Final

Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement For Northern Border Activities

Section 14: Index

July 2012

PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

14 INDEX Abies balsamea, 5-19, 6-13, 7-17 66, 8-73, 8-76, 8-79, 8-93, 8-96, 8-103, 8- Acadia National Park, 7-10, 7-43, 7-143 106, 8-108, 8-109, 8-111, 8-116, 8-118, 8- Acer, 4-21, 6-20, 7-18 121, 8-134, 8-136, 8-137, 8-138, 8-141, 8- Acipenser fulvescens, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 142, 8-144, 8-147, 8-149, 8-155, 8-162, 8- Acroptilon repens, 5-21 164, 8-166, 8-168, 8-169, 8-175, 8-176, 8- action alternative, 2-15, 2-20, 3-1, 3-3, 3-38, 177, 8-181, 8-183, 8-186, 8-189, 8-190, 8- 3-48, 8-64, 8-110, 8-125, 8-177, 8-196, 8- 210, 8-212, 8-216, 8-219, 8-221, 8-226, 8- 224, 8-240, 8-255, 8-304 231, 8-232, 8-239, 8-241, 8-244, 8-251, 8- Adirondack Park Preserve, 6-10 268, 8-272, 8-273, 8-275, 8-277, 8-278, 8- Agassiz Beach Ridges, 5-10 279, 8-280, 8-281, 8-282, 8-283, 8-286, 8- Agassiz Wilderness, 5-10 287, 8-291, 8-294, 9-1, 9-9, 9-10, 9-11 air quality control region, 3-4, 4-4, 5-4, 6-4, 7- Amblema neislerii, 5-19 4, 8-4 Ambystoma maculatum, 6-18, 7-16 Akamina Kishinena Provincial Park, 4-10, 5- American beaver, 4-19 10 American Indian Religious Freedom Act, 1-22; Alberta and British Columbia, 5-10 AIRFA, 1-22 Alberta, 4-15, 4-58, 5-10, 5-11, 5-56, 5-57, 5- American kestrel, 4-19 58, 5-65, 5-66, 5-76, 5-77, 5-79, 5-81, 5-82, American marten, 6-13, 8-39, 8-44 5-83, 5-84, 5-91, 5-92, 5-118, 5-120, 5-122, American pipit, 4-19 5-124 American toad, 6-18, 7-16 Alberta, 8-271, 8-291, 8-294, 8-307, 8-308 American wigeon, 5-18 Alces alces, 6-18, 7-16 Ammonoosuc rivers, 7-19 all-terrain vehicle, 1-10, 2-7, 8-4, 8-141; ATV, amphibians, 3-14, 5-19, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19, 8- 3-61, 5-149, 6-164, 8-60, 8-71, 8-72, 8-81, 29, 8-40, 8-45, 8-51, 9-3 8-90, 8-91, 8-100, 8-105, 8-121, 8-131, 8- Anas acuta, 5-18 132, 8-141, 8-152, 8-168, 8-202, 8-207, 8- Andropogon gerardii, 5-20 234, 8-262, 8-263, 8-274, 8-275, 8-281, 9-6; Androscoggin River Basin, 7-36 ATVs, 1-9, 4-131, 4-133, 5-135, 5-137, 6- antiterrorism/force protection, 8-210 148, 6-150, 7-130, 7-132, 8-4, 8-31, 8-32, 8- Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; 41, 8-53, 8-54, 8-65, 8-66, 8-75, 8-79, 8-84, APHIS, 8-205, 8-206 8-85, 8-98, 8-132, 8-133, 8-159, 8-194, 8- Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, 6-10, 6- 247, 8-257, 8-258, 8-259, 8-264, 8-272, 9-6 165, 8-279 Allagash River, 7-34 aquatic insects, 5-19, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 Allagash Wilderness Waterway State Park, 7- Ardea herodias, 5-19 10 Arikara, 5-113 Allegeny, 6-21 Army Corps of Engineers, 1-23, 5-23, 8-31, 8- Allegheny National Forest, 6-2, 6-10, 6-164 112 alpine meadows, 4-13, 4-18, 5-21, 6-13, 7-2 Aroostook Band of Micmac Indians, 7-106 alternatives, 1-1, 1-2, 1-18, 1-20, 1-21, 1-23, ARRA, 2-10, 2-18 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-13, 2-14, 2-19, 2-20, 3-1, 3-2, Artemisia, 4-20, 5-20 3-3, 3-4, 3-8, 3-9, 3-10, 3-14, 3-19, 3-20, 3- asbestos-containing material, 3-57, 4-131, 5- 22, 3-24, 3-25, 3-29, 3-30, 3-35, 3-36, 3-40, 136, 6-149, 7-128 3-46, 3-47, 3-49, 3-60, 4-4, 4-23, 4-46, 4-72, aspen, 4-13, 5-20, 6-19 4-92, 4-109, 5-4, 5-22, 5-42, 5-70, 5-92, 5- Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck 110, 6-4, 6-21, 6-41, 6-48, 6-71, 6-98, 6-123, Indian Reservation, 5-111, 5-113 7-4, 7-18, 7-36, 7-65, 7-85, 7-107, 8-1, 8-2, Assiniboine, 5-41, 5-42, 5-108, 5-111, 5-113 8-4, 8-6, 8-19, 8-20, 8-22, 8-23, 8-24, 8-42, Atlantic salmon, 7-14, 7-15, 7-19, 8-30, 8-52, 8-43, 8-49, 8-51, 8-58, 8-59, 8-60, 8-62, 8- 9-4

Northern Border Activities 14-1 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

Au Sable rivers, 6-21 Blackfeet Indian Reservation, 5-89, 5-91, 5-98 Audubon National Wildlife Refuge, 5-10 Blackfeet Tribe of the Blackfeet Indian avian species, 4-18, 7-16, 8-37, 8-50 Reservation of Montana, 4-109, 4-111 Aythya valisineria, 5-18 blue grama, 5-20 Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of blue grouse, 4-19 Chippewa Indians, 6-123 blue jay, 7-16 Balaenoptera physalus, 7-17 bluebunch wheatgrass, 5-20 balsam fir, 5-19, 6-13, 7-17 Bluestem Prairie Scientific and Natural Area, banksiana, 5-19 5-10 Barker Mountain Natural Area Preserve, 4-10 Bob Marshall Wilderness, 4-10, 4-58, 4-148, barrier, 4-53, 8-37, 8-40, 8-110, 8-113, 8-115, 5-149 8-128, 8-156, 8-157, 8-162, 8-199; barriers, bobcat, 6-18, 7-16, 8-33 1-1, 1-18, 2-4, 2-14, 2-17, 3-47, 3-48, 3-61, Bois Forte Band of Chippewa Indians, 5-111, 7-2, 8-17, 8-28, 8-29, 8-39, 8-43, 8-44, 8-45, 5-113, 5-114 8-46, 8-49, 8-63, 8-65, 8-78, 8-87, 8-98, 8- Boloria titania montinus, 7-13 117, 8-121, 8-124, 8-132, 8-138, 8-144, 8- Bonasa umbellus, 7-16 164, 8-167, 8-171, 8-177, 8-178, 8-180, 8- border fence, 1-19, 8-131 181, 8-182, 8-183, 8-184, 8-190, 8-195, 8- Borderland Management Task Forces; 196, 8-197, 8-198, 8-213, 8-223, 8-231, 8- BMTFs, 2-3 234, 8-240, 8-246, 8-264, 8-284, 9-2, 9-5, 9- BORSTAR (Border Patrol Search, Trauma, and 13 Rescue), 8-202, 8-205 Baxter State Park, 7-2, 7-10, 7-48, 8-155 BORTAC (Border Patrol Tactical Unit), 8-202, Bay Mills Indian Community of the Ojibwe, 6- 8-205 123, 6-125 Boundary Pass, 4-22 beargrass, 4-13 Boundary Reservoir, 4-23 best management practice, 1-2, 2-2, 3-1, 3-21, Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, 5- 3-63, 4-129, 5-133, 6-147, 7-126, 8-1, 8-30, 10, 5-42, 5-149 8-46, 8-47, 8-87, 9-1; best management Bouteloua dactyloides, 5-20 practices, 1-1, 2-1, 3-1, 3-20, 3-60, 4-121, 5- Bouteloua gracilis, 5-20 125, 6-138, 7-120, 8-1, 8-27, 8-42, 8-43, 8- Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge, 5-10 80, 9-1; BMP, 8-30, 9-12; BMPs, 4-121, 5- Border Patrol Station; BPS, 1-11, 1-13, 2-6, 2- 125, 6-138, 7-120, 8-42, 8-43, 8-44, 8-45, 8- 7, 2-8, 4-49, 4-74, 4-76, 4-90, 4-91, 4-93, 4- 51, 8-52, 8-53, 8-54, 8-59, 8-62, 8-74, 8-97, 94, 4-95, 4-96, 4-103, 4-105, 4-106, 4-107, 8-101, 8-102, 8-103, 8-104, 8-106, 8-117, 8- 5-2, 5-46, 5-88, 5-93, 5-94, 5-101, 5-102, 5- 125, 8-126, 8-129, 8-134, 8-135, 8-137, 8- 105, 5-108, 5-109, 5-137, 6-45, 6-88, 6-89, 163, 8-185, 8-211, 8-212, 8-216, 8-226, 8- 6-90, 6-91, 6-93, 6-94, 6-95, 6-96, 6-99, 6- 231, 8-232, 8-234, 8-237, 8-240, 8-241, 8- 115, 6-116, 6-121, 6-150, 6-152, 7-2, 7-41, 250, 8-268, 8-275, 8-276, 8-287, 8-290, 8- 7-69, 7-83, 7-97, 7-98, 7-99, 7-100, 7-102, 291, 9-1, 9-2, 9-3, 9-4, 9-5, 9-9, 9-12, 9-13, 7-104, 7-129, 7-131, 8-59, 8-62, 8-76, 8-98, 9-14, 9-15 8-100, 8-117, 8-130, 8-133, 8-137, 8-165, 8- Betula, 6-20, 7-18 166, 8-179, 8-186, 8-187, 8-220, 8-237, 8- Big Reed Pond Forest Preserve, 7-10 249, 8-250, 8-257, 8-262, 8-269, 8-272, 8- big-leaf maple, 4-21 297 birch, 6-20, 7-18 British Columbia, 4-10, 4-11, 4-15, 4-17, 4-22, black bass, 6-21 4-30, 4-42, 4-45, 4-54, 4-60, 4-61, 4-62, 4- black bear, 4-19, 5-18, 6-18, 7-16 70, 4-71, 4-76, 4-79, 4-80, 4-81, 4-84, 4-85, black cottonwood, 4-21 4-86, 4-93, 4-94, 4-95, 4-96, 4-99, 4-116, 4- black spruce, 5-19, 7-17 118, 4-119, 4-120, 4-121, 5-10, 5-93, 8-160, black-backed woodpecker, 6-17, 7-16, 8-29 8-271, 8-303 black-footed ferret, 5-17, 8-52, 9-4 brook trout, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19

Northern Border Activities 14-2 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT buffaloberry, 5-20 7-85, 7-86, 7-87, 7-90, 7-95, 7-111, 7-113, buffalograss, 5-20 7-114, 7-115, 7-116, 7-117, 7-118, 7-119, 7- Bufo americanus, 6-18, 7-16 132, 7-134, 7-136, 8-1, 8-30, 8-118, 8-120, Bufo hemiophrys, 5-19 8-129, 8-150, 8-156, 8-157, 8-160, 8-163, 8- bull trout, 4-15 164, 8-168, 8-188, 8-259, 8-271, 8-292, 8- Bureau of Indian Affairs, 1-26, 4-110, 5-112, 308, 8-312 6-124, 7-106; BIA, 1-26 Canadian Council on Ecological Areas, 4-56, 5- Bureau of Land Management, 1-26, 3-32, 4-2, 51, 6-50, 7-46 5-61, 6-60, 7-56, 8-129, 9-10; BLM, 1-26, 3- Canadian toad, 5-19 32, 3-33, 3-34, 3-39, 3-43, 3-66, 4-2, 4-66, 4- Canis latrans, 6-18 73, 5-61, 5-68, 6-60, 6-69, 7-56, 7-63, 7-65, canvasback, 5-18 8-129, 8-146, 9-10 carbon dioxide, 3-28, 8-103 Bureau of Reclamation, 4-44, 4-66, 5-61, 6-60, carbon monoxide, 3-5, 5-4 7-56; BOR, 4-66, 5-61, 6-60, 7-56 cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 8-204 Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 4-91, 5- Caribou, 4-16, 7-35, 7-141 89, 6-91, 7-83 categorical exclusion, 1-24, 2-11; CATEX, 1-24 Burt Lake Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Catharus guttatus, 6-17, 7-16 Indians, Inc., 6-123 Catharus, 4-19, 6-17, 7-16 Buteo platypterus, 7-16 Cathedral Provincial Park and Protected Area, Cabinet Mountains Wilderness, 4-10, 4-148 4-11 Cambrian-Ordovician Aquifer System, 6-38 Catostomus commersonii, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 Camels Hump State Park, 7-10 Cayuga Nation of New York, 6-123, 6-125 Canada lynx, 4-15, 7-15, 8-292 Cayuga Nation, 6-123, 6-125 Canada thistle, 5-21, 8-30 Canadian Council on Ecological Areas; CCEA, Canada, 1-1, 1-3, 1-5, 1-7, 1-10, 1-12, 1-19, 1- 4-56, 5-51, 6-50, 7-46 20, 1-21, 2-1, 2-3, 2-18, 3-11, 3-30, 3-31, 3- Cedar Point National Wildlife Refuge, 6-10, 6- 32, 3-34, 3-35, 3-41, 3-46, 3-49, 3-50, , 4-8, 164 4-10, 4-11, 4-13, 4-15, 4-16, 4-17, 4-22, 4- census metropolitan area, 3-46, 4-81 30, 4-43, 4-45, 4-56, 4-57, 4-58, 4-59, 4-60, Centaurea maculosa, 5-21 4-61, 4-62, 4-68, 4-70, 4-71, 4-76, 4-77, 4- Cervus canadensis, 4-19, 8-29, 8-33, 8-35, 8- 79, 4-80, 4-81, 4-82, 4-84, 4-85, 4-86, 4-87, 40 4-89, 4-93, 4-94, 4-95, 4-96, 4-99, 4-116, 4- cesium-137, 8-215 118, 4-119, 4-120, 4-121, 4-122, 4-135, 4- cetaceans, 4-19, 7-17 137, 4-139, 4-148, 5-8, 5-10, 5-11, 5-12, 5- Chambly Canal, 7-37 14, 5-16, 5-21, 5-42, 5-43, 5-51, 5-52, 5-54, channel catfish, 5-23 5-55, 5-56, 5-57, 5-58, 5-63, 5-65, 5-66, 5- Charadrius melodus, 5-16, 6-15, 6-16, 6-17, 7- 73, 5-74, 5-76, 5-77, 5-79, 5-81, 5-82, 5-83, 15, 8-32, 8-52, 9-4 5-84, 5-87, 5-91, 5-92, 5-93, 5-94, 5-118, 5- Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, 120, 5-121, 5-122, 5-123, 5-124, 5-125, 5- 5-10, 5-148 140, 5-143, 5-144, 6-8, 6-10, 6-11, 6-13, 6- Chase Lake Wilderness, 5-10 38, 6-41, 6-42, 6-50, 6-52, 6-54, 6-55, 6-56, Chelydra serpentina, 5-19 6-57, 6-62, 6-64, 6-67, 6-74, 6-76, 6-78, 6- Chequamegon National Forest, 6-10 79, 6-80, 6-81, 6-82, 6-83, 6-84, 6-85, 6-88, Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, 6-165 6-93, 6-94, 6-95, 6-96, 6-97, 6-98, 6-99, 6- Chinook salmon, 4-22, 8-30, 8-46 100, 6-105, 6-113, 6-114, 6-116, 6-130, 6- Chinook, 4-19, 4-22, 8-30, 8-46 132, 6-133, 6-134, 6-135, 6-136, 6-137, 6- Chippewa Indians, 6-125 138, 6-153, 6-156, 6-157, 7-2, 7-10, 7-16, 7- Chippewa National Forest, 5-10 35, 7-36, 7-38, 7-46, 7-47, 7-49, 7-50, 7-51, Chippewa-Cree Indians of the Rocky Boy's 7-52, 7-53, 7-57, 7-59, 7-60, 7-68, 7-71, 7- Reservation, 5-111, 5-113 72, 7-74, 7-75, 7-76, 7-77, 7-78, 7-79, 7-82, Chippewa, 5-10, 6-93, 6-125

