JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)

THE MINISTRY OF PUBLIC WORKS AND THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF YOGYAKARTA SPECIAL REGION THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

STUDY ON REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR GREATER YOGYAKARTA IN THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Technical Report

Volume I Executive Summary

Table of Contents

LOCATION MAP

CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY ························································ 1 - 1

CHAPTER 2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY AND STUDY AREA························ 2 - 1 2.1 Objectives of the Study ··········································································· 2 - 1 2.2 Study Area ······························································································· 2 - 1

CHAPTER 3 NATURAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE STUDY AREA··········································································· 3 - 1 3.1 Natural Conditions ·················································································· 3 - 1 3.1.1 Topography ·············································································· 3 - 1 3.1.2 Geology···················································································· 3 - 1 3.1.3 Climate····················································································· 3 - 2 3.1.4 Landuse···················································································· 3 - 4 3.1.5 Environmental Conservation ··················································· 3 - 4 3.2 Socio Economic Conditions ···································································· 3 - 6 3.2.1 Administrative Structure·························································· 3 - 6 3.2.2 Population·············································································· 3 - 14 3.2.3 Industry ·················································································· 3 - 16 3.3 Legislative System ················································································ 3 - 19 3.3.1 Water Law·············································································· 3 - 19 3.3.2 Legislation on Sanitation ······················································· 3 - 28

- i - 3.3.3 Environmental Laws ······························································ 3 - 34

CHAPTER 4 RELATED DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND ASSISTANCE OF OTHER DONOR AGENCIES ························································· 4 - 1

4.1 Development Plan of National Level ······················································ 4 - 1 4.1.1 National Development Plan and National Water Supply Sector Development Plan ············································ 4 - 1 4.1.2 PERPAMSI Benchmarking······················································ 4 - 3 4.2 Development Plan of Provincial Level···················································· 4 - 5 4.2.1 Provincial Level Water Sector Development Plan··················· 4 - 5 4.2.2 Inter Municipal Cooperation on Urban Infrastructure Management between Yogyakarta City, Sleman Regency, and Bantul Regency ················································· 4 - 7 4.2.3 Triple-A···················································································· 4 - 8 4.3 Assitance of Other Donor Agencies ························································ 4 - 8

CHAPTER 5 WATER RESOURCES ············································································ 5 - 1

5.1 General ································································································· 5 - 1 5.2 Water Resources for PDAM···································································· 5 - 2 5.2.1 Type of Water Sources ····························································· 5 - 2 5.2.2 Water Sources in Each Region··············································· 5 - 10 5.2.3 On-Site Measurement ···························································· 5 - 10 5.3 Water Resources for Community Water Supply System······················· 5 - 15 5.4 Review of Existing Groundwater Surveys in the Study Area ············· 5 - 17 5.4.1 Groundwater Recharge from Previous Surveys····················· 5 - 17 5.4.2 Groundwater Consumption in the Study Area from Previous Surveys··························································· 5 - 17

CHAPTER 6 EXISTING CONDITION OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ················ 6 - 1 6.1 General ································································································· 6 - 1 6.2 PDAM Yogyakarta System······································································ 6 - 2 6.2.1 Organization············································································· 6 - 2 6.2.2 Water Supply System······························································· 6 - 3 6.2.3 Performance of PDAM Yogyakarta ········································· 6 - 8 6.2.4 Operation and Maintenance ··················································· 6 - 18 6.2.5 Summary of Problems Identified ··········································· 6 - 20 6.3 PDAM Sleman System·········································································· 6 - 21 6.3.1 Organization··········································································· 6 - 21 6.3.2 Water Supply System····························································· 6 - 21 6.3.3 Performance of PDAM Sleman ············································· 6 - 27 6.3.4 Operation and Maintenance ··················································· 6 - 31 6.3.5 Summary of Problems Identified ··········································· 6 - 33 6.4 PDAM Bantul System··········································································· 6 - 34 6.4.1 Organization··········································································· 6 - 34 6.4.2 Water Supply System····························································· 6 - 34 6.4.3 Performance of PDAM Bantul··············································· 6 - 39

