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Home , Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium caliginis, Bobea sandwicensis, Bocconia frutescens, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides

Wednesday, April 3, 2002

Part II

Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service

50 CFR Part 17 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and ; Revised Determinations of Prudency and Proposed Designations of Critical Habitat for From the Islands of and Kahoolawe, ; Proposed Rule

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Section 4 of the Act requires us to of Maui and Kahoolawe (Table 1). consider economic and other relevant Seventeen of these species are endemic Fish and Wildlife Service impacts of specifying any particular area to the islands of Maui and/or as critical habitat. Kahoolawe, while 53 species are 50 CFR Part 17 We solicit data and comments from reported from one or more other islands, the public on all aspects of this as well as Maui and/or Kahoolawe. RIN 1018–AH70 proposal, including data on the We originally determined that economic and other impacts of the Endangered and Threatened Wildlife designation of critical habitat was and Plants; Revised Determinations of designations. We may revise or further refine this rule, including critical prudent for 37 plants from the islands Prudency and Proposed Designations habitat boundaries, prior to final of Maui and Kahoolawe on December of Critical Habitat for Plant Species designation based on habitat and plant 18, 2000 (65 FR 7919). In a previous From the Islands of Maui and surveys, public comment on the revised proposal, published on November 7, Kahoolawe, Hawaii proposed critical habitat rule, and new 2000 (65 FR 66808), we determined that designation of critical habitat was AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, scientific and commercial information. prudent for 11 plants that are reported Interior. DATES: We will accept comments until from Maui and Kahoolawe as well as ACTION: Revised proposed rule and June 3, 2002. Public hearing requests must be received by May 20, 2002. from and Niihau. In addition, at notice of determinations of whether the time we listed , ADDRESSES: If you wish to comment, designation of critical habitat is copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, you may submit your comments and prudent. Cyanea glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. materials concerning this proposal by hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and writing to the Field Supervisor, U.S. humilis, and Kanaloa kahoolawensis, on Wildlife Service (Service), propose Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific critical habitat for 61 of the 70 species Islands Office, 300 Ala Moana Blvd., September 3, 1999 (64 FR 48307), we known historically from the islands of Room 3–122, P.O. Box 50088, Honolulu, determined that designation of critical Maui and Kahoolawe that are listed HI 96850–0001. habitat was prudent for these six taxa under the Act of You may view comments and from Maui and Kahoolawe. No change 1973, as amended. materials received, as well as supporting is made to these 54 prudency We propose critical habitat documentation used in the preparation determinations in this revised proposal, designations for 61 species within 13 of this proposed rule, by appointment, and they are hereby incorporated by critical habitat units totaling during normal business hours at the reference (64 FR 48307; 65 FR 66808; 65 approximately 51,208 hectares (ha) above address. FR 79192). (126,531 acres (ac)) on the island of FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul In the December 18, 2000 proposed Maui, and within 2 critical habitat units Henson, Field Supervisor, Pacific rule, we determined that critical habitat totaling approximately 714 ha (1,763 ac) Islands Office (see ADDRESSES section) was not prudent for Acaena exigua, a on the island of Kahoolawe. (telephone 808/541–3441; facsimile species known only from Kauai and If this proposal is made final, section 808/541–3470). Maui, because it had not been seen 7 of the Act requires Federal agencies to SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: recently in the wild, and no viable ensure that actions they carry out, fund, genetic material of this species was or authorize do not destroy or adversely Background known to exist. No change is made here modify critical habitat to the extent that In the Lists of Endangered and to the December 18, 2000, prudency the action appreciably diminishes the Threatened Plants (50 CFR 17.12), there determination for this species and it is value of the critical habitat for the are 70 plant species that, at the time of hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR survival and recovery of the species. listing, were reported from the islands 79192).

TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 70 SPECIES FROM MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE

Island distribution Species (common name) NW Isles, kahoolawe Kauai Maui Hawaii Niihau

Acaena exigua (liliwai) ...... H ...... H Adenophorus periens ...... CCCRHC macrococcus (mahoe) ...... C C C ...... C sandwicense ssp...... C macrocephalum (ahinahina) . Asplenium fragile var. insulare (NCN*) ...... C C Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (kookoolau) ...... H C menziesii (NCN) ...... CCHCCC Brighamia rockii (pua ala) ...... C H H agrimonioides (kamanomano) ...... C ...... H C R NW Isles (H). Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) ...... CCCCC Clermontia lindseyana (oha wai) ...... C C Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (oha ...... C C wai) . Clermontia peleana (oha wai) ...... H C Clermontia samuelii (oha wai) ...... C Colubrina oppositifolia (kauila) ...... C ...... C C Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) ...... HCCCCH Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis (haha) ...... C

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TABLE 1.—SUMMARY OF ISLAND DISTRIBUTION OF 70 SPECIES FROM MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE—Continued

Island distribution Species (common name) NW Isles, kahoolawe Kauai Oahu Molokai Lanai Maui Hawaii Niihau

Cyanea glabra (haha) ...... C Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha) ...... CCCC Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora (haha) ...... C Cyanea lobata (haha) ...... H C Cyanea mceldowneyi (haha) ...... C Cyrtandra munroi (haiwale) ...... C C Delissea undulata (NCN) ...... C ...... H C Ni (H). Diellia erecta (Asplenium-leaved diellia) ...... HHCHCC molokaiense (NCN) ...... HHHHC Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis (naenae) ...... C (mehamehame) ...... C C H ...... C C Geranium arboreum (nohoanu) ...... C Geranium multiflorum (nohoanu) ...... C vitifolia (NCN) ...... C ...... H C Hedyotis coriacea (kioele) ...... H ...... C C Hedyotis mannii (pilo) ...... C C C Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN) ...... CCHC Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN) ...... C ...... C Hibiscus brackenridgei (mao hau hele) ...... HCHCCCKa (R). Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) ...... C H C ...... C C Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho kula) ...... HHHHCNi (H). Kanaloa kahoolawensis (kohe malama malama ...... Ka (C). o Kanaloa) . Lipochaeta kamolensis (nehe) ...... C Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN) ...... H ...... C Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) ...... H H ...... C H NW Isles (C). adscendens (alani) ...... C Melicope balloui (alani) ...... C (alani) ...... C ...... C Melicope mucronulata (alani) ...... C ...... C Melicope ovalis (alani) ...... C Neraudia sericea (NCN) ...... C H C ...... Ka (H). Nototrichium humile (kului) ...... C ...... H Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) ...... C C C ...... C mannii (wawaeiole) ...... H ...... C C Phyllostegia mannii (NCN) ...... C ...... H Phyllostegia mollis (NCN) ...... C H ...... C Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN) ...... C ...... H H Plantago princeps (Laukahi kuahiwi) ...... C C C ...... C H Platanthera holochila (NCN) ...... C H C ...... C lidgatei (NCN) ...... C H ...... C mauiensis (NCN) ...... C purpurea (NCN) ...... C ...... C Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN) ...... C Schiedea hookeri (NCN) ...... C ...... H Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) ...... C C C ...... R Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) ...... CCCHCCNi (H), Ka (C), NW Isles (C). Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai) ...... H ...... HHHC Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) ...... CCCCCC Tetramolopium arenarium (NCN) ...... H C Tetramolopium capillare (pamakani) ...... C Tetramolopium remyi (NCN) ...... C H Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) ...... HCCCCNi (H), Ka (C). Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae) ...... C ...... CHCC KEY C (Current)—population last observed within the past 30 years H (Historical)—population not seen for more than 30 years R (Reported)—reported from undocumented observations * NCN—no common name

In the December 18, 2000, proposal menziesii, , haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea we proposed designation of critical Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea habitat for 50 plants from the islands of lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea Maui and Kahoolawe. These species are: mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii, lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra , Bidens Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia squamigera, Cyanea copelandii ssp. molokaiense, Dubautia plantaginea ssp.

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humilis, Flueggea neowawraea, change is made to these prudency is not proposed for 8 of the 70 species Geranium arboreum, Geranium determinations for these eight species in (Adenophorus periens, Clermontia multiflorum, Hedyotis coriacea, this proposal, and they are hereby peleana, Delissea undulata, Phyllostegia Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia incorporated by reference (65 FR 66808; parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, 65 FR 82086; 65 FR 83158; and 67 FR nuttallii, Solanum incompletum, and Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum 3940). In this proposal, we propose Tetramolopium arenarium) that no byrone, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, designation of critical habitat for longer occur on the islands of Maui or Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia Brighamia rockii, Isodendrion Kahoolawe, and for which we have not lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, pyrifolium, Phyllostegia mannii, and identified habitat essential to their , Melicope Tetramolopium remyi on the island of conservation on the islands of Maui or knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Maui, based on new information and Kahoolawe. However, proposed critical Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum information received during the habitat designations, or sandwicense, , comment periods on the December 18, nondesignations, for these species will Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not be included in other future Hawaiian Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, proposed for Adenophorus periens, plants proposed critical habitat rules Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Delissea undulata, Schiedea nuttallii, (see Table 2). Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis and Solanum incompletum on the hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, islands of Maui and Kahoolawe because TABLE 2.—LIST OF PROPOSED RULES Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum we have not identified habitat essential IN WHICH CRITICAL HABITAT DES- hawaiiense. In this proposal we have to their conservation on these islands. IGNATIONS OR NONDESIGNATIONS revised the proposed designations for In this proposal, we determine that WILL BE MADE FOR EIGHT SPECIES the 50 plants based on new information critical habitat is prudent for six other FOR WHICH WE ARE UNABLE TO received during the comment periods. species (Clermontia peleana, Gouania In addition, we incorporate new vitifolia, Nototrichium humile, DETERMINE HABITAT THAT IS ES- information, and address comments and Phyllostegia parviflora, Schiedea SENTIAL FOR THEIR CONSERVATION new information received during the hookeri, and Tetramolopium arenarium) ON THE ISLANDS OF MAUI AND comment periods on the December 18, for which prudency determinations KAHOOLAWE. 2000, proposal. have not been made previously, and that In the December 18, 2000, we did not no longer occur on Maui but are Proposed rules in which critical habitat propose critical habitat for four species reported from one or more other islands. Species designations will be (Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. These six plants were listed as made macrocephalum, Melicope balloui, endangered species under the Act Melicope ovalis, and Schiedea between 1994 and 1996. At the time Adenophorus periens Kauai; Molokai; Ha- haleakalensis) found only in Waikamoi each plant was listed, we determined waii; Oahu. Preserve and Haleakala National Park, that designation of critical habitat was Clermontia peleana ... Hawaii. on Maui. We determined that these not prudent because designation would Delissea undulata ..... Hawaii. lands did not meet the definition of increase the degree of threat to the Phyllostegia parviflora Oahu. Schiedea hookeri ...... Oahu. critical habitat in the Endangered species and/or would not benefit the Schiedea nuttallii ...... Kauai; Oahu; Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) plant. We determine that designation of Molokai. (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.). Due to new critical habitat is prudent for these six Solanum incompletum Hawaii. information received during the species because we believe that such Tetramolopium Hawaii. comment periods regarding designation would be beneficial to these arenarium . management considerations or species. Critical habitat is proposed at protection at Haleakala National Park, this time for Gouania vitifolia and Critical habitat is not proposed for we have reconsidered our earlier finding Nototrichium humile on Maui based on Acaena exigua for which we regarding Haleakala National Park lands new information and information determined, on December 18, 2000, that and propose designation of critical received during the comment periods on critical habitat designation is not habitat for Argyroxiphium sandwicense the December 18, 2000, proposal. prudent because it has not been seen ssp. macrocephalum, Melicope balloui, Critical habitat is not proposed for recently in the wild, and no viable Melicope ovalis, and Schiedea Clermontia peleana, Phyllostegia genetic material of this species is known haleakalensis within Haleakala National parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, and to exist. No change is made to this Park. Tetramolopium arenarium on the island prudency determination here, and it is In the December 18, 2000, proposal of Maui because we have not identified hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR we did not propose designation of habitat essential to their conservation on 79192). critical habitat for 14 species that no this island. The Islands of Maui and Kahoolawe longer occur on Maui and Kahoolawe In this proposal, we determine that but are reported from one or more other critical habitat is prudent for Asplenium Maui, the second largest island in islands. We determined that critical fragile var. insulare, a species recently Hawaii at 1,888 square kilometers (km2) habitat was prudent for eight of these rediscovered on Maui and for which a (729 square miles (mi2)) in area, was species (Adenophorus periens, prudency determination has not been formed from the remnants of two large Brighamia rockii, Delissea undulata, made previously. Critical habitat is shield volcanoes, the older west Maui Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phyllostegia proposed at this time for Asplenium volcano (1.3 million years) on the west mannii, Schiedea nuttallii, Solanum fragile var. insulare on Maui based on and the larger, but much younger, incompletum, and Tetramolopium new information and information Haleakala volcano on the east. Stream remyi) in other proposed rules received during the comment periods on erosion has cut deep valleys and ridges published on November 7, 2000 (Kauai), the December 18, 2000, proposal. into the originally shield-shaped West December 27, 2000 (Lanai), December Critical habitat for 61 of the 70 species Maui volcano. The highest point on 29, 2000 (Molokai), and January 28, from the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe West Maui is Puu Kukui at 1,764 meters 2002 (Kauai revised proposal). No is proposed at this time. Critical habitat (m) (5,787 feet (ft)) elevation, which has