Northern Border Activities 14-3 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT chokecherry, 5-20 construction of facilities, 3-20, 8-57, 8-269, 9- Chum salmon, 4-22 12 chum, 4-19 construction of roads, 8-43, 8-44, 8-50, 8-144 Cirsium arvense, 5-21 construction, 1-18, 1-21, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2- Clarke Fork, 4-22 7, 2-8, 2-9, 2-10, 2-11, 2-13, 2-14, 2-15, 3-3, Clean Air Act; CAA, 1-22, 1-23, 3-4, 3-6, 3-8, 3- 3-8, 3-11, 3-14, 3-15, 3-20, 3-22, 3-23, 3-24, 10, 4-6, 5-4, 5-6, 6-4, 6-6, 7-4, 7-6, 8-4, 8-5, 3-26, 3-31, 3-37, 3-48, 3-53, 3-55, 3-58, 3- 8-9, 8-22, 8-291 62, 3-65, 4-47, 4-48, 4-49, 4-56, 4-94, 4-99, Clean Water Act; CWA, 1-23 4-101, 4-122, 4-132, 4-137, 4-138, 5-17, 5- climate change, 3-27, 3-28, 3-29, 3-30, 3-31, 43, 5-44, 5-45, 5-46, 5-51, 5-92, 5-93, 5-100, 3-65, 4-45, 4-53, 5-496-48, 7-44, 8-103, 8- 5-125, 5-137, 5-143, 6-43, 6-44, 6-45, 6-50, 295, 9-7 6-109, 6-111, 6-112, 6-138, 6-150, 6-156, 7- coastal zone management program, 6-68; 39, 7-40, 7-41, 7-46, 7-85, 7-119, 7-129, 7- CZMP, 3-36, 4-71, 4-72, 7-61, 7-62 134, 7-135, 8-4, 8-6, 8-7, 8-8, 8-9, 8-10, 8- Coastal Zone Management Act; CZMA, 1-23, 3- 11, 8-12, 8-13, 8-14, 8-15, 8-17, 8-18, 8-19, 36 8-20, 8-21, 8-22, 8-23, 8-24, 8-25, 8-27, 8- Coeur d'Alene National Forest, 4-147 28, 8-29, 8-30, 8-31, 8-34, 8-37, 8-38, 8-39, Coeur D'Alene Tribe of the Coeur D'Alene 8-40, 8-41, 8-42, 8-43, 8-44, 8-45, 8-46, 8- Reservation, 4-109 47, 8-48, 8-49, 8-50, 8-51, 8-52, 8-53, 8-54, Coeur d'Alene, 4-79, 4-147 8-55, 8-57, 8-58, 8-59, 8-60, 8-61, 8-62, 8- coho salmon, 4-19, 4-22 63, 8-64, 8-65, 8-68, 8-69, 8-74, 8-75, 8-76, Columbia River Treaty, 4-45 8-77, 8-78, 8-79, 8-80, 8-81, 8-82, 8-83, 8- Colville National Forest, 4-10, 4-145, 4-146 84, 8-86, 8-87, 8-88, 8-90, 8-98, 8-100, 8- Colville Reservation, 4-66 101, 8-102, 8-103, 8-104, 8-107, 8-108, 8- Comertown Pothole Prairie Preserve, 5-10 109, 8-110, 8-111, 8-112, 8-113, 8-114, 8- comment period, 1-25 115, 8-116, 8-117, 8-118, 8-119, 8-120, 8- comments, 1-25, 3-12, 10-1 121, 8-122, 8-123, 8-124, 8-125, 8-126, 8- commercial off-the-shelf, 1-15, 2-11 127, 8-128, 8-130, 8-132, 8-133, 8-134, 8- Common garter snakes, 6-18, 7-16 135, 8-136, 8-137, 8-138, 8-139, 8-143, 8- common raven, 4-18 144, 8-145, 8-147, 8-148, 8-149, 8-151, 8- common shiner, 5-23 152, 8-154, 8-155, 8-158, 8-164, 8-165, 8- common shiner, 7-19 166, 8-167, 8-169, 8-170, 8-171, 8-172, 8- Comprehensive Environmental Response, 173, 8-174, 8-175, 8-176, 8-177, 8-178, 8- Compensation, and Liability Act, 1-23, 3-54, 179, 8-180, 8-181, 8-188, 8-189, 8-190, 8- 3-60, 4-130, 5-135, 6-148, 7-127t, 8-303; 191, 8-192, 8-193, 8-194, 8-195, 8-196, 8- CERCLA, 1-23, 3-54, 3-60, 4-130, 5-135, 6- 197, 8-198, 8-199, 8-200, 8-201, 8-203, 8- 148, 7-127 204, 8-211, 8-220, 8-221, 8-223, 8-224, 8- Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes of the 226, 8-227, 8-228, 8-229, 8-230, 8-231, 8- Flathead Reservation, 4-109, 4-112 232, 8-237, 8-238, 8-239, 8-240, 8-241, 8- Confederated Tribes and Bands of the 242, 8-243, 8-244, 8-246, 8-247, 8-248, 8- Yakama, 4-109 249, 8-250, 8-251, 8-252, 8-253, 8-254, 8- Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis 255, 8-256, 8-257, 8-258, 8-259, 8-260, 8- Reservation, 4-109, 4-111 261, 8-262, 8-264, 8-265, 8-266, 8-267, 8- Confederated Tribes of the Colville 269, 8-270, 8-271, 8-272, 8-281, 8-282, 8- Reservation, 4-109, 4-111 283, 8-284, 8-285, 8-286, 8-287, 8-288, 8- Connecticut River, 7-19, 7-37, 7-90, 7-93, 7- 289, 8-290, 8-291, 8-292, 8-293, 8-294, 8- 96 295, 8-296, 8-298, 8-299, 8-300, 8-301, 8- construction and demolition, 8-112, 9-9 305, 8-306, 8-307, 8-308, 8-309, 8-310, 8- construction of barriers, 1-18 311, 8-312, 8-313, 9-2, 9-3, 9-4, 9-5, 9-6, 9-

Northern Border Activities 14-4 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

8, 9-9, 9-10, 9-11, 9-12, 9-13, 9-14, 9-15, 9- Cuyahoga Valley National Park, 6-10, 6-164, 16 8-271 Convolvulus arvensis, 5-21 Cyanocitta cristata, 7-16 cooperation, 1-10, 1-11, 1-20, 2-3, 4-2, 4-44, Delaware Tribe-Ohio, 6-123 5-2, 6-2, 7-83, 8-63 Dendroica magnolia, 7-16 Cornus florida, 5-20, 6-19, 7-18, 6-20 Department of Commerce, 3-12, 4-19, 4-94, 6- Coulee Dam National Recreation Area, 4-10 67, 7-17, 1-1, 1-3, 2-1, 3-29; DOC, 4-19, 7-17 Cowlitz Indian Tribe, 4-109 Department of Homeland Security, 4-2, 5-2, 6- coyote, 6-18 2, 7-44, 8-47, 8-103, 9-1; DHS, 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, creek chub, 6-21, 7-19 1-7, 1-11, 1-20, 1-21, 1-22, 1-24, 2-1, 2-18, critical habitat, 3-12, 4-15, 4-16, 5-16, 6-15, 6- 3-29, 3-30, 3-36, 10-2, 4-2, 4-53, 4-124, 5-2, 16, 6-17, 7-14, 8-30, 8-46, 8-51, 8-52, 8-53, 5-49, 5-128, 6-2, 6-48, 6-141, 7-44, 7-121, 9-4 8-47, 8-103, 8-122, 8-135, 8-158, 9-1 Crow Wing, 5-22 Department of Interior, 1-7, 4-19, 7-17, 8-26, cultural resources training, 1-8 8-122; DOI, 1-7, 1-22, 1-23, 1-25, 1-26, 3- cultural resources, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-23, 3-2, 3- 14, 3-36, 3-39, 4-2, 4-19, 5-2, 6-2, 7-17, 8- 3, 3-48, 3-49, 3-65, 4-97, 4-99, 4-100, 4-102, 122 4-108, 4-144, 5-95, 5-96, 5-97, 5-98, 5-99, Detroit River, 6-41 5-100, 5-110, 6-67, 6-101, 6-106, 6-122, 7- discarded military munitions, 3-55 88, 7-91, 7-92, 7-96, 7-105, 8-177, 8-178, 8- disruption, 3-39, 8-62, 8-156, 8-190, 8-269, 8- 300, 8-301, 9-1 270, 8-272, 8-286, 9-16 cultural, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 1-23, 3-2, 3-3, 3-39, 3- Douglas-fir, 4-13, 4-19, 4-20, 4-21, 5-15, 5-21 41, 3-43, 3-48, 3-49, 3-51, 3-65, 4-23, 4-59, Dreissena polymorpha, 5-23 4-96, 4-97, 4-99, 4-100, 4-102, 4-108, 4- dry forest, 4-20, 7-13 110, 4-144, 5-93, 5-94, 5-95, 5-96, 5-97, 5- dugong, 4-19, 7-17 98, 5-99, 5-100, 5-110, 5-111, 5-112, 6-67, Eagle Creek State Nature Preserve, 6-10 6-96, 6-99, 6-101, 6-106, 6-110, 6-122, 6- eastern hemlock, 5-19, 7-17 124, 7-88, 7-90, 7-91, 7-92, 7-93, 7-96, 7- eastern prairie fringed orchid, 7-16 105, 7-106, 8-133, 8-177, 8-178, 8-179, 8- EC Manning Provincial Park, 4-11 180, 8-181, 8-182, 8-183, 8-184, 8-185, 8- ecoregion, 4-8, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, 5-8, 5-21, 6- 300, 8-301, 9-1, 9-12 2, 6-8, 6-13, 6-19, 6-20, 6-21, 7-8, 7-18, 7- cumulative effect, 8-2, 8-22, 8-48, 8-145, 8- 19, 7-20 230, 8-259, 8-290, 8-291, 8-293, 8-295, 8- electromagnetic, 4-126, 4-127, 5-132, 6-145, 296, 8-302, 8-305, 8-310; cumulative 6-146, 7-124, 8-37, 8-202, 8-219 impact, 3-1, 3-3, 8-27, 8-50, 8-57, 8-68, 8- elm, 5-20, 6-19 103, 8-116, 8-177, 8-189, 8-202, 8-203, 8- Endangered Species Act, 4-16, 5-16, 6-15, 7- 230, 8-247, 8-252, 8-254, 8-255, 8-270, 8- 14; ESA, 1-23, 1-25, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-35, 281, 8-286, 8-290, 8-292, 8-293, 8-296, 8- 4-15, 5-16, 6-15, 7-14, 7-15, 8-53 297, 8-298, 8-299, 8-300, 8-301, 8-302, 8- endangered, 3-12, 3-13, 3-36, 4-15, 4-16, 4- 303, 8-304, 8-305, 8-308, 8-309, 8-310, 8- 17, 5-16, 5-17, 5-18, 6-15, 6-16, 6-17, 7-14, 311, 8-313, 8-314, 9-16; cumulative 8-25, 8-30, 8-34, 8-37, 8-39, 8-40, 8-44, 8- impacts, 3-1, 3-3, 8-24, 8-45, 8-51, 8-62, 8- 48, 8-50, 8-51, 8-52, 8-53, 8-91, 8-93, 8-100, 96, 8-108, 8-166, 8-177, 8-189, 8-190, 8- 9-3, 9-4; federally listed endangered, 4-15, 216, 8-232, 8-237, 8-239, 8-240, 8-254, 8- 7-14, 7-15 264, 8-269, 8-272, 8-274, 8-275, 8-278, 8- environmental assessment, 1-24, 8-112, 9-8; 279, 8-280, 8-281, 8-282, 8-284, 8-285, 8- EA, 1-24, 2-12, 3-52, 8-112, 8-251 286, 8-287, 8-290, 8-291, 8-292, 8-294, 8- environmental impact statement, 1-24, 3-66, 295, 9-16 9-8; EIS, 1-24, 3-52, 10-2, 6-67, 8-73 Customs Area Surveillance Center; CASC, 3- environmental management system, 9-1 16, 3-23, 3-27, 3-38, 3-61

Northern Border Activities 14-5 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT environmentally preferable, 2-20, 8-113, 9-9; fish and wildlife, 3-12, 3-65, 4-13, 4-14, 4-23, environmentally preferred, 8-113, 9-9 4-41, 4-45, 4-66, 5-40, 5-61, 6-15, 6-39, 6- Esox lucius, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 60, 7-34, 7-56 Eumeces septentrionalis, 5-19 fisher, 6-18, 7-16, 8-44 Euphorbia esula, 5-21 fisheries, 4-44, 5-23, 5-42, 6-68 evergreens, 5-20, 6-19, 6-20, 7-18 Flathead National Forest, 4-10, 4-148 expansion, 2-8, 2-9, 3-18, 3-29, 3-43, 3-45, 3- Flathead Reservation, 4-66 46, 2-9, 2-10, 3-19, 3-31, 3-46, 3-47, 3-48 Flathead River, 4-41, 4-42, 4-45, 4-148 family Parulidae, 6-17, 7-16 flowering dogwood, 5-20, 6-19, 6-20, 7-18 Farmland Protection Policy Act, 3-19; FPPA, forest management plan, 4-146; FMP, 4-146, 3-19 4-147 Free and Secure Trade program; FAST, 8-105 Fond du Lac Band, 5-111, 5-113 FEC, 6-150 Forest County Potawatomi Community, 6- Federal Aviation Administration, 1-12, 4-124, 123, 6-125 5-128, 6-140, 7-121, 8-33; FAA, 1-12, 1-15, Forest River Biology Area, 5-10 4-124, 5-128, 6-140, 6-141, 7-121, 8-33, 8- Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort 139, 8-140, 8-209 Belknap Reservation of Montana, 5-111, 5- Federal Communications Commission, 1-13, 113 4-127, 5-132, 6-145, 7-124, 8-49, 9-2; FCC, Fort Belknap Reservation, 5-61 1-13, 4-127, 5-132, 6-145, 7-124, 8-49, 8- Fort Berthold Reservation, 5-61, 5-113 219, 8-225 Fort Fairfield, 7-35, 7-98, 7-101, 7-129, 7-131, Federal Emergency Management Agency, 3- 7-136 22, 4-44, 5-42, 6-41, 7-37; FEMA, 3-22, 4- Fort Kent, 7-35, 7-95, 7-99, 7-136 44, 5-42, 6-41, 7-37, 8-69 forward operating base, 1-11, 2-4, 3-15, 4- Federal Energy Management Program, 8-113, 132, 5-137, 6-150, 7-129, 8-1, 9-6; forward 9-9; FEMP, 8-113, 9-9 operating bases, 1-10, 2-4, 3-14, 4-125, 5- Federal Law Enforcement Training Center; 129, 6-142, 7-124, 8-1, 9-6; FOB, 3-44, 8-70, FLETC, 8-205 8-118, 8-134, 8-137, 8-142, 8-165, 8-166, 9- fence, 1-19, 8-44, 8-50, 8-121, 8-131, 8-133, 6; FOBs, 1-10, 1-12, 2-4, 2-5, 2-9, 3-14, 3-19, 8-136, 8-147, 8-271, 9-11; fences, 1-18, 2-6, 3-22, 3-25, 3-35, 3-57, 3-59, 3-60, 3-65, 4- 2-14, 2-15, 3-15, 3-21, 3-23, 3-27, 3-37, 3- 125, 5-2, 5-129, 6-142, 7-2, 7-124, 8-1, 8-4, 39, 3-47, 3-48, 3-61, 4-74, 4-101, 5-69, 6-70, 8-25, 8-34, 8-53, 8-55, 8-64, 8-75, 8-79, 8- 7-64, 8-23, 8-24, 8-28, 8-43, 8-44, 8-45, 8- 109, 8-110, 8-114, 8-125, 8-126, 8-155, 8- 55, 8-66, 8-68, 8-69, 8-78, 8-80, 8-84, 8-109, 156, 8-160, 8-236, 8-238 8-110, 8-117, 8-121, 8-124, 8-128, 8-132, 8- forward-looking infrared radar, 1-15 164, 8-167, 8-171, 8-175, 8-177, 8-178, 8- fox sparrow, 4-19 180, 8-181, 8-182, 8-183, 8-184, 8-195, 8- fox, 4-19, 6-18, 7-16 201, 8-223, 8-229, 8-231, 8-239, 8-244, 8- fragmentation of habitat, 8-39 246, 8-254, 8-258, 8-271, 8-284, 8-285, 8- Frenchville, 7-35 289, 9-5; fencing, 1-19, 2-4, 2-7, 2-14, 3-40, galleta, 5-20 4-101, 7-2, 8-17, 8-29, 8-40, 8-41, 8-43, 8- gamma rays, 4-125, 5-130, 6-144, 7-122 44, 8-63, 8-98, 8-108, 8-121, 8-124, 8-126, Garden Island State Recreation Area, 5-10 8-132, 8-134, 8-144, 8-146, 8-147, 8-156, 8- General Conformity Rule; GCR, 3-6, 8-4, 8-5, 164, 8-171, 8-189, 8-198, 8-223, 8-240, 8- 8-9, 8-10, 8-11, 8-13, 8-16, 8-17, 8-18, 8-21 264, 8-271, 8-272, 9-10, 9-11 Georgia Basin, 4-22, 8-30, 8-46 ferryboats, 4-22 greenhouse gas; GHG, 3-2, 3-27, 3-28, 3-30, 3- Festuca idahoensis, 5-20 31, 8-111, 8-113, 9-8, 9-9 field bindweed, 5-21 giant floater mussel, 5-19 fin whale, 7-17 Glacier National Park, 4-10, 4-13, 4-17, 4-42, Finger Lakes National Forest, 6-10 4-52, 4-58, 4-73, 4-148, 5-10, 5-21, 5-48, 5-

