Journal of Agribusiness Management and Development, Vol 2 No 1, March 2021, Page 89-95 ISSN 2775-0248 (Print) ISSN 2775-0256 (Online) Available at https://journal.ugm.ac.id/v3/JAMADEV/

AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTIONS IN COASTAL SANDY AREA IN BANTUL AND KULON PROGO

Devi Muliawati1, Subejo2, Alia Bihrajihant Raya2

1,2Department of Agricultural Socio-Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Institutions in the community have an essential role in agricultural development and the success of farming businesses. Governance of agricultural institutions is also important to support farming development. This research was done in Bantul and with the aims of (1) Describing the institutions of coastal sandy farming land area, (2) Knowing the relation between agricultural institutions and agricultural development, and (3) Comparing the governance of institutions on coastal sandy farming land for developing agricultural innovations. The method used in this research is descriptive, analytical approach, and comparison with the type of qualitative research. Informants in this study were administrators and members of the Farmers Group, Farmers Group Association and Auction Market in Sanden Sub-District, and Panjatan Sub-District, Kulon Progo Regency. The result of this study indicates the fact that agricultural cultivation in Bantul Regency and Kulon Progo Regency has a relation to agricultural development by making existing institutions related to innovation. Institutions of coastal sandy farming land in Bantul Regency and Kulon Progo Regency are supported by institutional components, such as norms and regulations. There are several differences in institutional governance in Bantul Regency and Kulon Progo Regency in terms of some aspects namely transparency, independence, accountability, responsibility, and fairness.

Keywords: Agricultural institution, agricultural innovation, coastal sandy farming land, comparison.

INTRODUCTION Progo regency include sprayers, tractors, infusion technology, independent plastic mulch Productive land is one of the important manufacture, and water machines or water factors in agricultural activities. Today, the pumps. availability of productive land in is a The condition of the beach sand land can national problem. The low access to productive change due to climate impacts. Changing sand land resources is due to agricultural land, land conditions have made farmers have to especially in urban areas, which have changed continue to develop agricultural innovations, the function of land for building construction. both agricultural production facilities and Even though the productive agricultural land is agricultural machinery. As can be seen in the getting narrower, the community can take research of Subejo et al. (2018) which states advantage of the coastal sand land located in that there have been developments in the southern region of Special innovation from 1986 to 2018. The process of Region as new agricultural land that has a lot adoption and diffusion of innovation in society of potential. is generally carried out through institutions Along with the times, the community managed by the community, including farmer created various innovations to transform areas groups, farmer group associations, and auction that previously could not be used as market institutions. Agricultural innovation in agricultural land into productive agricultural sand land can be in the form of agricultural land. Currently, the sand fields in DI tools, methods and processes in agricultural Yogyakarta have produced agricultural crops activities. that have economic value, such as chilies, The development of agricultural shallots, watermelons and so on. Sand land can innovation in society can occur through be used as agricultural land by the community institutions. Generally, the government by implementing various innovations in provides assistance in the form of agricultural agriculture. Agricultural technology production facilities and agricultural innovations currently in Bantul and Kulon machinery to farmers through institutions. In

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addition, training and extension related to The informants used in this study were agriculture are also carried out through members and institutional administrators institutions. As written in the research of Raya (farmer groups, farmer group associations & Untari (2015) which states that the process (Farmer group), and auction markets) of of developing agricultural innovation cannot be coastal sand land in Srigading Village, Sanden separated from the emergence of institutional Sub-District, Bantul Regency and Bugel innovations that regulate the process of Village, Panjatan Sub-District, Kulon Progo adoption, diffusion, and sustainability of Regency. Data were collected using the method agricultural innovation in society. of observation, interviews, note taking and Institutions in the community have an literacy studies. Meanwhile, the data obtained important role in agricultural development and are primary data and secondary data. the success of agricultural enterprises. This is The data validity test conducted in this in accordance with Anantanyu's (2011) study is by triangulation. Triangulation is a data statement that farmer institutions in rural areas validity checking technique that utilizes contribute to the acceleration of farmers' socio- something else for the purposes of checking or economic development; accessibility to comparing the data obtained by checking agricultural information; accessibility to through other sources (Moleong, 2017). This capital, infrastructure and markets; and study uses two types of triangulation, namely adoption of agricultural innovations. In triangulation of sources and methods. addition, the existence of a farmer institution According to Bogdan & Biklen cit. can make it easier for the government and other Moleong (2017), qualitative data analysis is an stakeholders to facilitate and provide effort made by working with data, organizing strengthening to farmers. data, sorting data into manageable units, Therefore, agricultural institutions can synthesizing, looking for and finding patterns, support the development of agricultural finding something important and learned, and innovation on sand land. Through agricultural deciding what to tell people. other. institutional support, agricultural innovation The data analysis process in this study can be more reliable and easier to introduce to consisted of three stages, namely data farmers. Seeing these conditions, this study reduction, data presentation, and conclusion or was conducted to analyze the verification (Sitoyo & Sodik, 2015). The data institutionalization of sand farming in Bantul reduction process is carried out by and Kulon Progo Regencies. The analysis is summarizing, sorting out the main things, carried out by conducting institutional focusing on the things that are important, comparisons to be able to compare, to find out looking for themes and patterns and removing the strengths and weaknesses so that they can things that are not needed. Then, the be used as material for institutional evaluation. presentation of the data is an arrangement of information that gives the possibility to draw conclusions. Furthermore, the conclusion is the METHODS final stage of the data analysis process. Conclusions are drawn to find the meaning of The basic method used in this research the data collected by looking for relationships, is descriptive qualitative research method with similarities, and differences in the data. comparisons. This research was conducted in