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an average rainfall of 1,020 centimeters counts of flowering plants were made in with native species, including Agrostis (cm) (400 inches (in)) per year, making 1935 (217 flowered) and in 1941 (815 sandwicensis (bent grass), Dubautia it the second wettest spot in Hawaii flowered). Numbers recorded flowering menziesii, Silene struthioloides (Department of Geography 1998). in recent years have ranged from zero in (catchfly), Styphelia tameiameiae Having erupted just 200 years ago, East 1970 to 6,632 in 1991. The (pukiawe), Tetramolopium humile Maui’s Haleakala crater, reaching 3,055 environmental stimulus for (pamakani), or Trisetum glomeratum m (10,023 ft) in elevation, has retained synchronous flowering is as yet (pili uka) (Robert Hobdy, Hawaii its classic shield shape and lacks the unknown. An apparent relationship of Division of and Wildlife diverse vegetation typical of the older the 1991 mass flowering event to (DOFAW), et al., pers. comm., 2001; and more eroded West Maui mountain. stratospheric alteration by the eruption Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). Rainfall on the slopes of Haleakala is of Pinatubo Volcano in the Philippines The threats to this species are loss of about 89 cm (35 in) per year, with its has been considered. Investigations are due to the Argentine ant windward (northeastern) slope receiving underway by R. Pharis of the University (Iridomyrmex humilis) and alien yellow the most precipitation. However, of Calgary and L.L. Loope to explore jackets (Vespula pennsylvanica); native Haleakala’s crater is a dry cinder desert whether enhanced flowering is related seed-eating and herbivorous insects because it is above the level at which to increased UV–B radiation due to such as the tephritid fly (Trupanea precipitation develops, and is sheltered temporary reduction of stratospheric cratericola); limited natural range which from moisture-laden winds (Gagne and ozone. Flying insects, especially native makes it vulnerable to extinction due to Cuddihy 1999). bees, moths, flies, bugs, and wasps, catastrophic events, such as a natural The island of Kahoolawe measures many of which are pollinators, are disaster; competition from the alien about 17.7 kilometers (km) (11 miles attracted in large numbers to the giant, plant species Verbascum thapsus (mi)) long by 11.3 km (7 mi) wide, aromatic . It has been (mullein); and human impacts comprising some 11,655 ha (28,800 ac). demonstrated that Argyroxiphium (trampling and site degradation). Located in the lee of Haleakala, the sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum Although (Capra hircus) and island lies approximately 11 km (6.7 mi) cannot fertilize itself and is reliant on (Bos taurus) have been removed from from East Maui. The highest point is the insect pollinators for reproduction. the park, they remain a potential threat rim of an extinct volcano at 450 m Rarely, hybrids between A. sandwicense (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). (1,477 ft) above sea level. The estimated ssp. macrocephalum and Dubautia Clermontia samuelii (oha wai) annual precipitation is approximately menziesii (naenae) have been observed. 500 millimeters (mm) (20 in), with most Primarily found within Haleakala Clermontia samuelii, a short-lived of it falling from November through Crater, especially on Puu o Pele and Puu perennial in the bellflower family March. In addition to the low o Maui cinder cones, these hybrid (), is a terrestrial precipitation, Kahoolawe is the windiest individuals flower for several years with elliptical which are of the Hawaiian Islands (Gon et al. before dying (Loope and Crivellone sometimes broader at the tips. 1992). 1986; Loope and Medeiros, in press; Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis is Service 1997; Carr 1985; 57 FR 20772). differentiated from C. samuelii ssp. Discussion of Plant Taxa Currently, Argyroxiphium samuelii by the greenish white to white Species Endemic to Maui and/or sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum flowers; longer, narrower leaves with Kahoolawe occupies all of its historic range, a 1,000 the broadest point near the base of the ha (2,500 ac) area at 2,100–3,000 m leaves; and fewer hairs on the lower Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. surface of the leaves. This species is macrocephalum (ahinahina) (6,890–9,840 ft) elevation in the crater and outer slopes of Haleakala Volcano, separated from other members of this Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. within Haleakala National Park, and endemic Hawaiian genus by the size of macrocephalum, a long-lived perennial The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii’s the flowers and the hypanthium and a member of the aster family (TNCH) Waikamoi Preserve. There are a (Lammers 1999; Service 2001). (), is called the Haleakala total of four populations on Federal and Little is known about the life history silversword. It is a distinctive, globe- privately owned land, with a total of of Clermontia samuelii. Flowering shaped rosette plant with a dense 39,025 to 44,025 individual plants cycles, pollination vectors, seed covering of silver hairs. This subspecies (Loope and Crivellone 1986; TNC 1998; dispersal agents, longevity, specific is distinguished from Argyroxiphium Geographic Decision Systems environmental requirements, and sandwicense ssp. sandwicense by the International (GDSI) 2001; Hawaii limiting factors are unknown (Service shape and ratio of the dimensions of the Natural Heritage Program (HINHP) 2001; 64 FR 48307). (flowering part of plant), Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR Historically, Clermontia samuelii has the number of ray florets per head, and 20772). been reported from Haleakala and from the combination of its longer, three- The habitat of this species consists Keanae Valley on the windward side to angled leaves; its silvery hairs, primarily of lava flows and otherwise Manawainui on the more leeward which completely hide the leaf surface; barren, unstable slopes of recent (less (southeastern) side of Haleakala. and its longer achenes (Carr 1985, than several thousand years old) Currently, Clermontia samuelii is 1999a). volcanic cinder cones and in known from Papanalahoa Point, Kuhiwa This monocarpic (flowers only once, Deschampsia nubigena (hair grass) Valley, the ridge north of Palike Stream, at the end of its lifetime) plant matures grasslands at elevations between 1,511 Kawaipapa Gulch, and Mokulehua from seed to its final stage in and 3,053 m (4,957 and 10,016 ft). Mean Gulch. There is a total of four approximately 15–50 years. The plant annual precipitation is approximately populations with 309 individual plants remains a compact rosette until it sends 75 to 250 cm (29.6 to 98.4 in). The on State and Federal lands within up an erect, central flowering stalk, sets substrate has almost no soil Haleakala National Park, Hanawi seed, and dies. Flowering occurs from development and is subject to frequent Natural Area Reserve (NAR), the Hana June to September, with annual formation of ice at night and extreme Forest Reserve, and within the East numbers of flowering plants varying heating during cloudless days. This Maui Watershed Partnership (Medeiros dramatically from year to year. Reliable species is found in alpine dry shrubland and Loope 1989; Warshauer 1998; 64 FR

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48307; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database Competition with alien plant species alien plant species; rats; slugs; human 2001; Robert Hobdy, DOFAW, in litt. such as (velvet grass) activities; and potential extinction due 2000; Ken Wood, National Tropical and Juncus planifolius (NCN) is a major to random environmental events due to Botanical Garden (NTBG) in litt. 2000; threat to this subspecies. In addition, small population sizes (Service 2001; 64 Service 2001). rats (mainly black rats (Rattus rattus)) FR 48307). Clermontia samuelii is found at and slugs (mainly Milax gagetes) are elevations between 723 and 2,244 m known to eat leaves, stems, and fruits of Cyanea glabra (haha) (2,372 and 7,362 ft). Clermontia other members of this genus, and Cyanea glabra, a member of the samuelii ssp. hanaensis is found in wet therefore are a potential threat to both bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a polymorpha (ohia) and subspecies (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; -Dicranopteris K. Wood in litt. 2000). short-lived, perennial shrub, with the linearis (uluhe) forest containing one or leaves of juvenile plants deeply more of the following associated native Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis pinnately lobed, while those of the adult plant species: Adenophorus (haha) plants are more or less entire and tamariscinus (pendant ), Cyanea copelandii ssp. elliptical. This species is differentiated arguta (kanawao), Carex alligata (NCN), haleakalaensis, a short-lived perennial from others in this endemic Hawaiian trigynum (olapa), member of the bellflower family genus by the size of the flower and the Cibotium spp. (hapuu), Diplazium (Campanulaceae), is a -like shrub pinnately-lobed juvenile leaves (Service sandwichianum (hoio), Dubautia spp. with sprawling stems and tan latex 2001; Lammers 1999). (naenae), Hedyotis hillebrandii (sap). This subspecies is differentiated Little is known about the life history (manono), Hedyotis terminalis from the other subspecies by its shorter of Cyanea glabra. Flowering cycles, elliptical leaves. The species differs (manono), Melicope clusiifolia (kolokolo pollination vectors, from others in this endemic Hawaiian mokihana), Melicope spp. (alani), agents, longevity, specific Peperomia obovatilimba (ala ala wai genus by the vine-like stems and the environmental requirements, and nui), Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), yellowish flowers that appear red due to limiting factors are unknown (Service Tetraplasandra oahuensis (ohe ohe), or the covering of hairs (Service 2001; 2001; 64 FR 48307). Vaccinium spp. (ohelo). Clermontia Lammers 1999). samuelii ssp. samuelii is found in wet Little is known about the life history Historically, Cyanea glabra has been Metrosideros polymorpha and M. of Cyanea copelandii ssp. reported from West Maui and on polymorpha- haleakalaensis. Flowering cycles, Haleakala, East Maui. Currently, this forest and containing one or more of the pollination vectors, seed dispersal species is known from a single following native plant species: Hedyotis agents, longevity, specific population of 12 individual plants on hillebrandii, Hedyotis spp. (NCN), environmental requirements, and privately owned land in Kauaula Valley Cibotium spp., Broussaisia arguta, limiting factors are unknown (Service (64 FR 48307; GDSI 2001; HINHP Dubautia spp., Diplazium 2001; 64 FR 48307). Database 2001). sandwichianum, Rubus hawaiiensis Historically, Cyanea copelandii ssp. Cyanea glabra is found on soil and (akala), Clermontia arborescens ssp. haleakalaensis was reported from the rock stream banks in wet lowland waihiae (oha wai), Clermontia spp. (oha windward side of Haleakala and from wai), Vaccinium spp., Carex alligata, or Waikamoi to Kipahulu Valley. forests dominated by and Melicope spp. (Service 2001; K. Wood, Currently, this taxon is known from Metrosideros polymorpha, at elevations in litt. 2000; HINHP Database 2001; 64 three populations with a total of 204 between 413 and 1,572 m (1,355 and FR 48307; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., individuals on Federal, State, and 5,156 ft). Associated native plants 2001). privately owned land within the East include hawaiiense (maua), Threats to Clermontia samuelii ssp. Maui Watershed Partnership in Haiku Dodonaea viscosa (aalii), Psychotria hanaensis include habitat degradation Uka, the ridge above Kuhiwa Valley, spp. (kopiko), Pipturus albidus and destruction by feral pigs (Sus and Kipahulu Valley within Haleakala (mamaki), Touchardia latifolia (olona), scrofa) and competition with alien plant National Park and Hanawi NAR Boehmeria grandis (akolea), Clermontia species such as Tibouchina herbacea (Lammers 1999; Service 2001; 64 FR kakeana (ohai wai), Cyanea elliptica (glorybush), urvillei (vasey 48307; Warshauer 1998; HINHP (haha), Perrottetia sandwicensis, grass), Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo Database 2001; GDSI 2001). spp. (pilo), Cibotium spp., grass), Juncus spp. (NCN), Hedychium Cyanea copelandii ssp. Dubautia plantaginea (naenae), coronarium (white ginger), or haleakalaensis is found on stream banks Cheirodendron trigynum, Thelypteris Hedychium gardnerianum (Kahili or wet scree (a sloping mass of rocks at cyatheoides (palapalaia), Diplazium ginger). In addition, two extremely the base of a cliff) slopes or forest spp. (NCN), and Sadleria spp. (amau) invasive alien plant species, Miconia understory in montane wet or mesic (HINHP Database 2001; Joel Lau, Hawaii calvescens (velvet ) and Clidemia forests dominated by Acacia koa (koa) Natural Heritage Program, pers. comm., hirta (Koster’s curse), are found in and Metrosideros polymorpha at 2001; Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; R. nearby areas and may invade this elevations between 616 and 1,411 m Hobdy et al., pers. comm., 2001). habitat if not controlled. The habitat of (2,021 and 4,630 ft). Associated species C. samuelii ssp. samuelii was include Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium The threats to this species are slugs; extensively damaged by pigs in the past, spp., Hedyotis acuminata (au), habitat degradation and destruction by and pigs are still a major threat to the Perrottetia sandwicensis (olomea), and feral pigs; flooding; competition with populations on State owned lands. The Psychotria hawaiiensis (kopiko ula) several alien plant species; rats; the two- population within the National Park has (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; HINHP spotted leafhopper (Saphonia been fenced and pigs have been Database 2001; R. Hobdy et al., pers. rufofascia); and extinction caused by eradicated. However, due to the large comm., 2001). random environmental events due to the populations of pigs in adjacent areas, The major threats to this species are small number individuals in the only the park populations must constantly be habitat degradation and destruction by remaining population (Service 2001; 64 monitored to prevent further ingress. feral pigs; competition with several FR 48307).

