Social Protection

OECD WORK ON ��

�� EMPLOYMENT�� , INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, SOCIAL POLICIES AND HEALTH �� Social protection �� Migration ��

�� Pensions �� Training �� Health � ��

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�� Employment��

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC www.oecd.org CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2007 – 2008 OECD WORK ON Employment, International Migration, Social Policies and Health

The OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Towards More and Better Paid Jobs The Growing Importance of International Migration Modernising Social Protection Systems Improving Health Systems Performance Reaching out to Non-member Countries Structure of the Committees Principal Contacts Selected Publications

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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

he OECD’s roots go back to post-war Europe and the The OECD is a unique forum where governments share ideas and Marshall Plan for rebuilding the European economy develop policies to tackle the economic, social and governance T after World War II. The OECD has evolved enormously challenges of the globalised economy. The members use the OECD in the intervening 50 years. Today the OECD’ membership to compare experiences, seek answers to common problems comprises 30 market democracies, which produce 60% of the and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. world’s goods and services. The OECD’s mission is to promote Perhaps best known as one of the world’s largest and most policies designed to: reliable sources of comparable statistical, economic and social data, the OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand, • achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and and to enable governments to respond to, new developments employment and a rising standard of living in member and concerns. These include: extending opportunities for all countries, while maintaining ﬁnancial stability and thus in a global world; promoting employment prospects of under- contributing to the development of the world economy; represented groups; ensuring and upgrading workers’ skills; addressing the role of migration ﬂows in economic globalisation • contribute to sound economic expansion in member and population ageing; modernising social protection systems; countries as well as non-OECD economies in the process of improving health systems performance; and reaching out to development; non-member countries. • contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, To meet the challenges posed by globalisation, the OECD cannot non-discriminatory basis, in accordance with international work alone. It involves a growing number of non-OECD economies obligations. and other international organisations in its work as well as business, trade unions and other representatives of civil society.

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Preface lobalisation has accelerated in the past half century, as reflected in rapidly rising trade, finance and migration flows and the integration in the world economy of large emerging Geconomies, such as Brazil, Russia, China and India. The lives of hundred of millions of citizens in developed and developing countries have improved radically over the past decades. People today enjoy longer, healthier and more prosperous lives. But we need to ensure that these improvements in social conditions continue. The work of the OECD’s Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs, spelt out in this brochure, is a meaningful contribution to our member countries as they seek to craft a more prosperous and socially sustainable future for all their citizens. Reaping the benefits from increased economic integration is one of the main global policy challenges of our time. This requires policies and institutions that enhance the adjustment capacity of our economies. Creating more and better-paid jobs, equipping all individuals with adequate skills throughout their lives and protecting the most vulnerable are still the best recipes for making the most out of the globalisation process. Angel Gurría Population ageing is perhaps the biggest challenge for many OECD countries. This means putting OECD Secretary-General more emphasis on the sustainability of pension systems and the performance of health care systems. Good health is necessary for individuals to flourish as citizens, family members and consumers. Improving health can greatly contribute to higher economic growth and improved welfare. This is why it is so important to maintain equitable access to health services, improve the quality of health care, increase responsiveness and assure that patients get value for money. But there are many elements to the ageing puzzle, including migration – even if the movement of people is one of the most difficult flows to manage globally. “Enlightened migration” can be a win-win for both sending and receiving countries. Emigrants from developing countries can contribute not just to their host societies, since the money they send back to their families and the improved human capital from return migrants also help spur the development of their home countries. The OECD is getting ready to strengthen its global reach and is eager to share its analysis and policy experiences in labour markets and social affairs with its new partners.

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The OECD Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Expanding opportunities for all in a global world

What we do • Managing international migration for the best interests of High unemployment, exclusion and poverty tear at the fabric both sending and receiving countries. of society and unravel economies. Ageing populations and What we are workforces are posing increasing challenges to welfare states An advisor to OECD member countries, providing policy and raising the spectre of looming labour shortages. analysis and statistical information on employment, We help economies to formulate policies to boost employment migration, social issues, health and related subject areas. and improve social welfare by reforming labour markets, A forum for governments, business and other representatives measuring and improving the performance of health systems, of civil society and academics to engage in a constructive and designing policies for international migration that dialogue on how best to develop policies to ensure utilisation promote economic growth and development. of human capital at the highest possible level, improve the Priority areas quality and ﬂexibility of working life and promote social cohesion. • Raising employment rates and labour productivity growth. • Modernising social protection systems to meet population ageing and extend opportunities for all. • Achieving high-performing health systems. • Upgrading workers’ skills.