Northern Border Activities 14-6 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

53, 5-66, 5-69, 5-91, 8-120, 8-154, 8-271, 8- 8-271, 8-277, 8-292, 9-2, 9-4, 9-11; habitats, 272 2-19, 3-10, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-39, 3-62, 4-1, Glacier Peak Wilderness, 4-10, 4-58, 4-147 4-2, 4-13, 4-14, 4-18, 4-20, 4-133, 5-1, 5-13, Glyptemys, 6-18, 7-16 5-18, 5-19, 5-21, 5-137, 6-13, 6-17, 6-18, 6- Gogebic, 5-23 19, 6-39, 6-150, 7-1, 7-12, 7-15, 7-16, 7-17, Golden Lake State Wildlife Management Area, 7-106, 7-132, 8-22, 8-26, 8-31, 8-32, 8-33, 5-10 8-35, 8-36, 8-37, 8-40, 8-41, 8-43, 8-46, 8- goldenrods, 5-20 255 gorbuscha, 4-19, 4-22 Halichoerus grypus, 7-17 Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Hannahville Indian Community, 6-123 Chippewa, 5-111, 5-113 harbor seal, 7-17 Grand Portage National Monument, 5-10 Haro Strait, 4-22 Grand Portage State Park, 5-11 harp seal, 7-17 Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and hazardous air pollutant, 3-7, 8-12 Chippewa Indians, 6-123, 6-125 heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, 4- Grasslands National Park of Canada, 5-11 48, 4-133, 5-45, 5-138, 6-44, 6-151, 7-40, 7- grasslands, 4-1, 4-2, 4-14, 4-18, 4-19, 4-37, 5- 130 14, 5-18, 5-21, 5-35, 5-61, 8-29, 8-33, 8-40, Helianthus annuus, 5-20 8-44 hemlock, 4-14, 4-20 gray jay, 6-17, 7-16 hermit thrush, 6-17, 7-16 gray seal, 7-17 Hesperia comma, 5-19 great blue heron, 5-19 Hesperostipa comata, 5-20 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, 6-41, High-Energy X-Ray Inspection System; 6-42 HEXRIS, 8-212, 8-213, 8-214, 8-251 Great Wass Island Preserve, 7-10 Hiawatha National Forest, 6-10, 6-161, 6-162 Green Mountain National Forest, 7-141 Hidatsa, 5-113 Green Mountains, 7-10, 7-33, 7-85 High Ross Treaty, 4-45 green-winged teal, 5-18 Hines emerald dragonfly, 6-17 greenhouse gas, 3-2, 3-27, 3-30 historic properties, 4-101, 4-102, 4-106, 5-99, greenhouse gas, 8-103, 8-290, 8-296 5-100, 6-108, 6-112, 7-94, 7-96, 8-178, 8- grizzly, 4-13, 4-16, 8-25, 8-47, 8-274, 9-4; 301 grizzlies, 8-47, 9-4; grizzly bear, 4-13, 4-16; historic, 1-7, 3-2, 3-32, 3-33, 3-44, 3-48, 3-65, grizzly bear, 8-28, 8-52, 8-292, 9-4; grizzly 4-6, 4-23, 4-98, 4-99, 4-100, 4-101, 4-102, bears, 4-16, 8-25, 8-47, 9-4 4-104, 4-105, 4-106, 4-107, 4-108, 5-6, 5- Groton State Forest, 7-10 97, 5-98, 5-99, 5-100, 5-110, 6-6, 6-105, 6- Grus americana, 5-16 106, 6-107, 6-108, 6-109, 6-110, 6-112, 6- Gunlogson Arboretum Nature Preserve, 5-11 119, 6-120, 6-121, 7-6, 7-90, 7-91, 7-92, 7- H.R. Morgan State Nature Preserve, 5-11 93, 7-94, 7-95, 7-96, 7-101, 7-143, 8-3, 8-26, habitat fragmentation, 8-25, 8-44 8-75, 8-97, 8-177, 8-178, 8-181, 8-182, 8- habitat, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-22, 3- 183, 8-184, 8-185, 8-300, 8-301, 9-6 34, 3-39, 4-1, 4-10, 4-13, 4-15, 4-16, 4-19, 4- Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin, 6-123 22, 4-40, 4-41, 4-45, 4-63, 4-71, 5-10, 5-14, Hoh Indian Tribe of the Hoh Indian 5-15, 5-16, 5-17, 5-22, 5-38, 5-40, 5-58, 5- Reservation, 4-109, 4-112 66, 5-149, 6-10, 6-13, 6-14, 6-16, 6-17, 6-20, hop hornbeam, 5-20, 6-19, 6-20, 7-18, 6-37, 6-39, 6-57, 6-65, 6-68, 7-2, 7-10, 7-13, Houlton Band of Maliseet Indians of Maine, 7- 7-15, 7-18, 7-20, 7-32, 7-34, 7-53, 8-25, 8- 106 27, 8-29, 8-30, 8-31, 8-32, 8-33, 8-34, 8-35, Houlton, 1-14, 2-13 8-36, 8-37, 8-38, 8-39, 8-40, 8-41, 8-43, 8- Houlton, 7-2, 7-3, 7-35, 7-97, 7-98, 7-106, 7- 44, 8-45, 8-46, 8-47, 8-48, 8-49, 8-50, 8-51, 120, 7-136 8-52, 8-53, 8-54, 8-68, 8-108, 8-135, 8-147,

Northern Border Activities 14-7 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT human health and safety, 1-24, 3-52, 3-53, 4- 45, 8-46, 8-47, 8-48, 8-49, 8-51, 8-52, 8-53, 122, 5-125, 6-138, 7-119, 8-186, 8-187, 8- 8-54, 8-55, 8-56, 8-57, 8-58, 8-59, 8-62, 8- 202, 8-218; HH&S, 4-122, 4-125, 4-126, 4- 63, 8-69, 8-70, 8-73, 8-74, 8-76, 8-79, 8-80, 128, 4-129, 5-125, 5-130, 5-131, 5-133, 5- 8-88, 8-92, 8-93, 8-96, 8-98, 8-99, 8-100, 8- 134, 6-138, 6-144, 6-145, 6-146, 6-147, 7- 101, 8-102, 8-103, 8-104, 8-105, 8-106, 8- 119, 7-122, 7-123, 7-125, 7-126, 8-187, 8- 108, 8-110, 8-111, 8-112, 8-113, 8-114, 8- 190, 8-192, 8-194, 8-198, 8-202, 8-203, 8- 115, 8-116, 8-117, 8-118, 8-121, 8-124, 8- 204, 8-205, 8-206, 8-207, 8-208, 8-210, 8- 125, 8-126, 8-128, 8-129, 8-130, 8-131, 8- 211, 8-212, 8-220, 8-221, 8-222, 8-223, 8- 132, 8-133, 8-134, 8-135, 8-136, 8-137, 8- 224, 8-225, 8-226, 8-231, 8-302, 8-304 138, 8-139, 8-141, 8-142, 8-143, 8-144, 8- humpback whale, 7-17 145, 8-146, 8-147, 8-148, 8-149, 8-150, 8- Huron National Forest, 6-10, 8-312 151, 8-152, 8-153, 8-155, 8-156, 8-157, 8- Huron Potawatomi, Inc. (Nottawaseppi Huron 158, 8-159, 8-160, 8-161, 8-162, 8-163, 8- Band), 6-123 164, 8-166, 8-167, 8-168, 8-169, 8-174, 8- Huron-Manistee National Forest, 6-162, 8- 175, 8-177, 8-178, 8-179, 8-180, 8-181, 8- 279 182, 8-183, 8-184, 8-185, 8-186, 8-189, 8- Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, 5-23 190, 8-191, 8-192, 8-193, 8-194, 8-195, 8- Ictalurus punctatus, 5-23 196, 8-197, 8-198, 8-200, 8-201, 8-202, 8- Idaho fescue, 4-15, 5-20 204, 8-205, 8-206, 8-207, 8-208, 8-209, 8- Idaho, 1-1, 3-5, 3-10, 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-8, 4- 210, 8-211, 8-212, 8-216, 8-217, 8-218, 8- 10, 4-15, 4-16, 4-22, 4-30, 4-33, 4-36, 4-37, 219, 8-220, 8-221, 8-222, 8-223, 8-224, 8- 4-40, 4-43, 4-56, 4-57, 4-59, 4-60, 4-68, 4- 225, 8-226, 8-227, 8-231, 8-232, 8-233, 8- 71, 4-73, 4-75, 4-77, 4-79, 4-82, 4-83, 4-85, 234, 8-235, 8-236, 8-237, 8-238, 8-239, 8- 4-88, 4-95, 4-98, 4-99, 4-100, 4-101, 4-102, 240, 8-241, 8-244, 8-250, 8-251, 8-253, 8- 4-105, 4-111, 4-115, 4-116, 4-117, 4-118, 4- 254, 8-255, 8-256, 8-257, 8-258, 8-259, 8- 119, 4-121, 4-146, 4-147, 5-20, 5-35, 5-72, 260, 8-261, 8-262, 8-263, 8-264, 8-265, 8- 6-33, 6-73, 7-29, 8-4, 8-71, 8-73, 8-119, 8- 266, 8-267, 8-268, 8-269, 8-272, 8-273, 8- 272, 8-275, 8-276, 8-279, 8-292, 8-306 274, 8-275, 8-276, 8-277, 8-278, 8-279, 8- impacts to species, 1-7, 8-292 280, 8-281, 8-282, 8-283, 8-284, 8-286, 8- impacts to wildlife, 9-2 287, 8-288, 8-290, 8-291, 8-292, 8-293, 8- impacts, 1-1, 1-2, 1-7, 1-18, 1-19, 1-21, 1-23, 294, 8-295, 9-1, 9-2, 9-3, 9-4, 9-5, 9-7, 9-8, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-7, 2-9, 2-12, 2-18, 2- 9-9, 9-10, 9-11, 9-12, 9-13, 9-14, 9-15, 9-16 19, 2-20, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-7, 3-8, 3-9, 3- Indian grass, 5-20 10, 3-11, 3-13, 3-14, 3-18, 3-19, 3-21, 3-24, Indiana bat, 6-15, 6-16, 7-16 3-27, 3-28, 3-29, 3-30, 3-34, 3-36, 3-38, 3- Integrated Automated Fingerprint 39, 3-41, 3-42, 3-43, 3-45, 3-46, 3-47, 3-48, Identification System, 1-14, 8-251; IAFIS, 1- 3-49, 3-50, 3-51, 3-57, 3-59, 3-60, 3-62, 3- 14, 8-251 64, 3-65, 10-2, 4-4, 4-23, 4-45, 4-46, 4-52, 4- Integrated Border Enforcement Team; IBET, 57, 4-69, 4-70, 4-71, 4-72, 4-92, 4-115, 4- 1-21 119, 4-120, 4-121, 5-4, 5-21, 5-22, 5-33, 5- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; 42, 5-47, 5-51, 5-65, 5-67, 5-68, 5-69, 5-70, IPCC, 3-28 5-92, 5-95, 5-117, 5-123, 5-124, 6-4, 6-21, invasive species, 3-12, 5-21, 7-17, 8-22, 8-30, 6-41, 6-46, 6-48, 6-51, 6-66, 6-68, 6-69, 6- 8-40, 8-41, 8-44, 8-45, 8-46, 9-2, 9-3 71, 6-98, 6-103, 6-131, 6-137, 6-138, 7-4, 7- Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge, 6-163, 8- 8, 7-18, 7-36, 7-41, 7-45, 7-60, 7-62, 7-63, 7- 277 65, 7-85, 7-114, 7-118, 7-119, 8-1, 8-2, 8-4, Isle Royale National Park, 6-10, 6-13, 6-47, 6- 8-8, 8-11, 8-12, 8-15, 8-16, 8-19, 8-20, 8-22, 163 8-23, 8-24, 8-25, 8-26, 8-27, 8-28, 8-29, 8- Isotrea medeoloides, 7-16 30, 8-31, 8-32, 8-33, 8-34, 8-35, 8-36, 8-37, J. Clark Salyer National Wildlife Refuge, 5-11 8-38, 8-39, 8-40, 8-41, 8-42, 8-43, 8-44, 8- jack pine, 5-19, 6-19

Northern Border Activities 14-8 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe of Washington, 4- lead-based paint, 3-57, 3-58, 4-131, 5-136, 6- 109 149, 7-128; LBP, 3-57, 3-58, 4-131, 5-136, juniper, 4-14, 5-20 6-149, 7-128 Juniperus communis, 5-20 lead, 1-15, 2-2, 2-13, 2-14, 3-5, 3-11, 3-19, 3- Kabetogama State Forest, 5-11 58, 4-99, 4-128, 4-129, 4-132, 5-67, 5-97, 5- Kabetogama,, 5-23 133, 5-134, 5-137, 6-49, 6-146, 6-147, 6- Kalispel Indian Community of the Kalispel 150, 7-94, 7-125, 7-126, 8-10, 8-15, 8-18, 8- Reservation, 4-109, 4-112 21, 8-28, 8-29, 8-35, 8-39, 8-40, 8-41, 8-45, Kaniksu National Forest, 4-10, 4-147 8-155, 8-162, 8-219, 8-220, 8-236, 8-241, 8- Karner blue butterfly, 7-16 291, 8-302, 8-303, 8-304, 8-313, 9-14, 9-15 Kennebec River Basin, 7-35 leafy spurge, 5-21, 8-30 Kennedy Coulee, 5-11 leatherback turtle, 4-17, 8-31, 8-34, 8-52, 9-4 keta, 4-19, 4-22 Leech Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, 5-111, Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, 6-123, 6- 5-114 125 Lepus americanus, 7-15 killer whale, 4-15, 4-19 level of service, 8-260; LOS, 4-136, 4-137, 4- Kingdom State Forest, 7-10 139, 5-141, 5-142, 5-144, 6-154, 6-155, 6- kisutch, 4-19, 4-22 157, 7-133, 7-134, 7-136, 8-260, 8-261, 8- Kootenai National Forest, 4-2, 4-10, 4-148, 8- 262, 8-264, 8-265 271, 8-292 Lewis and Clark National Forest lands, 5-11 Kootenai Tribe of Idaho, 4-109, 4-112 light pollution, 3-31, 3-39, 4-56, 5-51, 6-50, 7- Kootenai Tribe, 4-42, 4-45, 4-109, 4-112 46 La Verendrye Provincial Park, 5-11 light pollution, 8-29, 8-33, 8-40, 8-116, 9-10 Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Linaria vulgaris, 5-21 Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin, 6-123 Little Bitterroot, 4-23 Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior little bluestem, 5-14, 5-20 Chippewa Indians, 6-123, 6-126 Little Missouri National Grassland, 5-11, 5-12 Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Little River Band of Ottawa Indians, 6-124 Chippewa Indians, 6-123, 6-126 Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians, Lake Champlain, 1-10, 6-99, 7-2, 7-37, 7-90, 6-124 7-91, 7-96, 7-121 lizards, 4-19 Lake Chelan National Recreation Area, 4-10, Lodgepole pines, 5-21 4-143, 4-144 long-eared myotis, 5-18, 8-32 Lake Memphremagog, 7-2 Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge, 5-11, 5- Lake of the Woods Provincial Park, 5-11 149 Lake of the Woods, 1-12, 5-1, 5-11, 5-23 Lostwood Wilderness, 5-11 Lake Pend Oreille, 4-22, 4-23 Lower Elwha Tribal Community of the Lower lake sturgeon, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 Elwha Reservation, 4-109, 4-112 Lake Superior Provincial Park, 6-10 Lower Sioux Indian Community, 5-111 Lake Superior, 5-1, 5-2, 5-14, 5-23, 5-27, 5-67, Lower Yellowstone River, 5-11 5-149, 6-10, 6-13, 6-24, 6-68, 6-69, 6-72, 6- Land port of entry; LPOE, 6-157, 6-158, 7- 93, 6-112, 6-125, 6-161, 6-162, 6-163, 6- 136, 7-137, 8-186, 8-272, 8-273, 9-11 165 Lummi Tribe of the Lummi Reservation, 4- lake trout, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 110, 4-111 Lake Umbagog, 7-2, 7-19 Luxilus cornutus, 5-23, 7-19 Lake Winnipesaukee, 7-2, 7-19 Lycaeides melissa samuelis, 7-16 largemouth bass, 6-21, 7-19 Lynx rufus, 6-18, 7-16, 8-33 Larix laricina, 7-17 machine-readable zone, 1-14 magnolia warbler, 7-16 Mahoosuc Mountains, 7-10

