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Culture and Risk Based Water and Land Management in Karst Areas : An Culture and Risk Based Water and Land Management in Karst Areas: An Understanding of Local Knowledge in Gunungkidul, Java, Indonesia. Arry Retnowati Dissertation Justus Liebig University Giessen ii Justus Liebig University Giessen Faculty 07 : Mathematic and Computer Science, Physics, Geography Institute for Geography Culture and Risk Based Water and Land Management in Karst Areas: An Understanding of Local Knowledge in Gunungkidul, Java, Indonesia. by: Arry Retnowati A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the University of Giessen for the degree of Dr. rer. nat October 2014 Prüfungskommission: Betreuender Hochschullehrer : Prof. Dr. Andreas Dittmann Zweibetreuer : Prof. Dr. Siegfried Bauer Gutacher : Prof. Dr. Ulrich Scholz Gutacher : Prof. Dr. Muh. Aris Marfai iii Acknowledgement The author wishes to thank Indonesian German Scholarship Program (IGSP) of National Education Ministry Indonesia in cooperation with DAAD for providing the scholarship to pursue higher education at Institute of Geography, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. The author would love to express huge gratitude to Prof. Dr. Andreas Dittmann for his guidance, attention, ideas, and comments during my study. It has been quite a rush to complete all documents to come as a student to Germany, and he provided great help and support. Therefore, the author would like to address huge gratitude to make it possible to work on and finish my study in Institute of Geography, Justus Liebig University, Giessen. To Prof. Dr. Siegfried Bauer, Prof. Dr. Ulrich Scholz, and Prof. Dr. Muh. Aris Marfai, the author owes them respects and appreciations for their knowledge and suggestions as the member of evaluation committee. Great gratitude is addressed also to Prof. Dr. Junun Sartohadi, and Prof. Ainun Na'im, Ph.D., for their early support to pursue higher education to Germany, without their help this study may not be accomplished. The author would like to address many appreciation to all staff member of Institute of Geography, Justus Liebig University, Giessen. Many thanks to Mrs. Eva-Maria Peter, and Dipl.-Geogr. André Staarmann for their help during the study. Appreciation to colleagues whom the author shared discussion and ideas: Dr. Michael Hossu, Dr. Désiré Tchigankong Noubissié, Dr. Alexander Songoro, Mr. Sayed Maqbool, Mr. Alexis Comninos, Prof. Dr. Rozbeeh Mirzaei, Mr. Hasan Al-Shaikh Ibrahim, Mr. Michael Kretzer, and to all individuals who have shared the discussions to work on and finish this study. Support and help was also provided by the Karst expert Dr. Eko Haryono in Faculty of Geography Gadjah Mada University, who shared ideas, knowledge, and data to complete this research, hence the author address great gratitude. Among others, I address great respects and appreciation to my friend Wiwin Widiyanti whom I shared the joy of the research, and who always been helpful during the stay and study in Giessen. iv The author owes many appreciation and thanks to friends in Indonesia whom the author shared discussion and arguments to finalize this dissertation, Rizky, Sarah, Esti, Menak, Emi, Susmayadi and all member of Research Center for Disaster in Gadjah Mada University, and others who help but are unable to be listed one by one. Appreciation also to the friendship of all Indonesian students and families: Mr. Izhar Gouzhary and family, Marwan, Atiya, Rahmat, Elin and others whom the author shared, celebrated, and enjoy the life in Giessen. This study is possible to be done by the generosity of all people in Karst Gunungkidul. To all respondents and key informants who were willingly share their knowledge and spent their time to have discussions, the author owes them huge respects. May the knowledge shared be fruitful for next generations. Appreciation to Gunungkidul Regency institutions for supporting the permission to conduct the research in their area. Above of all, it has been such a blessing life of God’s love for giving wonderful family and this journey that the author could reach, so thank you, dear Lord. v Abstract This study was conducted in Karst Gunungkidul Indonesia. Karst regions are characterized by the possibility of water scarcity during the dry season. This encourages local people to develop adaptation strategies to manage limited water and land resources. People have developed the skill to observe natural signs, from climatic features, plants and animal behavior, coupled with physical features identification, to guide them in how to manage annual season changes. Keen observation of environmental changes, concerning climatic factors particularly, is known as ilmu titen. Ilmu titen has guided people to develop agricultural systems in adaptation to annual season changes. Pranata Mangsa