paper.-Le Papier. conveye r to the cutting maW1��ery, and there ��c'!�ced Scientific American 255

to shingles. In the shingle mill itself this mechanism in addition a shingle jointer, as it is termed, is fre­ ber value of the average tree in Washington and Ore­ is of two kinds. In one the bolt is sawed, while in quently used to trim off the rough edges when it is gon is converted into planking and commercial lum­ the other the bolt is riven by means of a special cut­ necessary to perform this work.. ber, owing to the wasteful methods which are employed ter. Some of the larger shingle-riving machines are The most important centers of the shingle industry in felling the forest. The development of the shingle provided with a series of knives which will split up of America are the towns of Ballard, on Puget Sound, industry . has utilized much of the material which ten bolts at once. They are neatly circular in form, and Vancouver, on the lower Columbia River, as each would otherWise decay, but the area which has been and are fed by hand from the top. Before the bolt is is located adjacent to an enormous supply of raw mate­ stripped of first-growth trees is so extensive, that twice placed in the flume, as already stated, it is sawed to rial. At Tacoma as well as Seattle large mills are the present number of shingle mills could be, located the proper length, just as logs are usually cut before also in operation, devoted to the production of this in this s�ction of the Northwest, and find ample mate­ leaving the woods, so that it is only necessary to run form of lumber, working on c�.J.;lr almost ent·irely. A rial for their needs. In addition to the stumps, how-

Shingle Mill and Pond.

Hauliug Out Logs �o be Cut into Sbiu,g'le Lengths. Shooting Bolts Down a Flume to the lUill.

A Shingle Cutter Which Works on Ten Bolts at Once. Shiu,g'le-Mill Boiler Fired Entirely with Sawdust from the Bolt Cutters. HOW SHINGLES ARE MADE. them through the band saw or circular saw to turn better idea of the magnitude of this industry in the ever, small trunks are also cut into bolts, where the �hem into beams, planking, or other forms desired. State of Washington can be gained, when it is known diameter of the tree is of a size which will allow it to The bolts from the larger trees are split to a size that the State produces fully forty per cent of the be split without too much waste, Therefore consider­ which will allow them to be placed in the bolt cutter material manufactured in the United States. Fre­ able timber which is considered too small for planking before being taken to the mill, so that the shingle­ quently entire shiploads of cedar shingles are exported and logs is utilized for shingles. making machinery can be operated continually if from Puget Sound, owing to the very extensive foreign desired. demand, not only fol' roofing. but for other purposes. The Canadian Pacific Railroad 'Company has obtain­ The standard size shingle used in the United , States The shingle industry is of great importance from ed authorization from the Dominion government to ip 6 inches in width by about 18 inches in length. the standpoint of forestry, as it has prevented the build another line through to Georgian Bay from Consequently, the majority of the riving machines are loss of a very large quantity of valuable timber. It is Peterboro. This will give the company another term­ designed to turn out shingles of these dimensions, but calculated that actually less than one-half of the tim- inal on the upper Canadian lakes. Scientific American MARCH 24, 1906. ship and this box is, in turn, connected by a reel to seats are given a reciprocating motion, which is the ship. Should the ship sink, the buoy would im­ employed to operate the driving mechanism and pro­ mediately rise to the surface to mark the spot and pel the vehicle. Although this vehicle is not of much the bell in the buoy would be sounded by the waves. value as a training for rowing on water, as it does Then by hauling up on the buoy line the strong-box not teach a man how to handle an oar, yet it might,. would be raised to the surface and the ship's papers, with advantage, be used for land boat races between specie, invoices, accounts, etc., would be immediately competing colleges. recovered. The line connecting the box with the ship COMPUTING CHEESE CUTTER.-A novel device for cut­ AIR BOX FOR STOVES. can now be detached and secured to the buoy to mark ting cheese has recently been invented. The device salvage operations. In the ac­ In the accompanying engraving we illustrate a novel the spot for further comprises a simple computing mechanism whereby it nying engraving one of the views is a section device which is applicable to ranges, stoves, and open compa is possible to gage the exact size of slice that should through the buoy and the strong-box. The buoy, grates, and which aims to provide a better control of be cut for a certain price. The cutter is journaled which is indicated at rests on top of a housing, B, the draft than has heretofore been possible, thus ef­ A, deck house occupied as the fecting a saving in fuel. The device has the form .of built on that part of the purser's office. The strong-box, which is indicated at a box, smaller at the top than at the bottom. The rear C, is connected by a line with the buoy. Rollers are of the box is left open, while the other three sides are mounted at the top of the housing to prevent the line formed of inclined walls provided with long vertical from catching when the vessel sinks. The reel carry­ ing this line is provided with a ratchet wheel, D, the teeth of which are engaged by a rod, P, depending from the buoy, and which prevent uncoiling of the reel while the buoy rests in the housing. The strong­ box is also provided with anti· friction rollers at all sides to permit easy removal from the housing. The line connecting the box with the ship is wound on the reel, E. The bell in the buoy conSists of a ring which is adapted to be struck by a ball. Clips pro jecting from the annular bell serve to throw off the ball and prevent it from rolling noiselessly around the ring. COMPUTING CHEESE CUTTER. This ball is normally suspended in a sling at the top of the buoy, but is released by a cord when the buoy to a fixed base on which a revolving table is mounted. rises from the housing. In order to hold the buoy The cheese is carried on this table and is revolved by level in a seaway and prevent it from toppling over a means of a pinion engaging teeth formed on the peri­ short piece of cable may be tied to the swivel ring at phery of the table. The pinion is provided with a the top of the buoy and be secured to the main cable pOinter which moves therewith over a graduated disk about three feet below the buoy. and indicates the length of the arc through which

.. , ... the cheese is turned. Different disks are provided for of different price or weight and these disks ODDITIES IN INVENTIONS. cheeses can be readily placed on the indicator. Each disk is A PORTABLE HAND-SAW.-A patent has reo ROTARY graduated for five-cent slices, thus for a $3 cheese in AIR BOX FOR STOVES. which there would be sixty five-cent pieces, a disk would be selected which would indicate arcs of six apertures. The bottom of the box is provided with a degrees of the revolving table. Owing to the gearing sliding plate, the purpose of which will be presently the pinion would have to be turned throug;h thirty explained. The air box, as the device is termed, is degrees to effect a six-degree movement of the table, placed on the grate of a stove, to which it is secured thus insuring great accuracy in cutting the pi�ces to by means of bolts. It thus takes up most of the space the proper size. usually occupied by the fuel. The rear of the air box CHAIN WRENCH.-A resident of Milwaukee has in­ · fits closely against the rear wall of the firebox, but a vented a chain wrench which is an improvement on narrow space is left on the other three sides to receive previous inventions along this line. In the ordinary the fuel. By this means the area of the tire is greatly type of chain wrench the fixed head increased, while the depth is reduced. Air passes up is formed with teeth and thus only from the grate into the box and thence through the one or two teeth actively engage the apertures to the fire. The plate at the bottom of the pipe or cylinder on which the air box serves as a damper which can be moved in wrench is used. In another common or out to control the amount of air fed to the fire. type of wrench the head is bifur­ Owing to the shallowness of the fire and the general cated, each furcate member being A PORTABLE ROTARY HAND-SAW. distri bution of air, a perfect combustion of the fuel is formed with gripping teeth and the asoured. In proof of the value of the air box it is chain being pivoted between them. pointed out that there is a material reduction in the cently been secured on a portable hand-saw with re­ This makes the head too wide for amount of smoke from a stove supplied with this de­ volving blade. This saw may be used for cutting use on short pipe-fittings, flanges, vice. The inventor of the air box is Miss B. J. Mouat, grooves of any desired depth in places where an ordi­ el bows, and the like. In the present P. O. South Dunedin, New Zealand. nary saw cannot be conveniently used, for example, invention the . head is not serrated

••• in cutting grooves in window sills for various kinds but the chain used is provided with APPARATUS FOR MARKING SUNKEN VESSELS. of weather strips or for cutting grooves in floors at teeth ; thus the number of teeth the lower end of a partition. The saw is secured by gripping a pipe is proportional to An apparatus for marking sunken vessels and en­ a nut to the end of an axle which is mounted to turn the surface of the pipe. At the bot· abling the immediate recovery of the principal valua­ in a suitable hub. Secured to the hub is a guard tom of the recess in which the chain bles of a ship, has just been invented by Mr. Frederick which covers the saw. To this guard a handle is at­ is received a strip of rubber is plac· W. Johnson, of 418 Jefferson Street, Seattle, Washing­ tached. The guard is adjustably mounted on a ed and this is protected by a thin ton. The apparatus comprises a buoy connected with bracket by means of bolts engaging slots therein and metal covering. The purpose of the vessel and adapted to rise to the surface as the thus permitting the saw to be set for the desired this resilient lining of the recess is vessel sinks. The buoy is provided with a bell which depth of cut. As a means for revolving the saw the to avoid too great a pressure on the is adapted to ring as the buoy works in a seaway. The IMPROVED inventor proposes to use a small electric motor mount­ links of the chain and permit the buoy is connected by a line to the strong-box of a CHAIN ed on the device and coupled to the axle. sides of the recess to take a portion WRENCH. AN OVERLAND ROWING SHELL.-Boat racing, while a of the strain. very interesting and exciting sport, is lim· ited to a few schools and colleges, which are favorably located near large bodies of water. For the ben­ efit of unfortunately­ situated institutions, an inventor has de· signed the rowing ve­ hicle, which we illus­ trate herewith. On it a crew may develop rowing muscles, and learn to keep stroke without going near the water. A rail ex­ tends along each side of the vehicle, to which straps are at­ tached. By alternate· ly pulling on these straps and pushing back against f 0 0 t APPARATUS FOR MARKING SUNKEN VESSELS. braces, the movable AN OVERLAND ROWING SHELL. Scientific America.n 257