Northern Border Activities 14-9 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

Maine, 1-1, 1-2, 1-12, 1-13, 2-13, 3-6, 4-85, 6- Malmberg Prairie, 5-11 2, 6-100, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, 7-8, 7-10, 7-14, manatee, 4-19, 7-17 7-15, 7-16, 7-19, 7-25, 7-29, 7-32, 7-33, 7- Mandan, 5-113 34, 7-35, 7-36, 7-37, 7-43, 7-45, 7-46, 7-47, Manitoba, 5-11, 5-41, 5-42, 5-56, 5-57, 5-58, 7-48, 7-49, 7-56, 7-57, 7-61, 7-62, 7-63, 7- 5-65, 5-66, 5-76, 5-77, 5-79, 5-81, 5-82, 5- 64, 7-66, 7-69, 7-71, 7-75, 7-78, 7-81, 7-85, 84, 5-92, 5-93, 5-94, 5-118, 5-120, 5-122, 5- 7-86, 7-89, 7-90, 7-91, 7-94, 7-95, 7-96, 7- 124, 8-307 97, 7-98, 7-99, 7-101, 7-106, 7-107, 7-110, maple-beech forests, 5-20, 6-19, 6-20, 7-18 7-111, 7-112, 7-114, 7-116, 7-129, 7-131, 7- maple, 6-20, 6-100, 7-18, 7-87 132, 7-141, 7-142, 7-143, 8-58, 8-72, 8-73, marbled murrelet, 4-15, 4-18, 8-52, 9-4 8-119, 8-120, 8-155, 8-156, 8-161, 8-164, 8- Margariscus margarita, 5-19, 8-32 275, 8-277, 8-280, 8-292, 8-294, 8-295, 8- Marias, 5-22, 5-41 297, 8-300, 8-304, 8-306, 8-308, 8-312 Marine Mammal Protection Act, 3-13, 4-19, 7- major (impacts or activities) , 1-2, 1-9, 2-3, 2- 17; MMPA, 3-13, 3-14, 4-19, 4-21, 7-17 6, 2-9, 2-10, 2-19, 3-1, 3-3, 3-7, 3-9, 3-12, 3- marine mammals, 3-13, 3-14, 4-19, 7-17 13, 3-15, 3-18, 3-19, 3-21, 3-24, 3-25, 3-28, Marmota flaviventris, 5-18 3-31, 3-37, 3-38, 3-39, 3-41, 3-42, 3-44, 3- Martes americana, 6-13, 8-39 45, 3-46, 3-57, 3-59, 3-60, 3-61, 3-65, 4-6, 4- Martes pennant, 6-18, 7-16, 8-32, 8-44 8, 4-21, 4-22, 4-26, 4-36, 4-46, 4-47, 4-48, 4- Martes pennanti, 6-18, 8-32, 8-44 52, 4-57, 4-64, 4-70, 4-73, 4-75, 4-81, 4-88, masquinongy, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 4-89, 4-90, 4-91, 4-92, 4-93, 4-94, 4-95, 4- Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of 107, 4-130, 4-137, 4-140, 5-6, 5-8, 5-33, 5- Pottawatomi Indians, 6-124 36, 5-37, 5-42, 5-43, 5-44, 5-47, 5-51, 5-59, Maumee rivers, 6-21 5-66, 5-67, 5-68, 5-71, 5-73, 5-81, 5-88, 5- maximum permissible exposure, 4-127, 4- 89, 5-90, 5-91, 5-92, 5-94, 5-108, 5-134, 6-2, 129, 5-132, 5-134, 6-145, 6-147, 7-124, 7- 6-4, 6-6, 6-8, 6-20, 6-32, 6-41, 6-42, 6-43, 6- 126, 8-219 44, 6-51, 6-58, 6-63, 6-67, 6-68, 6-69, 6-73, Migratory Bird Treaty Act; MBTA, 1-23, 3-13, 6-75, 6-82, 6-90, 6-91, 6-92, 6-93, 6-94, 6- 3-14 95, 6-96, 6-97, 6-98, 6-101, 6-102, 6-105, 6- Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge, 5-11, 107, 6-109, 6-121, 6-145, 6-147, 7-6, 7-34, 5-148 7-36, 7-37, 7-38, 7-42, 7-45, 7-53, 7-61, 7- Medicine Lake Wilderness, 5-11 62, 7-63, 7-66, 7-68, 7-76, 7-82, 7-83, 7-84, Megaptera novaeangliae, 7-17 7-85, 7-87, 7-105, 7-127, 7-129, 8-10, 8-11, memorandum of understanding, 5-2, 6-2; 8-12, 8-16, 8-23, 8-24, 8-25, 8-26, 8-33, 8- MOU, 1-22, 3-29, 3-35, 3-36, 4-2, 5-2, 6-2, 8- 34, 8-37, 8-40, 8-42, 8-43, 8-68, 8-80, 8-83, 122 8-84, 8-85, 8-86, 8-88, 8-89, 8-91, 8-92, 8- Menominee Indian Tribe of Wisconsin, 6-123 104, 8-109, 8-114, 8-117, 8-118, 8-125, 8- Mephitis, 6-18, 7-16 126, 8-128, 8-130, 8-134, 8-135, 8-136, 8- Merrimack River, 7-36 141, 8-154, 8-156, 8-158, 8-160, 8-166, 8- Michigan, 1-1, 1-14, 3-5, 5-16, 5-94, 6-1, 6-2, 167, 8-168, 8-169, 8-178, 8-179, 8-192, 8- 6-3, 6-4, 6-8, 6-10, 6-11, 6-15, 6-16, 6-17, 6- 194, 8-196, 8-197, 8-198, 8-200, 8-201, 8- 20, 6-21, 6-31, 6-33, 6-35, 6-37, 6-38, 6-39, 202, 8-203, 8-204, 8-205, 8-206, 8-207, 8- 6-41, 6-46, 6-47, 6-50, 6-52, 6-53, 6-54, 6- 209, 8-210, 8-222, 8-226, 8-237, 8-242, 8- 55, 6-60, 6-62, 6-65, 6-68, 6-69, 6-70, 6-71, 244, 8-245, 8-246, 8-247, 8-248, 8-249, 8- 6-75, 6-76, 6-77, 6-80, 6-81, 6-82, 6-83, 6- 250, 8-254, 8-255, 8-256, 8-257, 8-258, 8- 84, 6-85, 6-87, 6-93, 6-94, 6-95, 6-99, 6-100, 261, 8-264, 8-266, 8-268, 8-273, 8-274, 8- 6-103, 6-104, 6-105, 6-107, 6-108, 6-111, 6- 277, 8-278, 8-279, 8-282, 8-291, 8-292, 8- 112, 6-119, 6-120, 6-123, 6-125, 6-129, 6- 294, 8-295, 9-7, 9-10, 9-14 130, 6-131, 6-132, 6-133, 6-134, 6-135, 6- Makah Indian Tribe of the Makah Indian 136, 6-161, 6-162, 6-165, 8-29, 8-32, 8-39, Reservation, 4-110, 4-111 8-52, 8-71, 8-73, 8-120, 8-154, 8-156, 8-

Northern Border Activities 14-10 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

161, 8-163, 8-275, 8-276, 8-279, 8-292, 8- 52, 8-53, 8-54, 8-55, 8-56, 8-57, 8-58, 8-66, 294, 8-297, 8-306, 8-308, 8-312, 9-4 8-68, 8-71, 8-80, 8-81, 8-91, 8-92, 8-99, 8- Michipicoten Island Provincial Park, 6-10 101, 8-103, 8-108, 8-110, 8-112, 8-114, 8- Micropterus dolomieu, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 115, 8-116, 8-117, 8-126, 8-133, 8-134, 8- migration patterns, 8-29; migration, 3-13, 4- 136, 8-142, 8-155, 8-157, 8-158, 8-159, 8- 80, 5-22, 5-76, 6-78, 6-110, 7-71, 8-28, 8-29, 160, 8-161, 8-162, 8-168, 8-189, 8-190, 8- 8-32, 8-38, 8-39, 8-43, 8-45, 8-46, 8-49, 8- 191, 8-192, 8-193, 8-194, 8-195, 8-196, 8- 53, 8-271, 8-292 197, 8-198, 8-206, 8-207, 8-208, 8-209, 8- Milk River Natural Area, 5-11 210, 8-211, 8-247, 8-253, 8-254, 8-255, 8- Milk Rivers, 4-45, 5-43, 6-42, 7-38 257, 8-258, 8-260, 8-263, 8-264, 8-265, 8- Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, 5-111 266, 8-267, 8-268, 8-275, 8-278, 8-279, 8- Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, 5-111 281, 8-291, 8-294, 8-295 Minnesota, 1-1, 1-12, 3-5, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4, 5- modernization, 1-11, 2-5, 2-6, 2-9, 2-17, 3-59, 8, 5-10, 5-11, 5-12, 5-14, 5-16, 5-22, 5-23, 5- 4-125, 5-129, 6-142, 7-124, 8-25, 8-48, 8- 24, 5-35, 5-38, 5-39, 5-42, 5-48, 5-51, 5-52, 68, 8-99, 8-100, 8-109, 8-121, 8-125, 8-126, 5-53, 5-54, 5-55, 5-61, 5-63, 5-67, 5-68, 5- 8-132, 8-134, 8-135, 8-137, 8-149, 8-157, 8- 70, 5-74, 5-76, 5-79, 5-80, 5-83, 5-86, 5-93, 175, 8-178, 8-180, 8-182, 8-185, 8-216, 8- 5-94, 5-96, 5-98, 5-99, 5-100, 5-102, 5-111, 231, 8-232, 8-234, 8-237, 8-256, 8-279, 8- 5-113, 5-117, 5-118, 5-119, 5-121, 5-123, 5- 280, 8-290, 8-294, 9-12 129, 5-149, 6-33, 6-99, 6-105, 8-39, 8-71, 8- monitoring, 5-15, 6-16, 8-23, 8-26, 8-27, 8-36, 72, 8-73, 8-119, 8-161, 8-275, 8-276, 8-279, 8-42, 8-58, 8-74, 8-104, 8-115, 8-117, 8- 8-280, 8-292, 8-297, 8-299, 8-303, 8-306, 8- 136, 8-159, 8-161, 8-184, 8-210, 8-224, 8- 307, 8-308; MN, 5-88, 5-100, 5-101, 5-101, 230, 8-235, 8-238, 8-265, 8-286, 9-1, 9-12, 5-102, 5-102, 5-144, 6-157 9-13 Mirror Pool Wildlife Management Area, 5-11 Montana, 1-1, 3-5, 3-10, 10-2 Missisquoi National Wildlife Refuge, 7-10 Montana, 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-8, 4-10, 4-16, 4- Mississippian Aquifers, 6-38 17, 4-19, 4-21, 4-22, 4-24, 4-30, 4-33, 4-36, Missouri Coteau, 5-11 4-37, 4-40, 4-41, 4-42, 4-43, 4-45, 4-52, 4- mitigation, 2-19, 3-1, 3-13, 3-60 56, 4-57, 4-58, 4-59, 4-60, 4-66, 4-67, 4-68, mitigation, 8-19, 8-20, 8-24, 8-27, 8-33, 8-34, 4-73, 4-75, 4-77, 4-79, 4-82, 4-83, 4-85, 4- 8-42, 8-43, 8-45, 8-48, 8-56, 8-63, 8-64, 8- 88, 4-95, 4-98, 4-99, 4-100, 4-103, 4-104, 4- 65, 8-66, 8-68, 8-69, 8-70, 8-71, 8-73, 8-74, 111, 4-115, 4-116, 4-117, 4-118, 4-119, 4- 8-79, 8-93, 8-96, 8-97, 8-101, 8-102, 8-103, 120, 4-121, 4-148, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4, 5-8, 5- 8-104, 8-117, 8-121, 8-124, 8-138, 8-139, 8- 10, 5-11, 5-12, 5-16, 5-17, 5-19, 5-21, 5-22, 142, 8-163, 8-169, 8-177, 8-185, 8-186, 8- 5-23, 5-24, 5-30, 5-32, 5-35, 5-38, 5-39, 5- 190, 8-211, 8-216, 8-226, 8-231, 8-232, 8- 40, 5-41, 5-48, 5-50, 5-51, 5-52, 5-53, 5-54, 234, 8-236, 8-237, 8-240, 8-250, 8-268, 8- 5-55, 5-61, 5-62, 5-63, 5-69, 5-70, 5-72, 5- 273, 8-277, 8-280, 8-281, 8-287, 8-290 , 9-1, 74, 5-76, 5-79, 5-80, 5-83, 5-86, 5-91, 5-92, 9-2, 9-3, 9-4, 9-7, 9-10, 9-11, 9-12, 9-13, 9- 5-97, 5-98, 5-99, 5-100, 5-107, 5-110, 5- 14, 10-2; mitigations, 1-1, 2-1, 3-13, 3-20, 4- 113, 5-117, 5-118, 5-119, 5-121, 5-123, 5- 117, 5-120, 6-134, 7-116, 8-63, 8-64, 8-65, 137, 5-139, 5-148, 5-149, 6-73, 8-4, 8-39, 8- 8-66, 8-68, 8-69, 8-74, 8-223, 8-227, 8-290, 71, 8-73, 8-119, 8-120, 8-154, 8-271, 8-272, 9-14 8-275, 8-276, 8-279, 8-280, 8-293, 8-294, 8- mobile surveillance system, 2-7, 3-16, 4-49, 5- 295, 8-296, 8-297, 8-306, 8-307, 8-308 46, 6-45, 7-40, 8-42 Montezuma National Wildlife Refuge, 6-164, moderate (impacts), 3-1, 3-3, 3-6, 3-7, 3-9, 3- 8-273 21, 3-41, 3-45, 3-59, 3-60, 4-68, 4-107, 5-15, moose, 4-19, 4-97, 5-95, 6-18, 6-101, 7-16, 7- 5-63, 5-108, 6-23, 6-62, 6-121, 7-58, 7-105, 88, 8-33, 8-35 8-5, 8-22, 8-25, 8-29, 8-31, 8-32, 8-33, 8-34, Moosehorn National Wildlife Refuge, 7-141, 8-38, 8-39, 8-42, 8-43, 8-45, 8-48, 8-51, 8- 7-142, 8-276, 8-277

Northern Border Activities 14-11 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

