04/02/2015

CONTENTS

1. Sparkling production methods 2. Equipment costs, energy usage and labour and sparkling: costs of production 3. Rose Method Choices - Destem - , production costs and Saignee, blending white & red potential trends. 4. Equipment costs of rosé wine production Belinda Kemp 5. Potential trends in sparkling and rosé wine Email: [email protected]

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Winery supply chain showing fuel and energy inputs

Winery supply chain showing fuel and energy inputs (adapted from Forsyth et al. 2008 by Smith and Nesbitt 2014)

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Traditional method of sparkling wine Presses and press fractioning options production (Kemp et al. 2014)

1 GRAPE AND JUICE FRACTIONING Without press fraction separation 2 With press fraction separation 3 ENZYME ADDITION AND SETTLING/ Press 4 5 YEAST & NUTRIENT ADDITION FOR FIRST FERMENTATION 6 7 (if required) First fraction (F1) 8 9 RACKING AND BLENDING 10 Quality base wine, 11 STABILISATION & FILTRATION more blending options, 12 aging 13 TIRAGE ADDITION 14 (wine, yeast, sugar or grape juice, adjuvants & nutrients) All press fraction 15 & Juice tray nd 16 BOTTLING juice combined to 2 label, more 17 produce one, low Second blending options, lower 18 SECOND FERMENTATION quality sparkling fraction (F2) quality than F1 19 20 AGING wine 21 22 RIDDLING 23 24 DISGORGING Third Sell to local distillery 25 (removal of yeast lees) fraction for distillation $$$ 26 & (F3) 27 DOSAGE ADDITION 28 (Wine, sugar, SO2) 29 30 CLOSURE 31 2/4/2015 6 32 Simplified flow chart of bottle-fermented wine production 33 stages.

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Ingredients and equipment Equipment prices

• Press/pump • All prices include delivery • Enzymes - tank • Sulphur dioxide – press and tank • Yeast – tank and bottle • Nutrients (Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and thiamine) – • All equipment is based on 300 – 800 tank and bottle bottles an hour • Lactic acid bacteria – tank • Temperature control tanks for fermentation & MLF • barrels? • Bottling line • Storage (no light/temperature control) • Riddling equipment and space (lighting & temperature) • Disgorging- neck freezer/corking machine/dosage equipment (lighting and temperature) • Packaging and labelling machine

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TANKS Filters and pumps

TANKS – Rosé and method traditional sparkling wine  Lenticular filter (for • 50hL open fermenter with cooling jackets and sparkling wine) 12”x2-high: $4,200 rectangular door (valves included): $11,800

• 52hL closed tank with cooling jackets and elliptical front door (valves included): $11,200  Liverani Minor flexible impeller pump with 4- • 33hL closed tank with cooling jackets and elliptical wheel cart, variable frequency drive and front door (valves included): $6,500 remote: $6,000 Charmat  30hL Charmat tank up to 9 bars of pressure. This  Bottling: Counter pressure filler: $35,000 tank is ASME certified for use in Canada under the pressure vessels act: $30,000

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Riddled cages waiting for disgorging – Riddling (Photograph by Prof Richard Marchal) storage space! (Photograph by Prof Richard Marchal)

 Riddling: double unit: $19,000  Riddling cage (504 bottles): $500 each

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Traditional method sparkling bottle prices

Price per bottle Disgorging (+ delivery) Neck Freezer: $5,700 glass bottle Valentin Disgorging line: $36,000 (from Italy and France) $2.00 and cage machine: $25-30,000 Light Weight Sparkling bottle Bottle Washer: $8,000 (3atm spumante style) $0.65 Bordeaux stelvin flint bottle $0.45-$0.55 Packaging/labelling • Enos Labeller: foil placement, double pleating, bottle orientation, front/back labels, Champagne neck label: $50,000

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The use of oak for high end sparkling Tirage and dosage costs wines – 1st fermentation? (Ed Carr, Head Sparkling winemaker, Accolade Wines, Australia)

Production figures for 100L of wine in an existing winery OAK OPTIONS: (not including oak aged dosage) (costs exclude tax)

Based on 100L of sparkling wine New oak: Juice is fermented in small format oak (<500 l) from WINE PACKAGING TOTAL 1st – 3rd use. In this situation the oak characters Tirage (incl additional wine, bidules, crown caps, bottles) 260.83 260.83 (toast, char, tannin) are quite intense and the use of Disgorging (incl corks & ) 316.51 78.49 395 such components usually ranges between 5 and 10% of the final blend. Labelling/packaging (foils) 43.85 43.85 699.68

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The use of oak for high end sparkling Oak aging wines – 1st fermentation?

