Social Exclusion: Concept, Application, and Scrutiny
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The Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Social Welfare Strategies
Throughout the world, societies are reexamining, reforming, and restructuring their social welfare systems. New ways are being sought to manage and finance these systems, and new approaches are being developed that alter the relative roles of government, private business, and individ- uals. Not surprisingly, this activity has triggered spirited debate about the relative merits of the various ways of structuring social welfare systems in general and social security programs in particular. The current changes respond to a vari- ety of forces. First, many societies are ad- justing their institutions to reflect changes in social philosophies about the relative responsibilities of government and the individual. These philosophical changes are especially dramatic in China, the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet Union; but The Advantages and Disadvantages they are also occurring in what has tradi- of Different Social Welfare Strategies tionally been thought of as the capitalist West. Second, some societies are strug- by Lawrence H. Thompson* gling to adjust to the rising costs associated with aging populations, a problem particu- The following was delivered by the author to the High Level American larly acute in the OECD countries of Asia, Meeting of Experts on The Challenges of Social Reform and New Adminis- Europe, and North America. Third, some trative and Financial Management Techniques. The meeting, which took countries are adjusting their social institu- tions to reflect new development strate- place September 5-7, 1994, in Mar de1 Plata, Argentina, was sponsored gies, a change particularly important in by the International Social Security Association at the invitation of the those countries in the Americas that seek Argentine Secretariat for Social Security in collaboration with the ISSA economic growth through greater eco- Member Organizations of that country. -
Social Protection Discussion Paper Series
No. 0109 Social Protection Discussion Paper Series Risk and Vulnerability: The Forward Looking Role of Social Protection in a Globalizing World Robert Holzmann March 2001 Social Protection Unit Human Development Network The World Bank Social Protection Discussion Papers are not formal publications of the World Bank. They present preliminary and unpolished results of analysis that are circulated to encourage discussion and comment; citation and the use of such a paper should take account of its provisional character. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. For free copies of this paper, please contact the Social Protection Advisory Service, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., MSN G8-802, Washington, D.C. 20433 USA. Telephone: (202) 458-5267, Fax: (202) 614-0471, E-mail: [email protected]. Or visit the Social Protection website at http://www.worldbank.org/sp. Risk and Vulnerability: The forward looking role of social protection in a globalizing world Robert Holzmann, World Bank* Paper prepared for “The Asia and Pacific Forum on Poverty – Policy and Institutional Reforms for Poverty Reduction”, Asian Development Bank, Manila, February, 5-9, 2001. Abstract The paper outlines a forward-looking role of social protection against the background of increasing concerns about risk and vulnerability, exemplified by the recent East Asian crisis, the concerns of the World Development Report (WDR) 2000, the need for a better understanding of poverty dynamics, and the opportunity and risks created by globalization. -
GDP in the Dock
COMMENT BOOKS & ARTS free online services, because the relevant statistics are not col- lected or do not fit easily into existing categories. There is even a mini-boom in ALFRED EISENSTAEDT/GETTY books about economic statistics. A decisive The Great coalition is shaping Invention: The up in favour of mov- Story of GDP and ing away from GDP. the Making (and The question is what Unmaking) of the Modern World to use instead. EHSAN MASOOD In The Great Inven- Pegasus: 2016. tion, Ehsan Masood, editor of policy peri- odicals Research Europe and Research Fort- night, argues for an improved GDP. Into this single metric for economic-activity indica- tors — defined as the monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country — he would combine environmental impacts and human well-being. His book traces the history of GDP since its creation, as well as the calls for alternatives, mainly from environmentalists. Masood agrees with the sentiment of suggestions to use ‘dashboards’ that incorporate other economic data and supplementary indicators, but he concludes that GDP matters. As he writes of countries that adopted it: “The act of measuring their economies would ultimately determine how their economies would be managed.” And it matters despite, or because of, its flaws. GDP is too entrenched to be successfully replaced, he finds; instead, it needs radical reform. FORMATIVE FACTORS GDP began, as Masood notes, as an aggre- gate measure when the need arose for governments to manage economies during the Depression in the 1930s and the Sec- ond World War. Pioneers of the statistics involved, such as US economist and Nobel John Maynard Keynes (right, with Henry Morgenthau) laid the foundations for the GDP metric. -
ADVANCED JURISPRUDENCE CONCEPTIONS of SOCIAL JUSTICE: RAWLS, HAYEK, NOZICK, SEN and NUSSBAUM Component-I (A)- Personal