Mosquito Creek Wetland Area, 6-10 National Marine Fisheries Service, 3-12; Mount Baker National Recreation Area, 4-10 NMFS, 3-12; NOAA, 3-36 Mount Baker Wilderness, 4-10 National Park Service, 1-11, 3-11, 4-42, 4-143, mountain bluebird, 4-19 5-7, 5-48, 5-143, 6-7, 6-47, 7-7, 7-43, 8-73, mountain goat, 4-19 10-3; NPS, 1-11, 1-26, 3-11, 3-15, 3-17, 3- mountain lion, 4-19, 8-35, 8-37 26, 3-32, 3-33, 3-34, 3-39, 3-41, 3-65, 4-42, movement of wildlife, 3-13 4-51, 4-58, 4-66, 4-138, 5-7, 5-48, 5-53, 5- Moyie River, 4-1, 4-22 61, 5-143, 6-7, 6-47, 6-53, 6-60, 6-69, 6-156, mpacts, 10-2 6-163, 7-7, 7-43, 7-48, 7-56, 7-63, 7-92, 7- Muckleshoot Indian Tribe of the Muckleshoot 135, 8-73, 8-140 Reservation, 4-110, 4-111 national park, 3-4, 3-15, 3-25, 3-26, 3-32, 3- Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, 4-110, 4-111 64, 3-65, 3-66, 3-68, 4-2, 4-6, 4-10, 4-47, 4- mule deer, 4-19, 5-18, 7-16, 8-29, 8-40 51, 4-58, 4-66, 4-70, 4-123, 4-135, 4-138, 4- Mullet, 5-23 141, 4-143, 5-6, 5-10, 5-44, 5-48, 5-53, 5-57, munitions and explosives of concern, 3-55; 5-61, 5-66, 5-98, 5-126, 5-140, 5-143, 5- MEC, 3-55 146, 6-6, 6-10, 6-43, 6-47, 6-60, 6-64, 6-93, munitions constituents, 3-54, 3-55; MC, 3-55 6-139, 6-153, 6-156, 6-159, 6-161, 7-2, 7-6, muskellunge, 5-23 7-10, 7-39, 7-43, 7-56, 7-60, 7-120, 7-132, muskellunge, 6-21, 7-19 7-135, 7-139, 7-141, 8-26, 8-60, 8-86, 8-91, Mustela nigripes, 5-17, 8-52, 9-4 8-93, 8-100, 8-142, 8-144, 8-269, 8-271, 8- Myotis evotis, 5-18, 8-32 273, 8-280, 9-10 Myotis sodalis, 6-15, 7-16 national recreation area, 3-32, 3-64, 4-58, 4- NAAQS, 3-4, 3-6, 3-10, 4-5, 5-5, 6-5, 7-5, 8-5, 141, 4-143, 5-146, 6-159, 6-161, 7-139, 7- 8-9, 8-11, 8-22, 8-291 141, 8-269; NRA, 3-64, 4-141, 4-144, 4-145, namaycush, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 4-146, 5-146, 5-148, 6-159, 7-139, 8-269, 8- NAS, 4-124, 5-128, 6-140, 6-141, 7-121 281 NASA Plum Brook Station, 6-11 National Register, 3-48, 4-101, 4-102, 4-103, Nash Stream Forest, 7-10 4-104, 4-105, 4-106, 4-107, 4-108, 5-97, 5- National Environmental Policy Act, 1-1, 1-2, 98, 5-99, 5-100, 5-103, 5-104, 5-105, 5-107, 2-1, 3-1, 10-i, 10-1, 10-2, 4-47, 5-44, 6-43, 5-108, 5-109, 5-110, 6-108, 6-110, 6-112, 6- 7-39, 8-4, 9-1; NEPA, 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-12, 1- 113, 6-114, 6-115, 6-116, 6-117, 6-118, 6- 13, 1-22, 1-24, 1-25, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-8, 2-9, 119, 6-120, 6-121, 6-122, 7-94, 7-96, 7-97, 2-13, 2-14, 3-1, 3-6, 3-8, 3-25, 3-28, 3-35, 3- 7-98, 7-99, 7-100, 7-101, 7-102, 7-103, 7- 49, 3-62, 3-63, 3-65, 4-47, 5-44, 6-43, 7-39, 104, 8-177 8-4, 8-6, 8-9, 8-10, 8-11, 8-12, 8-13, 8-16, 8- National Telecommunications and 17, 8-18, 8-21, 8-25, 8-26, 8-38, 8-48, 8-50, Information Administration, 1-13, 8-219; 8-88, 8-89, 8-90, 8-91, 8-93, 8-94, 8-97, 8- NTIA, 1-13, 1-14, 8-219 98, 8-99, 8-100, 8-112, 8-134, 8-260, 8-261, national wildlife refuge, 3-64, 3-66, 4-141, 4- 8-262, 8-264, 8-265, 8-290, 8-310, 8-311, 9- 143, 5-98, 5-146, 6-159, 6-161, 7-2, 7-139, 1, 9-8, 10-i, 10-1, 10-2 7-141, 8-269 national forest, 1-7, 3-64, 3-65, 3-66, 3-68, 4- Native American lands, 7-2 2, 4-10, 4-66, 4-71, 4-93, 4-96, 4-123, 4-135, Native Americans, 3-49, 3-50, 4-100, 4-108, 4-141, 4-143, 4-146, 4-147, 5-2, 5-10, 5-61, 5-98, 5-110, 6-106, 6-122, 7-90, 7-91, 7-93, 5-126, 5-140, 5-146, 5-148, 6-2, 6-10, 6-60, 7-105 6-139, 6-153, 6-159, 6-161, 6-163, 6-165, 7- Natural Resources Conservation Service, 3- 2, 7-10, 7-56, 7-120, 7-139, 7-141, 8-269, 8- 19; NRCS, 3-19 280, 8-290, 8-311, 8-313 New Hampshire, 1-2, 1-14, 3-6, 6-100, 7-1, 7- National Historic Preservation Act, 1-23, 3-35, 2, 7-3, 7-8, 7-10, 7-11, 7-13, 7-14, 7-15, 7- 5-96, 8-177, 8-301, 9-12; NHPA, 1-23, 8- 16, 7-19, 7-32, 7-33, 7-34, 7-36, 7-37, 7-46, 177, 8-180, 9-12 7-47, 7-49, 7-56, 7-57, 7-63, 7-66, 7-69, 7-

Northern Border Activities 14-12 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

71, 7-74, 7-75, 7-78, 7-81, 7-85, 7-86, 7-89, Occupational Safety and Health 7-90, 7-92, 7-93, 7-94, 7-95, 7-96, 7-102, 7- Administration, 3-53, 4-122, 5-125, 6-138, 106, 7-107, 7-110, 7-111, 7-112, 7-114, 7- 7-119, 8-204; OSHA, 3-53, 4-122, 4-126, 4- 115, 7-117, 7-141, 8-62, 8-72, 8-73, 8-119, 127, 4-128, 4-129, 5-125, 5-131, 5-132, 5- 8-275, 8-277, 8-280, 8-292, 8-294, 8-304, 8- 133, 5-134, 6-138, 6-144, 6-145, 6-146, 6- 306, 8-308, 8-312 147, 7-119, 7-123, 7-124, 7-125, 7-126, 8- new source review, 3-10 204, 8-213, 8-218, 8-220, 8-221, 8-223, 8- new source review, 8-11, 8-12 224, 8-302 Newfound Lake, 7-2, 7-19 Odocoileus virginianus, 6-18, 8-33, 8-35 NEXUS, 6-96, 8-105 off-highway vehicle, 4-143, 4-146, 4-147, 6- Neys Provincial Park, 6-11 161, 8-274; OHV, 6-161, 6-162, 6-163, 6- Niagara River, 6-3, 6-41, 6-96, 6-113 165, 8-274; OHVs, 8-258 night sky, 3-39, 8-146, 9-11 off-road vehicle, 3-10, 3-26, 3-67, 4-49, 5-46, Nisqually Indian Tribe of the Nisqually 6-45, 6-164, 7-2, 7-41, 8-141, 8-266, 8-290, Reservation, 4-110, 4-112 9-16; ORV, 3-61, 4-49, 5-46, 6-45, 7-41, 8- non-native coho, 6-21; non-native, 4-21, 5-21, 34, 8-35, 8-45; ORVs, 4-48, 5-44, 6-43, 7-38, 6-21, 6-68, 8-35, 8-41, 8-44, 8-49, 8-51, 9-2, 8-31, 8-32 9-3 Office of Administration, 3-29 nonintrusive inspection, 3-10, 3-52, 8-4, 8-86; Office of Air and Marine, 1-4, 2-1, 3-16, 3-61, NII, 1-14, 2-6, 2-7, 2-9, 2-11, 2-13, 2-15, 3- 4-3, 4-103, 4-107, 5-2, 5-105, 5-109, 6-2, 6- 52, 3-63, 8-4, 8-23, 8-24, 8-54, 8-55, 8-56, 8- 95, 6-116, 6-121, 7-3, 7-100, 7-104, 8-34; 68, 8-83, 8-84, 8-86, 8-101, 8-102, 8-106, 8- OAM, 1-4, 1-10, 1-11, 1-13, 1-14, 1-15, 1-20, 107, 8-109, 8-111, 8-114, 8-115, 8-116, 8- 2-1, 2-4, 2-6, 2-11, 3-16, 3-24, 3-27, 3-38, 3- 126, 8-127, 8-128, 8-147, 8-148, 8-149, 8- 48, 3-52, 3-61, 3-63, 4-3, 4-103, 4-106, 4- 152, 8-169, 8-171, 8-172, 8-174, 8-175, 8- 107, 4-124, 5-2, 5-105, 5-107, 5-109, 5-128, 176, 8-205, 8-212, 8-214, 8-218, 8-222, 8- 5-129, 5-137, 6-2, 6-115, 6-116, 6-121, 6- 225, 8-227, 8-228, 8-229, 8-234, 8-242, 8- 140, 6-141, 7-3, 7-98, 7-100, 7-104, 7-121, 243, 8-244, 8-247, 8-251, 8-254, 8-255, 8- 8-34, 8-38, 8-106, 8-137, 8-140, 8-177, 8- 257, 8-258, 8-260, 8-266, 8-267, 8-268, 8- 181, 8-182, 8-183, 8-184, 8-187, 8-205, 8- 270, 8-280, 8-281, 8-282, 8-284, 8-287, 8- 209, 8-211, 8-222, 8-225, 8-231, 8-238, 8- 288, 8-289 247, 8-248, 8-252, 8-255, 8-263, 8-264, 8- Nooksack Indian Tribe of Washington, 4-110, 269, 8-279 4-112 Office of Field Operations, 1-4, 2-1, 4-3, 4-103, North Cascades National Park, 4-10, 4-52, 4- 4-105, 4-107, 5-2, 5-102, 5-105, 5-109, 6-3, 73, 4-143, 4-144, 8-292 6-95, 6-116, 6-121, 6-122, 7-3, 7-100, 7- North Fork Crow, 5-22 104, 8-42, 8-62; OFO,1-4, 1-8, 1-20, 1-24, 2- Northern Montana prairies, 5-11 1, 2-4, 4-3, 4-103, 4-105, 4-106, 4-107, 5-2, northern pike, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 5-3, 5-100, 5-101, 5-102, 5-103, 5-104, 5- northern pintail, 5-18 105, 5-107, 5-108, 5-109, 6-3, 6-112, 6-113, northern prairie skink, 5-19, 8-32 6-114, 6-115, 6-116, 6-119, 6-120, 6-121, 6- northern redbelly snake, 5-19, 8-32 122, 7-3, 7-97, 7-98, 7-99, 7-100, 7-102, 7- northern spotted owl, 4-15, 4-18, 8-39 103, 7-104, 8-42, 8-62, 8-231, 8-238, 8-309 Notice of Availability; NOA, 1-25 Office of Information Technology, 1-4, 8-42; Notice of Intent, 8-48; NOI, 1-24, 1-25, 8-48 OIT, 1-4, 8-42 Notophthalmus viridescens, 6-18, 7-16 Office of Technology, Innovation, and National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Acquisition; OTIA, 1-4, 1-14, 2-12, 8-42 System ; NPDES, 1-23, 8-62, 8-65, 9-5 Ogallala Aquifer, 4-40, 5-38, 6-38, 7-32 oak-hickory forests, 5-20, 6-19 Ohio, 1-1, 3-5, 5-16, 5-94, 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, 6- oak-hickory, 5-20, 6-19, 6-20, 7-18 8, 6-10, 6-15, 6-16, 6-21, 6-33, 6-35, 6-37, 6- 38, 6-46, 6-47, 6-49, 6-50, 6-52, 6-53, 6-54,

Northern Border Activities 14-13 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

6-55, 6-62, 6-66, 6-67, 6-71, 6-75, 6-77, 6- Pacific silver fir, 4-20 81, 6-82, 6-84, 6-87, 6-88, 6-95, 6-99, 6-103, Paleontological Resources Preservation Act, 6-105, 6-106, 6-107, 6-110, 6-111, 6-125, 6- 8-177, 9-12; PRPA, 8-177, 8-180, 9-12 129, 6-130, 6-131, 6-132, 6-134, 6-136, 6- Panicum virgatum, 5-20 164, 8-39, 8-53, 8-71, 8-73, 8-119, 8-120, 8- particulate matter, 3-4, 4-4, 4-5, 5-4, 6-4, 7-4, 275, 8-276, 8-280, 8-292, 8-294, 8-295, 8- 8-136 297, 8-304, 8-306, 8-308, 8-312; OH, 6-91, partnership, 1-19, 2-17, 8-113, 8-253; 6-155 partnerships, 1-18, 2-3, 2-17, 4-2, 5-2, 6-2, Okanogan National Forest, 4-11, 4-147 7-2, 8-66, 8-71, 8-113, 8-174, 8-250, 8-265, Olympic Mountains, 4-20, 4-26 9-6, 9-16 Olympic National Forest, 4-11 Pasayten Wilderness, 4-2, 4-11, 4-58, 4-147 Olympic National Park, 4-11, 4-52, 4-59, 4-93, Passamaquoddy Tribe of Maine, 7-106 4-145, 8-120, 8-154, 8-311 Passumpsic rivers, 7-19 Oncorhynchus kisutch, 6-21 Peace Bridge, 6-96, 6-113, 6-116 Oneida Indian Nation of New York, 6-123, 6- pearl dace, 5-19, 8-32 125 Pedicularis furbishiae, 7-16 Oneida Indian Nation, 6-123, 6-125 Pembina Gorge, 5-12 Oneida Tribe of Indians of Wisconsin, 6-123 Pembina Trail Preserve, 5-12 Onondaga Nation of New York, 6-123, 6-125 Pembina, 5-2, 5-3, 5-12, 5-22, 5-88, 5-93, 5- Ontario, 5-11, 5-12, 5-42, 5-93, 5-94, 6-2, 6-3, 102, 5-104, 8-163 6-10, 6-11, 6-16, 6-20, 6-56, 6-57, 6-64, 6- Pend Oreille River, 4-1, 4-22 78, 6-79, 6-80, 6-82, 6-83, 6-84, 6-85, 6-93, Pennsylvania, 1-1, 1-25, 3-5, 5-16, 5-94, 6-1, 6-94, 6-95, 6-96, 6-97, 6-98, 6-99, 6-100, 6- 6-3, 6-4, 6-8, 6-10, 6-15, 6-16, 6-28, 6-33, 6- 109, 6-116, 6-130, 6-132, 6-133, 6-134, 6- 35, 6-37, 6-38, 6-39, 6-47, 6-50, 6-52, 6-54, 135, 6-136, 6-137, 6-163, 6-164 6-55, 6-62, 6-67, 6-68, 6-75, 6-78, 6-81, 6- Ontario, 8-32, 8-52, 8-156, 8-164, 8-308 82, 6-83, 6-84, 6-87, 6-88, 6-96, 6-99, 6-102, Ontario, 9-4 6-105, 6-106, 6-107, 6-109, 6-110, 6-112, 6- Operational Integration Centers; OIC, 3-16, 3- 116, 6-125, 6-129, 6-130, 6-131, 6-132, 6- 23, 3-27, 3-38, 3-61 134, 6-136, 6-150, 6-164, 7-93, 8-71, 8-73, Opheodrys vernalis, 5-19 8-275, 8-276, 8-280, 8-306, 8-308; PA, 6-1, Orcas, 4-19, 4-21 6-91, 6-116, 6-155, 10-1 Orcinus orca, 4-15, 4-19 Pennsylvanian Aquifers, 6-38 Orconectes rusticus, 5-23 Penobscot River Basin, 7-35 Oregon ash, 4-21 Penobscot Tribe of Maine, 7-106 Oregon white oak, 4-14, 4-21 Perca flavescens, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 Osoyoos, 4-23 Perisoreus canadensis, 6-17, 7-16 operational sustainability performance plan, personal radiation detector, 1-14, 2-11, 8-251 3-29; OSPP, 3-29, 3-30 Petromyzon marinus, 5-23 Ossipee Lake, 7-2, 7-19 Pheucticus ludovicianus, 6-17, 7-16 Ostrya virginiana, 5-20, 6-19, 6-20, 7-18 Phoca groenlandica, 7-17 Ottawa National Forest, 6-11, 6-162, 6-163, 8- Phoca vitulina, 7-17 280 physical barriers, 2-6, 3-15, 3-21, 3-23, 3-27, Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge, 6-11, 6-164 3-61, 3-68, 8-28, 8-43, 8-117, 8-124, 8-132, Outpost Wetlands Natural Area and Police 8-164, 8-171, 8-195, 8-196, 8-197, 8-198, 8- Outpost Provincial Park, 5-11 231, 8-246, 8-284, 9-13 overflight, 8-82 Picea glauca, 6-19, 7-17, 7-18 ozone, 3-5, 3-10, 8-10, 8-15, 8-18, 8-21; O3, 3- Picea mariana, 5-19, 7-17 5, 3-6, 3-7, 5-4, 6-4, 8-6 Picea rubens, 6-19, 7-18 Pacific Lowland Mixed Forest Province, 4-20 Pickerel Creek Wildlife Area, 6-11 Pacific madrone, 4-21 Picoides arcticus, 6-17, 7-16, 8-29