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. The invention relates, more definitely stated, l ment obviate in a large degree the objection­ ! Pertaining to Apparel. to crib attachments to bedsteads, and has for able jerking motion incidental to the op era­ its object an improved attachment of this tion of cars having running-gear of ordinary HAT-FASTENER.-S. M. JOHNSTONE, New character, adapted for ready attachment and construction. It more particularly relates to York, N. Y. The p rincipal object of the in­ detachment, and adapted when detached to be trucks of running-gears for street-railway cars I ven tion is to provide simple and effective folded into compact condition facilitating its propelled by motors actuated by electricity. means for attaching a hat-fastener to a hat being shoved under the bedstead or stored APPLIANCE in such a way that it always remains upon FOR CAR-COUPLINGS.-P. away ready for use. HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. the hat and does not have to be removed each W. HOGAN, Durand, Mich. Mr. Hogan em- or W INDOW-FASTENER. - R. G. FRASER, ploys an appliance comprising a hood or bon- Names and Address must accompany all letters time the hat is taken off, but at the same attention be F no will paid thereto. This is for time can be removed, if desired, in order to Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. raser's invention per- net to adapt the appliance to be readily fitted our information and not for publication. s ecure it to another hat. tains to window-fasteners, his more particular in place over one of the heads of a coupling References to former articles or answers should give object being the production of a simple, effi- between the cars in the event of breakage of date of paper and page or number of question. TROUSEJRS-HA]\( GER.-A. CHELBERG, New Inquiries cient, and reliable fastener capable of locking some part of the head-say, for instance, the not answered in reasonable time should be York, N. Y. Hangers as heretofore construct­ repeated; correspondents the upper and lowei sashes in any desired usual knuckle carried thereby-combined with some will bear in mind that ed have been either too complicated for gen­ answers require not a little resear�1k and, position and offering certain constructional which head 01' bonnet is a knuckle to take the though we endeavor to reply to all eitner by eral use or have failed to provide means for letter or this rt , advantages, such as the prevention of wln- place of the one broken, means being also in depa ment each must take supporting the garments in a propel' manner. his turn. dows rattling or any movement between the employed for securing the appliance in posi- Buyers The principal ob jects of the invention are to wishing to purchase any article not adver­ upper and lower sashes until desired. tion for effective operation. tised in our columns will be furnished with construct a hanger in such a manner that addresses of houses manufacturing or carrying although the trousers can be held in na tmal the same. Special Written Information and propel' position, yet the construction will Machines and Mechanical Devices. on matters of personal Vehicles. rather than general interest cannot be expected be simple and there will be few parts liable Pertaining to MICROMETRICAL ADJ USTMENT FOR without remuneration. CHECKREIN-FASTENER.-C. W. BARRETT, Scientific American Supplements to get out of order. PIUNT'ING-FILM DAY, be FRAMES.-B. West 10 referred to may Hanford, Cal. 'rhe invention has l'eference to had at the office. Price cents each. Hoboken, N. J. Mr. Day's invention relates Books to Electrical Devices. improvements in devices to prevent accidental referred promptly supplied on receipt of to the accurate hinging and holding of a print­ price. PANE'L-BOARD.-E. R. E AN UA detachment of a cheekrein from a check-hook, L M Q I S , New ing-fi lm frame and its printing-film so that Minerals sent for examination sbould be distinctly the object being to provide a fastening device or labeled. York, N. Y. Each section of the sectional they can be raised, l owered, removed for ink­ marked that will be simple and inexpensive and that panel-board may be used independently, if de­ ing, and replaced and yet fall on the work in may be readily connected to any ordinary (9917) V. P. says : A few weeks back sired, and the sections may be combined in exactly their original positions, also to de­ form of check-hook. I was a member of a party visiting a gold any number, so as to make up a panel-board vices where by subsequent prints fl'om the same mine in Colorado. When descending the shaft of any desired size. 'L'he devices for holding printing-film p rinted over or alongside the first we were the fuses are improved so that the latter may told by operator that tbe elevator print, can be manipulated with accmacy and Designs. could be dropped faster than our bodies could be securely held with proper electrical con­ the manipula tion recorded for future refer­ DESIGN FOR A ROSARY.-B. TmUBNER, fall down the shaft. A. The elevator could tac't and yet removable at will without danger ence. Many featmes of this invention and New York, N. Y. This rosary as designed is not fall faster than your body unless pulled to the operator. The board minimizes the especially those relating to adjustment, can very ornamental and chaste. The medals con­ down by some force other than gravity. The danger of shocking persons operating or ad­ be operated in connection with Mr, Day's taining the heads of saints at the usual in­ law of fa lling bodies is that the acceleration justing the same. We ighted HOld-Fast, which is already pat- --- tervals are well executed, the Lord's at the due to gravity is 32. 16 feet per second. ented. junction of the loop and the pendant suspend­ Letting g = 32.16 feet per second in one General Interest. Of LOOM-SHUTTI"E.-W. H. WILSON, New ing the crucifix being in the form of a heart. second, BALANCED SUCTION AND R E this patent the invention FO C Bedford, Mass. In v = final velocity, or velocity at time l'UMP.-P. J. PAINDAVOINE NOTE.-Copies of any of these patents will H. and P. A. relates to weaving ; and its object is to pro­ of contact with the earth, PAINDAVOINE-DuFOUR, be furnished by Munn & for ten cents each. Les Fontanettes a la vide a new and improved loom-shuttle having Co. t = numbel' seconds, Please state the name of the paten tee, title of In this a spindle arranged to prevent undue wear = Chapelle aux Pots, Oise, France. h space in feet passed In t sec- the invention, and date of this paper. patent the invention bas for its object a suc- and sidewise vibration and consequent break­ OIlds, tion and force pump in which the effort re- ing of the thread and to allow convenient then v = gt. quired for operating it is distributed and ren- renewal of a spindle-shank when broken or Thus, a body allowed to start falling from a dered uniform, thus rendering its running ex- otherwise injmed. point of rest, re'sistance of air neglected, fa lls ceedingly easy, so that far less fatigue is oc- HEDGE-TRIMMING MACHINE.-R. SMITH­ Busin¢ss ana P¢rsonal Wants. 16.08 feet the first second. The acquired ve­ casioned than would be necessary for operating ERS, N o rtonville, K an. The objects of the im­ l ocity is 32 . 16 feet per second. THIS will The distan ce under the same working conditions an ordinary READ COLUMN CAREFULLY.-You provement are to provide mechanism, first, to find inquiries for certain classes of articles numbered gt2 suction and force pump. in consecutive crder. If you manufacture these �oods cut the top and side of hedge at the same fa llen in two seconds would be h _- = 16.08 x CAND ESTICK. - J. KINDE AN, write us o e and we will send you the name and L L Leadville, m ; second, proper adjustme t of at nc ti e for the n of the party desi ing information. In 2 Col. This readily s address r tbe = adjusted miner' candle- the sickles to cut either the top or the side every ca�e it is ne('essary to give tbe 4 64.32 feet, and the acquired velocity Is body nunlber of' the inquiry. stick comprises a portion consisting of a separate ; third, to raise or lower the hori ­ 64.32 feet per second. 'I'he increase In velocity MUNN ingle length spring-steel bent to &; CO. s of form a zontal sickle so that it can be adjusted to cut in each second is constant, and is 32.16 feet l oop terminating in segmented portions ; a any height hedge while in m otion ; fomth, to per second. 'L'h us, Ir n spike extended from one of the segmental por- facilitate vertical adjustment or the removal Marine o Works. Chicago. Catalogue free. 2h tions ; a hook on one of the segmented por- of the horizontal sickle ; fifth, for adjusting 9 wanted, makers of slot ma v = - cJI���'gIV�:d iIrg �� ;;;:: - {It = tions and segmental plates secured to the the one end of the platform as may be re- t .. U. said poctions. quired on inclined or uneven surfaces. S." Metal Polish. Indianapolis. Samples free. Inqu iry No. (9918) H. H. asks: Is the specific VE .-C. E. '9i'i9.-Wanted, a machine for en- VA �. SIMPSON, Portsmouth, Ohio. F L OLDER FOR I M-H PICTURE-EXHIBIT- graving names, etc., on glassware. gravity test of kerosene oil important w i th The more particular obj ect of the inventor i s S MI Wi ING MACHINE .-l\f. S TH, nnipeg, Can- Handle & Spoke Mchy. Ober Mfg. Co., 10 Bell St., reference to its condition of purity '! Is it im­ to produce a valve that will prevent scale or ada. o invention pro- One purpose f t he is to Chagrin Falls, O. portant with reference to its lighting qualities '! foreign substances from being caught on the vide film-holder for use connection with a in Inquil'Y No. '960.-For manufacturers of wire Is the so-called he,at test of kerosene oil suf­ valve-seat as the valve i s being closed, thereby picture-exhibi which will be ting machines, nail machines. ficient to prove its lighting qualities as well as preventing the injury often done by scale being readily which imperforate I operated and in sell patents. To buy, or having one to sell, w rite its purity ? Can adulteration, affecting the crushed on 01' imbedded in the valve-seat 01' u fying the opera- A. 719 N. films can be sed, thus simpli Chas. Scott, Mutual Life Building, Buffalo, Y. lighting quality of kerosene oil, be discovered p reventing the valve from entirely closing be- tion a nd grea adding to the lifetime of the tly t1!t����l :,','r ���2�c�I,:��gn .l'�r�,:s�� ��?�2t,�!� by any other m�thod than tbe specific gravity cause of the obstruction having caught between films. 24 a e r test ? Will adulteration tend to lower or raise the closing parts. Inches long, such as used on modern repeating rifles. WASIIING-l\1AClI I N K-H. F. PFLUM, New 011 the so-called "flasbing point" of kerosene oil '! WORKING BARREL F OR I ND The celebrated " Hornsby-Akroyd" Patent Safety O L A York, N. Y. A principal object of the inven- A. T he specific gravity, or rather the Baume · Engine is built by the De La Vergne Machine Company. OTH ER PUM PS.-W. H. WESTERMAN, Mari- tiOIi is to produce a m achine tbe construction Foot of East 138th Street, New York. test for kerosene, i s an important test as re­ etta, Ohio. The object in this case is to portabilit of whicb especially adapts it for y I nquiry N o. ?962 -Wanted. a gards its purity, but is only equal In import­ produce a working barrel 1 . pump run by elec- which is now usually and enables the machine to be readily detached , 1 ance with other tests which the oil has to ��gti�:;:t?Of:.;'t ��f�,i����r':�dJtt�� r� �����: 6 feet m ade of brass, iron, or steel that will combine 01' attached in operative position. A construc- o withstand. There are many adulterants which . the adv a n tages 0 f I- ron " steel and bl'ass that 1 Lithographing adds solidity and strength to ' tlOn h as b een a d op t e d a s:' w h'IC h ena bles the your could be used which would not change the spe­ . $2 1,000, will 'be cheaper and stronger than ordinary prlncl. pat part of the deVICe to be thrown to business stationery. Letter heads, per cific gravity of the kerosene. The lighting Stilwell. 709 Pine St., St. Louis. barrels, and one in which the cn ps 01' valves one side, so as to facilitate the attachment of qualities of kerosene depend, with equal im­ Inquiry No. can be readily inserted without sticking and normally '963.-Wanted, manufacturers of a wringer in the position occupied dextrine. portance, upon the "fire test," the "flashing one in which the ends will not be crushed in by the same. It relates especially to that class FOR point," the "viscosity," and the "specific grav­ when coupled with section of pipe SALE.-Self-swinging gate, great improvement. another or which may be operated by hand. Sell or on N 21, 1905. ity" of the oil. Adulterants can be used barrel. lease royalty. Patented ovem ber BLINDSTITCHING SE WING-MACH INE.- Claude Siebring. George, Iowa. which raise the flash point or which lower the E. HOSE-CI"AMP. - J. JOHNSON, New J!', HERMAN, Li ncoln, Neb. The object of the Inquiry No. fiash point. It all depends upon the kind of ?964.-Wanted. manufacturers of As Paynesville, Minn. 'L'he invention is an im­ invention is to provide an attachment whereby cardboard puzzles. adulteration. to the detection of adultera­ � provement in that class of clamps that com­ blindstitching may be effected, with a greater Metal Novelty Works Co., manufacturers of all kinds tion in kerosene oil, we would say that It prise a band and pivoted cam, which is per­ degree of perfection and reliability than here­ of light Metal Goods. Dies ,.nd Metal Stamplngs our would be extremely difficult for one, other 43-47 manently secured to one end of said band and tofore. The attachment is secured to the bed­ Specialty. S. Canal Street, Cbicago. than an experienced oil chemist, to discover ac­ I nquiry No. 1 cura tely the adulterant used, for In many cases adapted for detachable engagement with the plate and head of an ordinary sewing-macbine, 1M '96r..-Wanted. balls of about inch or inches in diameter for static machine ; also Wll'e pure kerosene will come far from the required other, the construction being such that in the preferably such as is employed fol' manufactur­ suitable for brushes j also rubberin sheets and rods for closed position the cam holds the band drawn ing purposes rather than of the domestic class, same machine. tests and still contain no adulteration. One­ Manufactul'ers pateut tightly around the hose. and bnt little modification of the sewing-ma­ of articles, dies, metal half of one per cent of moisture in the oil could be easily detected from the cloudiness of DIRT-SCRAPER-J. HAR1' ER, Tiffin, Ohio. chine proper is required. st'l mping, screw machine work, hardware specialties� the oil. In this case the invention has reference par­ machinery tools, and wood fiber products. Quadriga Manufacturing Company, 18 South Canal St., Chicago. ticularly to improvements in dirt-scrapers for Medical Appliances. (9919) P. A. R. asks: Please send Inquiry No. ?966.-�'or makers of wire bands road and field work, the object of the inventor TO I LE 'f ARTICr,E.-F. A. STEELE, New (electrically welded). to my address any statistics you may bave in being the provision of a scraper of simple Rochelle, N . Y. In its preferred embodiment W ANTED.-An experienced mechanical draughtsman. back issues of your paper, in regard to the and novel construction and operating to thor­ the invention comprises a packing of paper Must be competent to design machinery from sket.ches, controversy which exists as to when the nex oughly harrow 01' break 'lP the dirt of a road to having on one side a mass of absorbent ma- must be able accurately estimate weights and costs. year will come containing fifty-three Sundays. or field and then smooth the same. No terial-to wit, cotton-batting covered by a inexperienced correspondence school graduates Some say that it will come in fifty years, ROLL-PAPER HOLDER AND CUTTER.- & woolen fabric. Preferably both the paper and need apply. Address or apply to Broomell. Schmidt others say in one hundred and ten years. Co.• J. F'. FINAN, Cumberland, Md. The invention the absorbent material are medicated, so that Steacy York, Pa. A. The question when a year will contain 53 Inquiry No. is in the nature of a paper-holder and cutter medicin ?96'.-Wanted. a machine or appli- Sundays is not properly a subject of contro­ when dampened the es will act on ance for cutting out canvas gloves. for holding upon a store-counter or else­ the anus, thus exerting a curative effect at the versy. It can be decided by any one who will where a roll of paper from which sheets of WANTED.-Capable. business-like man to take full make a table of the years with care, Each same time cleansing the parts. cliarqe in manufacturing a line of cream separators. varying size may be cut off at will to suit the common year contains 52 weeks and 1 day. HYPODERM I C SYRINGE .-J. W. HORNER, Must be graduate of Technical College ; capable of size of package to be put up. It is an im­ Each common year then begins and ends on the Columbus, Ind. Mr. Horner's invention con- hand ling men j acquainted with modern machinery and provement upon the device for which Mr. same day of the week. Each leap year has 52 sists of a novel form of the ordinary hypo- modern metbods. Mnst have had experience In manu­ Finan was formerly allowed a patent. of weeks and 2 days, and ends one day in th dermic syringe designed to secure a tight fit of f:lCturing cream separators. Only applications first week later than it began. This is, all whic1 --- the piston in the syringe-barrel without risk class men considered. Address or apply in person. Smith Mfg. Co., 158 E. Harrison need to be known to settle the question. Now HOl'"ehold Utilities. of accidental loosening of the piston and by a St., Chicago. Inquil'Y No. '968.-Wanted, makers of soap.. to begin, 1905 began and ended on Sunday TRAP FOR S INKS, BATH-TUBS, AND very simple and practical construction, One molding macbines. and so had 53 Sundays, 1906 begins and end. 'fHFJ LIKE.-A. SAVARD, Omaha, Neb. I n its modification of the invention gi ves a , syringe Inquiry No. . e . n '969 -Want d the ame and address on Monday, and has 52 Sundays. 1907 begin practical entirety this trap forms an integral of such compact form when closed as to be of tbe maker of the monarch wall paper trimmer. and ends on Tuesday with ;'2 Sundays. 1908 part of the sink, bath-tnb, or wash-basin with especially well adapteq to the limits of the iry No. Inqu begins on Wednesday, but as it is leap year i '970.-Wanted,other makers of trans lucid which il may be associated. It is easy of small casp' forming a physician's outfit. glass or material for use In factory ends on Thursday, and 190n begins and ends access for the purposes of cleansing or empty- ---- ��rl�i;:'��: on Friday, while Inl.O begins and ends on Sat ing accumulated contents and possesses the Haihvays and Thcir ,\ ccessol'ies. Inquiry No. ?9?t.-Wanted, parties to do enamel work of special kind. urday. All these have 52 Sundays. Now Inn capacity for long and repeated service. The A I R C. RT, R LWAY-CA TRUCK.-G. STEWA I nqu iry No. n begins and ends on Sunday, and has 53 Sun invention refers more especially o traps for 79'2.-Wa ted, parties to make t Marengo, Ind. The object of the inventor is small steel castings In small quantities. days. Th is is six years later than 1905. The sinks, bath-tubs, wash-basins, and the like, No to provide details of co nstrllction for a car- Inquil'y . '9'.3 .-Wanted. information con- years of this century which will have 53 Sun pertaining generally to the type of such de - truck that will counteract the lateral yield- cerning tbe Braum-V,!,acalculatmg machine. days are 1905, 1911, 1922, 1928, 1933, 193H vices forming the �ubject of Letters Patent ing movement of the car-body on its spring- I 4 r parties making small cast­ 1950, 1956, 1961, 1967, 1978, 1984, 1989, 1995 formerly granted to Mr. Savard. In���;�J';.Ii'00�n���1 th��? supports, either forward, rearward, or Side- It is seen that the differences are 6, and 11 I Iry N o of 5, GR IGSBY, I '915.-For makers small castings CRIB.-Wl. W. New Ol'leans, La. wise, and by cushioning such a lurching move- C&Sri1:,nmetal mol ds to exact size. between the years of this series. Scientific American