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Towards more and better paid jobs Coping successfully with the key challenges of population ageing, technological change and globalisation

mployment policies need urgent reform in order to and living standards. The restated OECD Jobs Strategy proposes help OECD countries meet the challenges of population four lines of action to respond to the new challenges: ageing, technological change and globalisation. E stability-oriented macroeconomic policies to reduce the More than one in three persons of working age is not employed, risk of permanent employment losses associated with on average, in the OECD area. Unless the employment rate recessions; rises, the number of retirees will grow dramatically in the reforming taxes and welfare benefit systems so that it pays coming decades with respect to the number of people in jobs, to work; helping the unemployed to find work; extending putting high strains on financing social protection systems. job-search support to other welfare benefit recipients; Labour market policies should facilitate the potential benefits encouraging older workers to remain active longer; of globalisation and reduce adjustment costs related to import improving the school-to-work transition; adopting family- competition, outsourcing and technological change. Failure to friendly arrangements; acknowledge adjustment problems, and to implement much- employment- and product-market regulations that support needed reforms, may erode public support for open trade and job creation and mobility, while providing workers with FDI policies. adequate security; enhancing workers’ human capital. The OECD Jobs Strategy There is no one-size-fits-all to implement the restated OECD To help meet these twin challenges, the OECD has restated its Jobs Strategy but successful packages have some common Jobs Strategy – a set of policy guidelines to raise employment features, e.g. a sound macroeconomic policy framework and competitive product markets.

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The OECD Employment Outlook Active Labour Market Policies The OECD Employment Outlook, one of our annual ﬂagship It is essential to ensure that jobseekers receive adequate publications, helps implement the restated OECD Jobs Strategy support to obtain employment. Jobseekers, in turn, should by: seek actively for work – the “mutual obligations/activation” approach. We examine what works and what doesn’t in this monitoring trends in labour market and employment key policy area: policies; analysing the consequences of globalisation and new the effectiveness of active labour market programmes; technology for the world of work; the design of in-work beneﬁts and other make-work-pay building policy indicators – such as employment protection schemes; legislation, working time, training, public spending on the performance of public and private employment labour market policies, minimum wages and wage- services. setting practices – and analysing links with labour market outcomes; Proportion of working-age individuals who are either unemployed or inactive, 2006 looking at how best to promote job prospects of under- represented groups and enhancing workers’ career ��

prospects. ��

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DID YOU KNOW … that in the absence of reforms, for �� every retiree there will be only one worker by 2050 in some �� countries. �� Source: OECD database on Labour Force Statistics.

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Promoting employment prospects of under-represented groups aced with population ageing, longer and healthier Sickness, Disability and Work working lives must be encouraged. Only half of workers While general health conditions tend to improve, a growing Faged 55-64 have a job, on average, in the OECD. Unless number of workers move to long-term sickness and disability this rises, population ageing will put enormous pressure on benefits. This is becoming a major policy issue in a number the financing of social protection. of countries, including some which have achieved low unemployment. The review entitled Sickness, Disability and Older Workers: Live Longer, Work Longer Work – Breaking the Barriers: The report entitled Live Longer, Work Longer provides a new examines reforms to avoid that people who can work leave agenda of age-friendly employment policies and practices. the labour market through sickness and disability benefits; We are monitoring how the recommendations put forward and in 21 country reports on Ageing and Employment Policies are looks at how best to help those already on disability benefits being implemented. obtain employment. Employment rates differ strongly across population groups Employment rate, OECD average 2005 �� DID YOU KNOW … that in many countries, there are �� over three times more working-age people on disability Source: OECD database on Labour Force Statistics and data provided by national benefits than on unemployment benefits. authorities.