- ii - 6.4.4 Operation and Maintenance ··················································· 6 - 45 6.4.5 Summary of Problems Identified ··········································· 6 - 46 6.5 Comparison of Three PDAMs, Yogyakarta, Sleman, and Bantul ········· 6 - 47 6.6 Community Water Supply System ························································ 6 - 53 6.6.1 Organization··········································································· 6 - 53 6.6.2 General Features of Existing Community Water Supply System··························· 6 - 53 6.6.3 Operation and Maintenance ··················································· 6 - 64 6.6.4 Summary of Problems Identified ········································· 6 - 67 6.7 UFW Survey·························································································· 6 - 68 6.7.1 Outline of the UFW Survey ··················································· 6 - 68 6.7.2 Methodology·········································································· 6 - 71 6.7.3 Result of survey ····································································· 6 - 72 6.7.4 Future Task············································································· 6 - 77 6.8 Results of Water Quality Analysis························································· 6 - 78 6.8.1 Results of Water Quality Analysis of Water Sources ············· 6 - 78 6.8.2 Results of Water Quality Analysis of Finished Water and Tap Water ··············································································· 6 - 91

CHAPTER 7 ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ·································································· 7 - 1 7.1 Overview of Water Sector Administration and Performance ·················· 7 - 1 7.1.1 Evaluation at Sector Level······················································· 7 - 1 7.1.2 Evaluation at Operator Level ··················································· 7 - 2 7.2 Administration and Management of 3 PDAMs······································· 7 - 5 7.2.1 Organizations of Each PDAM ················································· 7 - 6 7.2.2 Present Managerial and Financial Situation of Each PDAM········································································· 7 - 9 7.2.3 SWOT Analysis of PDAM····················································· 7 - 19 7.2.4 Policy and Strategy of Each PDAM ······································ 7 - 20 7.2.5 The Master Plan ····································································· 7 - 24 7.3 Community Water Supply System ························································ 7 - 24 7.3.1 Development Plan and Construction Process ························ 7 - 24 7.3.2 Funding·················································································· 7 - 25 7.3.3 Present WUO········································································· 7 - 25 7.3.4 O&M Situation ······································································ 7 - 26 7.3.5 Governmental Administration················································ 7 - 27 7.3.6 Recommendation ··································································· 7 - 27

CHAPTER 8 EXISTING CONDITION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM/SANITATION·········································································· 8 - 1 8.1 General ································································································· 8 - 1 8.2 Sewerage ································································································· 8 - 1 8.2.1 Outline of Existing Sewerage System······································ 8 - 1 8.2.2 Sewer······················································································· 8 - 4 8.2.3 Sewage Treatment Plant··························································· 8 - 4 8.2.4 Operation and Maintenance of Sewerage Facility ··················· 8 - 8 8.2.5 Financial Situation ································································· 8 - 10 8.2.6 Sewer Tariff············································································ 8 - 11

- iii - 8.3 Community Plant··················································································· 8 - 12 8.3.1 Outline of Existing Community Plant···································· 8 - 12 8.3.2 Community Plant in Yogyakarta Municipality ······················ 8 - 12 8.3.3 Operation and Maintenance of Community Plants················ 8 - 17 8.3.4 Tariff Collection····································································· 8 - 18 8.3.5 Community Plant in Sleman and Bantul Regency················· 8 - 18 8.4 Sanitation Facilities ··············································································· 8 - 18 8.4.1 Outline of Existing Sanitation Facilities ································ 8 - 18 8.4.2 Sanitation Facility Type ························································· 8 - 18 8.4.3 Sludge Disposal ····································································· 8 - 20 8.4.4 Operation and Maintenance of Sanitation Facilities·············· 8 - 21 8.4.5 Restoration Support Project by Earthquake··························· 8 - 23 8.5 Water Quality Analysis·········································································· 8 - 24 8.5.1 Parameters and Location of Water Quality Survey················ 8 - 24 8.5.2 Water Quality Regulation in the River··································· 8 - 25 8.5.3 Result of Water Quality Survey ············································· 8 - 26 8.6 Identified Problems of Sewerage System/Sanitation ···························· 8 - 29 8.6.1 Sewerage················································································ 8 - 29 8.6.2 Community Plant··································································· 8 - 29 8.6.3 Sanitation Facility ·································································· 8 - 29