Bantul and Kulon Progo Regencies. The location selection was in the marginal land RESULTS AND DISCUSSION area, namely the sand land of the south coast of DI Yogyakarta, which administratively Coastal Sand Farming Institution in Bantul belongs to the regencies of Bantul and Kulon Regency Progo. Agricultural development areas in the The agricultural institutions for coastal sand area of coastal sand land are located in land in Sanden Sub-District, Bantul Regency Srigading Village, Sanden Sub-District, Bantul are the Manunggal Farmers Group, the Regency and Bugel Village, Panjatan Sub- Srigunting Farmer Group Association, and the District, Kulon Progo Regency. The two Manunggal Auction Market. The locations were chosen because they were the organizational structure of the Manunggal first areas to practice coastal sand land farming Farmer Group can be seen in Figure 1, in DI Yogyakarta and until now it continues to Combined Srigunting Farmer Group is seen in grow. Figure 2, Manunggal Auction Market is seen in Figure 3.

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Figure 1. Manunggal Farmer Group Organizational Structure Source: Memorandum of Association/Articles of Association of Manunggal Farmer Group

Figure 2. Chart of the Joint Organizational Structure of the Srigunting Farmer Group Source: Primary Data Analysis, 2019

Figure 3. Organizational Structure of Manunggal Auction Market Source: Primary Data Analysis, 2019

Table 1. Agricultural Institutional Relationship with Agricultural Innovation in Bantul Regency Kelembagaan No. Inovation Pranata Organisasi 1. Tractor • Rental regulations KT Manunggal 2. Tractor • Rental regulations Farmer group Srigunting 3. Auction • Regulations for the quality of chilies to be auctioned Manunggal Auction Market • Rules of auction timing • Auction payment regulations • Cut rates regulations 4. Hybrid seeds • Rules for borrowing seeds Manunggal Auction Market • Regulations for returning seeds Source: Primary Data Analysis, 2019

The agricultural institution of coastal sand regulations related to new innovations that are land in Bantul Regency has a relationship with the developing. Regulations related to agricultural development of agricultural innovation by making innovation are needed to regulate the use or the

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course of an agricultural innovation in society. In leaves, no rotten and ripe chilies, no water in the more detail, the relationship between coastal sand chilies, and no pesticide spray recently. In addition, land agricultural institutions and the development regulations on auction timing were also formed, of agricultural innovation can be seen in Table 1. namely delivering chilies according to the time Based on Table 1, it can be seen that KT specified for later auction, auction payments must Manunggal, Farmer group Srigunting, and be 1x24 hours or already paid off before the next Manunggal Auction Market have a relationship auction period, and cutting prices for cash and with the development of agricultural innovation by labor. The regulations on hybrid seeds are related forming regulations related to agricultural to borrowing made by contacting the management innovation. KT Manunggal and Farmer group and returning it according to a specified time. Srigunting form lease regulations related to tractor Coastal Sand Farming Institution in Kulon borrowing. The lease regulations that are made are Progo Regency Beach sand land farming that every farmer who borrows a tractor is required institution in Sanden Sub-District, Bantul Regency to pay rent that is used for management and group is Manunggal Farmers Group, Srigunting Farmer cash. Group Association, and Manunggal Auction The Manunggal Auction Market establishes Market. The organizational structure of the regulations on the quality of chilies that are Manunggal Farmer Group can be seen in Figure 4, auctioned and the timing of the auction. The Association of Bumi Rahayu Farmer Groups seen emergence of this regulation is necessary to in Figure 5, Gisik Pranaji Auction Market is seen regulate chili auction activities. The quality of in Figure 6. chilies received for auction is that there are no