LAW < ADVANCED JURISPRUDENCE CONCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL JUSTICE: RAWLS, HAYEK, NOZICK, SEN AND NUSSBAUM Component-I (A)- Personal Details Principal Investigator Prof. Ranbir Singh VC NLU Delhi Co-Principal Prof. G.S. Bajpai Registrar, NLU Delhi Investigator Paper Coordinator Prof. Sri Krishna Deva VC NLU Odisha Rao Content Writer Dr. Afroz Alam Associate Professor, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Hyderabad Content Reviewer Component-I (B)- Description of Module Description of Module Subject Name Law Paper Name Advanced Jurisprudence Module Name/Title Conceptions of Social Justice: Rawls, Hayek, Nozick, Sen and Nussbaum Module Id Module 3 Pre-requisites A general understanding of social justice is required for a proper understanding of this module. Objectives After going through this module, you should be able to: understand the meaning and nature of social justice; understand the overarching theoretical frameworks of social justice developed by John Rawls, Friedrich Hayek, Robert Nozick, Amartya Sen, and Martha C. Nussbaum articulate your own positions in a clear, coherent and logical manner on the issues of social justice; and examine issues concerning social injustice, and critically analyse them with remedial tools. Key Words Social Justice, Difference Principle, Primary Goods, Spontaneous Order, Capability, MODULE OVERVIEW: For centuries, human society is constantly assessed with the principle of social justice. Yet the demands and principles of social justice are not always clear. What is social justice? Why does social justice matter? Is it concerned with equal opportunity or outcome or distribution of resources or capabilities or removal of poverty or creation of just institutions? As a result, there are great theoretical disagreements on the issues and remedies of the social justice concepts. -
Economic Theory, Freedom and Human Rights
Briefing Paper November 2001 Economic Theory, Freedom and Human Rights: The Work of Amartya Sen This Briefing Paper reviews the ways in which the Nobel Prize expanding the types of variables and influences that are winning economist Professor Amartya Sen has focussed accommodated in theoretical and empirical economics. His international attention on the significance of fundamental human contributions include far-reaching proposals for incorporating freedoms and human rights for development theory and practice. individual entitlements, functionings, opportunities, capabilities, In the past, dominant approaches have often characterised freedoms and rights into the conceptual foundations and development in terms of GDP per capita; food security in terms technical apparatus of economics and social choice. These of food availability; and poverty in terms of income deprivation. proposals reflect a number of central recurring themes Emphasis was placed on economic efficiency – with no explicit including: role being given to fundamental freedoms, individual agency and • the importance of pluralist informational frameworks that human rights. In contrast, Sen’s research has highlighted the central take account of both the well-being aspect of a person idea that, in the final analysis, market outcomes and government (relating to his or her own personal physical and mental actions should be judged in terms of valuable human ends. His well-being) and the agency aspect (relating to the goals work has contributed to important paradigm shifts in economics that a person values, desires and has reasons to pursue; and development – away from approaches that focus exclusively and being sensitive to processes as well as to outcomes – on income, growth and utility, with an increased emphasis on reflecting the intrinsic value of individual choice and individual entitlements, capabilities, freedoms and rights. -
Social Protection
SDGN TE SOCIAL The ILO DW for SDGs Notes Series At a special UN summit in September 2015 world leaders adopted a new vision for PROTECTION global development: “Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. The 2030 Agenda embraces the three dimensions of sustainability – economic, With the Agenda 2030 the global community has recognized that decent work is both social and environmental a means and an end to achieve sustainable development. Consequently, the Decent – in an integrated and Work Agenda – an integrated policy framework in and of itself – features prominently interconnected manner. It across the SDGs and Agenda 2030. contains 17 Sustainable The 2030 Agenda calls for integrated and transformative policies to tackle Development Goals development challenges. The promotion of more and better jobs is a central element (SDGs) that will build on that cuts across many of the Sustainable Development Goals with SDG 8 at its core. the progress achieved The Director-General has stressed that Agenda 2030 is a major responsibility, under the Millennium opportunity, and at the same time, a challenge for the ILO. It thus requires a new way Development Goals. of working across the Office and a new way of communicating about Decent Work. The 2030 Agenda for The DW for SDGs Notes series is one building block in this process. It aims to provide Sustainable Development a thematic decent work perspective on the SDG framework for ILO officials engaging in SDG discussions with constituents, UN counterparts, as well as development puts people and the partners. SDG notes are envisaged for all Programme and Budget (P&B) outcomes. -