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Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora species is distinguished from other Little is known about the life history (haha) species of Cyanea by the combination of of Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis. Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, a densely armed trunk; long (40 mm (1.6 Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, a short-lived perennial and member of in)), white-colored corollas; and leaf seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), blade size and shape (Service 2001; environmental requirements, and is a palm-like tree with tan colored Lammers 1999). limiting factors are unknown (Service Little is known about the life history latex. This subspecies is differentiated 2001; 64 FR 48307). of Cyanea mceldowneyi. Flowering from the other listed subspecies (C. Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis has cycles, pollination vectors, seed hamatiflora ssp. carlsonii) by its longer only been reported from Iao Valley, on dispersal agents, longevity, specific West Maui. This population with 60 to calyx lobes and shorter individual environmental requirements, and flower stalks. This species is separated 65 individuals occurs on privately limiting factors are unknown (57 FR owned land (GDSI 2001; HINHP from others in this endemic Hawaiian 20772; Service 1997). genus by fewer flowers per Database 2001; Service 2001; 64 FR Historically, Cyanea mceldowneyi 48307). inflorescence and narrower leaves was known from rainforest west of (Service 2001; Lammers 1999). The typical habitat of the species is Waikamoi to Honomanu on wet, barren, steep, rocky, wind-blown Little is known about the life history northwestern Haleakala. Currently, this of Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora. cliffs containing one or more of the species is known from six populations following associated native plant Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, with a total of 36 individuals on State seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific species: Metrosideros polymorpha, (Makawao Forest Reserve and Hanawi Pipturus albidus, Eragrostis variabilis environmental requirements, and NAR) and privately owned lands within (kawelu), Carex spp. (NCN), Hedyotis limiting factors are unknown (Service the East Maui Watershed Partnership at formosa (NCN), Lysimachia remyi 2001; 64 FR 48307). Kahakapao Gulch, Opana Gulch, (kolokolo kuahiwi), Bidens spp. Historically, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Waikamoi, Puohokamoa, Makapipi, and (kookoolau), Pritchardia spp. (loulu), or hamatiflora was known from the the flats above Kuhiwa Valley (Lammers Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) windward side of Haleakala, stretching 1999; Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2001; and elevations between 266 and 1,593 m from Puu o Kakae to Manawainui. HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 (873 and 5,226 ft) (Service 2001; 64 FR Currently, this taxon is known from FR 20772). seven populations with a total of 12 The habitat of this species is montane 48307; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy individuals within the East Maui wet and mesic forest with mixed et al., pers. comm., 2001). Watershed Partnership in Honomanu, Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa Threats to Dubautia plantaginea ssp. Wailuaiki, Kipahulu Valley, Koukouai, containing one or more of the following humilis include landslides and and Puu Ahulili on State (Koolau and associated native plant species: competition from alien plant species. Kipahulu Forest Reserves), Federal Melicope clusiifolia, Hedyotis spp., Random environmental events, such as (Haleakala National Park), and privately Clermontia arborescens, Diplazium landslides, are a threat because of the owned lands (Service 2001; Warshauer sandwichianum, Broussaisia arguta, limited number of individuals and 1998; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Cibotium spp., Cyrtandra spp. populations and their narrow 64 FR 48307). (haiwale), Dicranopteris linearis, or distribution (Service 2001; 64 FR Typical habitat for this taxon is Cheirodendron trigynum at elevations 48307). montane wet forest dominated by between 779 and 1,357 m (2,555 and Geranium arboreum (nohoanu) Metrosideros polymorpha, with a 4,453 ft) (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Cibotium spp. and/or native shrub Hobdy et al., pers. comm., 2001). Geranium arboreum, a long-lived understory or closed Acacia koa-M. The threats to this species are habitat perennial and a member of the geranium polymorpha wet forest containing one degradation and physical destruction by family (Geraniaceae), is a many or more of the following associated feral pigs; small number of populations branched, spreading, woody shrub native plant species: Dicranopteris and individuals; human activities; and about 1.8 to 3.7 m (6 to 12 ft) tall. This linearis, Cheirodendron trigynum, competition with alien plant species, species can be distinguished from other Broussaisia arguta, Cyanea aculeatiflora especially Setaria palmifolia Geranium species by its red petals with (haha), Cyanea kunthiana (haha), (palmgrass) (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). the upper three petals erect and the Vaccinium spp., Melicope spp., lower two reflexed, causing the flower Athyrium microphyllum (akolea), Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis to appear curved (Wagner et al. 1999). Diplazium sandwichianum, and (naenae) Geranium arboreum is the only Myrsine spp. (kolea) at elevations Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, a species in its genus that appears to be between 767 and 1,553 m (2,515 and short-lived perennial of the aster family adapted to bird-pollination. Native 5,095 ft) (Service 2001; 64 FR 48307; (Asteraceae), is a dwarf shrub less than honeycreepers appear to be a major HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy et al., 80 cm (30 in) tall with hairless or pollination vector. Geranium arboreum pers. comm., 2001). strigillose (bulbous-based hairs, all from the southwest area of Haleakala in The threats to this species are habitat pointing in the same direction) stems. the Kula Forest Reserve produce seeds degradation and destruction by feral This species differs from other Hawaiian that are larger and fuller than seeds from pigs; landslides; competition with the members of the genus by the number of the northwest extension of its alien plant (Maui nerves in the leaves and by the close distribution. Native honeycreepers are pamakani); rats; and slugs (Service resemblance of the leaves to the genus reasonably abundant in both areas. 2001; 64 FR 48307). Plantago. The subspecies humilis differs Little else is known about the life from the other two subspecies (D. history of Geranium arboreum. Cyanea mceldowneyi (haha) plantaginea ssp. magnifolia and Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, Cyanea mceldowneyi, a member of Dubautia plantaginea ssp. plantaginea) seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), by having fewer heads per environmental requirements, and is a short-lived, unbranched perennial inflorescence, but more florets per head limiting factors are unknown (Funk shrub with rough to prickly stems. This (Service 2001; Carr 1985; Carr 1999b). 1982; 1988; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772).

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The original range and abundance of regularly symmetrical flowers and by leaves are divided into three pairs of the species is unknown, but late 19th the shape and pattern of teeth on its leaf leaflets, with a leaf nectary (nectar- and early 20th century collections margins (Wagner et al. 1999). bearing gland) at the joint between each indicate that it once grew on the Little is known about the life history pair of leaflets. One to three southern slopes of Haleakala and that its of Geranium multiflorum. Flowering inflorescences are found in the leaf axils distribution on the northern slopes cycles, pollination vectors, seed (joint between leaf and stem), extended beyond its presently known dispersal agents, longevity, specific developing with the flush of new leaves. range. Currently, there are seven environmental requirements, and The inflorescence is a globose head with populations totaling 158 individuals, limiting factors are unknown (Service 20 to 54 white flowers. Up to four fruits within the East Maui Watershed 1997; 57 FR 20772). develop in each flowering head. The Partnership on State (Kula and Historically, Geranium multiflorum fruit is egg-shaped to subcircular, Kahikinui Forest Reserves), private and was known from Ukulele, Waieleele, compressed, hairy at the base, and open federally owned or leased (Haleakala and Waianapanapa on East Maui. This along two sides. One heart-shaped, National Park) lands. These populations species is now known from Federal brown seed, 1.0 to 1.4 by 1.1 to 1.6 cm are found in Kahua, Kanahau, Waiohuli, (Haleakala National Park), State (0.4 to 0.5 by 0.4 to 0.6 in), is found in Kaipoioi Gulch, Hapapa Gulch, (Hanawi NAR and Koolau Forest each fruit. There is no other species of Keauaiwi Gulch, Kalialinui, and south Reserve), and private lands within the legume in Hawaii that bears any of Puu Luau and east of Puu Nianiau East Maui Watershed Partnership in resemblance to this species, which is (Warshauer 1998; HINHP Database Haiku Ula, Kalialinui, Koolau Gap, the only one in this genus (Service 2001; 2001; GDSI 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR Koolau Gap near Haiku Ula, between Lorence and Wood 1994). 20772). East Waiuaki and Kopiliula Streams, Little is known about the life history Geranium arboreum grows in steep, near Puu Alaea along Kalapawili Ridge, of Kanaloa kahoolawensis. Flowering damp, and shaded narrow canyons and Kipahulu Valley, Waiakekeehia, and cycles, pollination vectors, seed gulches, steep banks, and intermittent Haleakala Crater. The eight known dispersal agents, longevity, specific streams in Sophora chrysophylla populations extend over a distance of environmental requirements, and about 10.5 by 5.5 km (6.5 by 3.5 mi). (mamane) subalpine dry shrubland or limiting factors are unknown (Service Due to the inaccessibility of the Metrosideros polymorpha montane 2001; 64 FR 48307). forest and containing one or more of the populations, and the difficulty in Kanaloa kahoolawensis was unknown following associated native plant determining the number of individuals to science until its discovery by Steve species: Vaccinium reticulatum (ohelo (due to the plant’s multi-branched Perlman and Ken Wood of NTBG in ai), Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia form), the total number of individuals of 1992 on a steep rocky spire on the coast tameiameiae, Rubus hawaiiensis, or this species is not known; however, it of Kahoolawe. The only known location Dryopteris wallichiana (io nui) and probably does not exceed 3,000 plants of Kanaloa kahoolawensis is this rocky elevations between 1,451 and 2,184 m (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2001; Service stack on the southern coast of the island (4,760 and 7,164 ft) (Service 1997; 57 FR 1997; 57 FR 20772; HINHP Database 20772; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., 2001; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., of Kahoolawe, which is owned by the 2001). 2001). State of Hawaii. While there are no The greatest immediate threat to the Geranium multiflorum is found in wet previous records of the plant, pollen survival of this species is the or mesic Metrosideros polymorpha core studies on the island of Oahu encroachment and competition from montane forest or alpine mesic forest, revealed a legume pollen that could not naturalized, exotic vegetation, chiefly Styphelia tameiameiae shrubland, be identified but is most likely this grasses and . Soil disturbance, Sophora chrysophylla subalpine dry species. The pollen cores indicate that caused by trampling cattle and rooting forest, open sedge swamps, fog-swept this previously unidentified species was by feral pigs, also is a major threat as it lava flows, or montane grasslands a codominant with Dodonaea viscosa destroys plants and facilitates the containing one or more of the following and Pritchardia spp. from before 1210 encroachment of competing species of associated native plant species: B.C. to 1565 A.D., at which point K. naturalized plants. Other less important Coprosma montana (pilo), Dryopteris kahoolawensis disappeared from the threats include browsing by cattle; fires; glabra (hohui), Dryopteris wallichiana, pollen record and D. viscosa and and pollen from exotic pine trees, which Rubus hawaiiensis, Vaccinium spp., Pritchardia spp. declined dramatically. at times of the year completely cover the Hedyotis spp., or Sadleria cyatheoides Only one population with two living stigmas of the geraniums, precluding (amau) at elevations between 1,499 and individuals is known (Athens et al. any fertilization by its own species. The 2,710 m (4,918 and 8,890 ft) (Wagner et 1992; Athens and Ward 1993; Lorence small number of individual plants al. 1999; HINHP Database 2001; Service and Wood 1994; Paul Higashino, increases the potential for extinction 1997; 57 FR 20772). Kahoolawe Island Reserve Commission from random environmental events, and The major threat to Geranium (KIRC), pers. comm., 2000; Service the limited gene pool may depress multiflorum is competition with 2001; 64 FR 48307). reproductive vigor (Funk 1982, 1988; 57 encroaching alien plant species, The only known habitat is steep rocky FR 20772; Service 1997). particularly Rubus argutus (prickly talus slopes in mixed coastal shrubland Florida blackberry). A potential threat is at elevations between 45 to 60 m (150 Geranium multiflorum (nohoanu) by feral pigs and to 200 ft) and containing one or more of Geranium multiflorum, a long-lived goats in unfenced areas (Service 1997; the following associated native plant member of the geranium family 57 FR 20772). species: Sida fallax (ilima), Senna (Geraniaceae), is a perennial many- gaudichaudii (kolomona), Bidens branched shrub 1 to 3 m (3 to 10 ft) tall. Kanaloa kahoolawensis (kohe malama mauiensis (kookoolau), Lipochaeta Flowers are in clusters of 25 to 50, and malama o kanaloa) lavarum (nehe), Portulaca have 5 white petals that are 10 to 15 mm Kanaloa kahoolawensis, a short-lived molokiniensis (ihi), or Capparis (0.4 to 0.6 in) long with purple veins or perennial and a member of the legume sandwichiana (maiapilo) (Service 2001; bases. This species is distinguished family (Fabaceae), is a densely branched 64 FR 48307; R. Hobdy et al., pers. from others of the genus by its white, shrub 0.75 to 1 m (2.5 to 3.5 ft) tall. The comm., 2001).