CHAPTER 9 STATUS OF ON-GOING BULK WATER SUPPLY PROJECT ················································································ 9 - 1 9.1 General and History of the DBOT Bulk Water Supply Project ························································································· 9 - 1 9.2 Scope of the DBOT Bulk Water Supply Project ····································· 9 - 4 9.3 Current Status of the Project and Issues Encountered····························· 9 - 5

CHAPTER 10 RESULTS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY·································· 10 - 1 10.1 Methodology of Survey········································································· 10 - 1 10.2 Contents of Socio-Economic Survey ···················································· 10 - 2 10.3 Results of Socio-Economic Survey (Village Profile and Household Survey)················································ 10 - 2 10.3.1 Profiles of Target Villages······················································ 10 - 2 10.3.2 Profiles of Sampled Households············································ 10 - 5 10.3.3 Domestic Water Use······························································· 10 - 9 10.3.4 Public Water Supply System················································ 10 - 14 10.3.5 Private Water Supply System and Potential Customers····························································· 10 - 16 10.3.6 Health and Sanitation··························································· 10 - 20 10.4 Findings ····························································································· 10 - 24 10.4.1 Issues to be Addressed ························································· 10 - 24 10.4.2 Strategic Considerations from the Socio-Economic View Point············································································ 10 - 25

CHAPTER 11 EMERGENCY PILOT PROJECT FOR RESTORATION OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGES··························· 11 - 1 11.1 Background and Purpose of Emergency Pilot Project··························· 11 - 1

- iv - 11.2 Selection of Project Sites······································································· 11 - 1 11.3 Detailed Design····················································································· 11 - 3 11.4 Project Implementation ········································································· 11 - 5 11.5 Completion and Handover of the Project ·············································· 11 - 7 11.6 Indices and Results of Project Evaluation············································· 11 - 7 11.7 Output of the Project ··········································································· 11 - 11

CHAPTER 12 VISION OF MASTER PLAN ······························································· 12 - 1 12.1 Vision/Policy of Master Plan································································· 12 - 1 12.2 National Policy/Action Plan and the Vision/Policy of the Master Plan···························································································· 12 - 1 12.3 Future Water Supply System ································································· 12 - 2 12.4 Approachs for Improvement of Water Supply System·························· 12 - 2 12.5 Visions/Policies and Strategies······························································ 12 - 2 12.5.1 Capacity Development Approach ·········································· 12 - 2 12.5.2 Legislative Improvement Approach······································· 12 - 4 12.5.3 Technical Improvement Approach········································· 12 - 6 12.5.4 Water Resource Conservation Approach ······························· 12 - 6

CHAPTER 13 FUTURE POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND PROJECTION13 - 1 13.1 Future Population Projection································································· 13 - 1 13.1.1 Procedures of Future Population Projection ·························· 13 - 1 13.1.2 Past Population Record for Future Population Projection ····· 13 - 1 13.1.3 Past Population Increase Ratio··············································· 13 - 6 13.1.4 Population Density······························································· 13 - 11 13.1.5 Future Population Projection ··············································· 13 - 13 13.2 Future Water Demand Projection ························································ 13 - 21 13.2.1 Review of Current Situation of Water Supply by Three PDAMs································································· 13 - 21 13.2.2 Domestic Per Capita Water Consumption···························· 13 - 21 13.2.3 Future Domestic Service Ratio ············································ 13 - 34 13.2.4 Future Domestic Water Demand·········································· 13 - 49 13.2.5 Non-Domestic Water Demand ············································· 13 - 53 13.2.6 Total Future Water Demand················································· 13 - 57 13.2.7 Case Study on Future Water Demand Projection················· 13 - 66 13.2.8 Area Wise Future Water Demand ········································ 13 - 74