Northern Border Activities 14-14 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, 6-11, 6- 41, 3-46, 3-47, 3-48, 3-52, 3-61, 3-62, 3-63, 47, 6-70 4-3, 4-44, 4-49, 4-74, 4-76, 4-77, 4-89, 4-92, Pigeon River Provincial Park, 5-12 4-93, 4-95, 4-122, 4-132, 4-133, 4-134, 4- Pine Butte Swamp Preserve, 5-12 135, 4-138, 4-139, 4-140, 5-3, 5-42, 5-46, 5- pink salmon, 4-22 69, 5-70, 5-71, 5-73, 5-74, 5-87, 5-90, 5-91, pinnipeds, 4-19, 7-17 5-92, 5-93, 5-94, 5-125, 5-137, 5-138, 5- Pinus contorta, 5-21 139, 5-140, 5-143, 5-144, 5-145, 6-3, 6-41, Pinus resinosa, 5-19 6-45, 6-70, 6-71, 6-72, 6-74, 6-76, 6-88, 6- Pinus strobus, 5-19, 6-19, 7-17 93, 6-94, 6-95, 6-100, 6-138, 6-150, 6-151, piping plover, 5-16, 6-15, 6-16, 7-15, 8-32, 8- 6-152, 7-3, 7-37, 7-41, 7-64, 7-65, 7-66, 7- 52, 9-4 68, 7-69, 7-82, 7-84, 7-86, 7-119, 7-129, 7- Plantanthera leucopehaea, 7-16 130, 7-131, 8-1, 8-4, 8-31, 8-37, 8-38, 8-50, Plethedon cinereus, 6-18, 7-16, 7-17 8-59, 8-70, 8-76, 8-78, 8-86, 8-87, 8-88, 8- Pleuraphis jamesii, 5-20 89, 8-90, 8-98, 8-104, 8-105, 8-107, 8-108, polar bear, 4-19, 7-17 8-117, 8-121, 8-122, 8-130, 8-131, 8-134, 8- polychlorinated biphenyls, 3-57, 4-131, 5- 137, 8-143, 8-146, 8-147, 8-150, 8-158, 8- 136, 6-41, 6-149, 7-128; PCBs, 3-57, 4-131, 160, 8-161, 8-162, 8-163, 8-164, 8-165, 8- 5-136, 6-41, 6-149, 7-128 167, 8-169, 8-170, 8-173, 8-177, 8-179, 8- ponderosa pine, 4-13, 4-14, 4-20, 5-14, 5-20, 181, 8-182, 8-183, 8-184, 8-190, 8-193, 8- 6-13; ponderosa pines, 4-13, 6-13 195, 8-200, 8-202, 8-203, 8-205, 8-212, 8- Populus, 4-20, 5-20 216, 8-220, 8-221, 8-224, 8-228, 8-230, 8- Porcupine Mountains State Park, 6-11 231, 8-232, 8-237, 8-243, 8-247, 8-248, 8- porcupine, 4-19 249, 8-250, 8-251, 8-252, 8-255, 8-257, 8- Port Gamble Indian Community of the Port 259, 8-264, 8-270, 8-272, 8-277, 8-280, 8- Gamble Reservation, 4-109, 4-112 281, 8-284, 8-288, 8-293, 8-295, 8-297, 8- port of entry, 4-3, 5-108, 6-3, 9-3; ports of 299, 8-305, 8-310, 9-11, 9-12 entry, 1-3, 1-8, 2-4, 2-6, 3-3, 5-3, 6-41, 6- potential to emit, 3-8, 3-9, 8-12 153, 7-3, 7-132, 8-1, 8-28; POE, 1-13, 2-4, 2- Prairie Island Indian Community in the State 6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-9, 2-10, 3-47, 4-3, 4-66, 4-89, of Minnesota, 5-111 4-90, 4-91, 4-93, 4-94, 4-95, 4-96, 4-103, 4- prairie rose, 5-20 105, 4-106, 4-107, 4-122, 4-139, 5-61, 5-87, preferred alternative, 8-73 5-91, 5-92, 5-93, 5-94, 5-100, 5-101, 5-102, Presque Isle, 6-67, 6-116, 7-35 5-103, 5-104, 5-105, 5-107, 5-108, 5-109, 5- Presumpscot River Basin, 7-36 144, 5-145, 6-3, 6-45, 6-60, 6-72, 6-88, 6-93, prevention of significant deterioration, 3-10, 6-94, 6-95, 6-96, 6-97, 6-98, 6-99, 6-100, 6- 8-11; PSD, 3-8, 3-9, 4-6, 5-6, 6-6, 7-6, 8-11, 112, 6-113, 6-114, 6-115, 6-116, 6-119, 6- 8-12, 8-13, 8-19 120, 6-121, 6-122, 6-151, 7-3, 7-66, 7-68, 7- Priest River, 4-147 83, 7-85, 7-86, 7-87, 7-97, 7-98, 7-99, 7-100, privately owned vehicle, 5-94, 6-94, 7-85, 7- 7-102, 7-103, 7-104, 7-129, 7-130, 8-18, 8- 86; privately owned vehicles, 5-91, 6-91, 7- 37, 8-50, 8-53, 8-62, 8-70, 8-88, 8-89, 8-90, 83; POV, 6-97, 6-98; POVs, 5-91, 6-91, 6-93, 8-98, 8-99, 8-100, 8-105, 8-106, 8-107, 8- 6-94 117, 8-121, 8-130, 8-131, 8-133, 8-134, 8- proposal, 1-1, 1-2, 2-1, 2-2, 3-12, 3-15, 3-20, 137, 8-145, 8-147, 8-151, 8-155, 8-156, 8- 3-23, 3-26, 3-37, 8-26, 8-27, 8-41, 8-43, 8- 158, 8-161, 8-163, 8-164, 8-165, 8-167, 8- 46, 8-303, 8-310 213, 8-233, 8-248, 8-249, 8-250, 8-259, 8- proposed action, 1-1, 1-2, 1-19, 1-20, 1-22, 1- 262, 8-265, 8-272, 8-273, 8-297, 8-299, 8- 23, 1-24, 2-1, 2-2, 2-4, 2-5, 2-8, 2-16, 3-1, 3- 309, 9-3, 9-7; POEs, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-8, 1- 3, 3-9, 3-10, 3-30, 3-32, 3-42, 3-45, 3-50, 3- 9, 1-12, 1-13, 1-14, 1-15, 1-21, 1-24, 2-4, 2- 52, 3-63, 4-4, 4-75, 5-4, 5-71, 6-4, 6-72, 7-4, 6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-9, 2-10, 2-13, 2-15, 3-3, 3-15, 7-66, 8-1, 8-26, 8-47, 8-51, 8-53, 8-65, 8-80, 3-16, 3-21, 3-23, 3-27, 3-37, 3-38, 3-39, 3- 8-111, 8-125, 8-139, 8-146, 8-177, 8-187, 8-

Northern Border Activities 14-15 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

189, 8-196, 8-198, 8-225, 8-240, 8-285, 9-1, recreational land, 3-33, 3-39, 4-58, 4-62, 4-74, 9-2, 9-5, 9-13, 9-14 5-53, 5-57, 5-71, 6-53, 6-57, 6-69, 7-48, 7- proposed alternative, 3-4, 3-25, 8-4, 8-22, 8- 52, 7-63, 8-119, 8-120, 8-154, 8-155, 8-168, 25, 8-26, 8-86, 8-107, 8-196, 8-254, 8-291 8-269, 8-273, 8-283 Prunus virginiana, 5-20 recreational use, 1-22, 3-41, 3-42, 3-65, 3-66, Pseudoroegneria spicata, 5-20 3-67, 4-75, 5-72, 6-53, 6-73, 6-98, 7-48, 7- public involvement, 1-1, 1-22, 1-24, 3-8; 65, 7-67, 8-131, 8-137, 8-142, 8-154, 8-155, public meetings, 1-25, 1-26 8-166, 8-167, 8-169, 8-171, 8-172, 8-270, 8- Public Lands Liaison Agent; PLLA, 1-6, 2-3 271, 8-272, 8-273, 8-290 Puget Sound, 4-19, 4-21, 4-24, 4-43, 8-30, 8- recreational vehicle, 8-140; RV, 3-67, 3-68, 6- 46 162 Pukaskwa National Park, 6-11 recreational, 1-7, 1-22, 2-20, 3-2, 3-16, 3-24, purple fritillary, 7-13 3-27, 3-32, 3-33, 3-37, 3-38, 3-39, 3-41, 3- Puyallup Tribe of the Puyallup Reservation, 4- 42, 3-61, 3-65, 3-66, 3-67, 3-68, 3-69, 4-6, 4- 109, 4-112 23, 4-45, 4-58, 4-62, 4-74, 4-75, 4-94, 4-136, Pyganodon grandis, 5-19 4-137, 4-138, 4-139, 4-141, 4-143, 4-144, 4- quagga mussels, 5-23 145, 4-146, 4-147, 4-148, 5-6, 5-53, 5-57, 5- Quileute Tribe of the Quileute Reservation, 4- 71, 5-72, 5-141, 5-142, 5-143, 5-145, 5-146, 109, 4-111 5-148, 6-6, 6-50, 6-53, 6-57, 6-69, 6-73, 6- Quinault Reservation, 4-66 93, 6-98, 6-111, 6-112, 6-154, 6-155, 6-156, Quinault Tribe of the Quinault Reservation, 4- 6-158, 6-159, 6-163, 6-164, 7-6, 7-48, 7-52, 109, 4-111 7-63, 7-65, 7-67, 7-85, 7-133, 7-134, 7-137, radio frequency, 1-14, 4-126, 4-139, 5-132, 5- 7-139, 7-141, 8-72, 8-74, 8-91, 8-96, 8-116, 144, 6-145, 6-158, 7-123, 7-137, 8-27, 8-37, 8-119, 8-120, 8-122, 8-125, 8-126, 8-131, 8- 8-219; RF, 4-126, 4-127, 4-128, 5-132, 5- 137, 8-139, 8-140, 8-141, 8-142, 8-151, 8- 133, 6-145, 6-146, 7-123, 7-124, 7-125, 8- 152, 8-153, 8-154, 8-155, 8-165, 8-166, 8- 202, 8-203, 8-218, 8-219, 8-221, 8-224, 8- 167, 8-168, 8-169, 8-170, 8-171, 8-172, 8- 302, 8-303, 8-304 173, 8-187, 8-188, 8-211, 8-269, 8-270, 8- radio-frequency identification devices; RFID, 271, 8-272, 8-273, 8-274, 8-275, 8-277, 8- 1-14, 8-27 278, 8-279, 8-280, 8-281, 8-283, 8-290, 8- radiation isotope identification device; RIID, 298, 8-311, 8-312, 8-313, 9-9, 9-10, 9-12 1-14, 8-138 Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Rainy River, 5-1, 5-42 Indians of Wisconsin, 6-123, 6-125 Raquette rivers, 6-21 Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, 5-111, 5- Ravenna Army Ammunition Plant, 6-11 113 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act; Red Lake, 5-22, 5-23, 5-61, 5-111, 5-113 RCRA, 1-23, 3-55, 3-56, 3-57, 4-128, 4-130, red pine, 5-19 4-131, 5-133, 5-135, 5-136, 6-146, 6-148, 6- red spruce, 6-14, 6-19, 7-13, 7-18 149, 7-125, 7-127, 7-128, 8-230, 8-302, 8- red squirrel, 6-18, 7-16 305 red-backed salamander, 7-16 Record of Decision; ROD, 1-3, 1-25, 9-1 red-spotted newt, 6-18, 7-16 recovery zone, 4-17 red-tailed hawk, 4-19 recreation areas, 3-32, 3-38, 3-64, 3-65, 3-66, redbacked salamander, 6-18 3-68, 4-59, 4-62, 4-141, 4-143, 5-54, 5-57, remote video surveillance system, 1-14, 2-4, 5-146, 5-147, 5-148, 6-53, 6-54, 6-57, 6-65, 3-16, 3-49, 8-42; RVSS, 1-14, 1-19, 2-4, 2-7, 6-159, 6-161, 7-49, 7-52, 7-139, 7-141, 8- 2-11, 2-13, 3-16, 3-23, 3-27, 3-38, 3-49, 3- 153, 8-155, 8-269, 8-272, 8-273, 8-276, 8- 61, 4-133, 5-138, 6-151, 7-130, 8-42, 8-76, 277, 8-278, 8-279, 8-280, 8-281, 8-282, 8- 8-108, 8-138, 8-143, 8-171, 8-177, 8-249 284, 8-285, 8-286, 8-297, 8-311, 8-313, 9- repairs and alterations, 8-248; R&A, 8-248 16 reptiles (various native), 5-23, 6-21, 7-19

Northern Border Activities 14-16 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

Richelieu River, 7-37 Ross Lake National Recreation Area, 4-11, 4- Rifle River Recreation Area, 6-11 45, 4-143, 4-144 Rivers and Harbors Act, 1-23 rostriformis bugensis, 5-23, 8-34 road construction, 2-13, 8-41, 8-44, 8-45, 8- ruffed grouse, 7-16 52, 8-230, 8-300, 9-4 Rufus Wood, 4-23 road, 1-10, 1-18, 2-7, 2-9, 2-13, 2-17, 3-2, 3- Russian knapweed, 5-21, 8-30 42, 4-74, 4-75, 4-137, 4-138, 4-140, 5-71, 5- rusty crayfish, 5-23 72, 5-93, 5-143, 5-145, 6-72, 6-73, 6-139, 6- Sable Islands Provincial Nature Reserve, 5-12 156, 6-158, 6-163, 7-66, 7-120, 7-134, 7- Saco River Basin, 7-36 135, 7-137, 8-22, 8-30, 8-38, 8-41, 8-44, 8- Safe Drinking Water Act, 3-21 45, 8-46, 8-52, 8-54, 8-57, 8-58, 8-59, 8-63, sagebrush, 4-19, 4-20, 5-20, 5-21 8-65, 8-75, 8-81, 8-82, 8-83, 8-100, 8-101, Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan, 8-105, 8-108, 8-117, 8-119, 8-126, 8-133, 8- 6-123, 6-125 134, 8-136, 8-138, 8-142, 8-147, 8-165, 8- Saint Croix International Historic Site, 7-143 171, 8-174, 8-199, 8-200, 8-227, 8-228, 8- Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, 6-123, 6-125 230, 8-242, 8-243, 8-256, 8-257, 8-259, 8- Saint-Francois basin, 7-37 260, 8-261, 8-265, 8-270, 8-273, 8-287, 8- Saint-Francois River, 7-37 288, 8-290, 8-291, 8-297, 8-298, 8-299, 8- salamanders, 4-19 300, 8-307, 8-310, 8-311, 9-4, 9-6, 9-11 Salmo salar, 7-14, 7-19, 8-30, 8-52, 9-4 roads, 1-1, 1-5, 1-7, 1-10, 1-14, 1-18, 2-4, 2-6, Salmo-Priest Wilderness, 4-2, 4-11, 4-146, 4- 2-8, 2-9, 2-13, 2-14, 2-15, 2-17, 3-15, 3-20, 147 3-21, 3-23, 3-27, 3-31, 3-35, 3-37, 3-40, 3- Salt Spring Islands, 4-22 42, 3-47, 3-48, 3-61, 3-67, 3-68, 4-2, 4-10, 4- Salvelinus fontinalis, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 71, 4-74, 4-75, 4-99, 4-100, 4-101, 4-123, 4- Samish Indian Tribe, 4-109 135, 4-138, 4-140, 4-143, 4-144, 4-145, 4- Sander vitreus, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 146, 4-147, 4-148, 5-10, 5-66, 5-70, 5-71, 5- Sandpoint Island Provincial Park and Quetico 99, 5-126, 5-140, 5-143, 5-145, 6-10, 6-65, Provincial Park, 5-11 6-71, 6-72, 6-107, 6-108, 6-139, 6-153, 6- sassafras, 5-20, 6-19, 6-20, 7-18 156, 6-158, 7-2, 7-10, 7-65, 7-66, 7-91, 7-94, Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe of Washington, 4- 7-120, 7-132, 7-135, 7-137, 7-142, 8-1, 8- 109, 4-111 23, 8-24, 8-28, 8-29, 8-31, 8-36, 8-38, 8-43, Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians of 8-44, 8-45, 8-46, 8-49, 8-50, 8-52, 8-55, 8- Michigan, 6-123 58, 8-61, 8-62, 8-63, 8-65, 8-66, 8-75, 8-77, Schizachyrium scoparium, 5-14, 5-20 8-78, 8-79, 8-80, 8-81, 8-84, 8-104, 8-105, Sciurus vulgaris, 7-16 8-109, 8-117, 8-118, 8-124, 8-128, 8-131, 8- scoping meetings, 1-25 132, 8-133, 8-134, 8-136, 8-137, 8-144, 8- scoping period, 1-24, 1-25 154, 8-164, 8-165, 8-166, 8-171, 8-172, 8- scoping, 1-24, 1-25 175, 8-177, 8-178, 8-179, 8-180, 8-181, 8- Scorpaeniformes, 7-19 182, 8-183, 8-184, 8-190, 8-195, 8-201, 8- scotch broom, 4-21, 8-29 204, 8-223, 8-229, 8-230, 8-231, 8-238, 8- sculpin, 7-19 239, 8-240, 8-244, 8-246, 8-254, 8-258, 8- sea lamprey, 5-23 259, 8-260, 8-264, 8-269, 8-270, 8-272, 8- sea otter, 4-19, 4-22 273, 8-277, 8-281, 8-284, 8-289 sea otter, 7-17 roads, 9-4, 9-5, 9-6, 9-7, 9-10 sea-run rainbow trout, 4-19 Roosevelt Campobello International Park, 7- seals, 4-19, 4-21, 7-17 10 Secure Border Initiative; SBI, 1-4 Rosa arkansana, 5-20 Selkirk Mountains, 4-16 rose-breasted grosbeak, 6-17, 7-16 Selkirk recovery zone, 4-16, 4-17 roseate tern, 7-15, 8-52, 9-4 Semotilus atromaculatus, 6-21, 7-19 Roseau, 5-3, 5-22, 5-101 Seneca Nation of New York, 6-123, 6-125