is the most recognizable ilmu titen concerning climatic factor changes followed by plants and animal behavior changes, and is considered local knowledge. In implementation of Pranata Mangsa and physical features identification, people apply the Tumpangsari farming system which takes into consideration the timing of water and land consumption. The cycle of Pranata Mangsa consists of parable phrases to describe natural signs, thus it takes deep understanding and interpretation to derive natural hazards and risk from it. The challenges arise due to global climatic factors which affect the time frame of the Pranata Mangsa cycle. The skill of ilmu titen on Pranata Mangsa needs to be re-invented to face global challenges within a local context. This study applies qualitative research in a participatory approach using Focused Group Discussion (FGD) and In-depth interview, supported by field observation and spatial analysis using information communication technologies (ICT). Local spatial knowledge that is embedded and embodied in Karst Gunungkidul people is transformed into a landscape model. The model aims to accommodate each time frame of Pranata Mangsa to help people identify, collect and analyze the changes or disturbances in their surrounding environment. Local knowledge of Karst Gunungkidul needs to be re-invented in accordance with evolving environmental changes. Pranata Mangsa may be old fashioned and outdated, but the skill of gaining knowledge from nature and its relationship with the inhabitants: humans, plants and animals; determines how people manage water and land availability vi on Karst environments to identify natural hazards and reduce the risk of annual water scarcity and the following effects. Diese Studie wurde in der Karst-Region GunungKidul in Indonesien durchgeführt, welche weltweit bekannt ist für ihre konischen Hügel. Charakteristisch fürKarst- Regionen ist das Risiko von Wasserknappheit während der Trockenzeit. Diesesbringt die einheimische Bevölkerung dazu, Anpassungsstrategien zu entwickeln um mit den limitierten Wasser- und Landressourcen zu haushalten. So hat die Bevölkerung die Fähigkeit entwickelt Zeichen der Natur zu deuten, von klimatischen Bedingungen bis hin zum Verhalten von Pflanzen und Tieren, gekoppelt mit der Identifikation physikalischer Erscheinungen, um mit dem jährlichen Wandel der Jahreszeiten zurechtzukommen. Intensive Beobachtungen, auch ilmu titen genannt, von Veränderungen der Umwelt, insbesondere klimatischer Faktoren, haben den Menschen geholfen ein landwirtschaftliches System zu entwickeln, welches sich dem jährlichen Wandel der Jahreszeiten anpasst. Pranata Mangsa ist die wichtigste ilmu titen und befasst sich mit der Veränderung klimatischer Faktoren und ihrer Auswirkungen auf das Verhalten von Pflanzen und Tieren und gehört zum lokalen Wissen. Pranata Mangsa und die Identifikation physikalischer Erscheinungen wird in der Tumpangsari Landwirtschaft angewandt, welche den Zeitpunkt des Verbrauchs von Wasser und Landressourcen beachtet. Der Zyklus von PranataMangsa besteht aus Parabeln die Zeichen der Natur beschreiben. Es braucht also tiefes Verständnis und Interpretations fähigkeit um daraus Naturrisiken abzuleiten. Diese Herausforderung nimmt auf Grund des weltweiten Wandels von Klimafaktoren, welche den zeitlichen Ablauf des Pranata Mangsa Zyklus beeinflussen, zu. Die Fähigkeit von ilmutiten im Pranata Mangsa muss neuentwickelt werden um sich globalen Herausforderungen im lokalen Kontext stellen zu können. Die vorliegende Studie führt qualitative Untersuchungen in einem partizipatorischen Ansatz durch und nutzt Fokusgruppen-Diskussionen (FGD) sowie detaillierte Interviews. Dies wird unterstützt von Feldbeobachtungen und räumlicher Analyse, welche das information vii communication technologies (ICT) nutzt. Lokal-räumliches Wissen der Bewohner der Karst-Region Gunungkidul wird in ein Landschaftsmodell übertragen. Dieses Modell soll jeden Zeitrahmen von Pranata Mangsa abbilden, um den Leuten zu helfen die Änderungen oder Störungen ihrer Umwelt zu identifizieren, sammeln und analysieren. Lokales Wissen der Karst-Region GunungKidul muss wieder hervorgeholt und passend zu den sich entwickelnden Umweltveränderungen neuerfunden werden. PranataMangsa mag altmodisch und überholt sein, doch die Fähigkeit Wissen aus der Natur und ihrer Interaktion mit Mensch, Pflanzen und Tieren zu ziehen, bestimmt den Umgang der Menschen mit Wasser und verfügbarem Land in einer Karstregion um Naturrisiken zu identifizieren und das Risiko der jährlichen Wasserknappheit und seiner Folgen zu reduzieren. viii Abbreviation BPS Biro Pusat Statistik; Central Statictic Bureau Bappeda Badan Perencanan dan Pembangunan Daerah; Regional Board of Planning and Development BMKG Badan Meteorologi, Klimatologi, dan Geofisika; Meteorology,Climatology,
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