CHAPTER 14 FUTURE WATER RESOURCES························································· 14 - 1 14.1 Groundwater Resources ······································································ 14 - 1 14.1.1 Geophysical Exploration for Evaluating Groundwater Resources ································· 14 - 1 14.2 Potential Water Resources··································································· 14 - 12 14.2.1 Evaluation of Groundwater Balance···································· 14 - 12

CHAPTER 15 ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED IN MASTER PLAN ······················· 15 - 1 15.1 General ·································································································· 15 - 1 15.2 Issued on Legislative and Institutional Aspects····································· 15 - 1

- v - 15.2.1 Legislative Issues··································································· 15 - 1 15.2.2 Institutional Issues ································································· 15 - 2 15.3 Issues on Water Supply Facility Planning ············································· 15 - 4 15.3.1 Water Resources····································································· 15 - 4 15.3.2 PDAM Water Supply System················································· 15 - 5 15.3.3 Community Water Supply System······································· 15 - 11 15.4 Issues on Operation and Maintenance Planning·································· 15 - 14 15.4.1 General Issues······································································ 15 - 14 15.4.2 Special Attentions for Community Water Supply················ 15 - 17 15.5 Issues on Water Quality Management ················································· 15 - 19 15.6 Issues on Financial Aspect ·································································· 15 - 21 15.6.1 Issues on Each PDAM ························································· 15 - 21 15.6.2 Issues on Community Water Supply System ······················· 15 - 23 15.7 Issues on Social and Environmental Aspects ······································ 15 - 23 15.7.1 DBOT Bulk Water Supply Project······································· 15 - 23 15.7.2 Magelang Springs ································································ 15 - 25 15.7.3 Kamijoro Intake Weir Project ·············································· 15 - 26 15.7.4 Others··················································································· 15 - 26 15.8 Other Issues························································································· 15 - 26 15.8.1 DBOT Bulk Water Supply Project······································· 15 - 26 15.8.2 Issues ons Water Source······················································· 15 - 27 15.8.3 Consideration on Sanitation System ···································· 15 - 27

List of Appendices

Appendix for Chapter 1 Appendix 1.1 Scope of Work for Study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia, July 11, 2006 Appendix 1.2 Minutes of Meeting for Study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia, July 11, 2006 Appendix 1.3 Minutes of Meeting on the Inception Report for the Study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia, October 19, 2006 Appendix 1.4 Minutes of Meeting on the Progress Report No. 1 for the Study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia, March 6, 2007 Appendix 1.5 Letter from DIY to JICA, Ref. No. 690/1242, Dated April 5, 2007 Appendix 1.6 Minutes of Meeting Concerning Scope of Work of the Study for the Study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia, May 29, 2007 Appendix 1.7 ······ Letter from DIY to JICA, Ref. No. 019/06663, Dated July 23, 2007 Appendix 1.8 Minutes of Meeting on Draft Technical Report for the Study on Regional Water Supply Development Plan for Greater Yogyakarta in the Republic of Indonesia, February 14th, 2007

Appendix for Chapter 3 Appendix 3.1 Republic of Indonesia Number 7 of 2004 Concerning Water Resources

