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Technology at the Transition

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Technology at the Transition Technology at the Transition Relationships between culture, style and function in the Late Iron Age determined through the analysis of artefacts Mary Davis Cardiff University School of History Archaeology and Religion Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2014 Summary of thesis The principle aim of the thesis was to examine the technology of Late Iron Age decorated metal work at a time of dynamic change from both internal and external factors. The objects chosen for this study were predominantly from dry land hoards, and superficially had many aspects in common. The majority of these hoards were deposited in Britain in the mid first century AD (slightly later in the case of Middlebie in south west Scotland), and located in areas of attested historical conflict with the invading Roman army. Predominant amongst the kind of objects in the hoards were those associated with horses and carts or chariots; an artefact type of social and historical significance to native British Iron Age societies. It is argued that the manufacture, use and deposition of these objects were important factors in maintaining relationships between different Iron Age groups in the face of threats from an invading force. Chemical analysis of objects from this period is important. The first century AD witnessed both technological sophistication and conservatism as the Iron Age metalworkers confronted the introduction, through continental influence and the Roman army, of new materials such as brass, and the re-introduction of piece moulds and leaded copper alloys. Coloured Roman glass was also introd uced and used in many parts of Britain, but Insular La Tène style metalwork continued to be decorated using sealing wax red glass (a specific Iron Age technology). On the whole, an innate conservatism in object styles and materials was maintained, irrespective of acquired knowledge and the availability of new technologies. In fact, Late Insular La Tène art developed and flourished, as some indigenous Britons adopted a strong identity through the use of specific objects, technologies and artistic styles; recognisable throughout large parts of Britain. 1 Contents Summary of thesis .................................................................................................................................. 1 Contents .................................................................................................................................................. 2 List of figures ........................................................................................................................................... 7 List of tables .......................................................................................................................................... 21 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... 22 Chapter 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 23 Aims .................................................................................................................................................. 23 Rome versus Britain .......................................................................................................................... 23 Academic division and integration.................................................................................................... 23 The artefacts ..................................................................................................................................... 24 ‘Technological Choice’: style and function ....................................................................................... 25 Direction of study .............................................................................................................................. 26 Focus of chapters .............................................................................................................................. 27 Chapter 2. Iron Age Britain leading up to the Roman conquest ........................................................... 29 Some archaeological perspectives .................................................................................................... 29 Regionality ........................................................................................................................................ 29 Rome and its influence ..................................................................................................................... 31 Burial ................................................................................................................................................. 32 Deposition and hoarding................................................................................................................... 33 Continental influence: the establishment of oppida ........................................................................ 33 Coins .................................................................................................................................................. 35 Increase in material wealth .............................................................................................................. 36 General comments ............................................................................................................................ 36 Chapter 3. Roman invasion: British resistance (55-54 BC; AD 43-81)................................................... 38 Historical narrative ............................................................................................................................ 38 Exploitation, slavery and Romanisation in Wales and the north ...................................................... 43 Administration under Roman rule .................................................................................................... 44 Chapter 4. Copper alloys in the Late Iron Age ...................................................................................... 47 Alloy composition ............................................................................................................................. 47 Methods of analysis from previous studies ...................................................................................... 48 Previous analyses and interpretation ............................................................................................... 48 Metallurgical relevance to the Late Iron Age hoards ....................................................................... 52 2 Chapter 5. Glass: its composition and manufacture ............................................................................. 54 Early glass making ............................................................................................................................. 54 Mesopotamia and Egypt: origins of early glass in the Near East and Europe .................................. 54 New developments: mineral flux in glass ......................................................................................... 55 Changes specific to the manufacture of red glass ............................................................................ 57 Iron Age opaque red glass in northern and western Europe ............................................................ 62 Colouring Late Iron Age ‘sealing wax’ red glass fr om Britain ........................................................... 68 Roman and Romano-British red glass ............................................................................................... 74 Enamel .............................................................................................................................................. 76 Summary and conclusion .................................................................................................................. 77 Chapter 6. The Polden Hill Hoard.......................................................................................................... 78 Discovery ........................................................................................................................................... 78 Objects from the Polden Hill hoard .................................................................................................. 79 Object categories .............................................................................................................................. 81 Methods of analysis and interpretation ........................................................................................... 85 Metallurgical analysis ........................................................................................................................ 85 Decoration ........................................................................................................................................ 92 Analysis of object types and groups ................................................................................................. 95 Glass analysis and the Polden Hill hoard ........................................................................................ 124 Summary and Discussion ................................................................................................................ 138 Chapter 7. The Seven Sisters hoard ...................................................................................................
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