Northern Border Activities 14-17 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT sensitive species, 3-41, 4-16, 8-25, 8-29, 8-32 species, 3-2, 3-11, 3-12, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3- Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community of 34, 3-36, 4-13, 4-15, 4-16, 4-18, 4-19, 4-20, Minnesota, 5-111 4-21, 4-22, 4-44, 4-71, 4-97, 5-14, 5-15, 5- Shepherdia, 5-20 16, 5-17, 5-18, 5-19, 5-20, 5-21, 5-23, 5-66, Shoalwater Bay Tribe of the Shoalwater Bay 5-95, 6-13, 6-14, 6-15, 6-16, 6-17, 6-18, 6- Indian Reservation, 4-109, 4-111 19, 6-21, 6-65, 6-68, 6-101, 7-13, 7-14, 7-15, shoreline master program, 4-71 7-16, 7-17, 7-18, 7-19, 7-88, 8-25, 8-27, 8- shrews, 6-18, 7-16 28, 8-29, 8-30, 8-31, 8-32, 8-34, 8-35, 8-36, Silurian-Devonian Aquifers, 6-38 8-37, 8-38, 8-39, 8-40, 8-41, 8-43, 8-44, 8- silver carp, 5-23 45, 8-46, 8-47, 8-48, 8-49, 8-50, 8-51, 8-52, silver-spotted skipper, 5-19 8-53, 8-82, 8-91, 8-93, 8-100, 8-146, 8-153, SIP, 3-6, 3-10, 8-4, 8-5, 8-22 8-292, 9-2, 9-3, 9-4, 9-7, 9-11 site specific (analysis), 3-15, 4-128, 5-133, 6- Species at Risk Act (Canada); SARA, 3-12 146, 7-125, 8-189, 8-265, 8-302 Spednic Lake, 7-10 Skagit Valley Provincial Park, 4-10 Spilogale, 6-18 Skagit, 4-10, 4-22, 4-23, 4-41, 4-45, 4-144, 4- Spirit Lake Tribe, 5-111, 5-113 146, 8-271 Spokane Reservation, 4-66 Skokomish Indian Tribe of the Skokomish Spokane State Park, 4-10 Reservation, 4-109, 4-112 Spokane Tribe of the Spokane Reservation, 4- skunk, 6-18, 7-16 109, 4-112 Skykomish, 4-22 sport fisheries, 4-22 Slate Islands Provincial Park, 6-11 sport-utility vehicle, 2-7, 8-206 Sleeping Giant Provincial Park, 6-11 spotted knapweed, 5-21, 8-30 small whorled poponia, 7-16 spotted salamander, 6-18, 7-16 smallmouth bass, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 Spring Creek Canyon Natural Area Preserve, smooth green snake, 5-19 4-11 snapping turtle, 5-19 spruce, 6-20, 7-13, 7-14, 7-18, 8-29 Snoqualmie National Forest, 4-11, 8-313 Squaxin Island Tribe of the Squaxin Island Snoqualmie Tribe, 4-109 Reservation, 4-109, 4-112 snowshoe hares, 7-15 St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin, 6- SO2, 3-5, 3-7, 3-8 123 SO2, 8-6 St. Croix Chippewa, 6-123 socioeconomic impact, 3-46, 3-47, 4-76, 5-73, St. Mary, 4-45, 5-2, 5-22, 5-43, 6-41, 6-42, 7- 6-74, 7-68, 8-2, 8-150, 8-151, 8-164, 8-168, 38 8-169, 8-170, 8-172, 8-173, 8-299, 8-300 Standing Rock Sioux Tribe (North Dakota & socioeconomic, 1-24, 3-1, 3-3, 3-46, 3-47, 4- South Dakota), 5-111 76, 4-89, 4-126, 5-73, 5-87, 5-131, 6-74, 6- state forest, 8-137, 8-144, 9-10 88, 6-144, 7-68, 7-82, 7-123, 8-2, 8-150, 8- State Historic Preservation Office(r); SHPO, 4- 151, 8-164, 8-166, 8-168, 8-169, 8-170, 8- 99, 4-100, 4-102, 5-96, 5-97, 5-98, 5-99, 5- 171, 8-172, 8-173, 8-186, 8-192, 8-193, 8- 100, 6-102, 6-103, 6-106, 7-90, 7-92, 7-96 299, 8-300 State Implementation Plan, 3-6, 8-4 sockeye salmon, 4-22 steelhead trout, 4-15, 4-19, 4-22, 4-44, 8-46 sockeye, 4-19, 4-22 Stephen Mather Wilderness, 4-2, 4-11, 4-73, Sokaogon Chippewa Community, 6-123 4-143 Somatochlora hineana, 6-17, 8-52, 9-4 Sterna dougallii, 7-15 Sorex, 6-18, 7-16 Stillaguamish Tribe of Washington, 4-109 Sorghastrum nutans, 5-20 Stockbridge Munsee Community, 6-123 sound exposure level, 8-88 Storeria occipitomaculata, 5-19, 8-32 species habitat, 8-27, 8-37, 8-41, 8-43, 8-46, Strait of Georgia, 4-22 8-47 Strait of Juan de Fuca, 4-22, 4-145, 8-30, 8-46

Northern Border Activities 14-18 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT subalpine forests, 4-15, 4-18 172, 8-173, 8-176, 8-180, 8-181, 8-184, 8- sugar maple, 6-19 186, 8-188, 8-189, 8-203, 8-204, 8-205, 8- sulfur dioxide, 3-5 206, 8-208, 8-209, 8-212, 8-213, 8-222, 8- Sunapee Lake, 7-2, 7-19 226, 8-227, 8-231, 8-236, 8-237, 8-240, 8- sunflower, 5-20 248, 8-250, 8-251, 8-252, 8-260, 8-261, 8- Superior National Forest, 5-12, 5-66, 5-149, 262, 8-264, 8-265, 8-267, 8-271, 8-276, 8- 8-279, 8-292, 8-311 277, 8-278, 8-281, 8-282, 8-283, 8-284, 8- Suquamish Indian Tribe of the Port Madison 286, 8-287, 8-290, 9-10, 9-12 Reservation, 4-110, 4-112 training, 1-7, 2-15, 3-16, 3-21, 3-24, 3-27, 3- Swinomish Indians of the Swinomish 31, 3-38, 3-48, 3-52, 3-61, 4-49, 4-122, 5-46, Reservation, 4-110, 4-112 5-125, 6-45, 6-97, 6-138, 7-41, 7-119, 8-27, switchgrass, 5-20 8-54, 8-71, 8-72, 8-74, 8-89, 8-177, 8-181, Symphoricarpos occidentalis, 5-20 8-182, 8-183, 8-184, 8-202, 8-203, 8-204, 8- tamarack, 5-14, 6-14, 7-13, 7-17 205, 8-206, 8-207, 8-208, 8-210, 8-211, 8- Tamiasciurus hudsonicus, 6-18 218, 8-220, 8-221, 8-223, 8-224, 8-225, 8- Thamnophis, 6-18, 6-19, 7-16 226, 8-234, 8-277, 9-6, 9-13 Theodore Roosevelt National Park, 5-12, 5- traditional cultural property; TCP, 3-48, 4- 48, 5-53, 5-71 108, 5-110, 6-122, 7-105; TCPs, 3-45, 4-103, Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness, 5-12 5-104, 6-117, 7-101 threatened and endangered, 3-12, 4-13, 4-15, transboundary, 4-45, 5-43, 6-42, 7-38, 8-235 4-16, 5-14, 5-16, 6-13, 6-15, 7-13, 7-14, 8- tribal land(s), 1-4, 3-52, 4-66, 5-61, 5-87, 5- 25, 8-30, 8-37, 8-38, 8-44, 8-48, 8-50, 8-52, 89, 5-91, 6-60 8-53, 9-4 Toxic Substances Control Act; TSCA, 3-57 Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Tsuga canadensis, 5-197-17 Reservation(Mandan, Arikara, and Hidatsa), Tulalip Tribes of the Tulalip Reservation, 4- 5-111 110 three-ridge mussel, 5-19 Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians of thrushes, 6-17 North Dakota, 5-111, 5-113 Thuja occidentalis, 5-19, 6-13 Turtle Mountain Provincial Park, 5-11 Tiger Mt, 4-11 Turtle Mountain Wetland, 5-12 Tonawanda Band of Seneca Indians of New turtles, 4-17, 4-19, 8-31, 8-34 York, 6-123, 6-126 Tuscarora Nation of New York, 6-124, 6-126 Tongue, 5-22 U.S. Air Force, 8-209; USAF, 8-209, 8-210, 8- tower, 2-12, 3-19, 3-42, 3-43, 4-119, 4-125, 5- 211 124, 5-130, 6-138, 6-143, 7-119, 7-125, 8- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 3-22, 4-44, 8- 33, 8-36, 8-44, 8-101, 8-125, 8-126, 8-127, 31, 9-8; USACE, 1-23, 3-34, 4-44, 8-31, 8-50 8-134, 8-135, 8-137, 8-165, 8-181, 8-204, 8- U.S. Border Patrol Facilities Design Guide, 8- 233, 8-236, 8-251, 8-252, 8-260, 8-262, 8- 130, 9-11 263, 8-271, 9-2, 9-10; towers, 1-1, 1-14, 1- U.S. Border Patrol, 1-4, 3-35, 4-2, 4-103, 4- 17, 2-5, 2-6, 2-12, 2-13, 3-14, 3-20, 3-22, 3- 105, 4-107, 5-1, 5-102, 5-105, 5-109, 6-2, 6- 25, 3-29, 3-35, 3-37, 3-42, 3-45, 3-46, 3-49, 95, 6-116, 6-121, 7-2, 7-100, 7-104, 8-4, 8- 3-57, 3-59, 3-60, 4-47, 4-124, 4-125, 5-44, 130, 9-11; USBP, 1-4, 1-7, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1- 5-66, 5-129, 5-130, 6-43, 6-67, 6-142, 6- 12, 1-13, 1-14, 1-18, 1-20, 1-24, 2-1, 2-4, 2- 143, 7-37, 7-61, 7-124, 7-125, 8-20, 8-21, 8- 8, 2-9, 2-10, 2-11, 2-15, 3-35, 3-36, 4-2, 4-3, 25, 8-26, 8-27, 8-28, 8-32, 8-33, 8-34, 8-36, 4-103, 4-105, 4-106, 4-107, 4-123, 4-124, 5- 8-37, 8-38, 8-44, 8-49, 8-57, 8-60, 8-77, 8- 1, 5-101, 5-102, 5-105, 5-108, 5-109, 5-126, 101, 8-102, 8-108, 8-109, 8-118, 8-119, 8- 5-129, 5-134, 6-2, 6-3, 6-96, 6-115, 6-116, 123, 8-125, 8-126, 8-127, 8-134, 8-135, 8- 6-121, 6-139, 6-140, 6-141, 6-147, 7-2, 7-3, 136, 8-137, 8-139, 8-154, 8-159, 8-163, 8- 7-97, 7-98, 7-99, 7-100, 7-104, 7-120, 7- 165, 8-166, 8-167, 8-169, 8-170, 8-171, 8- 121, 8-4, 8-37, 8-43, 8-59, 8-61, 8-70, 8-71,

Northern Border Activities 14-19 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