CYBERBULLYING Bullying Is Aggressive Behavior That Is Intentional and Involves an Imbalance of Power Or Strength
From the Stop Bullying Now Website http://www.stopbullyingnow.hrsa.gov/adults/cyber-bullying.aspx CYBERBULLYING Bullying is aggressive behavior that is intentional and involves an imbalance of power or strength. Usually, it is repeated over time. Traditionally, bullying has involved actions such as: hitting or punching (physical bullying), teasing or name-calling (verbal bullying), or intimidation through gestures or social exclusion. In recent years, technology has given children and youth a new means of bullying each other. Cyberbullying, which is sometimes referred to as online social cruelty or electronic bullying, has been defined as "an aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself" (Smith et al., 2008, p. 376). Cyberbullying can involve: • Sending mean, vulgar, or threatening messages or images • Posting sensitive, private information and/or lies about another person • Pretending to be someone else in order to make that person look bad • Intentionally excluding someone from an online group (Willard, 2005) Children and youth can cyberbully each other through: • Emails • Instant messaging • Text or digital imaging messages sent on cell phones • Social networking sites • Web pages • Blogs • Chat rooms or discussion groups • Other cyber technologies Bullying via instant messaging appears to be particularly prevalent (Dehue et al., 2008; Kowalski et al., 2008). How Common Is Cyberbullying? Research studies have produced different answers to this question. Rates of cyberbullying vary depending on the definition of cyberbullying that is used, the ages and characteristics of children surveyed, and the time frame involved (Kowalski & Limber, under review). -
Holzmann Steen J0rgensen
SP DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 0006 21314 Public Disclosure Authorized Social Risk Management: 0 QANew Conceptual Framework for Social Protection and Beyond Public Disclosure Authorized ~ =F_ Robert Holzmann Steen J0rgensen February2000 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Prot tton LABOR MARKETS, PENSIONS SOCIAEASSISTANCE T HE W O R L D B A N K Social Risk Management: A new conceptual framework for Social Protection and beyond Robert Holzmann Steen J0rgensen` February 2000 Social Protection Discussion Paper No. 0006 Abstract This paper proposes a new definition and conceptual framework for Social Protection grounded in Social Risk Management. The concept repositions the traditional areas of Social Protection (labor market intervention, social insurance and social safety nets) in a framework that includes three strategies to deal with risk (prevention, mitigation and coping), three levels of formality of risk management (informal, market-based, public) and many actors (individuals, households, communities, NGOs, governments at various levels and international organizations) against the background of asymmetric information and different types of risk. This expanded view of Social Protection emphasizes the double role of risk management instruments - protecting basic livelihood as well as promoting risk taking. It focuses specifi- cally on the poor since they are the most vulnerable to risk and typically lack appropriate risk management instruments, which constrains them from engaging in riskier but also higher return activities and hence gradually moving out of chronic poverty. Director, Social Protection, Hurnan Development Network, The World Bank Tel.: (1-202) 473.0004, Email: [email protected] Sector Manager, Social Protection, Human Development Network, The World Bank Tel.: (1-202) 473.4062, Email: [email protected] I. -
Social Protection and Poverty
Social Protection and Poverty Armando Barrientos and Development — Paper No. 42 Social Policy This Programme Paper is published as an e-paper. Social Protection and Poverty Armando Barrientos Social Policy and Development United Nations Programme Paper Number 42 Research Institute January 2010 for Social Development This United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Programme Paper has been produced with the support of UNRISD core funds, which, in 2007–2009, were generously provided by the governments of Denmark, Finland, Mexico, Norway, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Copyright © UNRISD. Short extracts from this publication may be reproduced unaltered without authorization on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to UNRISD, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. UNRISD welcomes such applications. The designations employed in UNRISD publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNRISD con- cerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for opinions expressed rests solely with the author(s), and publication does not constitute endorse- ment by UNRISD. ISSN 1020-8208 iii Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms iii Acknowledgements iii Summary/Résumé/Resumen iv Summary iv Résumé v Resumen vi Introduction 1 1. The Emergence of Social Protection in Developing Countries 1 What is social protection? 1 Trends in poverty and vulnerability 2 An emergent policy framework for developing countries 4 2. -
Intersectional Invisibility (2008).Pdf