(9920) R H. 1 Fahrenheit is a three A. . Van asks: . Will trifie more than ten- ginning at the mouth of the cannon ? A. A are the records of the Russian loss and thousandths of an inch. a fo ur or a five inch spark of an induction Cadmium wlIl ex- cannon ball becomes a fa lling 'body as soon Japanese gain in naval power. An admirable pand slightly more than coil penetrate a piece of glass or a piece of zinc, about In the as it clears the mouth of the gun, and falls feature of the book is the collection of naval ratio of 30 to 2 hard rubber 1/32 inch thick ? If it will, will 9. in the same manner as far as distance and programmes of the various cQuntries. Capt. It penetrate the same, 1/16 inch thick ? A. The (9926) R. T. asks: 1. How many velocity Is concerned as if It were to fa ll Weyer announces the intention of publishing electrical energy of a spark four inches long from rest with no forward motion. It does an appendix in the amperes does a 1l0-volt incandescent lamp re­ month of June, which will through the air would probably pierce a thin not follow the tangent of the barrel at all. contain whatever quire ? A. A 16-candle lamp at 110 volts takes modifications have been made glass, or a piece of thin hard rubber. We have about one-half an ampere. 2. What i s the (9932) R. S. McF. asks: Would you In the navies of th e world since January, 1906. no figure for the thickness. The discha.rge principle of a pedometer ? A. A pedometer is kindly explain how I could use a 100-volt in- LECTURES ON MATHEMATICS. By Edward points should be brought close to the glass on moved by the rocking motion of the body in ductlon motor on a 1l0-volt current ? I tried Burr Van Vleck, Henry Seely White, opposite sides, and the discharge be made as walking. It will 'register by the same motion one way by connecting a 10-volt lamp in series Frederick Shenstone Woods. New suddenly as possible. 2. I read in one of your when one is not walking. 'l'he motion of a with it, but had no satisfaction. A. A small York: Macmillan Company, 1905. papers of the number of pounds of water that rocking chair may make it run. 3. How long resistance coil placed in series with your 12mo.; pp. 187. Price, $2. fiows over the Niagara Falls a second, but I will a storage battery retain Its full charge ? motor will take up the extra ten volts and This book is published for the American cannot find It now. Would you please tell me A. A storage battery does not lOse char,�e by enable the motor to run with safety. The Mathematical Society, and contains the papers the number 1 I think It was 213,()00, but 1 leakage. So far as that goes the charge will wire must be of a size which will carry the read at the Boston Colloquium, in 1903. The am not sure. A. The commonly accepted vol­ be retained Indefinitely. current without heating too much. The small subj ects covered are Linear Systems of Curves ume of water passing over Niagara Falls Is 1 lamp you used was not able to carry the cur- on Algebraic Surfaces, by Mr. White ; J!' orms 224,00() cubic feet per second. This is 14,- (9927) G. A. R. asks : . A spark rent required. Its filament had too high a re- of Non-Euc lidean Space, by Mr. Woods ; an(1 000,000 pounds per second. Falling 160 feet It cannot be passed between two electrodes sepa­ slstance to allow current enough to flow for Selected Topics in the Theory of Divergent gives about 7,000,000 horse-power continually. rated by a vacuum. Are we to infer from the motor, and so the motor did not get cur- Series and of Continued this that a vacuum Is a perfect insulator ? Fractions, by Mr. (9921) H. M. asks : Does the buoyant rent enough to turn it. Van Vleck. A. A perfect vacuum would be a perfect in­ or fioating power of a tank filled with all' vary sulator. 2. The distance separating two par­ (9933) C. W. asks : In your issue of THE WORLD ALMANAC FOR 1906. New in accordance with the dep th to which the ticles can be halved. This second distance can February 10, 1906, page 137, Notes and York: Press Publishing Company. tank is submerged '! For example : Would the then be halved and so on-according to Queries (No. 9887 ), you state that absolute .Pp. 569. Price, 25 cents. lifting power of this tank be greater when the mathematics, infinitely-which would require zero is -459 deg. Is it a fact that scientists The 1906 edition of the World Almanac and top of the tank would be one foot below the infinite time. Yet practically it can be ac­ have accepted this as absolute zero '! On what Encyclopedia, wbich has j ust been issued, surface of the water than it would be if the complished in a finite time. How is this ex­ is it based ? How was It determined ? and differs little from its predecessors of other top of the tank were ten feet below the sur­ plained ? A. It is quite true that mathemat­ how is It measured ? What does absolute zero years, beyond the usual addenda, corrections, face of the water ? If you could refer me to ical zero cannot be reached by the successive mean 1 Is it a condition of temperature at and enlargement necessitated by tbe occurrences any literature which dwells on subjects of this division of a number by two, or by halving which no heat wha tever exists or i s radiated'i of the past tweJve months. The book is so well kind, your kindness would be most highly ap· a certain space. But that need disturb no A. It may be positively stated tbat all modern known and so largely used by many of the preciated. A. A tank closed airtight aud sub­ one. It Is easy to reach a value less than scientists accept 273 deg. C as absolute zero, reading public that it n eeds little recommenda- merged in water is buoyed up by the weight any assignable value, and that is practically 01' the temperature at which molecular mo- tion at the hauds of the reviewer. It will of the water It displaces, that Is by amount zero. Thus in the case of our money. When tion would cease, all heat would be gone from often be found invaluable as a supplement to equal to the weight of a volume of water , a sum has been halved successively till It Is matter. Astronomers believe that this is the reference works of a general character, for the which is the same as tbe volume of the tank. reduced to less than one mill, the process temperature of the spaces outside of the comprehensive information contained ' In its This Is independent of the depth of submer­ must end, since there is nO denomination in earth's atmosphere. 'l'he degree we gave, pages is of necessity coucise and brief. Pa r­ gence. If, however, the tank is open at the which to express the value. Practically the -459 deg. F, is the FahrenheIt equivalent of ticularly varied and brief are the facts r�lative bottom, so that water enters It, Its buoyant problem you present is a logical quibble, of -273 deg. C. The idea of absolute zero is to New York city and vicinity, and this portion power decreases as it is sunk deeper in to the interest only to a mathematic al quibbler. based upon the fact that all gases at the of the publication forms an excellent guide water, since water enters and compresses the There ought always to be common sense back freezing point of water expand and contract book aud directory, not only for the stranger, air into a smaller volume. The only point In­ of logic, but unfortunately it is not always by the same amount if the temperature is but for resident New Yorkers as well. The volved Is the volume of water displaced. The plainly visible. 'changed one degree and this amount is 1/273 arrangement of the major part of the general priuciple is called Archimedes's principle, wl).lch of their volume if the temperature is changed information in tabular form, 't ogether with the may be found in any text-book of physics. (9928) A. A. F. asks : 1.. How do one degree Centigrade. Since the volume of wide cross-indexing of tbe table of contents, Probably 'Kent's "Enginee'ring Pocket Book," they get this very low zero you speak of in a gas is dependent upon its temperature it is is of great assistance to the reader in locating price $5, will give you the most assistance in F'ebruary 10, 1906, No. IJS87 : A, \bsolute ,evident that the cooling of a gas degree by any of the data In the book. matters of hydraulic engineering. zero is computed from the oehavior of gases degree will cause it to shrink proportI onate I y G F when cooled. Their contraction leads to the CON RESS O ARTS AND S CIENCE. Univer- , (9922) P. C. G. asks : Will you please till if It is cooled 273 degrees Its power to be lief among scientific men that all heat sal Exposition at. St. Louis, 1904. Ed- describe to me just what is "denaturlzed" or shrink will ' be gone also ; that is, all the heat would be gone from matter If it were cooled . I' ted by Howard J. Rogers, A.M., "denaturalized" alcohol, that is now be fore will have left the gas. This reasoning IS not to 450 deg. I�. below zero. 2. What is the LL.D., Director of Congresses. Vol. Congress for entry free of duty ? A. Dena­ weakened by the fact that the gas wouId lowest natural temperature known, and the . I. History of the Congress by the turized alcohol is common alcohol to which change to liquid before the absolute zero IS lowest artificial cold yet produced ? A. The Editor. Scientific Plan of the Con- Home substance has been added to render it reached. Dewar has gone within a very f ew lowest thermometer reading ever reported upon gress by Prof. Hugo Muensterberg. unsafe for Its natural use' ; that is, if a small degrees of absolute zero in the attempts to tbe earth is from a self-registering thermom- Boston and New York: Houghton percentage of wood alcohol be added, the mix­ liquefy helium. The absolute scale was de- eter which was left for a number of years Mifflin Company, 1905. 8vo.; cloth; ture Is poisonous, and cannot be used for vised by Lord Kelvin and is very f requently , In the Arctic regions. It showed 9 5 deg, F. pp. 626. Price, $2.50. making any liquors for drinking, but it can employed in giving temperatures in scientific be low zero. Previous to this the lowest ob- To the readers of the technical press, the still be used for mechanical purposes, or in F papers. It Is the on ly scale in which the served was at a place in Siberia, 90 deg. . papers which constitute this first volume of the the arts. There are other substances which degrees have a direct quantitative relation. belolY zero. 3. Please explain this ; Haswell Proceedings of the Congress of Arts and may be added to alcohol with like effect. The ( on page 879 asks: How many fifteens can be Science, which met at the Universal Exposition word dena turized is not in the dictionaries counted with four fives, operation NEW ETC. of St. Louis, 1904, are more or less familiar. as yet. BOOKS, 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 24 Their collection and publication in book form (992.<>') W. E. B. asks: In your issue ,---- "'" - = 4. HIGH-TENSION POW ER TRANSMISSION. By assuredly gives them the permanence whicb of February 3, In an article headed "New 1 x 2 x 3 6 the High-Tension Transmission Com- they deserve. Among the more important pap- Conceptions in Astronomy" by Prof. Edgar L. A. The formula you give for fifteens to be mittee of the American Institute of ers which were contributed may be mentioned Lilrkin, he says : "A trillion, is a million mil­ made from four fives Is the ordinary formula Electrical Engineers. New York: Prof. Simon Newcomb's "Evolution of the lion." Webster's unabridged says : "A million for comb"inatlons demonstrated in algebra. McGraw Publishing Company, 1905. Scientific Investigator" ; Prof. Ladd's "Develop- million is a billion." Can Notes and QuerIes You will find it in any large alge bra. 4. Why 8vo.; pp. 466. Price, $3. ment of Philosophy in the Nineteenth Cen- Is It colder at the south pole. than at the throw any light ·! A. You surely do not read At a meeting of the Board of Directors of tury" ; Prof. O stwa ld's "Tbeory of Science" ; north ? A. The sou hern hemisphere is lar ely your 'Webster as' we read ours. Ours states t g the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and Prof. Poincare's "Principles of Mathematl­ c overed with water, hen ce it is colder. The cal Physics." under "Billion ; according to the French and on September 26, 1902, the resolution was American method of numeration, a billion is earth is farthest fro m the sun in J uly, which passed to appoint a committee for the purpose WELTAUSSTELLUNG ST. LOUIS, 1904 . DIE is the mid-summer month of the s outhern hem- a thousand millions, or 1,000,000,000 ; accord­ of collecting data on present practice in elec- CHEMISCHE INDUSTRIE (Unter Ruck- isphere. This makes the summer there a Ing to the English method, It Is a million trlc transmission at high voltage. The work sichtnahme auf das Unterrichtswe- little colder than the northern summer. millions, or 1,000000,000000." The English covered a large scope, including data upon sen). By Dr. Paul Cohn, Alfred Hol- method p laces six figures in each period ; the (9929 ) E. H. asks : Would you kindly line construction, Insulators, insulator pins, and del', K. U. K. Hof- und Universitats- French, three figures in a period . A trillion inform me where 1 could find a good descrlp- the like, and co nditions of operation at dif- Buchhandler. Vienna: 1905. 4to.; in a book published in England Is 1 ,000000,- tion of MarconI's magnetic detector which is ferent voltages and under d ifferent climatic pp. 112. 000000,000000 ; In a French or American book ons, also conditions attendant upon the used in connection with a W'heatstone re- conditi In this monograph Dr. Cohn has presented a trillion is 1,000,000,000,000-only a mil­ switching of high-tension ci cuits, a d data corder ? H ow are the inductance COIlH that r n a very comprehensive view of the chemical ex­ lion th part of an English trilllon. Prof. especting lightni g and static disturbances, are used In both the - receiving and sending r n hibits of the S t. Louis I,] xposition of 1904. Larkin is an American and n ames numbers and the use of grounde protective ires. he station wound and what size wire Is used � d w T After a general Introduction in which the gen­ according to American custom. Webster' s Dic­ work of this committee brought out uch alu- What is the resistance of the choke coils used m v eral scope of the chemical industry is set forth, tionary, under "Numeration," states the mat­ e able information, which is here collected in in the r ceiving circuits ? A. Y ou will find aud its re lation to expositions explained, he ter clearly ; so, also, does it under "Billion" M compact and convenient form, an shoul prove the arconi magnetic detectors described in d d passes to a 'discussion of meta llurgy and an­ and "'.rrillion." We follow the l!' rench or Awer­ M ' " W T a very valuable addition to engineering Itera aver s ireless elegraphy," which we can , I - organic industrial chemistry. The prog ress of lean method of writing and reading numbers. ture. send you for $:l. Several sizes of choke coils the industry in each country il'! discussed in (9924) A. C. asks : We had a discus­ are also described in the same book, as also t WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY AND TELEpHONY. de ail. The second division is devoted to fuels are the induction coilS. and sion In our ' shop, and as we cannot try it I By Prof. Domenico Mazzotto. Trans- organic technical industries and discusses would like you to decide : . Weigh a tubful (9930) J. D. writes : hf\ve pur- lated by S. R. Bottone. New York: at some length dye-making in various coun- of water and then put' in a 10-pound fish and tries. The third division is devoted to phar- chased some selenium for the purpose of mak- Macmillan & Co., 1906. 1 6mo. ; pp. If the fish does not touch the bottom will it maceutical op erations, essential oils and p er- ing electro-light experiments, about which 1 416 ; 253 illustrations. Price, $2. fumes. In the weigh any more ? A. If a fish alive or dead have read so much in technical papers. fourth division, fats, soaps, 1 The ob ject of this work is to present to the Is