8-72, 8-83, 8-104, 8-105, 8-106, 8-108, 8- 8-4, 8-6, 8-7, 8-8, 8-8, 8-9, 8-11, 8-12, 8-14, 140, 8-142, 8-144, 8-200, 8-204, 8-205, 8- 8-15, 8-17, 8-19, 8-20, 8-22, 8-25, 8-26, 8- 207, 8-211, 8-222, 8-223, 8-225, 8-228, 8- 27, 8-28, 8-29, 8-30, 8-31, 8-32, 8-33, 8-34, 238, 8-240, 8-243, 8-251, 8-253, 8-257, 8- 8-36, 8-37, 8-38, 8-41, 8-42, 8-43, 8-46, 8- 263, 8-265, 8-288, 8-309 47, 8-48, 8-49, 8-50, 8-52, 8-53, 8-54, 8-57, U.S. Census Bureau, 3-49, 4-8, 5-8, 6-8, 6-76, 8-58, 8-60, 8-61, 8-62, 8-63, 8-64, 8-68, 8- 7-8; USCB, 3-49, 3-50, 4-8, 4-77, 4-84, 4- 69, 8-70, 8-71, 8-74, 8-75, 8-76, 8-77, 8-78, 117, 4-118, 4-119, 4-120, 5-8, 5-74, 5-81, 5- 8-79, 8-80, 8-86, 8-88, 8-89, 8-91, 8-92, 8- 82, 5-91, 5-119, 5-121, 5-122, 5-123, 6-8, 6- 93, 8-94, 8-95, 8-96, 8-97, 8-99, 8-100, 8- 76, 6-82, 6-83, 6-131, 6-133, 6-134, 6-135, 103, 8-104, 8-105, 8-106, 8-107, 8-108, 8- 7-8, 7-69, 7-76, 7-77, 7-86, 7-111, 7-114, 7- 109, 8-111, 8-112, 8-113, 8-116, 8-117, 8- 115, 7-116 118, 8-119, 8-120, 8-121, 8-122, 8-123, 8- U.S. Coast Guard, 1-13, 2-11, 4-3, 8-248, 9-8; 124, 8-125, 8-129, 8-130, 8-131, 8-132, 8- USCG, 1-6, 1-13, 1-21, 4-3 134, 8-135, 8-136, 8-137, 8-138, 8-139, 8- U.S. Customs and Border Protection, 1-25, 2- 140, 8-141, 8-142, 8-143, 8-145, 8-146, 8- 1, 3-1, 4-1, 5-1, 6-1, 7-1, 8-1, 9-1, 10-1; CBP, 147, 8-150, 8-151, 8-152, 8-153, 8-154, 8- 1-i, 1-ii, 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 155, 8-156, 8-157, 8-158, 8-161, 8-162, 8- 1-9, 1-11, 1-12, 1-13, 1-14, 1-15, 1-16, 1-17, 164, 8-165, 8-166, 8-167, 8-168, 8-169, 8- 1-18, 1-19, 1-20, 1-21, 1-22, 1-23, 1-24, 1- 170, 8-171, 8-172, 8-173, 8-177, 8-178, 8- 25, 1-26, 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, 2-6, 2-8, 2-9, 179, 8-180, 8-181, 8-186, 8-188, 8-189, 8- 2-10, 2-11, 2-12, 2-13, 2-14, 2-15, 2-16, 2- 190, 8-191, 8-192, 8-193, 8-196, 8-198, 8- 17, 2-18, 2-19, 2-20, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-6, 202, 8-203, 8-204, 8-205, 8-206, 8-207, 8- 3-9, 3-10, 3-11, 3-14, 3-15, 3-20, 3-21, 3-22, 208, 8-209, 8-210, 8-211, 8-212, 8-213, 8- 3-23, 3-24, 3-25, 3-26, 3-27, 3-28, 3-29, 3- 214, 8-215, 8-216, 8-217, 8-218, 8-219, 8- 30, 3-31, 3-32, 3-35, 3-36, 3-37, 3-38, 3-41, 220, 8-221, 8-223, 8-224, 8-225, 8-230, 8- 3-42, 3-46, 3-47, 3-48, 3-49, 3-52, 3-53, 3- 231, 8-233, 8-234, 8-235, 8-236, 8-237, 8- 54, 3-55, 3-60, 3-61, 3-62, 3-63, 3-64, 3-68, 238, 8-239, 8-240, 8-241, 8-246, 8-247, 8- 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-6, 4-8, 249, 8-250, 8-251, 8-252, 8-253, 8-255, 8- 4-24, 4-44, 4-47, 4-48, 4-49, 4-53, 4-56, 4- 256, 8-259, 8-260, 8-261, 8-262, 8-264, 8- 58, 4-71, 4-73, 4-74, 4-75, 4-76, 4-89, 4-97, 265, 8-269, 8-270, 8-273, 8-274, 8-275, 8- 4-102, 4-103, 4-104, 4-105, 4-107, 4-116, 4- 277, 8-278, 8-280, 8-281, 8-285, 8-290, 8- 122, 4-124, 4-125, 4-126, 4-128, 4-129, 4- 291, 8-292, 8-293, 8-295, 8-296, 8-297, 8- 132, 4-133, 4-135, 4-138, 4-139, 4-140, 5-1, 298, 8-299, 8-300, 8-301, 8-302, 8-303, 8- 5-2, 5-4, 5-6, 5-8, 5-24, 5-42, 5-44, 5-45, 5- 305, 8-308, 8-309, 8-310, 8-311, 8-312, 8- 46, 5-49, 5-51, 5-53, 5-66, 5-67, 5-68, 5-71, 313, 9-1, 9-2, 9-3, 9-4, 9-5, 9-7, 9-8, 9-9, 9- 5-72, 5-73, 5-87, 5-91, 5-93, 5-95, 5-100, 5- 10, 9-12, 9-13, 9-14, 9-15, 9-16 102, 5-103, 5-105, 5-106, 5-107, 5-109, 5- U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1-7, 1-12, 3- 110, 5-118, 5-125, 5-128, 5-129, 5-130, 5- 19, 4-2, 6-2, 7-85, 8-26, 8-122; USDA, 1-12, 131, 5-133, 5-134, 5-137, 5-139, 5-140, 5- 1-22, 1-25, 3-19, 3-28, 3-36, 3-65, 4-2, 4- 143, 5-145, 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, 6-6, 6-8, 6-22, 128, 4-146, 4-147, 4-148, 4-149, 5-2, 5-23, 6-41, 6-43, 6-44, 6-45, 6-48, 6-50, 6-53, 6- 5-133, 5-149, 6-2, 6-146, 6-161, 6-162, 6- 65, 6-69, 6-71, 6-72, 6-73, 6-74, 6-88, 6-101, 163, 6-165, 7-85, 7-125, 7-141, 7-142, 8-32, 6-112, 6-116, 6-119, 6-121, 6-122, 6-130, 6- 8-35, 8-39, 8-44, 8-45, 8-46, 8-122, 8-205, 138, 6-140, 6-141, 6-144, 6-147, 6-150, 6- 8-206, 8-208 152, 6-153, 6-156, 6-158, 7-1, 7-2, 7-3, 7-4, U.S. Department of Defense, 8-210; DOD, 3- 7-6, 7-8, 7-20, 7-37, 7-39, 7-40, 7-41, 7-44, 32, 3-33, 3-34, 4-66, 5-61, 6-60, 7-56 7-46, 7-48, 7-61, 7-63, 7-66, 7-67, 7-68, 7- U.S. Department of Energy; DOE, 4-66, 5-61, 82, 7-88, 7-96, 7-100, 7-101, 7-102, 7-104, 6-60, 7-56 7-105, 7-111, 7-119, 7-121, 7-122, 7-123, 7- U.S. Department of Transportation, 8-158, 8- 125, 7-126, 7-129, 7-131, 7-135, 7-137, 8-1, 216; DOT, 3-32, 4-134, 4-138, 5-139, 5-143,

Northern Border Activities 14-20 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

6-156, 7-127, 7-135, 8-71, 8-158, 8-159, 8- 95, 8-99, 8-131, 8-139, 8-140, 8-187, 8-209, 216, 8-217, 8-235 8-210, 8-263 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 3-4, 4- upgrade, 1-14, 3-57, 1-15, 3-61; upgrades, 3- 6, 5-6, 6-6, 6-130, 8-88, 9-8; USEPA, 1-23, 1- 65 25, 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, 3-22, 3-25, 3-54, 3-56, 3- Upper Skagit Indian Tribe of Washington, 4- 57, 3-58, 4-6, 4-48, 4-52, 4-57, 4-116, 4-129, 110, 4-112 4-130, 4-131, 5-6, 5-45, 5-48, 5-52, 5-118, Upper Skagit Indian Tribe, 4-110, 4-112 5-133, 5-135, 5-136, 6-4, 6-6, 6-40, 6-41, 6- Urocyon, 6-18, 7-16 44, 6-47, 6-52, 6-130, 6-147, 6-148, 6-149, Van Buren, 7-35, 7-98, 7-99, 7-136 7-4, 7-6, 7-40, 7-43, 7-47, 7-111, 7-126, 7- Vegetational zonation, 7-18 127, 7-128, 8-87, 8-88, 8-112, 8-141, 8-235, vegetative habitat, 8-25, 8-44, 8-50, 8-53 8-236, 8-241, 9-8, 9-15 Vermont, 1-2, 1-14, 3-6, 6-99, 6-100, 7-1, 7-2, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1-12, 3-11, 4- 7-3, 7-8, 7-10, 7-14, 7-15, 7-16, 7-19, 7-25, 17, 5-7, 5-16, 6-7, 6-16, 7-7, 7-18, 8-49, 9-2, 7-29, 7-32, 7-33, 7-37, 7-46, 7-47, 7-49, 7- 10-3; USFWS, 1-12, 1-26, 3-11, 3-12, 3-33, 56, 7-57, 7-66, 7-69, 7-71, 7-74, 7-75, 7-76, 3-34, 3-39, 3-65, 4-17, 4-66, 5-17, 5-61, 6-7, 7-78, 7-81, 7-85, 7-86, 7-89, 7-90, 7-91, 7- 6-16, 6-53, 6-60, 6-69, 7-7, 7-18, 7-56, 7-63, 92, 7-93, 7-94, 7-95, 7-96, 7-102, 7-103, 7- 8-49, 8-51, 8-53, 9-2, 9-3 105, 7-106, 7-107, 7-110, 7-111, 7-112, 7- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 8-213; 114, 7-115, 7-117, 7-130, 7-141, 8-37, 8-58, FDA, 8-213, 8-215 8-72, 8-73, 8-119, 8-120, 8-161, 8-275, 8- U.S. Forest Service, 3-12, 3-32, 4-2, 5-2, 6-2, 7- 277, 8-280, 8-292, 8-293, 8-294, 8-297, 8- 56, 8-311, 10-3; USFS, 1-11, 1-25, 3-32, 3- 300, 8-308, 8-312; VT, 7-83, 7-102, 7-103, 33, 3-34, 3-39, 3-65, 4-2, 4-58, 4-66, 5-2, 5- 7-104, 7-136 7, 5-53, 5-61, 6-2, 6-7, 6-53, 6-60, 6-69, 7-7, visual impacts, 3-38, 3-39, 3-41, 3-42, 3-46, 4- 7-56, 7-63, 8-140 73, 4-74, 4-75, 5-68, 5-70, 5-72, 6-69, 6-71, U.S. General Services Administration, 1-12, 2- 6-73, 7-63, 7-65, 7-66, 8-129, 8-132, 8-133, 9; GSA, 1-12, 1-13, 2-9, 4-104, 4-108, 5-110, 8-137, 8-138, 8-139, 8-143, 8-144, 8-145, 8- 6-119, 7-101, 8-107, 8-112, 8-147, 8-301, 9- 278, 8-299, 8-311, 8-313, 9-10 8, 9-11 visual resource, 2-19, 3-2, 3-3, 3-39, 3-43, 4- U.S. Geological Survey, 3-31, 4-8, 4-30, 5-8, 6- 73, 5-68, 6-69, 7-63, 8-2, 8-129, 8-130, 8- 8, 7-8; USGS, 3-31, 4-8, 4-30, 4-56, 4-59, 4- 133, 8-140, 8-142, 8-143, 8-144, 8-145, 8- 60, 4-110, 5-8, 5-30, 5-51, 5-54, 5-55, 5-112, 146, 8-147, 9-10 6-8, 6-27, 6-50, 6-54, 6-55, 6-124, 7-8, 7-25, VOC, 3-7, 8-6, 8-7, 8-8, 8-10, 8-14, 8-15, 8-17, 7-46, 7-49, 7-50, 7-106; 8-19, 8-20 U.S. Global Change Research Program, 3-28, Voyageurs National Park, 5-12, 5-42, 5-48, 5- 4-53, 5-49, 6-48, 7-44; USGCRP, 3-28, 4-53, 53, 5-66, 5-68 4-55, 5-49, 5-50, 6-48, 6-49, 7-44, 7-45 visual resource management (VRM), 3-39, 3- U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, 41, 3-43, 4-73, 5-68, 6-69, 7-63, 8-129, 8- 1-12; ICE, 1-12, 1-21, 1-22 133, 8-137, 8-143, 8-144, 8-145 UL Bend Wilderness, 5-12 Vulpes, 6-18, 7-16 Ulmus, 5-20, 6-19 Wabanaki Nation, 7-106 unattended ground sensor, 1-14, 2-6, 3-16, 3- walleye, 5-23, 5-42, 6-21, 7-19 49; UGS, 2-6, 2-12, 3-16, 3-38, 8-61, 8-63, 8- walrus, 4-19, 7-17 246 Washington, 1-1, 1-12, 1-13, 1-25, 3-5, 4-1, 4- unexploded ordnance, 3-55; UXO, 3-55 2, 4-3, 4-8, 4-10, 4-11, 4-13, 4-14, 4-16, 4- unmanned aircraft system, 1-15, 3-26, 8-76; 17, 4-20, 4-21, 4-22, 4-24, 4-30, 4-33, 4-36, UAS, 1-15, 2-7, 3-61, 4-49, 4-124, 4-140, 5- 4-37, 4-40, 4-41, 4-43, 4-44, 4-45, 4-52, 4- 2, 5-46, 5-128, 5-145, 6-45, 6-140, 6-141, 6- 54, 4-56, 4-57, 4-58, 4-59, 4-60, 4-66, 4-68, 158, 7-41, 7-121, 7-138, 8-vi, 8-76, 8-93, 8- 4-71, 4-72, 4-73, 4-74, 4-75, 4-77, 4-79, 4- 82, 4-83, 4-85, 4-86, 4-87, 4-88, 4-93, 4-94,

Northern Border Activities 14-21 July 2012 PROGRAMMATIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

4-95, 4-96, 4-98, 4-99, 4-100, 4-101, 4-102, 39, 6-159, 6-161, 6-162, 7-34, 7-141, 8-75, 4-105, 4-106, 4-107, 4-111, 4-114, 4-116, 4- 8-78 117, 4-118, 4-119, 4-120, 4-121, 4-132, 4- wild Atlantic salmon populations, 7-15 133, 4-134, 4-143, 4-145, 4-146, 4-147, 5-2, Wildcat River, 7-34 5-72, 6-73, 6-85, 7-23, 7-85, 7-86, 8-30, 8- wildlife habitats, 8-35, 8-38, 8-48 46, 8-71, 8-73, 8-119, 8-120, 8-130, 8-154, wildlife management area, 3-33, 3-34, 5-61, 8-156, 8-160, 8-163, 8-209, 8-271, 8-276, 8- 6-53; WMA, 5-11 279, 8-290, 8-292, 8-293, 8-295, 8-296, 8- wildlife migration, 8-49, 9-2 303, 8-306, 8-307, 8-311; WA, 4-90, 4-91, 4- wildlife movement, 8-38, 8-41 105, 4-106, 4-107, 4-108, 4-139 wildlife populations, 3-11, 3-13, 8-44 waterbirds, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 Wisconsin, 1-1, 3-5, 4-36, 4-37, 5-14, 5-16, 5- watercraft, 1-9, 3-46, 4-2, 4-48, 5-44, 5-12, 6- 35, 5-76, 6-1, 6-8, 6-10, 6-14, 6-15, 6-16, 6- 43, 7-38, 8-30, 8-46, 8-68, 8-75, 8-89, 8-99, 17, 6-24, 6-27, 6-33, 6-35, 6-37, 6-38, 6-50, 8-132, 8-167, 8-249, 9-3, 9-6 6-51, 6-52, 6-54, 6-55, 6-62, 6-68, 6-69, 6- Waterton Lakes National Park and Akamina- 75, 6-78, 6-81, 6-82, 6-84, 6-87, 6-104, 6- Kishinena Provincial Park, 5-10 105, 6-108, 6-111, 6-112, 6-122, 6-125, 6- Wenatchee National Forest, 4-11, 4-147, 8- 129, 6-130, 6-131, 6-132, 6-134, 6-136, 6- 311 165, 7-25, 7-29, 8-29, 8-71, 8-73, 8-119, 8- Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative; WHTI, 120, 8-275, 8-276, 8-280, 8-292, 8-294, 8- 8-158, 8-159 295, 8-306, 8-308; WI, 5-100, 6-122 western hemlock, 4-19, 4-21 wood turtles, 6-18, 7-16 western red cedar, 4-14, 4-19, 4-21 wooded riparian stands, 4-19, 5-21 Western snowberry, 5-20 woodland caribou, 4-16, 8-52, 9-4 western tanager, 4-19 Wyandot Nation of Ohio, 6-124 wetlands, 1-24, 3-13, 3-14, 3-22, 4-1, 4-2, 4- Wyandot Nation, 6-124 13, 4-21, 4-22, 4-40, 4-41, 4-56, 4-60, 4-98, yellow perch, 5-23 5-14, 5-18, 5-19, 5-20, 5-22, 5-23, 5-38, 5- yellow perch, 6-21, 7-19 40, 5-51, 5-52, 5-55, 5-67, 6-17, 6-19, 6-20, yellow toadflax, 5-21 6-37, 6-39, 6-50, 6-51, 6-52, 6-55, 6-65, 6- yellow-bellied marmot, 5-18 66, 6-67, 6-102, 6-103, 6-104, 7-1, 7-2, 7-18, zebra mussels, 5-23 7-19, 7-32, 7-33, 7-34, 7-46, 7-47, 7-48, 7- Zippel Bay State Park, 5-12 50, 7-90, 7-143, 8-31, 8-35, 8-39, 8-41, 8-45, Zonotrichia albicollis, 7-16 8-48, 8-50, 8-51, 8-82, 8-292, 9-3, 9-7 whales, 4-19, 7-17, 8-31 white cedar, 5-19, 6-13, 7-19 White Earth Band of Minnesota Chippewa, 5- 111, 5-114 White Mountain National Forest, 7-11, 7-56, 7-63, 7-85, 7-141, 7-142, 8-271, 8-280, 8- 312 white oak-shagbark hickory, 5-20 white pine, 5-19, 6-19, 7-17 white spruce, 6-19, 7-17, 7-18 white sucker, 5-23, 6-21, 7-19 white-tailed deer, 4-97, 5-95, 6-18, 6-101, 7- 88, 8-33, 8-35 white-throated sparrow, 7-16 whooping crane, 5-16, 8-39, 8-52, 9-4 wild and scenic rivers, 3-43, 3-65, 4-2, 4-23, 4-41, 4-144, 4-146, 4-147, 4-148, 5-40, 6-

Northern Border Activities 14-22 July 2012

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