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The major threats to Kanaloa 2001; HINHP Database 2001; K. Wood, Xylosma hawaiiensis (maua) at kahoolawensis are landslides and in litt. 1999; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). elevations between 761 and 1,209 m competition with the alien plant species Lipochaeta kamolensis typically (2,497 and 3,967 ft) (HINHP Database Emilia fosbergii (pualele), Chloris grows in gulches or on gentle slopes 2001; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Service barbata (swollen finger grass), or outside gulches in dry shrubland at 1997; 59 FR 62346; R. Hobdy et al., pers. Nicotiana glauca (tobacco tree). Goats elevations between 40 and 602 m (132 comm., 2001). played a major role in the destruction of and 1,974 ft) and containing one or Major threats are habitat damage and vegetation on Kahoolawe before they more of the following associated native trampling by cattle; competition with were removed, and K. kahoolawensis plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, alien plant species, including Lantana probably survived only because the Plumbago zeylanica (iliee), or Ipomoea camara, frutescens (NCN), and rocky stack is almost completely indica (koali awa) (Wagner et al. 1999; clandestinum (kikuyu separated from the island and K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Service 1997; 57 grass), and reduced reproductive vigor inaccessible to goats. Rats are a potential FR 20772; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., or extinction from random threat to K. kahoolawensis, because the 2001). environmental events due to the small species has seeds similar in appearance The major threats to Lipochaeta number of individuals and narrow and presentation to the seeds of the kamolensis are habitat destruction and distribution. Potential threats include federally endangered Caesalpinia predation by cattle and goats, habitat degradation and damage to kavaiensis (uhiuhi), which are eaten by competition with alien plants such as plants by axis (Axis axis), feral rats. Rats may have been the cause of (lantana), fire, and the goats, feral pigs, black twig borer, fire, the decline of this species 800 years ago. one population subject to extinction by and ranch activities (Service 1997; 59 Trampling and habitat degradation from random environmental events (57 FR FR 62346; HINHP Database 2001). 20772; Service 1997). introduced cats and native seabirds are Melicope balloui (alani) also potential threats. Random Melicope adscendens (alani) Melicope balloui, a long-lived environmental events and reduced Melicope adscendens, a long-lived perennial of the rue family (), reproductive vigor are also threats to perennial of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a small tree or shrub. New growth has this species, because only two is a sprawling shrub with long, slender yellowish brown woolly hairs and waxy individuals are known (P. Higashino, branches covered with gray hairs when scales; plant parts later become nearly pers. comm., 2000; Cuddihy and Stone young, which become hairless when hairless. Melicope balloui is 1990; Lorence and Wood 1994; Service older. M. adscendens is distinguished distinguished from other species of the 2001; 64 FR 48307). from other species of the genus by its genus by the partially fused carpels of Lipochaeta kamolensis (nehe) growth habit, the distinct follicles of its its four-lobed capsule and usually fruit, and the persistent (remaining persistent and petals (Stone et al. Lipochaeta kamolensis, a short-lived attached) sepals and petals (Stone et al. 1999). perennial herb of the aster family 1999). Little is known about the life history (Asteraceae), has trailing or climbing Melicope adscendens fruits have been of Melicope balloui. Flowering cycles, stems that are woody at the base and collected in March and July. Little else pollination vectors, seed dispersal reach a length of 0.3 to 3 m (1 to 10 ft). is known about the life history of agents, longevity, specific This species is distinguished from Melicope adscendens. Flowering cycles, environmental requirements, and others of the genus by the simple leaves pollination vectors, seed dispersal limiting factors are unknown (Service which are pinnately lobed or cut and by agents, longevity, specific 1997; 59 FR 62346). the size of the flower heads (Wagner et environmental requirements, and Melicope balloui has been found only al. 1999). limiting factors are unknown (Service on the northern and southeastern slopes Lipochaeta kamolensis has been 1997; 59 FR 62346). of Haleakala. There are two known observed flowering from December Melicope adscendens has been found populations with a total of through February, as well as in April. only on the southwestern slope of approximately 50 individuals on private The growing season coincides with the Haleakala; two plants, separated by an and federally owned (Haleakala wet season between November and unspecified distance, were found by National Park) lands within the East April to May. Plants are and Forbes in 1920. Today, there are two Maui Watershed Partnership at Puu O appear to be metabolically inactive known populations with a total of 16 Kakae and Palikea Stream (GDSI 2001; during the dry season. Little else is individuals on State (Kanaio NAR) and HINHP Database 2001; K. Wood, in litt. known about the life history of privately owned lands at Puu Ouli and 1999; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346). Lipochaeta kamolensis. Flowering on the border of the Hana and Makawao Melicope balloui typically grows in cycles, pollination vectors, seed Districts (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database mesic to wet forest between 781 and dispersal agents, longevity, specific 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346). 1,596 m (2,561 and 5,235 ft), containing environmental requirements, and This species typically grows on aa one or more of the following associated limiting factors are unknown (Service lava (a particular type of lava flow with native plant species: Acacia koa, 1997; 57 FR 20772). very sharp edges) with pockets of soil in Cibotium chamissoi (hapuu), Cibotium Historically, Lipochaeta kamolensis Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua)- glaucum (hapuu), Diplazium was known from Kamole Gulch, west of Pleomele auwahiensis (hala pepe)- sandwichianum, Melicope clusiifolia, Kepuni Gulch, and 7.2 km (11.8 mi) Dodonaea viscosa lowland mesic forest Metrosideros polymorpha, or Sadleria southeast of Ulupalakua Ranch Office. or open dry forest and containing one or pallida (amau) (HINHP Database 2001; J. This species still occurs in Kamole more of the following associated native Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1997; Gulch, on State owned (Department of plant species: Osteomeles anthyllidifolia 59 FR 62346). Hawaiian Home Lands) land. The only (ulei), Alphitonia ponderosa (kauila), Major threats are habitat degradation known population, which extends over Chamaesyce celastroides var. lorifolia and damage to plants by feral pigs and an area of about 40 ha (100 ac), is (akoko), Santalum ellipticum axis deer and reduced reproductive estimated to contain less than 500 (iliahialoe), Pouteria sandwicensis vigor or extinction caused by random individuals (Wagner et al. 1999; GDSI (alaa), Styphelia tameiameiae, or environmental events due to the small

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number of existing populations and Major threats to the only known determine the exact number of individuals. Potential threats include population are habitat degradation and individuals in a population; however, competition with alien plant species damage to plants by feral pigs and there is an estimate of 21 individuals such as Paspalum conjugatum, reduced reproductive vigor and/or (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; , , extinction due to random environmental Service 1997; 56 FR 1450). Andropogon virginicus (broomsedge), events. Competition with introduced Remya mauiensis grows chiefly on and Psidium cattleianum (strawberry plants such as Paspalum conjugatum, steep, north or northeast-facing slopes guava); susceptibility to black twig borer Clidemia hirta, in mixed mesophytic forests or (); and predation (thimbleberry), and Psidium Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet by rats (59 FR 62346; Service 1997; cattleianum; seed predation by rats; and forests and containing one or more of HINHP Database 2001). susceptibility to black twig borer are the following associated native species: also threats to this species. Habitat Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), Xylosma Melicope ovalis (alani) degradation and damage to plants by hawaiiensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Melicope ovalis, a long-lived feral goats and axis deer are potential Myrsine lessertiana (kolea lau nui), perennial of the rue family (Rutaceae), threats if the integrity of the fence Wikstroemia spp. (akia), Dodonaea is a tree growing up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. currently surrounding the population is viscosa, Diplazium sandwichianum, New growth has fine, short, brownish compromised (Service 1997; 59 FR Lysimachia remyi, Microlepia strigosa hairs, but soon becomes hairless. Leaves 62346; HINHP Database 2001; K. Wood, (palapalai), Melicope spp., Alyxia are opposite, leathery, and broadly in litt. 1999). oliviformis (maile), Pleomele elliptic. The upper and lower surfaces of auwahiensis, Psychotria mariniana, or the leaves are hairless, and bruised Remya mauiensis (NCN) Styphelia tameiameiae at elevations foliage has an odor similar to that Remya mauiensis is a short-lived between 400 and 1,228 m (1,312 and of M. anisata (mokihana). Each flower perennial member of the aster family 4,029 ft) (HINHP Database 2001; Service cluster is on a main stalk and comprises (Asteraceae). The genus Remya is 1997; 56 FR 1450; R. Hobdy et al., pers. three to seven flowers on individual endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. It is a comm., 2001). stalks. Further details of the flowers are small perennial shrub, about 90 cm (3 This species is threatened by unknown. The fruit, a capsule, has ft) tall, with many slender, sprawling, or extinction due to random catastrophic carpels that are fused along almost their scandent to weakly erect branches, environmental events by virtue of the entire length. Each fertile carpel covered with a fine tan fuzz near their extremely small size of the populations contains one or two glossy black seeds. tips. The leaves are narrow, up to about coupled with a limited distribution of The exocarp and endocarp are both 15 cm (6 in) long, and are bunched at the remaining populations. The limited hairless. M. ovalis is distinguished from the ends of the branches. The coarsely gene pool may depress reproductive other species of the genus by the almost toothed leaf blade is 5 to 12 times longer vigor, or a single environmental entirely fused carpels of its capsule, its than wide, has a long-attenuate base, disturbance could destroy a significant nonpersistent sepals and petals, and its and a of less than 1 cm (0.4 in) percentage of the known individuals. well-developed petioles (Stone et al. long. The leaves are green on the upper However, the primary threat to this 1999). surface and covered with a dense mat of species is the loss and degradation of its Little is known about the life history fine white hairs on the lower surface. habitat due to the introduction of alien of Melicope ovalis. Flowering cycles, The flowers are small, about 0.7 cm (0.3 plants, such as Rubus rosifolius, pollination vectors, seed dispersal in) in diameter, dark yellow, and Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas agents, longevity, specific densely clustered at the ends of their ), Adiantum hispidulum (rough environmental requirements, and stems (Wagner et al. 1999). maidenhair fern), or Tibouchina limiting factors are unknown (Service Little is known about the life history herbacea; human activities; and feral 1997; 59 FR 62346). of Remya mauiensis. Flowering cycles, goats and pigs (56 FR 1450; Service Melicope ovalis has been found only pollination vectors, seed dispersal 1997). on the eastern and southeastern slopes agents, longevity, specific of Haleakala. There is one known environmental requirements, and Schiedea haleakalensis (NCN) population with approximately 200 limiting factors are unknown (Service Schiedea haleakalensis, a short-lived individuals, found on federally owned 1997; 56 FR 1450). perennial of the pink family land along the Palikea Stream in Remya mauiensis was collected twice (Caryophyllaceae), is a hairless shrub, Haleakala National Park within the East by William Hillebrand on West Maui with slightly fleshy, narrow leaves and Maui Watershed Partnership (GDSI between 1851 and 1871, and again in a single vein. Flowers are arranged in 2001; HINHP Database 2001; K. Wood, 1920 by Charles Forbes, also on West clusters at the ends of the branches. The in litt. 1999; Service 1997; 59 FR 62346). Maui. It was thought to be extinct until flower has five green, oval sepals; no This species typically grows in Acacia its rediscovery in 1971 by L.E. Bishop, petals; five nectaries; and ten . koa and Metrosideros polymorpha- W. Gagne, and S. Montgomery on the Capsules contain grayish to reddish dominated montane wet forests along slopes of Manawainui Gulch, West brown seeds. This species differs from streams at elevations between 753 and Maui. Currently, R. mauiensis is known other species of the genus on East Maui 1,537 m (2,469 and 5,042 ft). Associated from three small populations on State by its crowded, hairless inflorescence plant species include Dicranopteris owned land within the West Maui composed of bisexual flowers (Wagner linearis, Machaerina angustifolia (uki), Mountains Watershed Partnership at et al. 1999). Labordia hedyosmifolia (NCN), Paupau, Kokuula, Kanaulaiki, and Schiedea haleakalensis is Wikstroemia oahuensis (akia), Dubautia Maunawainui Gulch in the Panaewa gynodioecious (individuals either have plantaginea, Hedyotis hillebrandii, section of the West Maui NAR, the West only female flowers or only perfect Broussaisia arguta, Cheirodendron Maui Forest Reserve, and the flowers) and so likely needs cross trigynum, or Perrottetia sandwicensis Manawainui Plant Sanctuary. Because pollination by small insects. Small, (Service 1997; 59 FR 62346; HINHP of the sprawling habit of this species, short-flighted flies and moths have been Database 2001; R. Hobdy et al., pers. and the often dense growth of the observed visiting flowers. Fruits and comm., 2001). surrounding vegetation, it is difficult to seeds have been observed from August

