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Inclusive Social Protection in Latin America: a Comprehensive, Rights-Based Approach

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Inclusive Social Protection in Latin America: a Comprehensive, Rights-Based Approach Inclusive Social Protection in Latin America: A Comprehensive, Rights-based Approach Simone Cecchini Rodrigo Martínez Inclusive Social Protection in Latin America: A Comprehensive, Rights-based Approach Simone Cecchini Rodrigo Martínez Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Santiago, Chile, January 2012 Libros de la CEPAL 111 Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Antonio Prado Deputy Executive Secretary Martín Hopenhayn Chief of the Social Development Division Ricardo Pérez Chief of the Documents and Publications Division This book was prepared by Simone Cecchini, Social Affairs Officer with the Social Development Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), and Rodrigo Martínez, Regional Adviser, in the framework of the project “The sustainability of conditional cash transfer programmes” (GER/09/001) executed by ECLAC jointly with the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) and financed by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) of Germany. Research assistants Claudia Robles and Aldo Madariaga provided assistance in the preparation of the document. Luis Hernán Vargas, a consultant with the Social Development Division, helped to prepare the statistical annex. The authors are grateful for comments received from Armando Barrientos, María Elisa Bernal, Rubén Lo Vuolo, Laura Pautassi, Juan Carlos Ramírez, Fabián Repetto, Andras Uthoff, Fábio Veras Soares and Jürgen Weller, and the contributions made at the expert group meeting “Social protection, poverty and human rights: linkages and tensions”, which was held at the ECLAC headquarters in Santiago on 5 and 6 November 2009. A preliminary version of this document was presented at the seminar “Inter- sectoral Public Policies, Social Protection, Labor and Employment”, which was organized jointly by the Organization of America States (OAS), the Ministry of Labour and Employment and the Ministry of Social Development and Hunger Alleviation of Brazil, in Rio de Janeiro on 30 November and 1 December 2010. The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organizations. The English version of this publication was made possible by contributions from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), through the 2010-2011 ECLAC-Sida cooperation programme “Social protection and inclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean” (SWE/09/002) and the United Nations Development Account, through the seventh tranche of the project “Strengthening social protection in Asia and the Pacific” (ROA/149-7). Cover design: Claudia Aránguiz United Nations publication ISBN: 978-92-1-021085-0 E-ISBN: 978-92-1-055310-0 LC/G.2488-P Sales No. E.11.II.G.23 Copyright © United Nations, January 2012. All rights reserved Printed at United Nations, Santiago, Chile Applications for the right to reproduce this work are welcomed and should be sent to the Secretary of the Publications Board, United Nations Headquarters, New York, N.Y. 10017, United States. Member States and the governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and inform the United Nations of such reproduction. Inclusive Social Protection in Latin America: A Comprehensive... 3 Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................... 9 Summary .............................................................................................................. 13 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 15 Chapter I Social policy and protection ............................................................................. 23 A. Brief history of social protection in Latin America .................... 23 B. Social protection, an evolving concept ........................................ 29 1. Protection based on formal employment .............................. 33 Emergency protection .............................................................. 34 Protection as assistance and access to promotion ................ 35 Protection as a citizen guarantee ............................................ 38 Chapter II Social protection in Latin America in the new millennium ......................... 43 A. The present situation: shortcomings and achievements .......... 43 B. Welfare regimes and social investment ....................................... 46 C. Social protection institutions ........................................................ 50 1. Social protection agencies and bodies ................................... 50 2. Inter-agency coordination ....................................................... 55 D. Financing social protection ........................................................... 53 1. Contributory social protection ................................................ 60 2. Non-contributory social protection ........................................ 63 3. Gender equity............................................................................ 66 E. Social protection as a right ............................................................ 66 F. Current policies in the light of conceptual approaches ............ 72 4 ECLAC Chapter III Co-responsibility transfer programmes and social protection .................... 87 A. Role of co-responsibility transfer programmes in Latin American social policy .................................................... 88 B. Diversity in co-responsibility transfer programmes ................. 91 1. Income-transfer programmes with soft conditionality ..................................................................... 93 2. Demand incentive programmes with strong conditionality .............................................................. 101 3. Programme coordination systems or networks with conditionalities ............................................................... 106 Chapter IV Towards a comprehensive social protection system ................................... 115 A. Social policy: protection, promotion and sectoral policies ..................................................................... 115 B. Functions of a comprehensive social protection system ........ 117 C. Axes of social protection integration ........................................ 120 D. Social protection: universal rights tailored to people’s differing needs .......................................................... 122 1. Poverty and vulnerability ..................................................... 125 2. Formal and informal employment ....................................... 128 3. Families, life cycle and demographic change ..................... 129 4. Care provision ......................................................................... 132 E. Social protection components and instruments ....................... 133 1. Non-contributory social protection ...................................... 134 2. Contributory social protection .............................................. 139 3. Labour market regulation ..................................................... 141 F. Institutions and social protection ............................................... 142 1. Institutional coordination ...................................................... 143 2. Management information ...................................................... 146 3. Conflict management and resolution systems ................... 148 Chapter V Co-responsibility transfer programmes as a gateway into social protection........................................................................................ 153 A. Introduction .................................................................................. 153 1. Protecting and securing income ........................................... 154 2. Identifying demand and ensuring access ........................... 154 3. Fostering decent work ........................................................... 155 B. Integration to address heterogeneous demand for social protection ...................................................................... 156 Cross-wise integration: meeting the needs of different population groups ................................................... 156 2. Longitudinal integration: meeting the needs of different stages in the human life-cycle .......................... 158 Inclusive Social Protection in Latin America: A Comprehensive... 5 C. Integrating the supply of social protection policies and programmes ............................................................ 159 1. Horizontal integration: strengthening cross-sector coordination ....................................................... 159 2. Vertical integration: strengthening coordination between management levels ................................................. 162 D. Matching social service supply and quality to the requirements of co-responsibility transfer programmes .................................................................. 164 E. Matching demand for protection with the supply of services: family support .......................................................... 168 F. Support for institutional capacity-building: the role of beneficiary selection and registration systems .................... 169 G. Graduation from co-responsibility transfer programmes and social protection ............................................ 169 1. Exit rules .................................................................................
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