Figure 4. Gisik Pranaji Farmer Group Organizational Structure Chart Source: Memorandum of Association/Articles of Association of Gisik Pranaji Farmer Group

Figure 5. Bumi Rahayu Farmers Group Joint Organizational Structure Source: Primary Data Analysis, 2019

Figure 6. Organizational Structure of Gisik Pranaji Auction Market

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Source: Primary Data Analysis, 2019

Table 2. Agricultural Institutional Relationship with Agricultural Innovation in Kulon Progo Regency Kelembagaan No. Inovation Pranata Organisasi 1. Tractor • Rental price regulations KT Gisik Pranaji • Care settings 2. Auction • Regulations for the quality of chilies to be auctioned Gisik Pranaji Auction Market • Rules of auction timing • Auction payment regulations • Cut rates regulations 3. Hybrid seeds • Rules for borrowing seeds Gisik Pranaji Auction Market • Regulations for returning seeds Source: Primary Data Analysis, 2019

Agricultural institutions have a relationship Kulon Progo Regency include: with the development of agricultural innovation by 1) The aspect of openness of the HR component, making regulations related to new innovations that namely in Bantul Regency there is a forum are developing. Regulations related to agricultural outside the meeting, while in Kulon Progo innovation are needed to regulate the use or the Regency there is no forum outside of meetings course of an agricultural innovation in society. In and inter-institutional coordination, namely in more detail, the relationship of agricultural Bantul Regency all management and members institutions in Kulon Progo Regency to the are known, while in Kulon Progo Regency only development of agricultural innovation can be seen the administrators and some members. in Table 2. Based on Table 2, it can be seen that 2) The independent aspect of the HR component, KT Gisik Pranaji and Gisik Pranaji Auction namely in Bantul Regency has an average Market have a relationship with the development income of IDR 40,125,000 and a small portion of agricultural innovation by forming regulations borrows from the bank, while in Kulon Progo related to agricultural innovation. The KT Gisik Regency it has an average income of Rp Pranaji institution established rental and 31,200,000 and many farmers borrow from maintenance regulations for the management of banks, and the financing component namely in agricultural innovation in the form of tractors. The Bantul Regency cash and agricultural tools and rental regulations that are applied are that every machinery management funds, while in Kulon farmer who borrows a tractor is required to pay rent Progo Regency agricultural tools and and refuel. machinery management funds and external The Gisik Pranaji Auction Market funding. institution establishes regulations for auction 3) The accountability aspect of the infrastructure activities related to the quality of chilies received, component is that Bantul Regency has a UPJA auction time, and auction payments. The quality of section, while in Kulon Progo Regency it does chilies received for auction is that there are no not have a section that manages agricultural leaves, no rotten and ripe chilies, no water in the machinery. chilies, and no pesticide spray recently. In addition, b. The differences between Farmer group in regulations on auction timing were also formed, Bantul and Kulon Progo Regency include: namely delivering chilies according to the 1) The aspect of transparency of the coordination specified time for auction, auction payments must component with other institutions, namely in be made by traders within 1x24 hours, and cutting Bantul Regency, the management and all prices for cash and labor. The regulations related members are aware of the cooperation, while in to hybrid seeds are the rules for borrowing and Kulon Progo Regency only the management returning seeds. The borrowing of seeds is carried and a few members know. out by registering with the management, while for 2) The independent aspect of the financing the return it is carried out according to the component is in Bantul Regency from the stipulated time. APBD and management of agricultural tools Comparison of the institutional governance of and machinery, while in Kulon Progo Regency coastal sand land in Bantul and Kulon Progo the initial contribution fund, management of Regencies agricultural machinery and managed aid funds. a. The differences in farmer groups in Bantul and 3) The accountability aspect of the infrastructure