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through September. Little else is known heads, the color of its disk florets, and surface is whitish. The flowers lack about the life history of Schiedea its shorter pappus. It differs from T. petals and are arranged in short, dense haleakalensis. Flowering cycles, remyi, with which it sometimes grows, spikes 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) long held pollination vectors, seed dispersal by its more sprawling habit and the on slender, sparsely leafy stalks 5–15 agents, longevity, specific shorter stalks of its smaller flower heads cm (2–6 in) tall. The base of the flower environmental requirements, and (Lowrey 1999). is urn-shaped, sometimes with very limiting factors are unknown (Service Little is known about the life history short spines or bristles, and encloses a 1997; 57 FR 20772). of Tetramolopium capillare. Flowering single cone-shaped dry fruit (achene) 1 Due to the lack of early collections or cycles, pollination vectors, seed mm (0.04 in) long (Wagner et al. 1999). sightings, the historical range of dispersal agents, longevity, specific Little is known about the life history Schiedea haleakalensis is unknown. environmental requirements, and of Acaena exigua. Its flowering cycles, This species is known only from Leleiwi limiting factors are unknown (Lowrey pollination vectors, seed dispersal Pali and Kaupo Gap in Haleakala 1999). agents, longevity, specific National Park within the East Maui Historically, Tetramolopium capillare environmental requirements, and Watershed Partnership. The two is known from Lahaina Luna to Wailuku limiting factors are unknown (Service populations are estimated to contain a on West Maui. Currently, four known 1997; 57 FR 20772). total of 100 to 200 individuals, which populations with a total of 166 Historically, Acaena exigua was together extend over a total area of 11 individuals are known from State (West known from Puu Kukui on West Maui ha (28 ac) (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database Maui Forest Reserve) and privately and from Mount Waialeale on Kauai. On 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). owned lands within the West Maui Maui, Acaena exigua was last seen by Schiedea haleakalensis typically Mountains Watershed Partnership, Hank Oppenheimer and Steve Perlman grows in rock cracks on sheer cliffs south of Kanaha Stream, Kauaula, in 1999 within the Puu Kukui adjacent to barren lava and subalpine Ulaula, and Koia (Lowrey 1999; GDSI Watershed Management Area. It has not shrublands and grasslands with cinder, 2001; Service 1997; 59 FR 49860). been seen in the wild since March 2000 weathered volcanic ash, or bare lava Tetramolopium capillare typically (Hank Oppenheimer, Maui Pineapple substrate with little or no soil grows on rocky substrates in Company Limited, pers. comm., 2001; development and periodic freezing Heteropogon contortus (pili grass) Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). temperatures and containing one or lowland dry forest containing one or Acaena exigua is known only from more of the following associated plant more of the following associated native montane bogs characterized by a thick species: Artemisia mauiensis (hinahina), plant species: Dodonaea viscosa or peat substrate overlying an impervious Bidens micrantha (kookoolau), Myoporum sandwicense (naio); or in clay substrate, with hummocks of Dubautia menziesii, Styphelia Metrosideros polymorpha-Styphelia sedges and grasses, stunted trees, and tameiameiae, Vaccinium reticulatum, or tameiameiae montane mesic or wet at elevations between 1,178 and Viola chamissoniana (pamakani) at shrubland and wet cliff faces and 1,764 m (3,865 and 5,787 ft). Associated elevations between 1,678 and 2,434 m containing one or more of the following native species include the sedges and (5,505 and 7,986 ft) (Service 1997; 57 FR associated plant species: Metrosideros grasses Carex montis-eeke (NCN), 20772; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy polymorpha, Styphelia tameiameiae, or Deschampsia nubigena, Dichanthelium et al., pers. comm., 2001). Dodonaea viscosa at elevations between cynodon (NCN), Dichanthelium The greatest threats to Schiedea 131 and 1,432 m (430 and 4,698 ft) hillebrandianum (NCN), Dichanthelium haleakalensis are fire and other (Service 1997; 59 FR 49860; R. Hobdy et isachnoides (NCN), Oreobolus furcatus catastrophic events that could severely al., pers. comm., 2001). (NCN), or Rhynchospora chinensis impact the species due the small The major threats to Tetramolopium (kuolohia), and the shrubs Metrosideros number and restricted distribution of capillare are fires; competition from polymorpha, Viola maviensis remaining individuals and populations alien plant species, particularly Lantana (pamakani), Myrsine spp., Lagenifera (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). camara, Leucaena leucocephala (koa maviensis (NCN), or Vaccinium spp. Tetramolopium capillare (pamakani) haole), or Melinis repens (natal redtop); (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy et and reduced reproductive vigor and/or al., pers. comm., 2001). Tetramolopium capillare, a short- The reason for the disappearance of lived perennial of the sunflower family extinction from random environmental events due to the small number of this species is not known. The main (Asteraceae), is a sprawling shrub with current threats to Acaena exigua, if it stems measuring 50 to 80 cm (20 to 31 existing populations and individuals (Service 1997; 59 FR 49860). exists, are believed to include small in) long and covered with many glands population size; human impacts when young. The very firm, stalkless Multi-Island Species (collecting and site degradation); leaves are involute (edges rolled under). Acaena exigua (liliwai) potentially consumption of vegetative or Flower heads are situated singly at the floral parts of this species by non-native ends of stalks. Located beneath each Acaena exigua is a small perennial slugs and/or rats; predation and habitat flower head are 45 to 50 bracts, arranged rosette herb in the rose family disturbance by feral pigs; and non- in a structure 3 to 4 mm (about 0.1 in) (Rosaceae) with narrow, fern-like, native plant species (Service 1997; 57 high and 7 to 10 mm (0.3 to 0.4 in) in divided leaves and slender flowering FR 20772). diameter. In each flower head, 30 to 50 stalks 5–15 cm (2–5.9 in) long. It is white, male ray florets are surround by easily hidden among the other low, Adenophorus periens (pendant kihi 15 to 25 greenish yellow tinged with tufted bog plants with which it grows. fern) red, functionally female florets. The The narrow, oblong leaves are usually Adenophorus periens, a member of achenes (dry, one-seeded fruits) are 10–25 mm (0.4–1.0 in) long with 6–17 the grammitis family (Grammitidaceae) topped by a white pappus comprising a leaflets 1–4 mm (0.04–0.16 in) long and and a short-lived perennial, is a small, single series of bristles. Tetramolopium 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) wide. The leaflet pendant, epiphytic fern. This species capillare differs from other species of on the end is wider (to 3 mm (0.12 in)). differs from other species in this the genus by its very firm leaves with The upper surface of the leaves is glossy endemic Hawaiian genus by having edges rolled under, its solitary flower with conspicuous veins; the lower hairs along the pinna margins, by the

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pinnae being at right angles to the specific environmental requirements are and escaped cattle; seed predation by midrib axis, by the placement of the sori unknown (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). insects (probably Prays cf. fulvocanella); on the pinnae, and the degree of Historically and currently, Alectryon alien plant species; loss of pollinators; dissection of each pinna (Linney 1989). macrococcus var. macrococcus is depressed reproductive vigor; and due Little is known about the life history known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, and to the very small remaining number of of Adenophorus periens, which seems Maui. On Maui, three populations with individuals and their limited to grow only in closed canopy dense a total of 22 individuals is found along distribution, a single natural or human- forest with high humidity. Its breeding the Honokowai Ditch Trail, Launiupoko caused environmental disturbance system is unknown, but outbreeding is Valley, and Iao Valley on privately could easily be catastrophic (Service very likely to be the predominant mode owned land within the West Maui 1997; 57 FR 20772). Mountains Watershed Partnership. of reproduction. Spores are dispersed by Asplenium fragile var. insulare (NCN) wind, possibly by water, and perhaps on Currently, A. macrococcus var. the feet of birds or insects. Spores lack auwahiensis is known from two Asplenium fragile var. insulare, a a thick resistant coat which may populations with 22 individuals on short-lived perennial and a member of indicate their longevity is brief, leeward East Maui in Auwahi in the the spleenwort family (Aspleniaceae), is probably measured in days at most. Due Hana District and on the ridge east of a fern with a short sub-erect stem with to the weak differences between the Pahihi Gulch on private and State a dull gray or brown main axis with two seasons, there seems to be no evidence owned (Kahikinui Forest Reserve) lands greenish ridges. This Hawaiian fern of seasonality in growth or (Medeiros et al. 1986; GDSI 2001; species is most similar to Asplenium reproduction. Additional information HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 macraei. The two can be distinguished on reproductive cycles, longevity, FR 20772). by the size and shape of the pinnae and specific environmental requirements, The habitat of Alectryon macrococcus the number of sori per pinna (Wagner and limiting factors is not known var. macrococcus is mesic forests with and Wagner 1992). Little life history information is (Linney 1989). Pouteria sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Xylosma spp. (maua), available for Asplenium fragile var. Historically, Adenophorus periens Antidesma platyphylla (hame), insulare. Reproductive cycles, was reported from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Antidesma pulvinatum (hame), longevity, specific environmental Maui, and the island of Hawaii. sandwicensis (ahakea), Pittosporum requirements, and limiting factors are Currently, it is known from Kauai, confertiflorum (hoawa), or Pittosporum unknown. Researchers have collected Molokai, and Hawaii. On Maui, it has glabrum (hoawa) at elevations between information on species composition, not been seen in the wild since 1929 1,017 and 3,562 m (1,168 and 3,337 ft). extent of cover, and age-class structure (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 The habitat of A. macrococcus var. in six sub-populations at Pohakuloa FR 56333; GDSI 2001). auwahiensis is mesic to wetter mesic Training Area in order to describe the Nothing is known of the preferred and upper dryland forest containing one populations. No gametophytes (gamete- habitat of or native plant species or more of the following associated producing life stage) were found, and associated with Adenophorus periens native plant species: Diospyros the age-class structure of the sub- on the island of Maui (Service 1999; 59 sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, populations sampled was determined to FR 56333). Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia be 100 percent reproductive adults Nothing is known of the threats to ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, because all the sporophytes (spore- Adenophorus periens on the island of Xylosma hawaiiensis, Streblus producing life stage) had sori (spore- Maui (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333). pendulinus (aiai), Pouteria bearing structures) on some fronds Alectryon macrococcus (mahoe) sandwicensis, or Pleomele auwahiensis (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025). at elevations between 333 and 1,210 m Asplenium fragile var. insulare was Alectryon macrococcus, a long-lived (1,092 and 3,969 ft) (HINHP Database known historically and currently from perennial and a member of the 2001; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Service East Maui and on the island of Hawaii. soapberry family (), consists 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy et al., pers. Currently, on Maui there is one of two varieties, macrococcus and comm., 2001). population with 18 individuals found in auwahiensis, both trees with reddish- The threats to Alectryon macrococcus Kalialinui within the East Maui brown branches and net-veined paper- var. macrococcus on Maui include feral Watershed Partnership on private and or leather-like leaves with one to five goats and pigs; alien plant species, such federally (Haleakala National Park) pairs of sometimes asymmetrical egg- as Melinus minutiflora (molasses grass), owned lands (GDSI 2001; Service 1998a; shaped leaflets. The underside of the , Schinus 59 FR 49025). leaf has dense brown hairs, only when terebinthifolius, or Psidium On Maui, Asplenium fragile var. young in A. macrococcus var. cattleianum; damage from the black insulare is found in streamside hollows macrococcus, and persistent in A. twig borer; seed predation by rats and and grottos in gulches that occur in macrococcus var. auwahiensis. The only mice (Mus musculus); fire; seed mesic to dry subalpine shrubland member of its genus found in Hawaii, predation by insects (probably the dominated by Styphelia tameiameiae this species is distinguished from other endemic microlepidopteran Prays cf. and Sadleria cyatheoides, with scattered Hawaiian members of its family by fulvocanella); loss of pollinators; Metrosideros polymorpha between being a tree with a hard fruit 2.5 cm (1 depressed reproductive vigor; and due 1,682 and 2,407 m (5,518 and 7,896 ft). in) or more in diameter (Service 1997; to the very small remaining number of Associated native plant species include 57 FR 20772; Wagner et al. 1999). individuals and their limited Grammitis hookeri (makue lau lii), and Alectryon macrococcus is a relatively distribution, a single natural or human- Dryopteris wallichiana (Service 1998a; slow-growing, long-lived tree that grows caused environmental disturbance 59 FR 49025; R. Hobdy et al., pers. in xeric to mesic sites and is adapted to could easily be catastrophic. The threats comm., 2001). periodic drought. Little else is known to A. macrococcus var. auwahiensis on The primary threat to Asplenium about the life history of A. macrococcus. Maui are damage from the black twig fragile var. insulare on the island of Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, borer; seed predation by rats and mice; Maui is the risk of extinction due to seed dispersal agents, longevity, and habitat degradation by feral pigs, deer, random naturally occurring events due