- vi - Appendix 3.2 President Regulation Number 42, Year 2005 Concerning National Committee for the Acceleration of Infrastructure Provision Policy Appendix 3.3 Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 67 of 2005 Concerning the Cooperation between the Government and the Business Entities in the Provision of Infrastructure Appendix 3.4 Regulation of the President of the Republic of Indonesia Number 36 Year 2005 Concerning Land Procurement for Implementation of Development for Public Interest Appendix 3.5 Minister of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia Extract Regulation of the Minister of Finance Number 38/Pmk.01/2006 Concerning Procedural Instructions for Risk Control and Management in Provision of Infrastructure Appendix 3.6 Decision of the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs as Head of the National Committee for the Acceleration of Infrastructure Provision Number: Kep-01/M.Ekon/05/2006 Concerning Organization and Working Procedures of National Committee for the Acceleration of Infrastructure Provision Appendix 3.7 Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs Regulation as Head of the National Committee for the Acceleration of Infrastructure Provision Number PER-03/M.EKON/06/2006 Appendix 3.8 Regulation of the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs as Head of the National Committee for the Acceleration of Infrastructure Provision Number: Per-04/M.Ekon/06/2006 Concerning Procedures for Evaluation of Public Private Projects in the Provision of Infrastructure Which Require Government Support

Appendix for Chapter 6 Appendix 6.1 Table of Hydraulic Calculation Results Appendix 6.2 Hydraulic Calculation Model and Results Appendix 6.3 Comparison of Pipe Volume with Waterworks in Japan

Appendix for Chapter 7 Appendix 7.1 Administration and Management of 3 PDAMs Appendix 7.2 Job Description of PDAM Yogyakarta Appendix 7.3 MOHA Tariff Instructions Appendix 7.4 Guideline to Classify Success Rate and Calculate PDAM Performance Appendix 7.5 Bupati Sleman Decision No 5/Per.Bup/2006 About Tariff on PDAM Sleman Appendix 7.6 MOHA Regulation No 23/2006 About The Regulation of Technical and Regulation Tariff on PDAM

Appendix for Chapter 10 Appendix 10.1 Form 1 Interview Note of City/Village Profile and The Water Supply System Appendix 10.2 Form 2 Questionnaire of Household Survey

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Appendix for Chapter 11 Appendix 11.1 Result of Primary Screening Appendix 11.2a The List of First Selection for Systems and Facilities for Emergency Pilot Project (EPP)【 PDAM 】 Appendix 11.2b The List of First Selection for Systems and Facilities for Emergency Pilot Project (EPP)【 Community Water Supply 】 Appendix 11.3 Summary Sheet for Contract of EPP Appendix 11.4 Documents of Handover Appendix 11.5a Evaluation and Effects of Emergency Pilot Project 【PDAM Bantul System】 Appendix 11.5b Evaluation and Effects of Emergency Pilot Project 【Community Water Supply System in Bantul Regency】 Appendix 11.6 Photos of Emergency Pilot Project (EPP)

Appendix for Chapter 13 Appendix 13.1 Past Population Data for Future Population Projection, Yogyakarta Municipality Appendix 13.2 Past Population Data for Future Population Projection, Sleman Regency Appendix 13.3 Past Population Data for Future Population Projection, Bantul Regency Appendix 13.4 Future Population Projection for Each Kelurahan/Desa Appendix 13.5 Yogyakarta Municipality, Future Domestic Water Demand (l/sec) Appendix 13.6 Sleman and Bantul Regencies, Future Domestic Water Demand for PDAM (Urban) (l/sec) Appendix 13.7 Sleman and Bantul Regencies, Future Domestic Water Demand for PDAM (Rural) (l/sec) Appendix 13.8 Sleman and Bantul Regencies, Future Domestic Water Demand for Community Water Supply System (l/sec) Appendix 13.9 Sleman and Bantul Regencies, Future Domestic Groundwater Requirement (l/sec) Appendix 13.10 Summary of Domestic Water Demand in Sleman Regency (l/sec) Appendix 13.11 Summary of Domestic Water Demand in Bantul Regency (l/sec) Appendix 13.12 Summary of Domestic Water Demand