the interest of the engineering profession and formul31 based upon experiments wholly. l:5uf­ Clip, 1\-1. E. Nickerson ••••••••••••••••••. 814.723 Clip, E. Ladd ...... �14,851 compre­ ficient tests were made, however, to determme F. railroad company in making them as Clock, F. M. Clark ...... 814.767 hensive as possible. In all, eight locomotives, the co-efficients and constants needed. The Clock, electric alarm, G. C. Darche ••••••.. 815,072 Clothes line attachment, pulley, F. character and design, were book is in foul' parts, the first of which gives J'. of widely varying Schmidt ...... ••.•••.• 815,123 te sted, and the results are embodied in the a concise res"me of the subject from a prac­ Clothes pin, J. 'V. Stewart ...... •..•.•.•• 815,128 Clothes pin, J. W. Baker ...... ••••••..• 815,253 present volume. After a description of the tical standpoint and tells of the difficulties Send for Catalogue B. Clutcb, G. W. Greenwood ...... ••••.•.. 815,010 compauy, the testing met with in practice and the remedies for the ClutCh, friction, oebue & Denzer ...... 815,168 general exhibit of the S MFG. H SENECA FALL CO. Coal drills, expansion bit for, W. H. Clark� plant is described and illustrated in great de­ same. The second part contains a series of 9 6 5 Water Street, son ...... 814,768 tail, working drawings being given of all the tests which justify the use of constan ts and Seneca Falls, N. Y., U. S. A. Coal unloading. breaking, and loading appa� parts. Then follow chapters on the formation co-efficients employed in preparing the tables ratus, W. T. Krausch ...... ••...... 814,710 Coat hanger, D. R. Be('be ...... •.•••.... 815,OUO in Part Ill. 'l'hese tables should give the de­ of the advisory committee, and on the plan, Engine and Foot Lathes Coffee) cutting mill, IiJ. C. Smitlil..••..••..• 815,126 scope, and method of recording the tests. Each signer all the necessary information for ordi­ MACHINE SHOP OUTFITS, TOOLS AND Coffee pot, M. B. Peery ...... 814,724 S UPPLIES. BEST MATERIALS. BEST Coffee urn, H. Heibel ...... •.••. 814,960 of the eight locomotives is taken up in its turn, nary use. It does not cover the more intricate ..••...... WORKMANSHIP. CATALOGUE FREE Coin receptacle, W. H. Woolums 814,821 detailed working drawings being given of each designs, however. Part IV treats of the de­ Comb cleaner. W. H. Long ...... , ... 814.713 SEBASTIAN LATHE .. Culvert St., C Incinnati, sign of truss roofs from a practical stand­ CO 120 O. Composition of matter, 1.1. S. Van West- one, and a mass of tables and diagrams which, rum ...... ••...... ••.... i14,750 considering the high professional skill with point. Concrete and the like, tension bar for use Foot Power :r�,ds ����� ' ilr : ...... 815,157 which the data have been gathered, are unique and � .!ctltNtlf !;�': in, J. Ir. Golding SH EPARD LATHE CO" 133 W. 2d St. Cincinnati, O. Concrete brick pressing machine, H. H. in the history of the locomotive. 'rh is work Spears ...... 814,742 will prove invaluable to everyone who has to Concrete mixing machinery, E. L. Ransome 814,803 INDEX OF INVENTIONS Condenser, G. M. Newhall ...... 815.031 do with the design and operation of the steam Conduit sealing, J. W. Turner..•••••••..•. 81�,237 locomotive. For which Letters Patent of the Connecting rod, J. F. Cook ...... •.•••.• 815,068 �\ �� �'f�o.\M®OJJ ©rvlE�� Conveying device, 1. E. Bendickson .•••••.. 814,933 A. •••••.••..•..• 814,836 ALTERNATING CURRENTS : THEIR THEORY, Copper separation, Elliott Corkscrew, J. D. Cougblin .....•...•..... 814,834 United States were Issued GENERATION, AND TRANSFORMATION_ By Toledo Ohio,V. Corn holder, A. N. Gitterman ...... 814,688 125 Vulcan Place Corn husker, H. Rust ...... •...••.••..•• 815,220 Alfred Day, D . Sc . , M.l.E.E. New n Cotton chopper, J. R. McKee .. , •....•.••... 814,916 York: The D. Van Nostrand Com­ for the Week Ending Cotton or fibrous material for textile and pany, 1906. 8vo.; pp. 291. Price, like purposes from waste products, ap- Iron paratus for obtaining pure. C. Knopf . 814.967 $2.50. March 13, 1906. he VUlcan worKS co. Couch or couch bed, C. L. Plunkett ...... 815, 118 Countersinking or faCing machine, O. M. In the present volume Mr. Day has at- Nickel Plate Road Again Selling Colonist A ND E A C H BE A R I NO T HAT D ATE Tickets to the Pacific Coast. Mowat ...... 815,029 tempted to gave a general account of the prin- Crate or cooP. E. Sperling ...... •.... 814,882 tickets on 8ale daily nntil April Extremely low rate Cravat or tie holder, R. Riethmniler ...... 814,9H1 ciples, construction, and use of alternating cur- [See note at end of list about copies ot these patents.] 7 to Pacific Coast and otber points in the Far We,t. Tickets /:Z:oodon any of our Cream separatur, C. Walker •...... 815,239 rent measuring instruments, genera tors, motors, trains and in tourist sleepers. �'or particulars write A. W. ECCLESTONE, D. P. A., 335 Cream separator, centrifugal, M. Kelley .. 815,094 Creasing machine, W. H. H. Tracy . ....•.• 815,234 and transforming machinery. A great deal Of . Acid from air, making nitric, A. & H. Broadway, New York City. Cross tie and rail fastener, steel, Austin & Pauling ....•...... •.•...... •....• 814,917 attention has been given to methods of test­ McKendrick ...... 815,251 A�ita��l1g devi�:. W • Bo Devereux ••..••••. tj15!27� . I Crushing mill, G. Commicbau .•.•••••.••.• 814. 832 ing. '['he book is clearly and concisely written AIr brake al'pllance, II. C.� Luck, ...... 814,974 Cue rack, N. B. Stone ...... 815,228 and many matters which a,;e not generally un­ Air compressors, means for operating the Cultivator, T. M. R.iegel ••••..••..•••••• 814,872 electric unloadel's of, l!'. V. Longacre . 815,025 1 derstood, or which are of too recent origin to Cultivator. corn, H. Stripe ••..••••.•..•. 815,229 Air cnshion, H. A. Uarl ••••.••.••.•••••.• ,10314,821) Cupola, F. N. Cline ...... 814.769 have found their way into text books, are AlcohollS, production of aromatic, C. Mettler. 815,19� Our Hand Book on Patent •• Trade·Marks, PAT·ENTS Current motor, F. Marvin ••.•...•...•.. 815,802 Alkaline process, mercurial, W. E. Harmon . 814,692 etc., sent !-ee. Patents procured through B. thoroughly gone into. The book is very prac­ Curtain rod, A. EIchinger • ...... •. 814,903 Alk,yl-oxyacetyl-cyauamid and making same, Munn & Co. receive free notice in the � r Curtain rod support, I'. . Lathrop ...... 814,911 tical in character. It is illustrated by no less Heitmanll & Ulellilliensen ••.....••.... 814,6!J3 L Cutter head, F. D. Hall ...... • 815,161 Amalgamating, H. A. Thomas ., .....•••.• 814,814 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN than 178 diagrams. All types of alternating Cylinder cooling device, C. H. Blomstrom .. 815,257 Amusemeut vehicle, Pattee & Duenkel ..•• 815,211 361 Broadway, N. Y. Dental tool, C. P. }j� ritz ...... ••..•. .• 815, 153 curren t motors and dynamos, as well as the Amusement vehiCle, spherical, H. H. Pattee 815,210 MUNN & CO., Digging holes, I. D. Kemmerer ..••.•••.. 814,849 Apple box press, W. L. Goyett . .•...•••••• 814.954 BRANCH OFFICE: 625 F St.,Washington, D.C. latest form of motor operating upon either Digging tool, hole, I. D. Kemmerer ...•••.• 814.850 Atomizer, W. H. Wood .•...... ••••• 814.820 direct or alternating current, are described Display cabinet, curtain, M. Downey ..... 815,078 Schmidt ...... •.. 815,045 AutomolJile, C. Display rack for rugs, curtains, and similar ,l ith the aid of the diagrams. The book goes Automobile ellgine suspension, A. C. Stewart 814,991 articles. F. W. Pierce ...... 814,801 A\Yl1ing, curtain, alid the like fixture, A. into the theory and practice of alternating cur­ Display rack, furniture, McOloskey & Mc� Copeland ...... 814,770 Laugblin ...... 814,flSO rent machinel'y in a most thorough manner. Bag tilling alId packing appara tml, Jones & Ditching machine, J. Nixon •...... 81 4,982 ...... 815,091 Odena Door, gravity drop, J. M. Goodwin ...... 815,284 THE MOST POPULAR HOME SONGS. Bag or package, W. G. Bell ...... 815,255 ��;a;;.Mannfactory Established 1761. Door hanger, Sliding, F. H. Lange, Jr .... 815,182 New Bale tie, E. L. Pence ...... 815,116 . Lead-Colore & !.273 in a small space. Cat g ua rd, F. H. Palmer ...... 814.984 and Furniture, kitcben, J. N. Knackstedt ...... 814.965 Catalogue, card, H. F. Moses ...... 815,110 fiom�$ 6ard�n$ Furrow smoothpr and packer, C. B. Smith .. 815,048 HANDBOOK ON R EINFORCED CONCRETE. By Cattle guard, Myers & Simensen ...... 814,863 BOUND-VOLUME ONE Fuse, combination time and percussion, Cement and apparatus therefor, manufacture Meigs & Gathmann ...... 814,860 F. D. Warren. New York: D. Van of hydraulic, B. Enright ••...... 815.080 Game apparatus, T. A. Watts ...... •.. 815,053 Cement block machine, A. Klay ...•...... 815,098 Game apparatus, W. C. �fcDoweil ....••.. 815,204 Nostrand Company, 1906. 12mo . ; pp. Profusely Illustrated. Large Quarto. Chalk holder. Primus & Eggleston ...... 814,872 426 Garment fastener, J. H. & I. Taylor ...... 815,231 271. Price, $2.50. Churn, H. Garbutt ...... 814.685 Pages. Green Cloth Covers Pro­ Garments, girdle attachment for supporting, ...... A...... •••••••••• 814.994 This handy little volume is intended as a Chute, gravity, J. M. Goodwin . . 815.285 duced in Several Colors. E. Toussaint Cigar box, J. R. Hinkson ...... 814,784 Gas' beater, L. F. Knodel'er ....•••••••••. S15.099 reference book for architects, engineers and Cigar cutter and lighter, W. Hooll ...... • 815,219 A Beautiful Book. Gas meter, W. K. Harrington .•••••••••• 814.958 contractors who have to do with the designing Cigar tip cutter, Bussey & Waterhouse .... 814,937 Price $3.50 Gas purifier. F. G. Hobart ...... •••••••••. 814.698 Cigarette mal{lng machines. conveyer band Gate, J. F. Stroud ...... , 814,746 of concrete structures. The work treats of a for, P. Hummel ...... 814,908 This volume. containing house plans. many suggestions for Generator. See on generator. general form of design rather than any one Cigarett� tubes, machine for making paper the decoration and furnishIng of the home; also for the im· Generator controlling device. J. Struthers. 815,129 month pieces and applying the same to, provement of the grounds and the gardens. is indispensable to Glass article, Paull & Neville ...... •.•... 815,033 particular system. 'l'he treatment of the many r. Semenoff ...... ;...... 814,738 tbose requiring such information. Glass bottles and the like, apparatus for phases entering the design has been carried out Ci rcuit breaking apparatns, F. P. De Wilde 815,074 making. A. Philippoteaux ...•..••..••. 811>,OR7 Clamp, M. Bloomberg ...... 814,898 Glass, feeding. Dixon & Marsh ...... 814.77R upon well known formul31 based upon the L. Publishers of the Scientific American Clay articles, making implement for green, MUNN & CO., Glass press, Koehler & Beb ...... 815,180 theory of elasticity, and not upon empirical E. von Oven ...... 815,238 361 Broadwav. New York Glass shearing apparatus, Dixon & Marsb .. 814,774 260 Scientific American.

