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Ravindra PAWAR 1, 2*, Shicui ZHANG 1, and Changshui LIU 1 ACTA ICHTHYOLOGICA ET PISCATORIA (2012) 42 (4): 291–296 DOI: 10.3750/AIP2012.42.4.02 MORPHOMETRIC INDICES IN AN ANNUAL FISH—THE REDTAIL NOTHO, NOTHOBRANCHIUS GUENTHERI (ACTINOPTERYGII: CYPRINODONTIFORMES: NOTHOBRANCHIIDAE): INFLUENCE OF AGE AND GENDER Ravindra PAWAR 1, 2*, Shicui ZHANG 1, and Changshui LIU 1 1 Laboratory of Evolution and Development, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China 2 College of Fisheries, DBS Konkan Agricultural University, Ratnagiri 415629, India Pawar R., Zhang S., Liu C. 2012. Morphometric indices in an annual fish—the redtail notho, Nothobranchius guentheri (Actinopterygii: Cyprinodontiformes: Nothobranchiidae): Influence of age and gender. Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 42 (4): 291–296. Background. Though fishes grow indeterminately, very little is known of the effects of age on the morphomet- ric indices (length, weight, and condition) in fishes as it is often difficult to cover the entire lifespan of a species in laboratory or nature. The presently reported study was thus conducted to elucidate the effects of age (and sex) on the growth indices using the annual fish and a laboratory model of aging. Materials and methods. Experimental fish—the redtail notho, Nothobranchius guentheri (Pfeffer, 1893), were obtained by hatching the diapause eggs of the same parental lineage and reared over their entire lifespan. Length–weight measurements were recorded from 3–12 months and various indices (length–weight relation, Fulton’s condition factor, and relative condition factor) were computed and compared statistically. Results. Mean lengths, weights, length–weight relations (LWRs), Fulton’s condition factor (K) and relative con- dition factor (Kn) varied significantly leading to differential indices based on age and sex. Age influenced all indices positively, which is indicative of the indeterminate growth typical of fishes. Conclusion. Age was not seen to suppress the growth indices in the ann ual fish, which is suggestive of a healthy and delayed senescence in the annual fish N. guentheri. Whether other short- and long-lived finfish follow the same pattern needs further investigation. Keywords: Annual fish; aging, growth, morphometric indices, condition indices, indeterminate growth INTRODUCTION the environmental variables and also by providing access to Given its correlation to a number of other life history all life history stages. Nonetheless, laboratory growth exper- parameters including reproduction and survival, growth iments are not always an easy option (Magnussen 2007). remains one of the most widely studied life history traits of As an attempt to overcome the inherent problems asso- fishes (Martin 1949, Beverton and Holt 1957, Beverton 1992, ciated with acquiring the age-related growth indices and Hotos and Katselis 2011). Length–weight relation (LWR), with understanding the effects of age on such indices, an Fulton’s condition factor (K), and the relative condition factor annual fish—the redtail notho, Nothobranchius guentheri (Kn) are some of the most widely used morphometric indices (Pfeffer, 1893) was used as model for aging studies. Such to assess fish condition (Froese 2006). Differences in the species are known as annual fishes since their life cycle parameters of LWRs and other condition indices represent appears to be completed within a single year (Myers 1952). spatial variations (Sparre and Venema 1998) and mirror the Thus, the redtail notho was chosen for the presently influence of abiotic factors and food availability on fish reported study for the following reasons: growth (Mommsen 1998). • Being a laboratory model (Gerhard 2007), it gives In natural populations, it seldom is possible to delineate a possibility to exercise control over the environmental the influences of extrinsic (environmental) and intrinsic or variables and thus discern the effect of genetic variables genetic (age, sex) factors on fish growth. Besides, younger (age and sex) on the growth indices; and older life history stages are ill represented in the com- • Having a median lifespan of 12 months (Markofsky and mercial fish catches, which provide the bulk of samples Perlmutter 1972) it gives a possibility to obtain infor- from natural populations. Alternatively, laboratory studies mation on the growth indices for all the life history offer a suitable alternative by offering sufficient control over stages in a relatively short period; and * Correspondence: Dr. Ravindra Pawar, College of Fisheries (DBS Konkan Agricultural University), Ratnagiri 415629, India, phone: 91-827563 5577, fax: 91-2352-232987, e-mail: [email protected]. 