Sex Roles DOI 10.1007/s11199-008-9424-4 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Intersectional Invisibility: The Distinctive Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiple Subordinate-Group Identities Valerie Purdie-Vaughns & Richard P. Eibach # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2008 Abstract The hypothesis that possessing multiple subordi- Without in any way underplaying the enormous nate-group identities renders a person “invisible” relative to problems that poor African American women face, I those with a single subordinate-group identity is developed. want to suggest that the burdens of African American We propose that androcentric, ethnocentric, and heterocentric men have always been oppressive, dispiriting, demor- ideologies will cause people who have multiple subordinate- alizing, and soul-killing, whereas those of women group identities to be defined as non-prototypical members of have always been at least partly generative, empower- their respective identity groups. Because people with multiple ing, and humanizing. (Patterson 1995 pp. 62–3) subordinate-group identities (e.g., ethnic minority woman) do not fit the prototypes of their respective identity groups (e.g., ethnic minorities, women), they will experience what we have Introduction termed “intersectional invisibility.” In this article, our model of intersectional invisibility is developed and evidence from The politics of research on the intersection of social historical narratives, cultural representations, interest-group identities based on race, gender, class, and sexuality can politics, and anti-discrimination legal frameworks is used to at times resemble a score-keeping contest between battle- illustrate its utility. Implications for social psychological weary warriors. The warriors display ever deeper and more theory and research are discussed. gruesome battle scars in a game of one-upmanship, with each trying to prove that he or she has suffered more than Keywords Intersectionality. -
Studies on Peer Victimization and Social Exclusion from A
Patrik Söderberg Not Only Bad Luck Studies on Peer Victimization and Social Exclusion from a Multilevel Perspective Adolescent victimization and social exclusion are universal phenomena with long-term negative Patrik Söderberg mental health consequences. Meanwhile, studies on the effectiveness of anti-bullying programs have yielded mixed result. Patrik Söderberg | Not Only Bad Luck | 2018 Söderberg | Not Only Bad Luck Patrik Not Only Bad Luck This thesis adopts a multilevel approach to explore the bi-directional relationships between psycho- Studies on Peer Victimization and Social Exclusion social maladjustment and peer victimization, in settings that participants have little to no choice from a Multilevel Perspective but to belong to, such as nomadic forager band societies, modern high-school classrooms, and the family environment. Based on the results, the thesis suggests that whole-school programs should continue to pro- mote inclusiveness and diversity, but should also acknowledge the impact of individual characteris- tics and family adversities on peer victimization. 9 789521 237393 ISBN 978-952-12-3739-3 Patrik Söderberg Born 1980 in Vasa, Finland Studies, exams, and present occupation: Master’s degree in Developmental Psychology at Åbo Akademi University in 2010 Bachelor’s degree in Political Science at Åbo Akademi University in 2009 Patrik Söderberg is currently working as a university teacher in Developmental Psychology within the Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies at Åbo Akademi University in Vasa, Finland. His research and teaching interests include peer victimization, social inclusion, gene- environment interaction, and youth political participation. Portrait photo: Raija Skyttälä, Foto Airaksinen Cover photo: User PublicDomainPictures on Pixabay, released under Creative Commons CC0 Åbo Akademi University Press Tavastgatan 13, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland Tel. -
How Does Individualism-Collectivism Relate to Bullying Victimisation?
International Journal of Bullying Prevention https://doi.org/10.1007/s42380-018-0005-y ORIGINAL ARTICLE How Does Individualism-Collectivism Relate to Bullying Victimisation? Peter K. Smith 1 & Susanne Robinson1 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Large-scale surveys have pointed to considerable country variations in the prevalence and nature of bullying victimisation. In seeking to explain these, one possible explanatory factor has been the cultural values of a country, such as expounded by (Hofstede 1980; Hofstede et al. 2010). Of his six dimensions of cultural values, the most investigated in relation to aggression and bullying has been that of individualism-collectivism (IDV). The theoretical background and several empirical studies have suggested more aggression in individualist societies, but the evidence has been mixed and often based on small samples. Here, we investigate how the prevalence of victimisation in different countries relates to IDV. We also examine predictions about the proportion of bullying which is relational and the ratio of bullies to victims. We primarily used the Health Behaviour in School- aged Children surveys, available at 3 age groups and over six time points. We also use data from 4 other surveys where appropriate. The overall findings are for less victimisation in individualist societies, but only in more recent years; some support for a greater proportion of relational victimisation in individualist societies and a higher ratio of bullies to victims in collectivist societies. The findings are discussed in relation to other factors, and a hypothesis is advanced that regulatory frameworks and resources have reduced victimisation primarily in more individualist societies in the last two decades.