Governor, engine, R. H. Pascall ••••••••• 815,114 Grab hook, J. E. Flynn ••••..•••..••••••• 815,085 Grain drill tube, H. C. Ham •.•••••••••••• 814,907 Grain separator, G. E. Holliday •••••••••• 815,017 Mullins Grain separator, W. W. Culver ..••....•••• 815,070 EasierPre ssedto Ro'W- SteelAbsol Boatsutelll" -Can' Safte SinK Grain, steaming, E. F. Kiler, Sr ••••...••• 814,909 Made of pressed steel.with afr chambers In each end like a life boat� ..•••.••..•....•.•..•• 814.815 Grate, G. E. Travis Can't leak-crack-dry out or Sink-last a lifetime. Every boat Grate, ·0. l!1. Halderman •..•••.••.••..•••• 814,956 guaranteed. The ideal boat for families-summer Grate, L. Gschwind ...... 815,160 resorts-parks-boat liveries, etc. Strong-Safe­ Grindstone turning apparatus, D. Perdew •• 815,034 speedy. Write today for our large catalog of row .... Gun, automatic, W. Trabue •••...... • 814,749 boats, motor boats, hunting d fishing boats. Gun barrel hand protectors, retaining de .. no W. H. MUllInsCo .• . ,1.18Franklin St., Sa.Iem,0, vice for, Bassell & Blenkner .....•••.• 814,664 Gun firing mechanism, H. Lehmann ...... 814,854 Gun sigbt, W. V. Hukill· •....•...•.....•.. 815,090 Hair waver, H. P. Fiske ••••...... • 815,278 Halter, W. E. Hayrier ...... ••• 815,164 Hame fastener, P. Nelson ...... 815,205 New Household Necessity Hammel;", pneumatic, R. A. Norling .....••• 814,983 A A PORTABLE VIBR.ATOR. HANGe o , k ITp Harness checking system, J. Curtain ...... 814,835 �f��� �f��� � � �h:�� JkE'cF{i� ��; ...•• 814,744 Here is a little instmment-entirely new, with t e Harrow disk connection, J. M. Stewart . which you C-'lU get all the beneficial effects of �t�:k13h�! ���, u';e�i� �rl��et����::t�!i�: Harvester and husker, corn, J. A. Stone ... 814,812 lf cars of the following firms : O.ds Motor Harvester, beet, T. J. Sullivan ...... 814, 747 :t:vrlr:��! i�t %:thin ;�r���i�ss��:nA.t�; ","'orks, Berkshire Automobile, York Auto­ Hat blocking and shaping machine, C. Eicke- very latest development of vibratory stimulation mobiJe, etc. a meyer ••••..••...... 815,149 (massage as you'veu always called it) in shape of An ideal battery for all kinds of ignition ...... •• 815,265 r n e Hat fastener, H. 1. Clark . :�:.t Yo� !t����! � ���i:tat;;Ia�� work, small incand scent lights, dental en­ Hat frame making macblne, W • Stoll ...... 814,992 ���:h�� !�� gines, cauteries, wireless telegraph, small mo­ socke� and regulate it to suit youreE'If. '06 C t g Ha t pin, E. S. Condra ...... •...... • 814,833 tors, etc. Write for a alo and trade prices. ..••...... ••• 815,0813 Royal Battery Co., N. Y. You will alway, be in the lead. InterestiD2 Hay press, W. E. Fisber 143 Chambers St., .... 815,208 book on motoring and motor cycles ; also Heat applying device, W. J. O'Donnell ...... 815,140 catalo£, and literature invaluable to the Heating furnace, C. N. Brett Heating furnace, continuous, W. R. Miller . 811'>, 198 prospect1ve owner of a motor cycle. Hinge, Hoor. S. Hanson ...... 815,011 sent free upon request. Hoisting and conveying apparatus, Miller O 8 1 btttteriesgiving out'uuex.�· MERKEL MOTOR C . & Dickinson ...... 14,7 7 kind of trouble never comes 1092, Milwaukee Hoisting apparatus safety mechanism, J. whose car is equipped with an H. •..•....•..•..••..•••••• Wis. Pickavance 814,870 ai l e Batt e y . ' Hoisting support, Barnes & Cronin •..•.••• 815,254 batteries always alive and Hook, O. Kampfe ...•..•...... •...... ••• 815,019 No uncertainty, nor delays, uo Hoppers, automatic clean sweep waste for faulty ignition. Write us for outSide, Weltzel & Pruitt . . • • • . • • • • •• 814,755 a Horn. amplifying, E. R. Johnson ..••.•.•• 814,848 a-:�p' ll:� �\�:ti1:;! Horse overshoe, J. J. McElhenny ...... 814,914 The daily lise of the A.merlean Vibrator wfl1 Increase deficientcircu­ Horseshoe, G. Hauf ...... 814,782 lation-develop the muscles-remove wrinkles and facial blemishes, and Horsesnoe heel and toe calk splitting ma- permanently beautify and preserve the complexion. chine, J. G. Rielf ...... 815,311 Guaranteed by a National Bank . Hose supporter, H. B. Weed ••.....•..••.. 814,997 We will send l.0uthe American Vibrator, by express prepaid, and al­ u to It 30 Hot air register, H. Symonds •...... 814,888 low yo use days to prove its value. All we ask tyou to do is to Hydrocarbon burners, draft regulator for, e r o �f \hn:�:::� :! HASBROUCK F. Yonngs ...... •...• 815, 316 �:����f� !u:i�� �J:i������::�j ��tt�: ::h� SAFE ! E. isn't all it is represented to be and u are not entirely satisfied just no- L. ...•...... ••• 815,226 Icing machine, E. Sons t1f N�.b: ll�eturned. SIMPLE ! Images of objects, apparatus for producing, W�� ��d� £;!� t��kl!t . J. R. Hooper ••...... ••.•••...•••.• 815,170 ;£�l SILENT ! Cheml.. 1 Building, ..••..••..•••••• 814.661 Impact toel, G. L. Badger American Vibrator Co. , ST. LOUIS, MO • SAVI NO ! • Y. Index, card, G. A. Wheeler ...... 814,817 Indicator reducing wheel, J. L. Robertson, ELECTRO MOTOR, SIMPLE, HOW TO Jr. • •••..••.•••...•...••...•...... • 815,038 ELECTRICAL APPARATUS H. .•...... 814,887 make.-By G. M. Hopkins. Description of a small elec­ Insulator attachment, Swanson sented by Conventional Diagrams in Drawlnas.-Fifty te with a a t Insulators or otber glass articles while diagrams showing the usual method of illnstratlng elec- tric motor devised and construc d view to s_1s . I ng amateurs' to make a motor whlcn might be drlven plastic, device for supporting glass, tu s b in with advantage by a current derived from a battery, and W. H. Schorlng ...... 81 5,222 m���I���ru;� �J;P��"M� �� ·llt.�� 0I>r1�� lb ��fs· For sale by Munn & Co. and all newsdealers. which wonld have sufficient power to operate a foot Jacquard machine, Perrin & Perraud ..•... 815,035 h n r Jar or bottle closure, cream and milk, W. ��� 'W'ft � ft������ ��� 1 °s"C�',,���F%"i���: H. Bennett ...•...... ••••.. 81 5,062 �'M' � cen To ts. be Journal bearing, S. C. Anker Holth ..•••• 814,822 Ii tSt'i.r:'�Jl�::id r mti ne ��i�s. 815,230 fl��� f� .;tl :.'J Journal box cover, T. H. Symington...... l.VI u":J:)I2� G�J�T Kettle attachment, J. E. Longhenry ••••.•.• 814,714 IUln. See Brick kiln. •••••••.••• 1 ,662 "KInematograph, W. H. Baker 8 4 posit !s l n o dinw Knitting machine, J. B. Hipwell ••••...• 815,167 They Make Bad Roads Good Ladder and Ironing board; combined step, . Scott ...... •...•...•..•••..•.• 814,877 ����: !��! ����d A. Sendfor Booklet " S" Lamp extingulsber, J. E. Richardson � •.••• 815,215 Lamp, oil, H. Boggs •...•.....•..••...... 814,668 WEED CHAIN TIRE GRIP COMPANY Lamp shade holder, incandescent electric, desi u, •• Are the most symmetrical in lf ••••...... •...... 815,245 28 Moore St New York City accurately constructed of any manne H. A. Wright engine made. Lamp socket lock, J. C. Kircher ...... 815,096 The designer of "Leader Engines" Lamp, vapor electric, P. C. Hewitt .....•.• 814,690 A MONEY MAKER JAGER Marine e Lamps, producing vacuum, D. M. Moore ..• 814,794 Hollow Concrete Bulldinll Blocks ��rle::: i! t�JJi�La��!�Jl; I Land roller, furrow opener, and marker, Best, Fastest, Simplest, Cheapest 4-Cycle Engines .....•....•..• Skillfnll esi ed and well and manna engines-tlach part of every combined, A. Macdonell 814,716 Machine. Fully guaranteed. Bingley d e llDe com­ h s Lantern, tubular, E. C. Everett ...... 815,276 THE PETTYJOHN CO. bmlt. l v r control, :�:n���RO�G EJR�BL� �� Lap board or sewing table, K. M . Moore. . 815,200 bining automatic carburettor INTERCHANGEABLE. 615 N. 6th Strebt, TllrreHante, Ind. spark d e. g1ne with all parts absolutely •• 815,136 with a vanc Develops 1 1-2 H. Po, only '16.00 complete ready to install 'in any Latch, double automatic, F. C. Anderson wide speed range and reliability launch. ' Latch, gate, E. O. Baylor .•....•....•...• 814,665 under most trying conditions. m The lowest Price for actual H;P. developed of any en· Lath supporting means, metalliC, M. Heg- Sizes 3 to 60 h. p. Send for catalog. glne made. bom ••••..••...•..••...... ••...... ••.. 815,292 It Write for our new catalogue-MAILED FREE. ex- Laundry register, G. R. James •.•.••••••• 815,174 J. her and tells Lavin ...•...•.••••••• 815,183 :J � !!:U� Leaf tnrner, F. G. Cor. HighCHAS. and BaJAtterymER archCO. Sts" _� =D� :::O: !�o:!��g� Lede;er. Winfield & Barker .....••..•. ... 814,894 Boston, Mass.G � ·CLAUDE SI.N TZ, Manufaeturer : Ledger system, exten\led, F. 'Y. B.rlggs •• 815,259 GRAND ...... •. . . 815,lIH 292 So. Front Street; RAPIDS, MICH. Level, spirit, J. Martin ; , Lifting hook, L. L. Davis ...•.•••.•.•••• 815,148 Light, prodncing, P. C. Hewitt •.••••..••. 814,696 i Automatic Llneholder, T. A. Seitz •....•...... ••••••.• 814,808 You need this knife 0 Loom, swivel, J. H. Farrar ..•••....•••.. 815,152 Water Supply your automoblie, in Lowering device, safety, E the V. R. & . H, " Most economical, reliable and effi­ shop and In your home. Browning . . • • • . . • . . • • ...... • • • .• 814,828 cient. If you have running ,water LubricatIng devIce, . G. A. Bronder ...••••• 815,260 e A Veritable Pocket Lubricator, L. Gleason • . . • . . . • . . • • . • . • •. 815,088 ��:t �!�h Df�:�;;jPor :���n�b�: Tool Chest Mall box, D. T. Buckwalter .•...... ••••• 815,263 from spring, brook, river, deliv· - Malt stirring apparatus. J. F. Dornfeld ••.• 815,275 ered to any distance. Write for 9 TOOLS IN , Mantle suspension, C. M. Lungren •.••••• 814, 912 THE PRICE PYROMETER catalogue. Tbe Wonder of the Age MaSk, face, H. E. Soutbwortb .....•.•.. 814,741 has evolntioni ed all methods of Niagara Hydraulic Engine _ r z Match bOX, safety, R. L. Storm ....•••••• 814,745 o Built as substantially as a.locomotivE:'. fb� :::���Yem���ln:�:f��ra\' t: 140 Nas.au St., N. Y. Co no n a t Matrices, making, E. Albert ...... ••..••.. 815,001 e k��k nife : S����� hac:tl�� rln :d�iti���� Measurer and recorder, liquid How, J. l!1. ever Invented for the pur 0s , m tu he blade, which is made from 85 carbon cutlers Lea ..•...... ••..•.....••...... ••.•.• 815,102 t 'h t � c - steel, contains the following tools : Meat roaster, D. G. Walker ...... •••.•.• 814,752 �dMiC lgQ8 /a'lf :. 11 :',i' tl�:' Leatber Pnneh Alligator Wreneh durable and highly sensitive. 1, 6, Mechanical movement, S. H. Garst .•••.•• 814,686 2, Swedglng Awl 6, Hoof lIook Manufacturers guarantee to SCREW Mecbanlcal movement, Plagman ...•..• 815,309 8, Wire Cutter ... , Serew Driver A. keep It In order for one year. 4, Wire Pliers 8, Serew Bit Metal bending and straightening machine, Write for partioulars and prices. LATHE K. C. Gardner ...... •.• 815;282 For foot or power .as ELECTRIC DENTAJ, SPECI.U,TY CO. b e e li Metal open work fabric, J. F. Golding ••.• 814,689 wanted. Has power :r : � !�i __ ___ 2241 Euelid Ave., Cleveland, hO�k�S ea u:t: ::p:C�:K g a:o�ka ���t:3rlheS;�:I�e� %e : '- __ .i> O. cross feed net:ded!tmost e very day, and in tml;;eringarounl!.Y :0ur Metals. apparatus for extruding, N. A. and com- are home the knife ...... 814,731, 814,732 d A will be an invaluable pocket companion. AGEN 1.' S WANTED Robertson Er:� :� :i.t����� ••••••• 814,81 0 ; e Remit $1.,5 for sample to-da7. Your money baek If not 8Qtls:lled. Metallurgical process, F. T. Snyder . •••••••••• 815,145 tool. Ask us for print­ ThisKnife for an Inventor or in a Model Shopis a GenuineLuxurv Milking machine, M. Carmickle ed matter. Descriptive , Mill, J. Clhalewskl ...... ••.••...... 814.672 THE EUREKA CLIP DEVINE SPEUIALTY The e ed circulars upon request. CO. Mining drill, F. Lonskl ...... ••..••••••• 814,856 most useful article eVAr Inv nt D pt. 11 88 Baldwin Buildln&" Indlanapolis, Ind. for e Mixing plant, C. E. Blnnings ••••.••••••• 814,667 the purpose. Indlsllensableto Law­ B. er Editors, Students, Bankers, oe l. CO. RBn:BBNOB: ....••.•.•...•.•. 815,109 y s, Insur­ ��I"'IH -lt..� ljr Columbia.National Bank. Mold pallet, O. M. Morse ance Companies and business men gen­ E � r. Moldings, box for electric, J. L. Gleason ..• 814,906 n erally. Book marker and paper Clip. �1iJ���. vitt�rla ���n��hd�!� �c� ELECTRIC LAUNCH MOTOR. - THE Motor control system, electriC, C. A. Mudge . 815,304 Does not mutilate the paper. Can be Motor controlling device, C. A. Dresser .•• 814,946 design In this paper Is for a motor of unnsual simplicity used repeatedly. In boxes of 100 for 25c. Motor cutter, F. P. Jordan ...... •..• 814,964 To be bad of all booksellers. stationers of construction, wblch can easily be built by an amateur H. at small cost. It Is intended for a boat of abou� 24 feet Motor safety starting mechanism, A. and nOtiOn dealer8� or bV mail on receipt TheWonder Gasoline Motors ...••..•...•....•. ...•..•.••.•• 815,137 Something New and C'p-to-date over all and 4 feet 61ncbes beam, draw ng 18 inches. and Beecher of price. Sample card, b mail,free. Man- i Mower, lawn, H. P. Terry ...... 815,132 n t e .More power for leBS money than any other of a e No �e�ac���� n r Slfe :d8gfE���Tg Mowers, grass collector for lawn, L. WIl- t L' : ':, machine on the mar1.>et. 'l��r';.��,'�l:"�i: 'fu�t�:. V!� ��.� 8bx M. �: � 1lw. y: 01. AMERlCAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 1202. Price 10 cents by dermnth ••••.•....•••...... •..••..... 815, 242 valves, gears, etc., to get out mail, from tbis office and f om ,uI newsdealers. Music leaf turner, C. E. Shuler ..•...... 815,047 order. Jump Spark. Our 1 J11 r ELECTRIC SEWING MACHINE MO- Musical instrnment, electric, Severy & Sin- and de­ H. P. marina outfit is a"WL N­ .clair •....•.•.•••.•.•..•••....•••.••... 814,878 tor.-The Instructions nnmerous illnstratlons of NER." Sohd or reversing pro­ THE IDEAL ta ls contained In this artIcle will a y mechanic Musclal Instrument player, automatic, F. i enable n peller. Our prices will surprise of averaRe ability to bnild an efficientmotor hat will you. Write to-day. Marine or A. Pilcher ...... 814, 725 r etri r statio ary outfits to suit any re. LAWN MOWER GRINDER Musical Instrument, pneumatic self-playing, fc� ::C�I�:�h�u l'd�cee��"v��\I�;S�%�e t� �i� n to D H. P. ,679 qutrementB up This macbine will grind a lawn L. B. DOOlan •••..•...... 814 SUPPLEMENT. 1�10. Price S C SB, N. Y. TIFIC AMERICAN No. 10 /o;k YBA U mower 'perfectly In iii minutes, and Mnslcal Instrument, self-playing, L. B. Do- cents by mail, from this office and from all newsdealers. g�'B:t?�i�,��:.a Is destined to ·revo· man ••.•..••..••...... •..••...... 81 4,678 IntlonlZe the whole Musical Instruments, playing apparatns for, . a L. B. Doman ..••...... •.•....••..••• . 814,676 r����;s:it ��:r �\3 Musical Instruments, pneumatic playing ap- d paratus for, L. B. Doman .•.•.•••••.• 814, 677 : �lg::. nn,, °rw. Nail making macbine, J. K. Neubauer •••••• 815,305  � 13 s getic men and boy Net frame. landing, H. B. Carlton ••.•.•.•• 815,144 make p e r day $10 Noodle dough cutting apparatus, S. Mueller 814,862 PERFECTLY SPTheir ARKConstruction SimplyCOILS Explained nsing It. Nothing Nozzle, J. Henderson ...... 814, 694 like It ou the IDar· machine K. Scotford ••.•... 815,124 American Snpplement keto FOr Hand or Numbering . L. Flat -Opening Scientific Nutritive preparation, C. Kohler ..••••...• 814,968 spark Power use, For 160 describes the making of a l�-inch Oil H8sk, Graham & Lovelace .....••••••• 815,158 AND Oil generator, crude, W. H. Neher ...... •• 814,866 coil Scandientific condenser. Am erican Su pplement fre"�:�a J. C...... •.•..•. 814,987 011 press, Richardson Self-Indexing 1514 you how to gas­ THE ROOT BROS. CO.. Plymouth, Obio Ore concentratIng apparatus, J. F. C. Abel· tells make a coil for ...... ••...... • Most convenient for spies 814,896