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to the small number of existing (NCN) family (Campanulaceae), grows as an individuals (Service 1998a; 59 FR Bonamia menziesii, a short-lived unbranched stem succulent with a 49025; Shaw 1992). perennial member of the morning-glory thickened stem that tapers from the base. This species is a member of a Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha (ko oko family (), is a vine with unique endemic Hawaiian genus with olau) twining branches that are fuzzy when young. This species is the only member only one other species, found on Kauai, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, a of the genus that is endemic to the from which it differs by the color of its short-lived member of the aster family Hawaiian Islands and differs from other petals, its longer calyx (fused sepals) (Asteraceae), is an erect perennial herb. genera in the family by its two styles, lobes, and its shorter flower stalks This subspecies can be distinguished longer stems and petioles, and rounder (Lammers 1999). from other subspecies by the shape of leaves (Austin 1999). Observations of Brighamia rockii have the seeds, the density of the flower Little is known about the life history provided the following information: the clusters, the numbers of ray and disk of Bonamia menziesii. Flowering cycles, reproductive system is protandrous, florets per head, differences in leaf pollination vectors, seed dispersal meaning there is a temporal separation surfaces, and other characteristics (57 agents, longevity, specific between the production of male and FR 20772; Ganders and Nagata 1999). environmental requirements, and female gametes, in this case a separation limiting factors are unknown (Service of several days; only five percent of the Bidens micrantha is known to flowers produce pollen; very few fruits hybridize with other native Bidens, such 1999; 59 FR 56333). Historically, Bonamia menziesii was are produced per inflorescence; there as B. mauiensis and B. menziesii, and are 20 to 60 seeds per capsule; and possibly B. conjuncta. Little else is known from Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, one location on West Maui, and the island plants in cultivation have flowers at an known about the life history of B. age of 9 months. This species was micrantha ssp. kalealaha. Flowering of Hawaii. Currently, this species is known from Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Maui, observed in flower during August. Little cycles, pollination vectors, seed and Hawaii. On Maui, there are four else is known about the life history of dispersal agents, longevity, and specific populations containing a total of eight Brighamia rockii. Flowering cycles, environmental requirements are individuals on State (Kanaio NAR) and pollination vectors, seed dispersal unknown (Ganders and Nagata 1999; privately owned lands within the West agents, longevity, specific Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership environmental requirements, and Historically, Bidens micrantha ssp. at Honokawai, Keokea, Haunauhane, limiting factors are unknown (HINHP kalealaha was known from Lanai, the and Kanaio (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996b; 57 FR south slope of Haleakala on East Maui, Database 2001; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; 4632).). and from one locality on West Maui. Service 1999; 59 FR 56333). Historically, Brighamia rockii ranged Currently, this taxon remains only on Bonamia menziesii is found on aa along the northern coast of East Molokai East Maui in Kahua, Nakula, and lava in mixed open dry forest, or from Kalaupapa to Halawa and may Haleakala Crater and Kaupo Gap, on Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili) possibly have grown on Lanai and Maui. State (Kahikinui Forest Reserve) and lowland dry forest, and in mesic mixed Currently, it is only extant on Molokai Federal (Haleakala National Park) lands Metrosideros polymorpha forest and (Lammers 1999; HINHP Database 2001; within the East Maui Watershed containing one or more of the following K. Wood, in litt. 2000; Service 1996b; 57 Partnership. There are a total of three associated native plant species: Nestegis FR 46325). populations with less than a total of sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis, On Maui, Brighamia rockii occurs in 2,000 individuals (Ganders and Nagata Dodonaea viscosa, Alyxia oliviformis, rock crevices on steep sea cliffs, often 1999; HINHP Database 2001; Service Diospyros sandwicensis, Osteomeles within the spray zone, in coastal dry to 1997; 57 FR 20772; GDSI 2001; HINHP anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, mesic forests and shrublands between 0 Database 2001). Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma and 195 m (0 and 640 ft). Associated plant species include Psydrax odorata The habitat of Bidens micrantha ssp. hawaiiensis, (alahee), Diospyros sandwicensis, kalealaha is blocky lava flows with little (aiea), Pouteria sandwicensis, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, and or no soil development, deep pit craters, Achyranthes splendens (NCN), Acacia Scaevola sericea (naupaka kahahai) (J. and sheer rock walls in open canopy koaia (koaia), Sida fallax, Reynoldsia Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1996b; Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa sandwicensis (ohe), Sicyos spp. (anunu), 57 FR 46325). forest, montane shrubland, Sophora Lipochaeta rockii (nehe), Nototrichium Nothing is known of the threats to chrysophylla forests or cliff faces spp. (kului), or Myoporum sandwicense Brighamia rockii on the island of Maui containing one or more of the following at elevations between 184 and 906 m (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325). associated native plant species: (604 and 2,971 ft) (HINHP Database Styphelia tameiameiae, Coprosma 2001; K. Wood, in litt. 1999; Service Cenchrus agrimonioides (kamanomano) 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy et al., pers. montana (pilo), Dodonaea viscosa, Cenchrus agrimonioides is a short- Dubautia platyphylla (naenae), comm., 2001). The primary threats to this species on lived perennial member of the grass Vaccinium reticulatum, or Santalum Maui are habitat degradation and family () with leaf blades which haleakalae (iliahi) at elevations between possible predation by feral pigs, goats, are flat or folded and have a prominent 1,317 and 2,565 m (4,321 and 8,414 ft) axis deer, and cattle; competition with midrib. There are two varieties, C. (Ganders and Nagata 1999; HINHP a variety of alien plant species, agrimonioides var. laysanensis and C. Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR particularly Lantana camara or agrimonioides var. agrimonioides. They 20772; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., ; and an alien beetle differ from each other in that var. 2001). (Physomerus grossipes) (Service 1999; agrimonioides has smaller burs, shorter The threats to this species on Maui 59 FR 56333). stems, and narrower leaves. This species are habitat destruction by feral goats, is distinguished from others in the pigs, and cattle; competition from a Brighamia rockii (pua ala) genus by the cylindrical to lance-shaped variety of invasive plant species; and Brighamia rockii, a long-lived bur and the arrangement and position of fire (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). perennial member of the bellflower the bristles (O’Connor 1999).

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Little is known about the life history this plant. Reproductive cycles, 1996a; 59 FR 10305; HINHP Database of Cenchrus agrimonioides. Flowering longevity, specific environmental 2001). cycles, pollination vectors, seed regulations, and limiting factors are Historically, Clermontia lindseyana dispersal agents, longevity, specific generally unknown (Service 1999; 56 FR was known from Maui and the island of environmental requirements, and 55770). Hawaii. The two Maui populations are limiting factors are unknown. This Historically and currently, located in Waiopai and Wailaulau species has been observed to produce Centaurium sebaeoides is known from Gulches in the Kahikinui and Kula fruit year round (Service 1999; 61 FR Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and Maui. Forest Reserves on State and private 53108). On Maui, there are three populations of lands, and are estimated to total about Historically, Cenchrus agrimonioides this species, with a total of more than 330 individuals (Service 1996a; 59 FR var. agrimonioides was known from the 50 individuals, on State and privately 10305; Arthur Medeiros, U.S. Geological Oahu, Lanai, and the south slope of owned lands at Kahakuloa Head, Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala and Ulupalakua on Maui, and Lahoole, and Kupaa Gulch (Wagner et in litt. 2000; HINHP Database 2001; an undocumented report from the Island al. 1999; HINHP Database 2001; Service GDSI 2001). of Hawaii. Historically, C. 1999; 56 FR 55770). On Maui, Clermontia lindseyana agrimonioides var laysanensis was This species typically grows in grows in Acacia koa mesic forest known from Laysan, Kure, and Midway, volcanic or clay soils or on cliffs in containing one or more of the following all within the Northwestern Hawaiian windward coastal areas at elevations associated native plant species: Islands National Wildlife Refuge. This between 0 and 194 m (0 and 636 ft) and Cyrtandra spp., native fern species, Ilex variety has not been seen since 1973. containing one or more of the following anomala (kawau), Coprosma spp., or associated native plant species: Currently, C. agrimonioides var. Myrsine spp. at elevations between Panicum torridum (kakonakona), agrimonioides is known from Oahu and 1,142 and 1,870 m (3,747 and 6,134 ft) Lysimachia mauritiana (kolokolo Maui. On Maui, this variety is known (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; kuahiwi), Schiedea globosa (NCN), from two populations on State owned 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy et al., pers. Lipochaeta integrifolia (nehe), Bidens land (West Maui Forest Reserve within comm., 2001). the West Maui Mountains Watershed mauiensis, Scaevola sericea, or Lycium The threats to Clermontia lindseyana Partnership and Kanaio NAR) at sandwicense (ohelo kai) (Service 1999; are trampling and grazing by cattle, Ukumehame and Kanaio, East Maui 56 FR 55770; Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP trampling and browsing by goats, and containing an unknown number of Database 2001; R. Hobdy et al., pers. rooting and trampling by pigs; individuals (Corn 1980; Service 1999; comm., 2001). competition with the alien plant 61 FR 53108; HINHP Database 2001). The major threats to this species on Cenchrus agrimonioides var. Maui are habitat degradation by feral Pennisetum clandestinum; and agrimonioides is found in mid-elevation goats and cattle; competition from the consumption of berries, flowers, and dry forest or Pleomele-Diospyros forest alien plant species Leucaena vegetation by black rats (Service 1996a; associated with Dodonaea viscosa, leucocephala; trampling by humans on 59 FR 10305). Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alyxia or near trails; and fire (Service 1999; 56 Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis oliviformis, or Santalum ellipticum at FR 55770). (oha wai) elevations between 471 and 1,091 m Clermontia lindseyana (oha wai) (1,544 and 3,579 ft) (Service 1999; 61 FR Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. 53108; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy Clermontia lindseyana, a short-lived mauiensis, a short-lived perennial and a et al., pers. comm., 2001). perennial and a member of the member of the bellflower family The major threats to the only known bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is a (Campanulaceae), is a shrub or tree with population of Cenchrus agrimonioides small, branched tree that grows 2.5 to 6 oblong to lance-shaped leaves on leaf var. agrimonioides on Maui are m (8.2 to 20 ft) tall. Clermontia stalks (petioles). Clermontia oblongifolia competition with alien plant species; lindseyana is either terrestrial or is distinguished from other members of browsing and habitat degradation by epiphytic, living on the surface of other the genus by its calyx and corolla, goats and cattle; and a risk of extinction plants. The upper surface of the oblong- which are similar in color and are each from naturally occurring events and/or shaped leaves is dark green while the fused into a curved tube that falls off as reduced reproductive vigor due to the lower is pale green or purplish and the flower ages. The species is also small number of existing individuals hairy. Leaf stalks are 2.5–7 cm (1–2.8 in) distinguished by the leaf shape, the (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108). long and hairy. Berries are 2.5–4 cm (1– male floral parts, the shape of the flower 1.6 in) wide, almost round, and orange. buds, and the lengths of the leaf and Centaurium sebaeoides (awiwi) Clermontia lindseyana is easily flower stalks, the flower, and the Centaurium sebaeoides is an annual separable from the other species within smooth green basal portion of the flower herb in the gentian family this genus by several characters: much (the hypanthium). Clermontia (Gentianaceae), with fleshy leaves and larger leaves and flowers, similar petals oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis is reported stalkless flowers. This species is and sepals, and spreading floral lobes. from Maui and Lanai, while ssp. distinguished from C. erythraea, which Rock (1962) commented on the leaves oblongifolia is only known from Oahu is naturalized in Hawaii, by its fleshy being conspicuously hairy beneath and ssp. brevipes is only known from leaves and the unbranched arrangement (Cuddihy et al. 1983; Lammers 1999). Molokai (57 FR 20772; Lammers 1988, of the flower cluster (Wagner et al. This species was observed in fruit 1999). 1999). from June to October, and in flower Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. Centaurium sebaeoides has been from February to August. Little else is mauiensis is known to flower from observed flowering in April. Flowering known about the life history of November to July. Little else is known may be induced by heavy rainfall. Clermontia lindseyana. Flowering about the life history of Clermontia Populations are found in dry areas, and cycles, pollination vectors, seed oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis. Flowering plants are more likely to be found dispersal agents, longevity, specific cycles, pollination vectors, seed following heavy rains. Other than that, environmental requirements, and dispersal agents, longevity, specific little is known about the life history of limiting factors are unknown (Service environmental requirements, and