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Ensuring adequate skills for successful participation in the labour market echnological change and globalisation render skills Programme for the International Assessment obsolete at a rapid rate. This entails a risk of skill of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) Tshortages and requires an effective strategy for Little is known about the key skills needed to successfully upgrading workers’ skills and ensuring that young people participate in the economy and society. PIAAC aims to ﬁll this are well trained. Older workers also need to have the skills to knowledge gap by developing a new international survey to: extend their careers in line with increased longevity. assess adult literacy and numeracy both between groups and across countries; School-to-work transition measure skills required in jobs; and Though young people are often better educated than their older counterparts, they are disproportionately affected by examine policy drivers of skill acquisition and loss. unemployment. The review on Jobs for Youth looks at this paradox. It:

examines the role of education, training, employment regulations and beneﬁt systems; Youth unemployment rates in OECD countries, 2006 provides recommendations on how to help young people �� have a better start in the labour market. ��

�� DID YOU KNOW … that the OECD average youth � � � � �� unemployment rate is almost triple the average adult rate – � � � � � �� and the situation has worsened over the past decade. � � � Source: OECD database on Labour Force Statistics.

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The growing importance of international migration What is the role of migration flows in economic globalisation and population ageing? lmost all OECD countries today are countries of At the same time, they remain very preoccupied by the immigration. Migration flows are growing in practically difficulties encountered in controlling migration flows, due Aall the major categories of inflow: migration for to the persistence of irregular migration, and by the need to employment, family reunification or accompanying families, improve the integration of immigrants. refugees and asylum seekers.

There are currently between 3.5 and 4 million long-term International Migration Outlook immigrants entering OECD countries legally every year, and One of our annual flagship publications, International Migration even more temporary movements, including international Outlook, syntheses the trends in migration movements and students. There are also significant irregular inflows which, policies, in order to: by their very nature, are hard to quantify. improve the comparability of temporary and permanent Population growth in many member countries is becoming migration flows and stocks; more and more dependent on the contribution of net follow the evolution of the countries of origin and categories migration. In a context of population ageing, OECD countries of inflows; are questioning the role that immigration can play to alleviate highlight the demographic contribution of migration and labour shortages and to attenuate the consequences of the resulting human capital; population ageing.

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analyse the situation of immigrants in the labour market how to reconcile selective migration policies for the and the migration policies which will allow the recruitment recruitment of highly-skilled immigrants and development of increased numbers of highly qualified immigrants, but concerns in countries of origin; also of less qualified ones. the role of remittances, return migration and the improve the management of migration policies. participation of the diasporas in the economic development of the countries of origin. The integration of migrants into the labour market In many OECD countries, immigrants have less favourable labour market outcomes than natives. A series of country reviews on “Jobs for Immigrants: Labour Market Integration” Highly-skilled immigrant and emigrant population in OECD looks at: countries, circa 2000 efficient policies to facilitate the integration of immigrants Thousands in the labour market; ��

how OECD countries can make the best use of migrants’ �� qualiﬁcations and experience. �� Migration and development �� It is important that migration aiming at satisfying labour �� needs in OECD countries do not give rise to “brain drain” ��

losses in developing countries. Our work looks at: �

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�� DID YOU KNOW … that half of OECD countries have � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � immigrant populations of around 10% or higher. Source: OECD database on Foreign-born and Expatriates.

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Modernising social protection systems to meet demographic challenges One of the greatest challenges faced by OECD countries modern system of social protection goes hand-in- Work on child well-being is looking at: hand with economic dynamism. Social policies the best way of supporting child care; must be pro-active, stressing investment in people’s A appropriate parental leave policies; capabilities and the realisation of their potential, not merely insuring them against misfortune. tax and beneﬁt reforms to support families;

Social and family policies must aim to give children and ﬂexible working practices for parents. young people the best possible start to their lives. Providing The OECD’s Family Database is available online and contains all parents with better choices about how to balance work and cross-national information on: family life extends opportunities, especially for women, and family structure (i.e. single parents, teenage births, creates economic gains. divorces); More family-friendly policies could also help raise birth rates labour-market position of families (i.e. maternal in those countries where they are too low. The OECD series employment, gender wage-gap); Babies and Bosses provided many lessons on policies which public policies for families and children (i.e. public enable the reconciliation of work and family responsibilities. expenditure on family policies, length of leave, childcare places); Family and child well-being OECD is advising governments on how to overcome the cycle child outcomes (i.e. educational attainments, criminality, of disadvantage so that children of poor parents do not grow child poverty). up to become poor themselves.