Appendix for Chapter 14 Appendix 14.1 Results of 2D Imaging Survey Appendix 14.2 Results of VES Survey

Appendix for Chapter 15 Appendix 15.1 Current Service Ratio Appendix 15.2 Distribution of Current Service Ratio Appendix 15.3 Contents of Questionnaire Survey for Poverty Survey 2006

- viii - Appendix 15.4 Data from “Poverty Survey 2006” Appendix 15.5 Poverty Distribution Map Appendix 15.6 Water Charge in Community Water Supply System

List of Tables

Table 3.1.1 Name of Capitals. Areas...... 3 - 1 Table 3.1.2 Rainfall by Regency/Municipality in 2005 ...... 3 - 3 Table 3.1.3 Area of Wet-land and Dry-land for Agriculture by Regency/Municipality ...... 3 - 4 Table 3.1.4 Nominated Fauna and Flora to be Protected in the Study Area...... 3 - 5 Table 3.1.5 Development Restricted Area within the Greater Yogyakarta...... 3 - 6 Table 3.2.1 Number of Households and Population by Sex and Regency/City in DIY ...... 3 - 15 Table 3.2.2 Population 15 Years of Age and over Who Worked during the Previous Week by Main Industry in DIY...... 3 - 16 Table 3.2.3 GRDP at Current & Constant Price in DIY...... 3 - 18 Table 3.2.4 Tourists to DIY...... 3 - 18 Table 3.2.5 Harvested Area of Food Crops by Kind and Regency/City in DIY ...... 3 - 19 Table 3.3.1 Summary of Responses to Questionnaire on Water Institution ...... 3 - 30 Table 3.3.2 Improvement Status on Environmental Related Laws ...... 3 - 34 Table 3.3.3 Major Environmental Related Rules and Regulations ...... 3 - 36 Table 3.3.4 Accession Status to the International Conventions ...... 3 - 37 Table 3.3.5 Water Supply Improvement Regulation on Environmental Protection...... 3 - 37 Table 3.3.6 Target Projects and/or Activities Required EIA ...... 3 - 39 Table 3.3.7 Demarcation Line on Judgment of Necessity between IEE and EIA.... 3 - 40 Table 4.1.1 Future Served Population/Service Ratio, Target of RPJMN 2004 - 2009 ...... 4 - 2 Table 4.1.2 Classification of PDAMs and Improvement Plan ...... 4 - 5 Table 5.2.1 List of Water Sources for PDAM Yogyakarta ...... 5 - 4 Table 5.2.2 List of Water Sources for PDAM Sleman ...... 5 - 6 Table 5.2.3 List of Water Sources for PDAM Bantul...... 5 - 8 Table 5.2.4 Number of Water Sources for Each PDAM ...... 5 - 9 Table 5.2.5 Quantity of Water Production Capacity in Each PDAM ...... 5 - 9 Table 5.2.6 Number of Water Sources in Each Region (for PDAM) ...... 5 - 9 Table 5.2.7 Water Production Capacity in Each PDAM(by Water source)...... 5 - 9 Table 5.2.8 Measurement Result of Water Sources of PDAM Yogyakarta...... 5 - 12 Table 5.2.9 Measurement Result of Water Sources of PDAM Sleman...... 5 - 13 Table 5.2.10 Measurement Result of Water Sources of PDAM Bantul ...... 5 - 14 Table 5.3.1 Measurement Result of Water Sources of Community Water Supply Systems in Yogyakarta Municipality...... 5 - 16 Table 5.3.2 Measurement Result of Water Sources of Community Water Supply Systems in Sleman Regency...... 5 - 16 Table 5.3.3 Measurement Result of Water Sources of Community Water Supply Systems in Bantul Regency...... 5 - 16 Table 5.4.1 Summary of Results of Previous Surveys in the Study Area...... 5 - 17 Table 5.4.2 Water Consumption by Use...... 5 - 18 Table 6.2.1 List of Water Production Facilities...... 6 - 5

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