Picture and sound reproducing apparatus, W. H. Baker ...... Pier construction, cylinder, W"', H. Healy .. Pin. See Clothes pin. Pipe, C. E. Qngley ...... Pipe coupling, L. C. Sands ...... HAIR Pipe coupling support, train, .J. E. Forsyth .. Pipe · coupling, train, L. M. Sartain ...... Pipe \ Jines, automatic air relief for, C. Our Guarantee Covell ...... •...... •.. Pipe thimble, steam. G. Mehring ...... 814,976 Backed by the Piston rod and cross head connection , ad- justable. C. G. Sprado .....•...... 815.312 Bank Plane. C. E. Mitchell ...... � 814.718 Plow, A. M.orrison ...... •.•....•. 814,721 President Hadley We will send yon by Plow. A. G. Perry ...... •..... 815.036 prepaid express, an Plow, R. L. Kearney ...... 815,092 ...... 515.225 Evans Vacuum Cap, to Pocket book lock, A. J". Smith . . polishing machine, J. Lehpbeuter ...... 814,787 nse sixty days. and if Polo apparatus� water, J. F. Conkling . . .. 814,674 of Yale University you do not cultivate a Pop gun. J. Seibold. et al...... 815.223 sufficient growth of Post hole digger. "an de Walker & Jenney 815.133 Potato digger, J. VOl'bach ...... ••..•....• 815,051 hair within this time to convince yon that this method Preparatory machine and spinning, doubling, is effective. simply notify the Jefferson Bank of SI. winding, and like processes and appa­ Recently Said : I,ouis. and they will return the price of the Cap to you. ratus therefor, H. Doll ...... • 815,075 The Cap is used a few minutes each day. and Preserving receptacle, vacuum, H. C. Fer- ...... , ...... 815,081 even one application produces a pleasant, tingling guson .. . .. Press box, Haskell & 'l"'h ompson ...... 815,291 f a man's purposes and sensation, which denotes the presence of new life in Pressure exel'ting machine, G. W. Green- "I ...... •. the scalp and which cannot be obtained by any other wood 814,955 home means. Where the life principle has not become Printing and issuing railway tickets, ma- The protection of the . .. ideals are such that he IS extinct, this method of stimulation will usually de­ chine fol', R. '1\ Piscicelli .. - .... '" 814,985 Printing, photomechanical, H. L. Reckard .. 815,310 is one of the first steps toward velop a growth of hair about an inch in length, Printing press, 'V. Holland _ ...... 814,785 within the trial period. Printing press attachment, Dana & Kibben . 815,071 seeking to attain them fo r A series of letters from a number of people. giving Printing press feeding attachment, Brown the realization of an ideal life. their experience with the Evans Vacuum Cap, ap­ & Enderis ...... Propulsion of vessels, T. Davids ...... himself at the of pears in this month's �' Metropolitan " and " Every­ Pulley stop mechathism, expansible, C. .J. expense body's " magazine, and we will send copy of these Reed ...... letters. together with an illustrated book, to anyone Pulp screening machine, fibrous, P. R. Thorn And Life Insurance provides . his fe llow m n , they are interested. Pulverizing mill, E. H. Hurry ...... e & .. We have no agents or traveling representatives. Pump. Neil Alstad ...... such p rotection better than any­ Pump, W. T. Fiers ...... All orders for our invention come through the Jeffer Pump and propeller, spiral, V. Sjostrom ... pagan ideals * • * son Bank and each customer is protected by guarantee Pump rod clamp. A. Knocker ...... thing that human ability issued by the Bank. For further information address Pumps, means for balancing centrifugal, J". Degen ...... 814.902 and fo resight have ever yet EV ANS VACUUM CAP CO. Pumpir.g engine, steam, F. M. Metcalf .... 814,793 Pumping liquids, means for, J. E. Starr .... 814,883 312 Fullerton Bldg., St. LOUis, Mo. Purse and means for suspending the same, devised. J. Facette ...... 815.277 "If his ideals are such that Race course machine, O. Henrichson ...... 815. 165 Race track observatory" M. P. Schetzel ... . 814.873 Road freighting Traction fngines Rail bond and making same, electric, S. each step toward their real­ Write your nam e and address P. Coward in ...... 814.771 Rail brace. C. A. Aikins ...... 815.248 ...... on the mar in of this advertise­ Rail fastener, guard, H. C. Nunn . . 814,868 ization means the advance­ g Rail jOint; J". Davies ...... 814.772 Rail joint, E. G. Williams ...... 815,243 ment and send fo r a plan of Rail tie, F. Coleman ...... 815,065 ...... 815,050 those about him, Rail tie and brace. N. E. Barnes .. .. ment of n Rails of tramways and the like, apparatus home protection a d saving that for cleaning the, H. Quertier ...... 815,213 Rails, system of preventing the collection his purposes are Christian." will in terest you. Over 200 in use on Pacific Coast alone. Siberia, of ice on, J. D. Burns ...... 814,671 Spain, India. Central America. Sandwich Islands Railwu.,' nmusement, F. A. Cerruti ...... 814,9a9 have them. Railway electric Signaling apparatus, B. F. Write Now While Yo u Think of it...... 815.:115 Engines lIO Horse-power. Wood, Coal, or OD W,ooding ...... Railway rail joint, G. H. Grove ...... 8.15,159 burning. Hauls 50 tons, takes grades 5 to 25 per cent. Capacity each car ton8-: Railway safeguard, automatic, B. F. Car- 16 penter ...... 81u,320 Railway Signal, S. Romain ...... 815,039 THE BEST MFa. COMPANY RailWay signaling apparatus, electric, J. San Leandro, California W. Tatum ...... 815,131 ...... 814.673 for our Railway switch. P. Cleveland . Cable Address. DANBEST. Write New Railway switch, G. M. Thompson ...... 815.314 ThINeSUR ANCE OF Catalogue No. COMPANY AMERICtiA. al IS Pruden Codes, Westen. Union and McNiel. Railway switch, street, E. Brownfield. .... 814,827 . .. . . SHi.086 Incorporated a. I Stock Company by the State of New Jersey. NEW YORK !'lUHOOL OF Railway system. H. C. Ford ...... Railway tie. P. Holmes ...... 814.701 AUTOMOBILE ENGIN£ ERS Railway tie, A. J. McCallum ...... 814.796 Incorporated Hailway tiE', metallic, W. Griesser, 141 We�t 56th Street, New 'York City 814,840 to 814.842 Under the personal direction of Railway tie. metallic. C. L. Mueller ...... 814.978 PROF. CIIAS. E. LIJCKE, M. E., Ph.D. li School of Engineers, Columbia University �:i:r '1r ���: :: ------i l c O l a o e ��:l::� 1���·. ��y ���:�� - e tU �� :s� �de � � Railways, rotary fender and cleaner for as�:iitt�t� ��d t�� o e e y �t t 6� ���g: r e r also laboratories completely and specially equipped to Rak:� �� ;,v:vir�� �:� .� .:::::::::::::::: m:�gg . teach an component parts of automobiles. Razor strop, J". Bailey .•...... 815.252 K eep Y F t 0ou r ee ry ...... 815,143 are standa tl and you have half won the battle for health. Damp s Reel, H. B. Carlton ...... the r feet are forerunners of colds, chills, rheumatism. neu- SPECIl'rl"�'b 18t:nJn�&1t t"�NERS. Reel-ing machine,: W. W� Lincoln ...... ; 815,184 for Accuracy, ralgia, pneumonia and other iIl8. Avoid these by al- st C M an Design, Workmanship and ways wearing the ��;� X:ill.E'J". ·G. r!y ner: ::::::::::::::::: ���:��� Fi ish. Roller stand, If. A. Breeze ...... 814,900 Send forFree Cata�� u!����: of up-to�date toolsn Rotary engine. W. Wyand ...... 815,135 Worth Cushion & . ... . 815.246 The Rotary engine, Young Cavanaugh . . . L. S. Starrett Co . • Athol, Mass • • U S. A Roundabout, G. Leinert ...... 815,103 . Rubber and the like from wood, extracting, Sole Shoe A. V. de la Corte ...... 814.675 Rule and square, combined, C. V. Green ... 814,690 Rule clamp. J. T. Moyer ...... 814.722 Willmake for you Don't plod along in the same Sad-iron. F. W. Kellerman ...... 815.296 Sand and slime separator, n. J. Kelly ... .. 815,095 old rut contentto earn the salary Sash holder, Trump & Grimes ...... 814.892 Saw guide, undercut. B. C. Swaggert ...... 814.886 of a mere clerk, when the de­ Saw, square, and miter, combination, R. J. $100 A DAY The patented inner 801e resists all dampness and moist­ Ward ...... Spin sugar into cotton ure and keeps both teet and stockings dry and comM L. candy any COIOf 01 fortable. Tbey are lIl light and heavyweigbts at $4.011 mand for experts in business or­ Saw ' swaging machine. W'. CoveL ...... Yt,ur . to l!!'(j,00. �tyleB Button, Lace and Congress. If Sawing machine, G. Morris ...... flavor. Agents wanted. dealer does notkeep tbem, write us for free catalog. ganization is greater than the Scale, rafter, Dwigans & Adams ...... THE CUMMINGS COilIPANY Screw drivel', E. A. Schade ...... BARTELL nACHINE CO supply. Seaming apparatus, can, G. C. Witt ...... • 4 06 Washington Street, Boston, ilI n, •• Seat back. folding. C. E. Marchessault ... W • 8 . .A. . ______�S __3 ___ th__ ��. ,�Ne_w y_o_���, U_S Every we are asked to Seat back, removable, W. L. C. Chambers .. _ _ __ month Seed and grain cleaning machine, F. A. Powers ...... 814.918 supply men for executive posi­ Sewing machine, G. Riel ...... 814,730 DRIL ING The "AS'l'Elt " is the bef;t Fn'l!('h Sewing machine folder, A. H. De Voe ...... 814,944 � motor on the market for lighting tions-men who have reduced Sewing machine folding and guiding attach- Machmes hotels, etc. Small, compaet, simple ment. R. G. Woodward ...... 815.134 Over 70 sizes and styles, for drilling either deep Dr safe to operate. i\Ioti':e power alcohol, oil business to a science ; who know Sewing machine folding attachment, M. A. shallow wells in any kind of SOil or rock. Mounted Qr gas. 2 and 4 cylinders. Gr�:tt pO'Wt-r E. Luhrs ...... 815.026 WEon wheels or on sills.LL With engines or horse powers. for small t:ngines. Easy running. Write how to systematize a single de­ Sewing machine shuttle actuating mechan- Strong, simple and durable. Any mechanic can for illustrated Price List. ism, Corcoran & Dobyne ...... 815.069 operate them easily. Send for catalog. partment or an entire business Shade and curtain hanger, window, O. B. WILLIAMS BROS., Ithaca, N. Y. ASTER COM PA NV Reed ...... 815.120 1691 Broadway NEW YORK CITY establishment. These are the Shade and roller adjustment. window, A. Holmes ...... 815.294 men who can always earn the Shade 1!r�cket. H. Meyer ...... 815.195 Shaft, flexible, A. P. & C. H. Warner ..... 815.240 Shearing mechanism, rotary, G. W. Swift, salary of an expert. Jr...... 814,813 Alco Acetylene Gas Burners Sheet metal support or bracket, 1:'. E. For House Lighting or Auto and Yacht Lamps...... 815.020 lli:eller ...... Look better. Iast longer. burn brighter. and Do want a Shelf support. J". Speed ...... 814.811 you such Ship, swing bed for use on board. C. Soulas 81 5. 127 are cheaper than all others.. Price $2.10 doz. Shocker attachment for binders, T. \V. Brown ...... 81 5,141 American Lava Company, Chattanooga, Tenn. position ? Shoe top. adjustable, H. Metz ...... 815. 194 Our Course in Systematizing Shovel. L. Schaffert ...... 815,122 Show device, C .E. Isacke ...... 814.700 is conducted for the purpose of Shredding machine feeding mechanism, E. H. Frickey ...... 815.087 815.073 A tropical climate gives preparing you for an executive Sign, J. L. Dawes ...... yon tha Inxurions . 814.684 " t Sign, illuminated, Fleming & Childs ...... feeling " which o nly . 815,169 position. We will teach you Silks. assorting. H. Hofer ...... comes with co mplete Skate. S. A. Willis ...... 814,81U rest. .. 814.879 How Skate. H. A. Silvera ...... To Increase how to accomplish more-how Skate, T. A. Russell ...... 815. 121 THE Sideway, spiral, W. H. Logan ...... 814,855 Your Business to make your efforts more pro­ Slimes separating or filtering apparatus, D. HAVANA J". Kelly ...... 813.021 ductive of results-how to rid Smelting iron ore, P. L. T. H{�roult ...... 815,016 LIMITED Smelting iron ore, apparatus for, P. L. T. A tt'ain de luxe, leaves carefnlly. every yourself of annOYlllg details­ Heroult ...... 815.298 Chicago FRIDAY AFTER� EADweek, the Business NOONS at 3, St Louis Snow plow, G. C. Moore ...... 814.977 . and Personal Wants . 814.779 9.40 p.m.; arrives 1\10· R how to earn more money. Soldering, C. W. Gqlham ...... bile DOCK after dinner column in the Sound receiving and delivering horn, L. L. Saturdays, when yon Mail the coupon tc)-day and Terhune ...... 814.891 are transferred direct Sound reproducing and magnifying means. to the New Palatial Scientific American learn how we can help you. J. L. Gray ...... 814.839 Steam ship "Pri nce Sound reproducing machines, pitch indicat- George," arriving Ha� This week it will be found ing attachment for. C. L. Chisholm . ... 814.941 vana in time for break­ on page 257. INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTANTS' SOCIETY, Inc. Spectaele attachment. J. P. J"ackson...... 814.707 fast Monday. Some week you will be O...... 814.H05 ' 324 W. FJrt St., Detroit. Mich. Speed indicator, C. Ericson ...... likely to find an inquiry Speed indicator, E. J. I..Joring ...... 815,108 I would like to know more about your plau of Spinning and twisting apparatus, ring, J. for something that you instruction as applied to lily position. Hayden. ,Jr...... 814. 783. 814.844 The equipment of the train and the accomoda­ manufacture or deal in. Spinning device. gyroscope, Ii\ M. Leavitt .. 814,969 tions on the boat are the best offered winter A prompt reply may bring tourists. Name . .••.•..• , ••••••••...... ••••...... Spittoons, gola catcher for fountain, F.- E. an order. Webster ...... 814.925 Chicago & Alton Ry. Sprayer, E�. Mercer ...... 815, 192 ROUTE Mobile & Ohio R. R. Watch it Carefnlly Address ...... Sprinkler apparatus, electric, J. W. Larish . 814.852 1 Munson Steamship Line . 815, 119 Squib, compound, J. R. Powell ...... May we have an opportunity of elaborating on Town ...... State ...... 815.21 2 . . Squib holder. J". R. Powell ...... the advantages of a Cuban trip this winter t Stamp affixing devic(�, M. R. Burrowes ... . 814.936 Occupation ...... Stamp affixing machine, "r. Ii'.Ber nheisel .. 815.138 Address GEO. J. CHARLTON, Stamp and seal handling device. G. B. Gen'l Pass'r Agt. , Chicago & Alton Ry. Business ...... "KUbon ...... 814.708 ()HICAGO, ILL. '-______-',S tedm engine, J. Lindberg ...... 8] 5,185 Scientific AlIlerican

Steamboats, etc. , pulling machine for, Hayes & Billings ...... 815,014 Steering gear, hydraulic and hand, J. G. Cooper ...... • ...... • . . . • . . . •. 815,266 A Perfect Ignition Device Sterilizing apparatus, portable, W. w. For Gas and Gasoline Engines Sweeney ...... 815,313 Stethoscope. O. Stadtler .•..••..••. ..•.... 814,923 is he Edison )3attery and Spark Still, wood, H. Copilovich .....•..••. .•.... 814,901 t Stopple and non· refillable bottle. Coil. Ensures con�tant speed in automatic, A. H. Cox ...... 815,147 Motor Boats. 'l'he Gas Engines and Storage battery. H . B. Hallock ...... 814,691 Batteries del iver a high constant Stove or furnace, H. J. Hough ....•..•.•.•. 814,703 current to the coil which is spe· Strap, S. T. Roberts ...... 815,216 Stringed instrument key;; A. A. Farland .•.. 814,682 clally wired to yie d a hot spark l Suture bridge, J. E. Chambers ...... 815.264 every time. This combination ob .. $witch. W. W. McClung ...... 815,202 viates aU ignition troubles. Is Switch rod, adjustable, H., Jr., & W. H. o Elliot ...... 815,150 surer and more economical than Table attachment, extension, H . C. Kriegh· any other sparking device. Sold by dealers every· baum ...... 815,100 where. Send for name of nearest dealer, and Booklet Tabulating and other like systems, appa- Battery iI'acts, containing valuable ignition information. ratus for use in, H. Hollerith ...... 814,700 (not Including Lamps.) Talking machine, E . R. Johnson ...... 814,786