Reserve wines for NV Old oak: • Older oak is commonly used for reserve wine Primary fermentation is either in small or large (500 and often in a approach in Australia. to 5000 l) oak vessels of 5th use or older. With this option the wood influence is lower and generally • Lees may also be incorporated for additional constitutes between 30 to 100% of the blend. Wines character. produced via fermentation in old oak tend to show • This method will enhance aging and palate more viscosity, oxidative character and relatively weight and depending on SO2 regime influence advanced aging. extent of oxidative character.

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Reduction of production costs Reduction of production costs

Contract work for local wineries - Outsource  Produce other bottle-fermented drinks i.e. production to another winery sparkling , sparkling pear wine/cider or other sparkling

Outsource specific stages of production: bottling (to a winery or mobile bottling line), storage,  Consider cuvee closed/tank method wines offered in bottles, small bottles, kegs or cans disgorging & dosage addition & labelling

 Opportunity for new business i.e. sparkling wine Joint ventures bottling line company and/or disgorging and dosage company Borrowing/hire of equipment/space in an existing winery

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Still rosé : Bleeding, pressing, Rosé sparkling wine limited maceration and run off

For those making rosé sparkling wine, what  Saignée/bleeding: Let the grapes’ weight do the methods are you using to get sufficient colour crushing. Wines made like this have a very pale color without contributing excessively bitter phenolics? e.g. a rosé wine from the Valley = rich, fruity • Best way to retain colour is NOT to blend white and fresh. and red wines but to use one or more red varieties with skin contact.  Pressing until the juice has the colour the • Fermentation by variety= more blending options winemaker requires. Only use pressed juice to make • Destem red grapes – soak for 12-24 hours then the wine. remove from skins. Avoid stems. Gentle punchdown

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Still rosé winemaking: Bleeding, pressing, Rosé winemaking quality limited maceration and run off

 Limited maceration = most commonly used method for making rosé wines. Leave skins in contact with juice until desirable colour is reached. Wine/or juice (- the skins) is then transferred to another tank to finish fermentation. If Short skin contact and preserved with pressed off skins before fermentation = more colour cool-temperature winemaking and early extraction than pumping wine into tank. bottling rose wines with aromatic

flavours from ethyl esters, acetates and  Run off = juice removal from fermenting . This method results in a darker/more intense red wine. alcohols are produced.

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Sparkling wine trends Important points

• Indigenous, resurrected and alternative grape • Cost differences!! varieties Croissance Catégorie • Market demand for wine style • Sparkling wine sales from SAQ 5 ans (%) Champagne 37% • Local, national international market Mousseux 24.4% (determined by volume) Vin rosé 8.7% • In Ontario rosé wines were the 2nd biggest sales • Opportunities for new businesses i.e. mobile increase in LCBO sparkling wine bottling line or disgorging and • Many styles of sparkling and rosé wines – what will dosage service with dosage trials included make yours different, appealing and innovative? • Every stage of sparkling winemaking can • Wine consumers are constantly searching for negatively and positively effect flavour, aroma something new, innovative and creative which could be half bottles of sparkling rosé, packaging, and sparkling wine quality grape variety/blend etc

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REFERENCES and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

1) M. Smith and A. Nesbitt. 2014. Energy and English Wine Production: A review of energy use, benchmarking and good practice. Report for the UK wine industry. 2) Belinda Kemp., Hervé Alexandre., Bertrand Robillard and Marchal, R. (2014). Effect of Production Phase on Bottle-Fermented Sparkling Wine Quality. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. DOI: 10.1021/jf504268u Acknowledgements Natalie Reynolds at Cellartek.

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