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component, namely in Bantul Regency the has made management changes several times. division of tasks was clear, while in Kulon c. The sand farm institutions in Bantul and Kulon Progo Regency the division of tasks was not Progo Regencies coordinate or work together to clear; the financing component in Bantul develop agriculture, especially chili commodities. Regency did not have detailed records, while in Farmer groups and Farmer group often get Kulon Progo Regency it had detailed records; assistance from the agriculture agency, and the coordination component with other government, and banks. institutions, namely in Bantul Regency, the 2. Sandland agricultural institutions, namely cooperation was delivered during the meeting, farmer groups in Bantul and Kulon Progo while in Kulon Progo Regency the cooperation Regency, farmer group in Bantul Regency, and was not delivered. auction markets in Bantul and Kulon Progo 4) The infrastructure component accountability Regency, have a relationship with the development aspect is that in Bantul Regency it has a report, of agricultural innovation by establishing while in Kulon Progo Regency it does not have regulations or institutions related to agricultural a report; the financing component, namely in innovation. The determination of the institutions is Bantul Regency, did not have a detailed report, mostly agreed upon through farmer groups because while in Kulon Progo Regency it had a detailed group members are directly related to the use of report. agricultural innovation, while Farmer group has c. The differences in the auction market in Bantul institutions for farmer groups who are members. and Kulon Progo Regency include: The auction market itself is an innovation in the 1) The transparency aspect of the HR component marketing of agricultural products by means of is that in Bantul Regency the members know auctions coordinated through auction market the duties of each manager, while in Kulon organizations with various institutions. Progo Regency the members do not know the 3. Comparison of institutional governance in duties of each manager, and the financing Bantul and Kulon Progo Regency, there are several component, namely in Bantul Regency, the use differences as follows: of discounted prices is conveyed, while in a. The differences in farmer groups in Bantul and Kulon Progo Regency the use of discounts is Kulon Progo Regency include: not conveyed. 1) Aspects of transparency of human resources 2) The accountability aspect of the HR components and inter-institutional coordination. component, namely in Bantul Regency, the 2) Aspects of independence of the HR component division of tasks per officer was clear, while in and the financing component. Kulon Progo Regency the division of tasks per 3) Accountability aspects of infrastructure officer was unclear. components. 3) Responsibility aspect for infrastructure b. The differences between Farmer group in Bantul component, namely in Bantul Regency there and Kulon Progo Regency include: were reports, while in Kulon Progo Regency 1) The aspect of transparency of the component of there were no reports. coordination with other institutions. 2) Independent aspect of the financing component. 3) Accountability aspects of infrastructure CONCLUSION AND SUGESSION components, components financing and coordination components with other Conclusion institutions. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, 4) Accountability aspect for infrastructure several important conclusions that can be obtained component and financing component. in this study include: c. The differences in the auction market in Bantul 1. Sand land farming with chili commodities in and Kulon Progo Regency include: Bantul and Kulon Progo Regency has three main 1) Aspects of transparency of the component of institutions, namely farmer groups, farmer groups, human resources and component of financing. and auction markets. 2) The aspect of accountability of the HR a. Farmers' groups, Farmer group and Pasarlelang component. institutions in Bantul and Kulon Progo Regency 3) Responsibility aspects of infrastructure already have clear organizational structures and components. regulatory norms. Suggestion b. Institutions in Bantul and Kulon Progo Based on the conclusion, several suggestions or Regencies have not changed management since the strategies that can be proposed as important beginning, including farmer groups and auction solutions in the institutionalization of sand farming markets in Bantul Regency, farmer groups, Farmer include: group, and auction markets in Kulon Progo 1. There needs to be a management refresh or Regency, while Farmer group in Bantul Regency

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management regeneration to maintain the Kualitatif. PT Remaja Rosdakarya, dynamics of the institution by utilizing the Bandung. potential human resources in Srigading and Bugel Raya, A. B. dan D. W. Untari. 2015. Model Villages by deliberation and consensus. Inovasi Kelembagaan Petani Lahan 2. Agricultural institutions in Bantul and Kulon Pasir Pantai di Kabupaten Kulon Progo Progo Regencies must coordinate and work Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Prosiding together to exchange information and experiences Seminar Nasional Perlindungan dan related to the development of agricultural Pemberdayaan Pertanian dalam innovations that support coastal sand land as an Rangka Pencapaian Kemandirian agricultural business. Pangan Nasional dan Peningkatan 3. The existence of differences in institutional Kesejahteraan Petani. IAARD Press, governance of sand farming in Bantul and Kulon Jakarta. Progo Regencies can be used as an institutional Siyoto, S. & M. A. Sodik. 2015. Dasar improvement by conducting inter-institutional Metodologi Penelitian. Literasi Media comparative studies. Publishing, Yogyakarta. Subejo, R. Witjaksono, Harsoyo, A. B. Raya, R. Andiandi & A. A. Putri. 2018. Kajian REFERENCES Model Inovasi dan Kelembagaan Pertanian Berbasis Pelestarian Lingkungan Anantayu, S. 2011. Kelembagaan petani: peran Berkelanjutan di Kawasan Lahan Pasir dan strategi pengembangan Pantai Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Hibah kapasitasnya. Jurnal SEPA 7: 102-109. Penelitian Unggulan Dosen Fakultas Moleong, L. J. 2017. Metodologi Penelitian Pertanian UGM, Yogyakarta.

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