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limiting factors are unknown (Rock al. 1999, L. Perry, pers. comm., 2000; Ctenitis squamigera (pauoa) 1919; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305). Ctenitis squamigera is a short-lived Historically, Clermontia oblongifolia Nothing is known of the preferred perennial of the spleenwort family ssp. mauiensis known from Lanai and habitat of or native plant species: (Aspleniaceae). It has a rhizome from Honomanu Valley on Haleakala, associated with Clermontia peleana on (horizontal stem) 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 East Maui. Currently, it is known from the island of Maui (Service 1996a; 59 FR in) thick, creeping above the ground and Lanai and Maui. On West Maui, this 10305; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., densely covered with scales similar to taxon is currently known from one 2001). those on the lower part of the leaf stalk. population with an unknown number of Nothing is known of the threats to The leaf stalks are densely clothed with individuals, at Kaulalewelewe on Clermontia peleana on the island of tan-colored scales up to 1.8 cm (0.7 in) privately owned land within the West Maui (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305). long and 1 mm (0.04 in) wide. The sori Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership are tan-colored when mature and are in Colubrina oppositiofolia (kauila) (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; GDSI 2001; a single row one-third of the distance HINHP Database 2001; Lammers 1999). Colubrina oppositiofolia, a member of from the margin to the midrib of the This plant typically grows on the the buckthorn family (), is a ultimate segments. The indusium (the sides of ridges and ridge tops in long-lived tree with extremely hard red membrane enclosing the sori) is whitish Metrosideros polymorpha-dominated wood. This species is readily before wrinkling, thin, suborbicular montane wet forests at elevations distinguished from the other species in with a narrow sinus extending about between 414 and 1,764 m (1,358 and Hawaii by the opposite leaf position, half way, glabrous except for a circular 5,787 ft) and containing one or more of dull leaf surface, and entire leaf margins margin which is ciliolate with simple the following associated native plant (Wagner et al. 1999). several-celled glandular and species: Dicranopteris linearis, Ilex This species has been observed in nonglandular hairs arising directly from anomala, Myrsine spp., Cheirodendron the margin or from the deltoid base. spp. (NCN), Coprosma spp., Clermontia fruit and flower in September and June, and in flower during December and Ctenitis squamigera can be readily spp., Hedyotis spp., or Melicope spp. distinguished from other Hawaiian (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; HINHP January. Little else is known about the life history of Colubrina oppositiofolia. species of Ctenitis by the dense covering Database 2001; R. Hobdy et al., pers. of tan-colored scales on its frond comm., 2001). Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific (Degener and Degener 1957; Wagner and The only known population of this environmental requirements, and Wagner 1992). species on Maui is vulnerable to limiting factors are unknown (HINHP Little is known about the life history extinction from a natural or human- Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR of Ctenitis squamigera. Flowering caused environmental disturbance due 10305). cycles, pollination vectors, seed to its small size; depressed reproductive dispersal agents, specific environmental Historically and currently, Colubrina vigor; competition with the alien plan requirements, and limiting factors are oppositiofolia is known from Oahu, species Tibouchina herbacea; and unknown (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025). habitat degradation by feral pigs Maui, and the Island of Hawaii. Historically, Ctenitis squamigera was (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). Currently on Maui, there are two recorded from the islands of Kauai, populations containing one individual Clermontia peleana (oha wai) Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, and each on privately owned land in Hawaii. It is currently found on Oahu, Clermontia peleana, a member of the Honokawai and in Auwahi in the Hana Lanai, Molokai, and Maui. On Maui, bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and District (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; there are currently six populations with a short-lived perennial, is an epiphytic Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2001; HINHP 41 individuals on State (West Maui shrub or tree that grows on native trees Database 2001). Forest Reserve) and privately owned and tree . Two subspecies are Habitats of this species are lowland lands at Honolua, Kahana, Honokawai, recognized: C. peleana ssp. singuliflora dry and mesic forests dominated by Wahikuli, Kapilau Ridge, Paupau, and (greenish-white petals) and C. peleana Diospyros sandwicensis, at elevations Hukoula within the West Maui ssp. peleana (blackish-purple petals). between 192 and 929 m (630 and 3,047 Mountains Watershed Partnership This species can be separated from other ft) and containing one or more of the (GDSI 2001; H. Oppenheimer, in litt. Hawaiian members of the genus by its following associated native plant 2000; K. Wood, pers. comm., 2000; J. epiphytic growth, small triangular green species: Dodonaea viscosa, Canavalia Lau, pers. comm., 2000 and in litt. 2000; calyx lobes, and single-lipped flowers spp. (awikiwiki), Wikstroemia spp., HINHP Database 2001; Service 1998a; (Lammers 1999). Psydrax odorata, Pleomele auwahiensis, 59 FR 49025). Clermontia peleana has been Freycinetia arborea (ieie), Metrosideros This species is found in the forest observed in flower during June and polymorpha, Microlepia strigosa, Bidens understory, in Metrosideros polymorpha November, and in fruit during micrantha spp. micrantha (kookoolau), montane wet forest or diverse mesic November. Little else is known about or Reynoldsia sandwicensis (HINHP forest at elevations between 74 and the life history of Clermontia peleana. Database 2001; Service 1996a; 59 FR 1,593 m (243 and 5,226 ft) and Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, 10305; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., containing one or more of the following seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific 2001). native plant species: Alyxia oliviformis, environmental requirements, and The threats to this species on Maui Freycinetia arborea, Coprosma spp., limiting factors are unknown (Service are habitat destruction by feral pigs; Pleomele spp. (hala pepe), Sadleria 1996a; 59 FR 10305; HINHP Database competition with the alien plants spp., Doodia spp. (okupukupu lauii), 2001). Lantana camara, Pennisetum setaceum, Pittosporum spp. (hoawa), Dryopteris Clermontia peleana ssp. singuliflora or Schinus terebinthifolius; black twig spp. (NCN), Bobea spp. (ahakea), was formerly found on the island of borer; Chinese rose beetles (Adoretus Antidesma spp. (hame), Peperomia spp. Hawaii and on East Maui, but has not sinicus); fire; and its small population (ala ala wainui), Dicranopteris linearis, been seen in either place since the early numbers and limited distribution Schiedea pubescens var. pubescens 1900s (HINHP Database 2001; Wagner et (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305). (NCN), Hibiscus kokio ssp. kokio

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(kokio), Hedyotis terminalis, Pritchardia to the small number of existing Cyrtandra munroi (ha iwale) spp., Remya mauiensis, Canavalia spp., individuals; trampling by hikers; Cyrtandra munroi, a short-lived Myrsine spp., Psychotria spp., or landslides; rats; and slugs (Service 1999; perennial and member of the African Xylosma spp. (Service 1998a; 59 FR 61 FR 53108). violet family (Gesneriaceae), is a shrub 49025; HINHP Database 2001; H. Cyanea lobata (haha) with opposite, elliptic to almost circular Oppenheimer, pers. comm., 2000; R. leaves which are sparsely to moderately Hobdy et al., pers. comm., 2001). Cyanea lobata, a short-lived member hairy on the upper surface and covered The primary threats to Ctenitis of the bellflower family with velvety, rust-colored hairs squamigera are habitat degradation by (Campanulaceae), is a sparingly underneath. This species is feral pigs, goats, and axis deer; distinguished from other species of the competition with alien plant species, branched perennial shrub with smooth genus by the broad opposite leaves, the especially Psidium cattleianum and to somewhat rough stems and oblong, length of the flower cluster stalks, the Schinus terebinthifolius; fire; and irregularly lobed leaves. This species is extinction from naturally occurring distinguished from other species of size of the flowers, and the amount of events due to the small number of Cyanea by the size of the flower and the hair on various parts of the plant existing populations and individuals irregularly lobed leaves with petioles (Wagner et al. 1999). Some work has been done on the (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025). (Lammers 1990). reproductive biology of some species of Cyanea lobata is known to flower Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana Cyrtandra, but not on that of C. munroi from August to February, even in (haha) specifically. The pollinators of these individuals as small as 50 cm (20 in) in plants have not been identified, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, a height. Little else is known about the although studies indicate that a specific short-lived member of the bellflower life history of Cyanea lobata. Flowering may be necessary for family (Campanulaceae), is a perennial cycles, pollination vectors, seed successful pollination. Seed dispersal shrub with pinnately divided leaves. dispersal agents, longevity, specific may be carried out by birds which eat This species is distinguished from environmental requirements, and the fruits. Little else is known about the others in this endemic Hawaiian genus limiting factors are unknown (Rock by the pinnately lobed leaf margins and life history of Cyrtandra munroi. 1919; Degener 1936; Service 1997; 57 FR Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, the width of the leaf blades. This 20772). subspecies is distinguished from the seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific other two subspecies by the shape and Historically, Cyanea lobata was environmental requirements, and size of the calyx lobes, which overlap at known from Lanai and West Maui. It is limiting factors are unknown (Service the base (Lammers 1990). no longer extant on Lanai. On Maui, 1995b; 57 FR 20772). On Molokai, flowering plants have there are currently four populations Historically and currently, Cyrtandra been reported in July and August. Little with a total of 12 individuals on munroi is known from Lanai and West else is known about the life history of privately owned land within the West Maui. Currently on Maui, there are four Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana. Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership populations with a total of Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, at Kaulalewelewe, Honolowai, approximately 1,000 individuals on seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific Honokohau, and Waikapu (Lammers private and State (West Maui Forest environmental requirements, and 1999; GDSI 2001: HINHP Database 2001; Reserve) owned lands within the West limiting factors are unknown (Service Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership 1999; 61 FR 53108). This species has been seen and in Kahanaiki Gulch, Pulepule Gulch, Historically and currently, Cyanea collected on steep stream banks in deep Honokahua Gulch, along Makamakaole grimesiana ssp. grimesiana is known shade in wet forest at elevations Stream, and Hahakea (Wagner et al. from Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and between 204 and 1,531 m (669 and 1999; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; scattered locations on Maui. Currently 5,020 ft) and containing one or more of Service 1995b; 57 FR 20772). on Maui, there are two populations with the following associated native plant The habitat of this species is rich, a total of five individuals on privately species: Touchardia latifolia, Morinda moist to wet, moderately steep talus slopes in lowland wet Metrosideros owned land in Iao Valley and Kapilau trimera (noni kuahiwi), Metrosideros polymorpha forest at elevations between Ridge (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; GDSI polymorpha, Clermontia kakeana, 390 and 1,108 m (1,280 and 3,635 ft) 2001; HINHP Database 2001). Cyrtandra spp., Xylosma spp., and containing one or more of the This species is typically found on Psychotria spp., Antidesma spp., following associated native plant rocky or steep slopes of stream banks in Pipturus albidus, Peperomia spp., wet forest gulch bottoms often species: Diospyros spp. (lama), Touchardia latifolia, Freycinetia dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha Strongylodon ruber (nuku iiwi), arborea, Pleomele spp., or Athyrium at elevations between 312 and 1,617 m Hedyotis acuminata, Clermontia spp., spp. (akolea) (Service 1997; 57 FR (1,024 and 5,305 ft) and containing one Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea spp., 20772; Lammers 1999; HINHP Database or more of the following associated Coprosma spp., Freycinetia arborea, 2001; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., native plant species: Antidesma spp., Melicope spp., Myrsine spp., Perrottetia 2001). Bobea spp., Myrsine spp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Pipturus spp. (mamaki), sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., or The threats to this species on Maui Pittosporum spp., Pouteria Xylosma spp. (Service 1999; 61 FR are habitat degradation by feral pigs; sandwicensis, Psychotria spp., Sadleria 53108; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., depressed reproductive vigor; and spp., Scaevola spp. (naupaka), Xylosma 2001). natural or human-caused environmental spp., Sicyos spp., Zanthoxylum kauense The threats to this species on Maui disturbance that could easily be (ae), or other Cyrtandra spp. (Service are habitat degradation and/or catastrophic to the only known 1995b; 57 FR 20772; HINHP Database destruction caused by axis deer, goats, population due to the small number of 2001; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., and pigs; competition with various alien remaining individuals and the limited 2001). plants; randomly naturally occurring and scattered distribution of the species The threats to this species on Maui events that could cause extinction due (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). are from competition with the alien