Tank, J. W. Wallace ...... 814,753 Edison Manufacturing CO. Tap and die holder, C. E. Cole ...... 815, 146 Target, self·reglsterlng electrically·operated 25 Lakeside Avenue sectional, G. A. Peters ...... 815,117 Teeth, instrument for stopping, P. F. Rut- ORANGE. N. J. Perfection terford ...... •....:. 815,040, 815.041 Four=Cylinder 31 Uul on Square, New york Telegraphic safety device, S. R. Wright. .. 814,761 It is concentration of effo rt that has made the Ca.diUac what it is. 304 Wabash A venue, Chicago Telephone attachment, B. Ehrlich ...... •.. 814,680 Telephone For five years its makers-the master designers and motor builders of 25 Clerkenwell Road, London, E.C. connector switch, automatic, A. E. Keith et al ...... 815,176 America-have focused their endeavors upon a s ingle object-to produce Telephone exchange, B. Salzmann ...... 815,042 'relephone selector switch, automatic, A. E. a faultless motor car. A consummation of these efforts is found in Keith et al .•..••...•...... 815,321 Telephone system, L. W. Carro\! ...... 814,830 the magnificent line of 1906 cars. notable among which are the Telephone toll apparatus, G. A. Long ...... 815, 107 Telephony, D. M. Therrell ...... 815,322 four-cylinder types. These models embody every point of excellence Telephony , wireless, A. F. Collins ...... 814,942 far found any of the high-priced cars, either of American Thermal protector and alarm, F. B . Cook .•. 815,006 thus in Thermostatic alarm, Myers & Clemans ..... 815,111 or foreign make. When you remember the remarkable efficiency of Threshers, grain pan for, E. F. Athey ..... 814,931 Noteworthy Arti(les Tie plate, W. J. Williams .....•...... 815,244 the famous Cadillac single-cylinder engine , a nd consider this ON TIMELY TOPICS r.rile or shingle, artificial stone roofing, Ii\ o M. Leusch ...... 814,970 same principle embodied in quadruple form. you will TIme recorder, workman's', W. A. Wood .. . 814,760 gain a slight idea of he Tire, B. C. Seaton ...... 814,737 t serviceableness of Each number of the Scientific . .American Tire case, H. R. Teel ...... 815,31 9 these powerful four-cylinder Tire, cushion, R. E. Rathbun ...... 814,729 10 Supplement costs cents by mail. Tire protector, H. P . Palin ...... 814,798 models of the Tire, vehicle, H. C. Folger ...... 815,279 Tobacco curing apparatus, C. H. Kceney .. . 815,093 'rools, portable apparatus for transmHting SEWAGE AND ITS DISPOSAL. A motion to, A. Collet ...... 815,066 review of modern methods. By H. I,EM­ Top, spinning, W. Whitfield ...... 814, 8 1 8 MOIN· CANNON. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Torpedo, railway sig'nal, F . Dutcher ...... 815,079 SUPPLEMENT 1551. Toy top, J. A. Irving ...... 814,962 '1'1'ain controlling apparatus, block signal; many improvements ELECTRIC LIGHTING FOR AMA. G. W. Johnston ...... 814,963 RS. How a s mall and simple experi­ ...... TEU Trolley, F. J. Gibbs ... . 815,283 is an automatic governor which at home. mental installation can be set up Truck, D. H. Rowe ...... 814,874 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 1551. Truck, folding, W. F. Markham ...... 814,858 limits the speed of the engine when the CHEMICAL AFFINITY. Simply explained Tu b making machine, H. Brammer ...... 815. 139 disconnected, eliminating. vibration and saving by SIR OLIVER LODGE. SCIENTIFIC AME­ Turbine, H. F. Fullagar ...... 815, 154, 815,1 55 Turbine blades, RICAN SUPPLEMENT 1 547. making, Rateau & Sautter . 814,804 much fuel and energy. Another is the mechanically-operated oil Turbine bucket wheel, J. Wilkinson ...... 814,757 DAVID CAS E • H A R DEN I N G. By Tur'bine controller mechanism, J. Wilkinson 814,756 feed (found on all Cadillac models) which supplies oil to the en­ FLATHER. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SuP­ Turbine, steam, H. F. Fullagar ...... 815.281 PLEMENT 1547. Typesetting machine, W. J. Ennisson ..... 814,681 gine in accordance with its speed, keepingit al ways in a state of per­ Typewriters, interchangeable platen for, C. ELECTRIC IGNITION SYSTEMS. A of the exclusive Cadillac planetary J. Mohns ...... 814,719 fect lubrication. Transmission is comprehensive article by E. W. J OBERTS. Typewriting machine, G. H. Smith ...... 814,739 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 1546. type with specially cut and hardened gears. The bodies are of unusual Typewriting machine, E. F. Kunath ...... 815,101 CONCRETE. A general article on Its merits Umbrella, W. A. Stettner ...... 814,884 elegance, and luxuriously appointed. Wheel base of model H (30 h. p.) and defects SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SuP­ Umbrellas, etc., marking device for, C. PLEMENT "1543. Weaver •...... 815,054 100inches ; model L (40 h. p.) IlO inches. Practically noiseless ; com� Some of Valve, �'. H. Mason ...... 814,791 REINFORCED CONCRETE. Valve, automatic balanced, F. H. Mason ... 814,975 fortable and easy-riding as a Pullman coach. its Pdnciples and Applications with practi� Valve, automatic reduction and Quick-action catalog N. which will cal Illustrations. SClENTIFIC AMERICAN Let us send address of nearest dealer and our finelyillustrated triple, G. M. Spencer ...... 815,227 tell you more about the 15)06C a.dllla.cs. A car to suit any purse, any reqUlrement. S'JPPLEMENTS 1547. 1548. 1 551. Valve for gas burners, regulating, L. l� ...... K, 10 h. p. Runabout, $750. Mod l H , 3 0h p. Touring Car, $2500. A ll prices ELECTRONS AND THE ELECT RO_ Knoderer ...... 815,179 JVodel e ...... Model Car, 950. Model 4 Car. 3750. f. o. b. NIC THEORY are discussed by SIR Valve for pipes, relief, F. Trump . 815,236 M. Light Touring L. 0 h. p. Touring Detroit. OI,IVER I,ODGR in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Valve or trap, sewer, P. 11'. Lenhart ...... 814,788 Vehicle,- C. C. Grosshausel' ...... 814,780 Detroit. Mich. SUPPLEMENTS 1428. 1429. 1430. 1431. tor Car Co.. Vehicle body, H. E. Bradner ...... 814,8 23, 814,824 Cadillac Mo 1432. 1433. 1434. Member Asso. LlCensedAuto Mire. Vehicle body bolster, J. M. Goodwin ...... 815,286 THE PANAMA CANAL is described from Vehicle buffer, railway, J. M. Goodwin .... 815,288 the engineering �tandpoint in SCIENTIFIC Vehicle fender or obstruction remover for AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 13 59. road vehicles, P. Arrieta y Sanz ...... 814,930 Vehicle frame construction, J. M. Goodwin . 815,289 WIRELESS TELEGRAPH Y. I ts Progress are well discussed in Vehicle gear, L. E. Hickok ...... 814,8 45, 814,846 and Present Condition Vehicle girder and bulkhead, J. M. Good· SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS 1425. win ...... •...•.... 815,287 1426. 1427, 1386. 1388. 1389. 1383. Vehicle heater, W. R. Marentette ...... 814,790 1381. 1327. 1328. 1329. 1431. vehicle recording apparatus, motor, D. We have issued a very interesti.ng set of 12 different souvenir postal cards, showing Mason ...... 815,303 Vanderbilt Race Souve nirs HOW TO CONSTRUCT AN EFFI. Thomas's Locomobile th Vanderbilt Race, making the bes CIENT WIRELESS TELEG RAPH Vehicle step, jointed, F. M. Gault ...... 814,687 Dr. H. E. in e t showing ever APPARATUS AT SMALL COST is Vehicles, horse controlling attachment for, made by any American car. A set of cards mailed on receipt of 12 cents in stamps. A. M. McGeary ...... 814,915 told in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT . 814,712 Also a handsome five-color poster of the Locomobile finishing in the Vanderbilt Race 1363. Vending machine, Leighton & Holmes ..... Vending machine, F. A. Huser ...... 815,173 mailed for 10 cents in stamps. May be framed with or without printed border as desired. SUBMARINE NAVIGATION. An ex- Ventilator. See Window ventilator. THE LOCOMOBILE COMPANY OF AMERICA Bridgeport. Conn. haustive review of the subj ect is published Vessel, marine. C. A. Manker ...... 815,187 in . SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS Vibrating screen, N. V. Fitts ...... 814,952 1414. 1415. 1222. 1223. Vine cutter, A. J. McCready ...... 815,203 Vulcanizer, J. M. Padgett .•..•...... • 815.209 SELENIUM AND ITS REMARKABLE Wagon, dumping, C. Mlller •...... •. 814,861 are fully described in PROPERTIES Wagon reach adjuster, E. J. Abbott ...... 815, 057 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 1430. I 9 0 6 Waistband, belt, and the like, E. Abadie· Electrical Engineering The paper is illustrated by numerous en· Leotard ...... 815,056 and Experimental Work 01 Every Description gravings...... Wall decoration, T. F. Odell . . . 815,307 We have every facility for producing first·class work THE INTERNAL WORK OF THE Washbench and step·ladder, combined, C. E. THOMAS promptly. Our factory is equipped with modern ma­ ...... 814,904 WIND. By S. P. I,ANGLEY. A painstak­ Emory . chinery throughout. ing discussion by the leading authority on Washing machine, J. V. Da Silveira ... , ... 814,989 C. F. SPLITDORF Watches, banking screw for, C. E. De Long 815,271 44, AUPrice $14TO=BI;) Aerodynamics, of a subject of value to all Model No. Engineering Dept. 17·27 Vand water St., City Water by electrolysis, apparatus for pnrlfy- e N. Y. interested in airships, SCIENTIFIC AMER ICAN Three Horse Power. Simplest motorcycle on the , ing, H. C. Bailey ...... 814,764 market. Agents wanted everywhere. Catalog free. SUPPLEMl;;NTS 946 and 947. Water heating attachment, G. E . Dixon .... 815,274 T HE TI-IOltIA!S AU'l'O.Bl CO. 14;)0 Niiigal'a Buffal , N. LANGLEY'S AERODROME. Fully de­ Water jacket, C . W. Hawkes ...... 815,013 !Street o Y. scribed and illustrated in SCIENTIFIC AMERI­ .Weather strip, C. Vose .•...... •..... 814,893 CAN SUPPLEMENTS 1404. 1405 and 1546. ,Well reamer, Hardenburg & Sager ...... 815,012 Instru(tive Scientific papers ,Wheel, B. Holt ...... 815,295 RONS STEAM TURBINES. Their Construction, F,LECT AND THE ELECTRONIC Whip stock, G. Monetti ...... 815,199 Theory are discussed by SrR OLIVER L in Operation and Commercial Application. O DGE SCI�N­ Window fastener, J. Trafford ...... 814,995 TIFle AM>:RICAN S{"PPLEMENTS 142!", 1429, 1430. ON TIMELY TOPICS SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS 1306. W1ndow lock, Honecker & Klipple ...... 8B.702 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434. Price 10 cents each, by . Company. 361 1307. 1308. 1422. 1400. 1447. 1370. W'indow ventilator, U. G. Russell ...... 814,920 man Munn &: Broadway. New York City, 1372. 1521. The articles have all been Wires, dies for tying intersecting, O. S. and alJ newsdf'alers. prepared by experts in steam engineering. Sturtevant ...... 814,885 Price 10 Cents each by mail PORTLAND CEMENT MAKING is de­ Wood boring macblne, Bible & Robinson .•.• 815,256 Wood filler, E. J. Hubley ...... •..••••• 814,847 scribed in excellent articles contained in Work stand, W. H. Commons ...... 815,067 ARTIFICIAL STONE. By P. Ford. A SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS 1433. 1,. Wrapper for salesmen's slips, etc., J. H. paper of immense practical value to the 1465. 1466. 1510. 1511. Rand ...... • ...... 815,21 4 architect and builder. SCIENTIFIC AMERI­ AERIAL NAVIGATION. Theoretical and Wrench, 'V. D. Garrard ••...... •...... 815,156 CAN SUPPLEMENT 1500. Practical Discussions. PictureB and Descrip­ Yoke, neck, C. A. Smith ...... 814,881 THE SHRINKAGE AND WARPING tions of actually-built dirigible bal loons and Zinc, battery, H. J. Brewer...... 814,825 OF TIMBER. By H arold Busbridge. An aeroplanes will be found SCIENTIFIC in excellent presentation of modern views ; AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS 1161. 1149. 11!>0• W ASrtINGTON. D. C. funy illustrated. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 1151. 1404. 1405 . 1413. 145 5. DESIGNS. SUPPLEMENT 1500. THE TANTALUM LAMP. A full illus· Badge button, V. M. Ellis ...... : ...... 37,887 CONSTRUCTION OF AN INDICAT­ trated description of a lamp having a meta1- Badge or similar article, J. B. Goodwin .... 37,888 ING OR RECO RDING TIN PLATE lic filament and burning at once without ...... Cabinet top, kitchen, W. C. Horner . 37,897 ANEROID BAROMETER. By N. preliminary he SCIENTIF ating appears in IC ])ish or similar article, covered, C. J. Ahren- Monroe Hopkins. Fully illustrated. SCIEN· AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT ...... 1523. feldt 37.894 TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 1500. THE WATER PROOFING OF FABRICS l<' abric, printed textile, E. B. Vandergaw .... 37,898 Lamp Musing, are, A. Hausold ...... 37,895 DIRECT-VISION SPECTROSCOPES. is thoroughly discussed 111 SCIENTIFIC AME­ Plate or dish, A. A. Robineau ...... 37,889 By H. Blakesley, M.A. All admirably RICAN SUPPLEMENT 1522 T. by an expert. Plate or similar article, C. J. Ahrenfeldt, written, instructive and copious1y illustrated TH� SPARK COIL. ITS CONSTRUC_ 37,890 to 37,89:1 article. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE­ TION AND MAINTENANCE. is the Tool handle, G. E. Wood ...... 37,896 MENT No. 1493. subject of a painstaking article in SCiEN­ SCIENTIFIC TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 1522. HOME MADE DYNAMOS. TRADE MARKS , AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS 161 and &00 con· ELECTRIC IGNITERS FO R GAS EN­ tain exceUent articles with full dra wings. GINES are discussed in SCIENTIFIC AME· ... . Ale, C. H. Evans &J Sons .. , ...... 50, 407 PLATING DYNAMOS. SCIENTIFIC AME· RICAN S.UPPLEMENT t;14...... I Autographic registers, Carter-Crume Co 50,346 RICAN SUPPLEMENTS 7 20 and 7 9 3 de· Badges, solid gold, Irons & Russell ...... 50,328 CARBURETERS. a subject of immense im· scribe their construction so clearly that any portance to automobilists and the users of Baking powder, Price Baking Powder Co .... 50,421 amateur can make them. Belt ·fasteners, Greene, Tweed & Co ...... 50,37;� oil engines, is we 11 treated in SCIENTIFIC Bitters, M. L. E'ppstein ...... 50,412 DYNAMO AND MOTOR AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT 1508. COMBINED. Boot and shoe air-cushioning beel pads and Fully described and illustrated in SCIENTIFIC EPICYCLIC TRAINS. which play an im· insoles, Comfort Heel Cushion Co ...... 50,347 AMBRICAN SUPPLEMENTS 844 and 865. t o d Boots and shoes, leather, J. J. Schulten & The machines can be run either as dynamos Co. �����ib�Ji� S��E��I�I� A��a;�� !N �� P��Z ...... , ...... 50,343 or motors. MENT 1524. Boots and shoes, leather, Upham Bros. Co., 50,355, 50, 431 ELECTRICAL MOTORS. Their Con- Boots and shoE'S of leather and of leather struction at Home. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPL and cloth , A. E. Little & Co ...... 50,329 EMENTS 759. 761. 767. 641. Each number of the Scientific American Brushes, J. Sakabe ...... 50,342 Butter, nut, C. G. Purdy ...... 50,422 Suppleinent costs 10 cents by mail Canned fruits and vegetables, G. Frank ..... 50,369 Price 10 Cents each, by mail Canned meats, Francis H. Leggett & Co . . .. 50 ,370 Canned sardines, William Underwood Co ... . 50,406 Capsules, gelatinous elastic, Hance Bros. & Order through your newsdealer or from MUNN ®. COMPANY White ...... 50,414 Cards. playing, United States Playing Card MUNN ®. COMPANY 361 Broadway New York Co...... 50,350 to 50,352 3&1 Broadway New York Cement. al'tificia1 Portland and hydraulic, Round '.rop Cement Co. • ...••••••...•.. 50,387 JOHN T. DEVINE, PROP. Scientific Am.erican