292 Pawar et al. • Being a model for vertebrate aging studies (Genade ed for all analyses and discussions in the presently report- et al. 2005), the redtail notho provides new insights on ed study. However, in order to fulfil the requirements of understanding the influence of intrinsic factors, espe- ANOVA associated with the estimation of b-value of the cially of aging, on the growth dynamics in fishes as LWRs, the length–weight data were segregated into two a whole by covering the entire lifespan effectively. halves (1 and 2) spanning the first and second six months of Male N. guentheri have been assessed for their cross- the lifespan for each category instead of three four-monthly sectional growth and body composition, age at sexual groups as mentioned earlier. Thus, b-values were derived maturity in relation to longevity, and for growth differ- for nine subsets in all (B, M, F); (B1, B2); (M1, M2) ences in subgroups of varying longevities (Markofsky and and (F1, F2). Perlmutter 1972, 1973, Markofsky 1976). The presently Models used. Age- and sex-based length–weight data reported study was thus conducted to elucidate the effects were analyzed using different models for obtainment of of age and sex on the growth dynamics of the annual fish following growth indices. Parameters a and b were N. guentheri and interpret them in the broader contexts of obtained by logarithmic transformation of the the evolution of aging and senescence. The study also length–weight relation (Ricker 1975) bearing the form assumes great relevance since condition indices covering W = aLb (1) the entire lifespan are lacking for the species with or with- where, W = body weight [g], L = total length [cm], out context to age and gender. a = constant, and b = regression coefficient. Fulton’s con- dition factor,K (Fulton 1904) was estimated from the MATERIAL AND METHODS length–weight data using the equation Fish and husbandry. Laboratory-hatched embryos of N. K = 100WL–3 (2) guentheri were reared in 1-L beakers (at 15 embryos per L) where, W = fish weight [g], L = total length [cm]. for two months followed by rearing in 40-L glass aquaria Multiplying WL–3 by 100 brings the value of K to unity (at one fish per L of water) till the end of the experiment. (Froese 2006). Relative condition factor, Kn (Le Cren 1951) –1 Larvae were fed freshly hatched artemia nauplii twice was estimated by the equation Kn = WWE , where a day; live tubifex worms were fed ad libitum from the WE = the length-specific expected mass predicted from third month onward in two rations per day. Water param- the LWR. In the presently reported study, the common eters were maintained in strict accordance with the (and not the sub-set specific) LWR derived for the requirements for the species, which prefers soft waters N. guentheri population as a whole was employed in with near neutral pH. Mean water temperature and pH dur- deriving the length-specific expected mass (WE). ing the entire culture duration was maintained at 27 ± 1°C Statistical analyses. Ordinary least square regression and 7.1 ± 0.1, respectively. Experimental protocols of log-transformed weight on length was performed. involving the use of live fish were in accordance with the Significance of the LWR regressions were assessed by Ocean University of China’s guidelines. analysis of variance (ANOVA) in testing the hypothesis Data collection. LWR estimates for N. guentheri were H0: β = 0 against HA: β ≠ 0 (Zar 1996). Student’s t-test recorded separately for males and females for 3–12 (Zar 1996) was used to: month-old N. guentheri population obtained from the same • test whether b were significantly different from 3, the parents. Prior to each sampling, fish were not fed for 24 h to isometric growth (H0: β = 3 against HA: β ≠ 3; α = 0.05); ensure uniform condition and were anesthetized using • compare the slopes of the LWRs for differences between MS 222 (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) at 120 mg ·L–1. Individual sexes and/or ages; and fish were measured for their total length (TL) [cm] to the • compare the mean lengths, weights, K and Kn between nearest 0.1 cm and body weight (BW) [g] to the nearest different sub-sets. 0.001 g. Lengths were measured by placing the fish on Shapiro–Wilk normality test was used to test the nor- a graph paper; weights were determined using an analyti- mality of distribution of b (α = 0.05). Outliers for param- cal balance. Fish were briefly placed on a soft moist cloth eters a and b were detected by determining the 95% con- to remove excess body moisture before weighing them fidence limits (CL) for mean a and b. individually. Data recording. Length–weight data were recorded sep- RESULTS arately under three categories based on sex namely, both Distribution of length and weight in N. guentheri. The or combined sexes (B; n = 92), males (M; n = 29), and total length of N. guentheri ranged from 1.5 to 5.5 cm; females (F; n = 63). Since the average lifespan mean = 2.9 cm (standard error of the mean SE = 0.8) and of N. guentheri stocks raised and maintained in the labo- the body weight from 0.044 to 2.036 g; mean = 0.371 g ratory was ~12 months (Pawar, unpublished*), the (SE = 0.314). Mean lengths, weights, and their ranges for length–weight data were further segregated into three the 12 subsets are given in Table 1.
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