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Pensions at a glance adequate benefits for those who cannot work. But it is not Attaining a better social balance between generations is, and only about getting people into jobs. We need to move from the will long remain, one of the most important challenges facing slogan “welfare-to-work” to that of “welfare-in-work”. OECD countries. Pensions need reforming, and some countries Too many people are abandoned on long-term benefits. have already taken-up this challenge. One of our flagship The experience in some countries shows that they can be publications, Pensions at a Glance, is monitoring trends in: helped back into work by providing appropriate employment Adequacy: as pensions have been cut, can they still supports; making work pay; requiring benefit recipients to look guarantee an old age free from poverty? for work and imposing moderate benefit sanctions if they fail to do so; and making the public sector more responsive to needs. Retirement incentives: how can we restructure pension systems so that people who work longer get more pension? The ratio of public social spending to GDP has been rising Women and pensions: women still have lower pensions than again since 2000 men. Should they be given credit for caring for children Public social spending for selected countries, 1980-2003, in % of GDP and elderly relatives? How should pension systems cope �� with divorces and death of the spouse? �� Pensions and uncertainty: pension systems have to be planned �� for 50 years time and we don’t know how the world will ��

change by then. This means pension systems have to be ��

designed to cope with major risks and incertainties. �� Welfare reforms �� Social policy can lower poverty by reducing barriers to �� employment, supporting self-sufﬁciency, and by providing ��

� � DID YOU KNOW … that cross-country differences in � � public social spending levels range from 6% of GDP in Mexico �� and Korea to more than 30% in Sweden. Source: OECD (2006), Social Expenditure Database, 1980-2003, Paris (www.oecd.org/els/ social/expenditure). © OECD 2007

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Improving health systems performance Achieving high-performing health systems

mproving health systems is a major and increasing concern sound health policies in today’s increasingly linked global in OECD countries. The OECD uses economic analysis to economy. For example, our work helps to: establish how Ifill gaps in international understanding of health systems one country’s health workforce policies affect another performance and ways to improve it, thereby helping policy country’s ability to meet future needs; review how domestic makers implement good practices. pharmaceutical pricing and reimbursement policies impact upon the affordability and availability of medicines outside Countries need an overall vision of health systems that are national borders, and innovation in medicine. dynamic, responsive and efficient. This requires building high-performing health systems that, among others: Percentage of population aged 15 and over with a BMI improve efficiency through better co-ordination of health greater than 30, 2005 or latest available year care service delivery and increased use of information � �� technology; �� ensure access to high-quality health-care services; �� secure the quality of health and long-term care workforces �� needed for the future; �� orientate public policy to prevent unnecessary illness; and � � establish well-formulated policies on the pricing of � � medicines. � �� We also review the external impact of domestic health �� policies, helping policy makers to develop and implement BMI: Body mass index (weight/height2, with weight in kg and height in metres). Obesity=BMI>30kg/m2 Source: OECD Health Data 2007.

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Monitoring and evaluating health systems performance

ealth spending continues to rise in OECD countries, data by OECD, Eurostat and WHO enhances international putting strains on public ﬁnances and demanding co-ordination efforts in this ﬁeld. increased value for money from health spending. H Quality of health care Gaps in information and in the technical ability to assess and compare performance complicate these efforts. We offer We are currently developing a set of indicators to assess the improved tools for measuring and evaluating health systems quality of health care across countries, i.e. patient safety and performance. mental health.

Health data and indicators Country assessments of health system performance We produce standardised, comparable sets of health data and We continue to apply the OECD performance evaluation tools in indicators. The annual electronic database OECD Health Data focussed assessments of national health-system performance offers the most comprehensive source of comparable statistics in the light of international experience. on health and health systems. The biennial publication, Health Health expenditure as a share of GDP, 2005

at a Glance, presents key indicators and descriptive analysis �� of trends in health, health care, health expenditure and ��

ﬁnancing, and the quality of care. ��

�� Health accounts �� The OECD has long provided leadership in deﬁning and �� extending standards for internationally consistent and �� comparable reporting of health ﬁnancing and expenditure � data. The framework offered by A System of Health Accounts � meets the needs of public and private-sector health analysts � and policy makers. Joint collection of health accounts �

�� Source: OECD Health Data 2007. © OECD 2007

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Reaching out to non-member countries Sharing our experience and learning from each other ith the ongoing globalisation of the economies, Policy dialogue on labour market, pension reforms the issues of employment, social policies and and family policies Wmigration go far beyond the OECD member Among the objectives that the OECD addresses in its relations countries. with non-members countries are the modernisation of social protection systems, improving labour market performance The OECD has the opportunity to share its own experience and better mobilisation of human resources. of labour market and social reforms with the emerging economies. Managing migration to support economic growth In the dialogue on international migration with non-member Workers enrolled in social insurance in China, 2003 countries, the OECD’s work aims at formulating proposals Millions and percentage of employment to reinforce co-operation between receiving and sending �� countries in the ﬁeld of the management of migration ﬂows, �� as well as migration and development. �� The implementation of these activities is part of the OECD �� global fora and regional programmes (central and eastern �� Europe, Asia, Latin America) and country programmes �� (Russia, China, Brazil, India). �� DID YOU KNOW … that over 100 million Chinese rural �� citizens are working as migrants in urban areas. Source: China Statistical Yearbook.

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The Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs reports to: the Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee The Russian Federation has observer status in the (ELSAC), and Committee, as do the International Labour Organisation the Health Committee. (ILO) and the Council of Europe. Both Committees meet twice a year and bring together senior officials from all OECD member countries. They provide a The Health Committee forum for member countries to share views and experiences, The overarching objective of the Health Committee is to foster bearing in mind the competences and mission of the OECD. improvements in the performance of member countries’ and, Both Committees collect and publish comparable data across as appropriate, non-member countries’ health systems in the countries and encourage co-operation between member following key areas: countries. financial sustainability and efficiency of their health and long-term care systems; The Employment, Labour and Social Affairs the provision of high-quality health care to all. Committee (ELSAC) The Health Committee provides a forum for member ELSAC is concerned with developing policies to ensure countries to share experiences and respond to current and utilisation of human capital at the highest possible level, emerging health issues and challenges. It builds a body of improve the quality and flexibility of working life and health indicators and data, and undertakes international promote social cohesion. It collects data on employment comparisons and economic analysis of health systems. and unemployment patterns; labour market programmes; social conditions; skill development policy; and international The World Health Organisation participates in the work of the migration. Health Committee.

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DIRECTORATE FOR EMPLOYMENT, LABOUR AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS

Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee Health Committee

Working Party on Employment Monitoring Performance of Health Systems

RaisingR aising employmentemployment andand fosteringfostering growth-friendlygrowth-friendly Developing health system indicators, data and statistics labour markets Developing health accounts Helping young people get a good start in the labour market Developing health-care quality indicators International assessment of adult skills Reforming sickness and disability beneﬁ ts Achieving High-performing Health Systems Working Party on Social Policies

Assessing and comparing the performance of ModernisingM odernising socialsocial protectionprotection systemssystems toto meetmeet health systems demographic challenges Family-friendly policy to help reconcile work Assessing options for sustainable ﬁ nancing and family life Policy analysis and evaluation of effective, efﬁ cient Rights and responsibilities in social protection and high-quality practices of health systems Review of pension systems Developing social indicators

Working Party on Migration

Managing labour migration to support economic growth Jobs for immigrants: integration into the labour market Reconciling migration and development

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Principal contacts

Director’s Ofﬁce Employment Analysis Policy Social Policy Division Division

Director: John Martin Head: Mark Pearson [email protected] Head: Stefano Scarpetta [email protected] [email protected]

Deputy Director:

Martine Durand Migration and Non-Member [email protected] Health Division Economies Division

Head : Jean-Pierre Garson Head: Peter Scherer Management Support [email protected] Unit: Janice Owens [email protected]

[email protected]

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Selected publications Sickness, Disability and Work While health is improving, more and more people of working age rely on long-term sickness and disability beneﬁts. A series Key annual publications of reports explore the possible factors behind this paradox.

OECD Employment Outlook Babies and Bosses An annual report on employment prospects in the OECD area. A series of comparative studies of work and family www.oecd.org/els/employmentoutlook reconciliation policies.