Cereal paste>goods, .John R. Canepa Co ...... 50,3na Chocola,tes, ,Yo L. Gansert ...... 50,41;; Cigarettes and cigarette tobacco, H. P. M;��;:���;sl. 50,3D2 TEXTILEWORKERS- Strause ...... 50,H9r) desiring to fit themselves for better pay 109 positions should Cigars, Ballllel' Cigar& �Iallufaduring. . Co .... . o t send this advertlsement to we Cigars, ClH'sta, Rpy Co...... 50,40!-) 1111 u and us to-day and will Clothes pins, J. H. McBride ...... 50,417 send ZOO-pare handbook (FREE) descnblllg our Textile Coffpl', cel'pal, 'Vhitman Grocery Co ...... 50,40'5 ANTED courses Cotton. Woolen and Worsted Spinnmg, etc. and Compollud for curing hlood and skin disl'aseR, ( ) . . C. B. Knox ...... 50,380 O'\'cr n n Electrical. Mechanlcal, 60 others, i c udi g Steam and Corspt steels and clasps, Royal "\Y orrestel' erating conditions and CiVIl nginee ng, Heating, VentIlation and Plumbmg. Con;et Co...... 50,341 E CorsE'ts, Ro;yal \Yoreestel' Corset Co.. a marKet not so sharply Let us know what you want to buy. r n Architecture. Structural D afti g, MechaHlcal Drawmg . !}O.3R7 to 50,:�40 l . you are in the market for any machinery, If Telephony. Telegraphy.n etc. Cotton goods, 'VOVf'll, Stark l\Iills...... 50,391 competitive in the Santa Fe Elel'tl'ic time s\vitches, Crescent Elpett'ical metal working, wood working, electrical and l\lanufuetul'ing Co...... 5D ,-t26 South"West. American School of Correspondence, Elf'f'tl'if'ity. devicps for use in apillying, ,J. power equipment or supplies, fill out the VV. . . . . If you are desirous of in­ CHICAGO. ILL . Gillbs ...... 50, 32(1 Se. Am.-3-24-06 liJllginf's and steam pumps, :;;tearn pumping, vestigating this field "We "Will blank below, or write us stating specific­ Co. 50,403 ' .. . ••••••••••••••••• •••••••• • _ ••••••••_, ••• ••• 'Vhpi:.�lpr Comlpnsf'l' and I'JngillPpring �A.:vlE Face alld skin, preparation for HlP, C. D. be glad to assist you, and ally what you want and we will publish ...... • • • ... • • •••••• ••••••••••.••_ • • • •••• . 50,367 AllDHESS · "0 •••• Evans ...... Fish. dripd, smolH'd, pieklt�d, and c<1nll(l(l, 'V. correspondence is invited. your requirements free of charge in ...... CITY & STATE . ••• ••• ••• ••••••••••_ ••• .. .•••• ••••• T. Shute ...... 50,390 the Food for hOl'::lPR, cattlt'. shpep, and hog�, medicatNl, Unitf'd �tates Food Co ...... GO, -:lOl Food substancps, pl'Pparpd fatty, oleaginous, WESLEY :\1:FRRITT or unctnous, N. K. Fairballks Co ...... 50.4:10 lndustria I Conlluissioner Garment SUPPOl"tpl' clasps, Hirsh Brothers .. 50.:�27 G-ermicidal and antis('ptic liquid, F. It. rrylpl' 50,394 Santa Fe System Glass, I-lIH'('t and pieture. Semon Bachp & Co. 50,:34;) Railway Exchange. Chicago ManufBydcturer Locating ins EastSd st.ve Louis Money Guns, rifles, pistols, rf'volvers, aud pal't� Write at once and remember all that it thereof, "�ebl('y & Seott llevolvpr and In natural advantages, in fa cilities of every Arms Co...... 50, a:13 l r costs you is a postage stamp and the time & ,�() ,--l(l0 E LEe RICA l kind, East St. Louis, 111 . . is one t.. f Handcuffs and leg iro11s, Tmyer Lyon Co .. ���b�����s� �a����fe�, ¥e� ���ol�ls� .J. . . . T to write. Give sizes, specification and the finestind ustrial locations Hat fastpnprs, C. �Iorrison ...... 50,�:12 Te.Iegraph Instrume�ts, Elec. ('all Batteries and 1'oyl:'!, , e y n u e full particulars when possible, regarding in the country. Horspshops and horspshoe calks, RO\:ve Pu. tent ��� e����rci�i;�� ��IE �6%1?�i�fgf 6����l . Squal'l' �honldpr Shoe Calk Co ...... 50.33(; ereyyth1"fI{)t:����:= elec­ M. . . 50,372 tailedtr,('al int'ormation with illustrations of your needs Illhalel's and respirators, D. Good . ...& . Dewey�ent ",lee. on request. ()o" D �I e p Located on the lIltnois side of the Mississi ppi River Jewp]l'." , cC'rtain lwmpd. PayAl­ Minneapolis, Minn. n �g� p��ini�. "C h r i in and allowances as follows: Pay per month. Remedj-r for the cure of livpr complaints. lowances : bouse, food, clothing. fuei. Jig-ht, medical i io , i l S I NO I N ES. S attendance, etc. After 30 years' service. retiremelJt on ��I�� P�: . .� .. ��.(� . �:� .�l�� ��� : . . �: ..����� 50. 376 DRY MAC H ·H�n��af. RJ� L tb.ree�qnarters pay and allowances. For fUrther par- Ribbon, ribbon bows, and galloon bindings, Special Machinery gi�I:�Ss:;Wl�� ������� R.J.'y�CHOOL OF SUBl\fAltINE DO YOU M. designed and built to order. B. Martine ...... 50,381 YEl<, 1131 Roofing, asphalt, Stowell Manufacturing Co. 50,423 G. M. MA M.E., Munadnock Bl., Chicago, Ill. Want your PATENTS Developed ? Roofing asphalt, Stowell Manufacturing Co. 50,.124 Experimentals, Models and flne instrument Roofing, ready tar-and-felt, Barnett Manufac- �H' SCHWERDTLE. STAMP CO. work. Surveying instrument repairs a specialty. turing Co...... 50,360 � STEEL STAM PS, Lf.TTf.RS & FIGURES. Richter & Poncet, 115 Court Street, Hoboken, N. J. Sauc i S ap BRIDGE.PORT CONN. C�. �I�� ..��>J. ��.(: : ...��(� .. ��l. . .��� ..��l��� 50,385 Two minutes from D. L. W. Depot T HE NATION ODEL W ORK8 Shirtings andG. sheetings,& cambrics,. and long AL lU . doth, Willis Co ...... 50,432 to 50,4�6 Best eqUIpped "VlOdel Works in AN EDUCATION WITHOUT COST Silk dress material, John Goodwin Co ...... 50.:377 85-87 tbe UnitedA StareR. Soap, borax, Pacific Coast Borax Co ...... 5.0 ,383 Fifth venue, CHICAGO. in the school or college of your choice.1fo If you want a Soaps. solid and liquid. E. A. Olds ...... 60 ,334 better e(lucation and lack the means obtain it, bereis Specific put up in tabular form, headache, your opportunity. All expenses paid ill return for a Jit� Migranose Importing Co...... 50,:182 tlesparetimework. which you can do at home. Address 50,419 Cir. adl)icejree. Success Magazine, 124 Univer!dty Bldg., N. Y. City Starch, laundry, New York Glucose Co ..... Exp&; erimental & &Mo del WorkY A PAINTING AND WHITEWASHING MACHINB Sh)ye polishes and varnishes, Johu 1\1. Wolf Wm. Hardam Son. 45-51 Rose St,N. Co...... , 50,37D Stoves, ranges, and furnaces and parts thel'e· of, Scranton Stovp 'Yorks ...... 50,:344 NOVELTIES & PATENTED ARTICLES Does the Work of 20 Men Watch Tacoma Grow ! MANUFACTURED BY CONTRACT. PUNCHING DIES, SPECIAL MACHINERY. with brushes, and does it better. Send for c[l.talogueNo. 10, whkh is free Tanning extract, . Stamford Manufacturing 900. 3", 714. • • �ew York, .N. POPULATION j 1 Co...... 50,398 E.KONIGSLOW HAM PING & TOOL WORK LAND, J. A. DEI� SOLAn., 108 Fulton St Y. 85,000. . S. CLEVE 0., (1906, Tooth paste, Johnson & Jobnson ...... 50,:178 Underwaists, children's H. & ",,-T. Co ...... 50,34D Leading manufacturing city of Pacific Northwest. Best Washboards, Amprican Washboard Co ...... 50 ,425 steamship and railway terminals on Pacific Coat-.t. Six Whisky, "Teiss Eichold Liquor Co...... 50,356 We make. or •• . . . . 50,362 comjlleteoutfit for ma!Tenth Avenue, New York ql;}�lI�n:s�:��JrJ gl�rk �t1�i��df� :�c�g�\��f� "Print fOl' Playing Cards," for playing invention is probably patentable. CommunICa­ cards, Willis W. Russell Card Co ...... 1,596 Please send free catalQgue and uiformatlOn regardzng .J"OUI tions strictlyconfldential. HANDBOOK on Patents ------�------se Do o School Course BRICKLA YJ]I/G 0 School Course ?��:� t«�g��Ii°Kt'it�g r�gc���e��lve PL UMBING specialii;l:�rs notice, cha,rge, the A printed copy of the specification and drawir..; Home Course PL ASTERING without in of any patent in the foregoing list, or allY patent. o o School -Course in print issued since 1863, will be furnished trom this office for 10 cents, provided the name. and bt.l . Name •••• ....••••••••••••••••••••.•••.•• ••••• • ••...• •••• ...... •••••••• A cir­ number of the patent & desired and the date $Chandi¢ntifitsomely illustrated }lm¢ric weekly. I,argestan. $3 8 �iven. Address Munn Co., 361 Broadway, New culation of any scientific journal.by all Terms, York. $ . . . . year ; four months. 1 So1d newsdealers. Canadian patents inay now be obtained by the in­ Address ...... X in Broadway, ventors for any of the inventions named in the fore­ Mark square opposite course you" desire. " " Sci. Am. . 3-24-06 , Office. .. going list. For tE-rms and further particulars MUNNBranch & CO62Ji,361 r St Washington.New D.York C, 'lcldress 'Iunn & Co., 361 Broadwa:,?, New York. Scientific American

The Car With Jew York Belting a. .. Doctrine.. and Mullins Makes Everything In Doctrine stands behind the con­ struc car. LIMITED Art Architectural Sheet Metal Work tion of every Maxwell Packing Co. Statuary-Ornamental �heet Metal Work-Skylights-Fireproof . not theory, Wmdows -Art Metal Tlle Roofing-Steel Ceilings - Finials ­ EX PERlEN C E, Manufacturers of High Grade Wrought Iron Grilles-Cornices, etc., etc. Estimates models and is the keynote of the " Doctrine. " designs submitted for architects, builders and contracto�s. Our 120·Page Catalogue of stock designs will be sent on request. One of the Latest Proofs. The W. H. Mullins Co. , 20a Franklin Street, Salem, Ohio. The Maxwell was the only car in its class to make a PERFECT SCORE in the Los Angeles-San Diego Endurance Contest of January 25th. If you are interested in advanced motor construction it will pay you to get th � facts about the Maxwell •• Doctrine " RubbeDiaphragms, rDredging Re ltiSleeves,ng and the Maxwell Cars.

Emery Wheels ; Air Brake, Mull,ple Duc Clutch Bevel Gear Drive Steam, Suction and Garden Produces a pure wbite. powerlul steady Iight,ls absolutely Three Point Suspension Metal Bodies No Pump. safe, and brighter than electricity or acetylene-cheaper tbaa Hose, etc. , Mats, Matting, kerosene. NO GREASE, DIRT, SMOKE OR ODOR. Makes aDd Maxwell cars are sold under the burns Its own gas. Made in over 100 different styles. Every positive guarantee that as good a Interlocking Rubber Tiling. lamp warranted. Write for catalog. Agents Wanted. car cannot be sold at a lower price. Also manufacturers of moulded THE BEST LIGHT CO., 87 E. 6th St., Canton, O. 16-20 H. P. Touring Car 10 H. P. Tourabout and special rubber goods of $1,450 $780 every description. Send to Dept. 22 for Catalogue. MAXWELL - BRISCOE MOTOR CO. Wrz"te Members American Motor Car Manufacturers' Association for catalogue. .summer Any size p�ac�� homes, launches, yachts, etc. Main Every detaIl Included; very best material ' practical Office : Tarrytown, N. Y. So simple no electrician required. Light AI'I the Time; ctHICAGO PAWTUCKET 91-93 Chambers St. , New York as storage battery included. Oas, Oasoline or Steam I eng�ne8 used give .plenty of power for pumping water, sawlng wood, refrlgeratton, etc. For our new 56-page Catalogue describing over roo different outfits, address ELECTRIC DEPRTMENT CHARStationaries. Portables.TE H018lers. Pump­R RICHARDSON ENGINEERING CO., ers. Sawing and Boat Outfits, Combined Hartford, Conn. with Dynamos. Gasoline, Gas, Kel'osene. Send for Oatalogue. State Power Needs. GAS ENGINE CO., 148, STERLING, ILL. A Sterling Silver CHARTER Box STEAM USERS Cigar Cutter Wa nted W.h at . ( s Oaus' Ti p-'lf'op ? that every smoker will be glad One Foot fo r Matting Tacks ­ that Daus' "Tip. Top H is TO btlstI'no and \' simplestE device for making to ow"). No matter 'in what One Foot fo r Carpet Tacks the part of the United States you 100 copies from pen�wr1tten and 50 The only tool that lifts tacks easily, typewrItten original, we will live we will mail one copie� from quickly, without damage to carpets, mat­ snip complete duplicator, cap size, steel, without deposit, on ten (10) ting or tacks. Made ofbest on simple aainfiow Packing For One Dollar lever principle-everlasting. Feet changed les� instantly. using only the fingers. Sent postpaid. The R. S. is trade���:: di@count:-:�!·O of Net postpaid on receipt of 25 cents. also a the handsomest and most The R. S. 33% per cent. or $5 The original and only genuine Kangaroo Trick Lock, Free, and satisfactory cutter made. • Package oClnteresting lIIatter Johu St" New Carried i n v est pocket. The Felix A, B. Daus Duplicator Co., Daus Bldg., 111 fork red sheet packing. and Samples 01'Specialties. Lasts for years. Ask your CigarSent postpaId to Cutterany address on .. •• The only effective and most jeweller, receipt of One Dollar GENERAL SPECIALTY MFG. CO.,10291.cA1IE BLDB PUI .... DICKSON, N. economical flange packing in ex­ F. H. 22 Hay's Bldg .. Maiden Lane, y, CRUDEDIRECT FROMASBE MINESSTOS istence. PRE,PARED _, R. H. MARTIN, Can' t blow Rainbow out. ASBEST\JSftBRt. -UFl'leE,Sf;1>MlL BUILBllIIG for - For steam, air, liot or cold Manufacturers use 220 B'way, New York. water, acid and ammonia j ints. All val'ietles at lOweSL prlCes. Best RaHroad 6 Track and 'Vag-on or StoCk. Scales made. Beware of imitations. 1000 useful artlCles. including Safes, SewIngAIBO .'-iachines, BicyCles, Tools. etc. Save Money. Lists .Free CHICAGO SCALE CO. . Chicago. Ill. Look for the trade mark-the 8cal�s word Rainbow in a diamond in

Registers the Second. M.inute, black, three rows of which extend - Hour. Day of' Week. Date No Hinges that Rust. No Clasps tbat Break. of Month, Bnd Changes of the full length of each roll. No Springs that Weaken. One Sturdy �... Moon. Changes Auto .. !II rustically at midni:;rht. Frame of Mechanical Completeness The movem ent 18 stem· Manufactured exclusively by wind and set ; jewelled �..,... pivot holes ; expansion PEER.LESS R.UBBER. "FO. CO • Our New Combination Set = balance ; qu1ck trai n; with Razor. including Soap and Brush � richly decorated porce- 16 Warren St., New York in Silver Holders iu the same box, is --+"I lain dial ; accurate and The SOLA R Parabolens Projector reliable. will please the motorist who likes to see a boon to the traveling man -= as Money if not where he is going. SOLD BY' £ �e���s!!t::. l ------­ . It is the on y lamp. that has kept pace LEADING DRUG, CUTLERY and HARDWARE DEALERS In Its development WIth the progress in Ask to see them, and for our booklet, or write tor our Price auto building. Get the booklet. Special Trial Offer Express Prepai

Made Lantern for showing Engrav� Aings, Prints, Cuts. Illustrations In Books, fo r an Automobile Models and Specimens on the Screen without $250 tio r i h e and Tbe "Success" is just what you have r; e;���:�f��fo��� S�n � J�� �f��I�;� t d been waiting for. It is an LV"-T APES ANDICI R.ULESN Automobile Buggy �ligbt ,Wll11ams, Brown & Earle ARE THE BEST. ojector Dept. 6, 918 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. :�l�O:!y , ps�r: r!�� For que Pr everywhere. Opa sale Send for easy to operate. Catalog No. 16. The h8uccess" is LVFKIN CO. bot an experi. RVLE is Sagi naw, Mich ., U. S. A. naent. It thor- New York and London. ��'�i� Buys This Rubber Tire Wagon an vfn�:Jt�- Union Quality� .Fully Guaranteed. Best hickory engineer Wlt& EXTRA ten yearsl experi- wheels, ¥ in. Rubber Ti re. long distance. dust proof, enc e i n aut 0- mobile construction. Over ordinary roads will run . it high arched axles ; oil-tempered springs lOll miles on one gallon of gasoline, It's a good biB First quality material and finish. Worth climber-takes a 30%g rade. Speed from 4 to 18 miles IJer hour. No complicated parts to get out of order. can have f TOOL KNOWIn factL lDyou Gl (HlAPit ree I nearly double our Factory Price. We 1'his cut represents our new Tool Orders for Spring de!iJvery should reach us early as ship for your examination, itho t a orders for March shipments will tax oor output facilities. ()atalog-ue No. 22. It is cloth­ w u Write for descripti e literature, terms, etc. bound and contains 950 pages all cent in advance, if desired, and allow v about Tools. Fnll descriptions "SUCCESS" AUTOMOBILE MFG. CO. and thousands of Ulustrations. 30 DAYS FREE TRIAL 1)32 De Baliviere Ave., fSt. Louis, Mo. Sent post·paid on receipt of $1.00 which is refunded on your tlrst . Money refunded on all purchases not p c ase from us e ur h of $10:00 or ov r. sabsfactory. Your save dealers' profits. We build ISO styles of Vehicles from $26.50 to $I50.00. 50 styles Harness, $5.00 to $60.00. Write to-day for our 20�-page & MONTGOMERY CO. Illustrated Style Book. Free for the asking. 105 Fulton St., N. Y. City VNION BVGGY COMPANY. 28 Saginaw Street, Pontiac. Mich. 15 to 21 Sout... Clinton Street.