International Migration Outlook OECD Health Project An annual report on trends in migration movements and Analytical studies on improving health systems performance policies in all OECD countries. – including a Health Project series with a report to OECD Health Ministers in 2004 and studies on private health insurance, www.oecd.org/els/migration/imo long-term care and health technologies. Studies addressing pharmaceutical pricing policies and other key policy Key analytical series challenges.

Ageing and Employment Policies Reviews of OECD Health Systems A series of reports on the main barriers to employment for The strengths and weaknesses of health systems older workers in 21 OECD countries, and a synthesis report in some OECD countries. Four reports are available Live Longer, Work Longer. to date: Finland, Korea, Mexico, Switzerland.

Jobs for Youth www.oecd.org/health/reviews A series of reports on the school-to-work transition process in 16 OECD countries.

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Indicators compendia Selected statistical products Health at a Glance The latest comparable data and trends on costs, allocation of OECD Health Data resources and outputs of health systems in OECD countries An annual database available online and on CD ROM presenting www.oecd.org/health/healthataglance the most comprehensive source of comparable statistics on health and health care systems of the OECD economies. Pensions at a Glance www.oecd.org/health/healthdata The ﬁrst comprehensive book offering a comparison of key features of pension systems in OECD countries. It provides Family Database a coverage of retirement ages, beneﬁt accrual rates, ceilings, An online database giving information on family outcomes and indexation. and policies as categorised under four broad headings: the structure of families; labour market position of families; www.oecd.org/els/social/ageing/PAG public policies for families and children; and child outcomes. www.oecd.org/els/family/database Society at a Glance More than 30 indicators providing the broad perspective Database on Foreign-born and Expatriates needed for any international comparison and assessment of Statistics on the foreign-born population for each OECD social trends, outcomes and policies. country, by country of birth and educational attainment.

www.oecd.org/els/social/indicators/SAG www.oecd.org/els/migration/censusdatabase

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Database on Labour Statistics Stay informed with our Newsletter An on-line database containing data series describing The most important developments in the work of the the labour supply: population, labour force, employment Directorate are available online through our Newsletter. and unemployment disaggregated by gender and age, Each issue has a special focus. To date, No. 1 covers educational attainment, employment status and sector of ageing and pensions, No. 2 focuses on older workers, No. 3 activity, participation and unemployment rates, statistics addresses jobs and income, No. 4 is devoted to better on part-time employment and duration of unemployment. healthcare and No. 5 addresses international migration.

http://dotstat/WBOS/default.aspx www.oecd.org/els/newsletter

Working Papers series OECD Health Update Social, Employment and Migration Working Provides up-to-date information on OECD activities related Papers to health. Free online documents designed to make available to a wider www.oecd.org/health/update readership selected labour market, social policy and migration studies.

www.oecd.org/els/workingpapers

Health Working Papers and Technical Papers Free online documents designed to make available to a wider readership health studies, methodological studies and statistical analysis on new data sources.

www.oecd.org/els/health/workingpapers www.oecd.org/els/health/technicalpapers

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More information on OECD’s work on employment, labour and social affairs

Write to us Be the ﬁrst to know about the latest OECD publications on employment, labour OECD and social affairs with our free e-mail service: Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs 2, rue André Pascal www.oecd.org/OECDdirect 75775 Paris Cedex 16 FRANCE

Subscribe to our library Order our publications and statistical services: Through the OECD on-line bookshop at www.oecdbookshop.org, where you can browse titles on your screen before you buy, www.sourceOECD.org or by sending an e-mail to [email protected].

Get free reports and statistics on employment, labour, social affairs and migration:

Visit www.oecd.org/els for a selection of free reports and data, and www.sourceOECD.org for the series of OECD Working Papers.

0020071G1.indd 23 10-Sep-2008 9:59:23 AM OECD PUBLICATIONS, 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16 PRINTED IN FRANCE (00 2007 1G 1 P) – No 88339 – 2007

0020071G1.indd 24 10-Sep-2008 9:59:23 AM OECD WORK ON ��

�� EMPLOYMENT�� , INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, SOCIAL POLICIES AND HEALTH �� Social protection �� Migration ��

�� Pensions �� Training �� Health � ��

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�� Employment��

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC www.oecd.org CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT 2007 – 2008