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plant species Psidium cattleianum, Diellia erecta (Asplenium-leaved diellia) prostrate rhizome and green or straw- Pluchea symphytifolia (sourbush), Diellia erecta, a short-lived perennial colored leaf stalks with thin-textured Melinis minutiflora, Rubus rosifolius, fern in the spleenwort family fronds. This species can be and Paspalum conjugatum; loss of (Aspleniaceae), grows in tufts of three to distinguished from other species of appropriate pollinators; a very small nine lance-shaped fronds emerging from Diplazium in the Hawaiian Islands by a number of extant individuals which can a rhizome covered with brown to dark combination of characteristics, cause depressed reproductive vigor; and gray scales. This species differs from including venation pattern, the length and arrangement of the sori, frond the effects of random environmental other members of the genus in having events that could easily be catastrophic shape, and the degree of dissection of brown or dark gray scales usually more to the only known population on Maui the frond (Wagner and Wagner 1992). than 2 cm (0.8 in) in length, fused or (Service 1995b; 57 FR 20772). Little is known about the life history separate sori along both margins, shiny of . Flowering Delissea undulata (NCN) black midribs that have a hardened cycles, pollination vectors, seed Delissea undulata, a member of the surface, and veins that do not usually dispersal agents, longevity, specific bellflower family (Campanulaceae) and encircle the sori (Smith 1934; Degener environmental requirements, and a short-lived perennial, is an and Greenwell 1950; Wagner 1952). limiting factors are unknown (Service unbranched, palm-like, woody-stemmed Little is known about the life history 1998a; 59 FR 49025). tree, with a dense cluster of leaves at the of Diellia erecta. Flowering cycles, Historically, Diplazium molokaiense tips of the stems. One or two knob-like pollination vectors, seed dispersal was found on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, structures often occur on the back of the agents, longevity, specific Lanai, and Ainahou Valley and Maliko flower tube. Three subspecies, all but environmental requirements, and Gulch (East Maui) and Wailuku (Iao) the last of which are considered extinct, limiting factors are unknown (Service Valley and Waikapu (West Maui) on may be separated on the basis of leaf 1999; 59 FR 56333). Maui. Currently, this species is only shape and margin characters: D. Historically, Diellia erecta was known known from Maui. Four populations undulata var. kauaiensis (leaf blades are on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, with a total of 23 individuals are found oval and flat-margined with sharp teeth) and the island of Hawaii. Currently, it on State (Kula and Kahikinui Forest (Kauai), D. undulata var. niihauensis is only known from Molokai, Maui, and Reserves) and privately owned lands (leaf blades are heart shaped and flat- Hawaii. On Maui, there are five known within the East Maui Watershed margined with shallow, rounded teeth) populations with a total of 35 individual Partnership Near Polipoli in Kamaole, (Niihau) and D. undulata var. undulata plants on State (West Maui Forest between Kahakapao Gulch and Puu O (leaf blades are elliptic to lance-shaped Reserve, Manawainui Plant Sanctuary, Kakae, Honomanu, and Waiopai Gulch and wavy-margined with small, sharply and Department of Hawaiian Home (Warshauer 1998; GDSI 2001; HINHP pointed teeth) (Maui, Hawaii). This Lands) or privately owned lands within Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR species is separated from the other the West Maui Mountains Watershed 49025). closely related members of the genus by Partnership in Iao Valley, Hanaulaiki, This species occurs near water its large flowers and berries and broad Manawainui Gulch, Near Polipoli in courses often in proximity to leaf bases. Delissea undulata ssp. Kamaole and West of Waiopai Gulch in lowland or montane mesic undulata is the only subspecies known (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; GDSI 2001; Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa from Maui (Lammers 1999). HINHP Database 2001). forest at elevations between 273 and Delissea undulata var. undulata was This species is found in steep slopes 1,917 m (896 and 6,289 ft) (Service observed in fruit and flower during or gulch sides in deep shade in Acacia 1998a; 59 FR 49025; HINHP Database December. Little else is known about the koa-Metrosideros polymorpha low-to 2001; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., life history of Delissea undulata var. mid-elevation mesic forests at elevations 2001). undulata. Flowering cycles, pollination between 338 and 1,744 m (1,109 and The primary threats on Maui are vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, 5,722 ft) and containing one or more of habitat degradation by feral goats, cattle, specific environmental requirements, the following associated native plant pigs, and axis deer; competition with and limiting factors are unknown species: Styphelia tameiameiae, alien plant species; decreased (Service 1996a; 61 FR 53124; HINHP Melicope spp., Coprosma spp., reproductive vigor; and extinction from Database 2001). Dodonaea viscosa, Dryopteris randomly occurring natural events due Delissea undulata var. undulata was unidentata (NCN), Myrsine spp., to the small number of populations and known from southwestern Maui, Psychotria spp., or Osteomeles individuals (Service 1998a; 59 FR western Hawaii and Niiahu. Currently it anthyllidifolia (HINHP Database 2001; 49025; HINHP Database 2001). occurs Kauai and the island of Hawaii Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. Hobdy et (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; al., pers. comm., 2001). Flueggea neowawraea (mehamehame) Linda Pratt, U.S. Geological Survey- The major threats to Diellia erecta on Flueggea neowawraea, a long-lived Biological Resources Division, et al., Maui are habitat degradation by pigs, perennial and a member of the spurge pers. comm., 2001; K. Wood pers goats, and cattle; competition with alien family (Euphorbiaceae), is a large tree comm., 2001; Service 1996a; 61 FR plant species, including Blechnum with white oblong pores covering its 53124). occidentale (NCN); and random scaly, pale brown bark. This species is Nothing is known of the preferred naturally occurring events that could the only member of the genus found in habitat of or native plant species cause extinction and/or reduced Hawaii and can be distinguished from associated with Delissea undulata var. reproductive vigor due to the small other species in the genus by its large undulata on the island of Maui (Service number of existing individuals (Service size, scaly bark, the shape, size, and 1996a; 61 FR 53124; R. Hobdy et al., 1999; 59 FR 56333). color of the leaves, flowers clustered pers. comm., 2001). along the branches, and the size and Diplazium molokaiense (NCN) Nothing is known of the threats to shape of the fruits (Linney 1982; Delissea undulata var. undulata on the Diplazium molokaiense, a short-lived Hayden 1999). island of Maui (Service 1996a; 61 FR perennial member of the woodfern Individual trees of Flueggea 53124). family (Dryopteridaceae), has a short neowawraea bear only male or female

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flowers, and must be cross-pollinated precipitation. Little else is known about HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 from a different tree to produce viable the life history of Gouania vitifolia. FR 20772). seed. Little else is known about the life Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, Hedyotis coriacea is found on steep, history of Flueggea neowawraea. seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific rocky, slopes in dry lowland Dodonaea Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, environmental requirements, and viscosa dominated shrublands at seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific limiting factors are unknown (Service elevations between 110 and 937 m (361 environmental requirements, and 1998b; 59 FR 32932). and 3,074 ft) and containing one or limiting factors are unknown (Hayden Historically, Gouania vitifolia was more of the following associated native 1999; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333). known from West Maui, the Kau District plant species: Sida fallax, Gouania Historically, Flueggea neowawraea of the island of Hawaii, and Oahu. The hillebrandii (NCN), Bidens menziesii was known from the islands of Molokai, species currently occurs on Oahu and (kookoolau), Lipochaeta lavarum, Oahu, Kauai, and Hawaii. Currently, on the island of Hawaii (GDSI 2001; Jon Myoporum sandwicense, or Schiedea populations are known from Kauai, Giffin, DOFAW, in litt. 2000; Service menziesii (NCN) (HINHP Database 2001; Oahu, East Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, 1998b; 59 FR 32932). Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. Hobdy et there are three populations with a total On Maui, Gouania vitifolia typically al., pers. comm., 2001). of five trees on State (Department of grows on the sides of ridges and gulches The single remaining individual of Hawaiian Home Lands) and privately in dry to mesic forests at elevations Hedyotis coriacea on Maui is threatened owned lands at Auwahi, and above the between 155 and 1,326 m (509 and by extinction from a random naturally Lualailua and Alena (GDSI 2001; HINHP 4,350 ft). Associated plant species occurring event (Service 1997; 57 FR Database 2001; Mahealani include Erythrina sandwicensis, 20772). Kaiaokamelie, (formerly with) Dodonaea viscosa, Hibiscus arnottianus Hedyotis mannii (pilo) Ulupalakua Ranch, in litt. 2000; Service (kokio keokeo), Pipturus albidus, Urera Hedyotis mannii, a member of the 1999; 59 FR 56333). glabra (opuhe), Chamaesyce spp. Flueggea neowawraea occurs in dry or coffee family (), is a short- (akoko), Psychotria spp., Hedyotis spp., mesic forest at elevations between 633 lived perennial plant with smooth, Melicope spp., Nestegis sandwicensis, and 971 m (2,078 and 3,186 ft) and usually erect stems 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 Bidens spp., Carex meyenii (NCN), and containing one or more of the following ft) long, which are woody at the base Diospyros sandwicensis (J. Lau, pers. associated native plant species: and four-angled or winged. The leaves comm., 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR Alectryon macrococcus, Bobea are opposite, thin in texture, and elliptic 32932). timonioides (ahakea), Charpentiera spp. to sometimes lance-shaped. Stipules (papala), Myrsine lanaiensis (kolea), Nothing is known of the threats to (leaf-like appendages), which are Tetraplasandra spp. (oheohe), Gouania vitifolia on the island of Maui attached to the slightly winged leaf Diplazium sandwichianum, Nesoluma (Service 1998b; 59 FR 32932). stalks where they join and clasp the polynesicum (keahi), Diospyros spp., Hedyotis coriacea (kio ele) stem, are triangular. Flowers are Antidesma pulvinatum, Psydrax arranged in loose clusters up to 30 cm Hedyotis coriacea, a member of the odorata, Nestegis sandwicensis, (1 ft) long at the ends of the stems and coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a small, Rauvolfia sandwicensis (hao), Pleomele are either bisexual or female. This short-lived perennial shrub with spp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or species’ growth habit, its quadrangular leathery leaves which are generally Pleomele auwahiensis (HINHP Database or winged stems, the shape, size, and elliptic to oblong in shape, 3 to 8 cm 2001; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; R. texture of its leaves, and its dry capsule, (1.2 to 3.1 in) long and usually 1.5 to 3 Hobdy et al., pers. comm., 2001). which opens when mature, separate it The threats to the populations on cm (0.6 to 1.2 in) wide. This species is from other species of the genus (Wagner Maui are the black twig borer; habitat distinguished from others of the genus et al. 1999). degradation by feral pigs, goats, deer, by its small, triangular calyx lobes, Little is known about the life history and cattle; competition with alien plant which do not enlarge in fruit, and the of Hedyotis mannii. Flowering cycles, species; depressed reproductive vigor; combination of capsules which are pollination vectors, seed dispersal the risk of extinction from a random longer than wide and flower buds which agents, longevity, specific environmental event due to the small are square in cross section (Wagner et al. environmental requirements, and number of individuals; and predation of 1999). limiting factors are unknown (Service the fruit by rats (Service 1999; 59 FR Little is known about the life history 1996b; 57 FR 46325). 56333; HINHP Database 2001). of Hedyotis coriacea. Flowering cycles, Currently and historically, Hedyotis pollination vectors, seed dispersal mannii is known from Lanai, West Gouania vitifolia (NCN) agents, longevity, specific Maui, and Molokai. On Maui, there is a Gouania vitifolia, a member of the environmental requirements, and single population of approximately 20 buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) and a limiting factors are unknown (Service individuals located on private land in short-lived perennial, is a climbing 1997; 57 FR 20772). Kauaula Valley (Service 1996b; 57 FR shrub with tendriled flowering Historically, Hedyotis coriacea was 46325; GDSI 2001; K. Wood in litt. branches. This species differs from other known from Oahu and the Island of 2000). members of its genus by having Hawaii. Considered extinct on all The population on Maui is found on flowering branches with a tendril and islands in recent years, this species was basalt cliffs along stream banks in coarsely crenate (wavy) to serrate- discovered in 1990 by Steve Perlman in Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris dentate (toothed) leaf margins (Wagner the State owned Lihau section of the linearis montane wet forest at elevations et al. 1999). West Maui NAR and in 1991 on the between 340 and 1,593 m (1,115 and In winter and late spring the main 1859 lava flow in the Pohakuloa 5,226 ft) and containing one or more of vine of Gouania vitifolia produces new Training Area, Island of Hawaii. the following associated native plant young side shoots which soon die. Currently, only a single individual is species: Machaerina spp. (uki), Carex Plants have been observed flowering known from West Maui on State owned meyenii, Phyllostegia spp. (NCN), from late November to January, but land withing the West Maui Mountains Hedyotis acuminata, Cyrtandra flowering probably depends on Watershed Partnership (GDSI 2001; platyphylla (haiwale), Cyanea spp.

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(haha), Psychotria spp., Pipturus spp., Machaerina spp., Cheirodendron occurring random events due to the albidus, Boehmeria grandis, Urera spp., or Freycinetia arborea (HINHP small number of populations (Service glabra, Touchardia latifolia, Cyrtandra Database 2001; Service 1998b; 59 FR 1998b; 56 FR 55770). grayi (haiwale), Cyrtandra hawaiensis 14482; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., Hibiscus brackenridgei (ma o hau hele) (haiwale), or Isachne distichophylla 2001). (ohe) (K. Wood in litt. 2000; Service The major threats to Hesperomannia Hibiscus brackenridgei, a short-lived 1996b; 57 FR 46325; R. Hobdy et al., arborescens on Maui are habitat perennial and a member of the mallow pers. comm., 2001). degradation by feral pigs and goats; family (Malvaceae), is a sprawling to Hedyotis mannii on Maui is competition with alien plant species; erect shrub or small tree. This species threatened by landslides; competition extinction due to random environmental differs from other members of the genus with the alien plant species Rubus events or reduced reproductive vigor in having the following combination of rosifolius, Ageratina adenophora, due to the small number of individuals characteristics: yellow petals, a calyx Buddleia asiatica (butterfly bush), in one remaining population; and consisting of triangular lobes with Pluchea carolinensis (sourbush), and impact by humans (Service 1998b; 59 raised veins and a single midrib, bracts Clidemia hirta; and the low number of FR 14482; HINHP Database 2001). attached below the calyx, and thin individuals makes it extremely Hesperomannia arbuscula (NCN) stipules that fall off, leaving an elliptic vulnerable to extinction by random scar. Two subspecies are currently naturally occurring events (Service Hesperomannia arbuscula, a long- recognized, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. 1996b; 57 FR 46325; K. Wood in litt. lived perennial member of the aster brackenridgei and H. brackenridgei ssp. 2000). family (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby mokuleianus (Bates 1990). tree, 2 to 3.3 m (7 to 11 ft) tall. This Hibiscus brackenridgei is known to Hesperomannia arborescens (NCN) species can be distinguished from other flower continuously from early February Hesperomannia arborescens, a long- members of the genus by the erect through late May, and intermittently at lived perennial of the aster family flower heads and the leaves, usually other times of year. Intermittent (Asteraceae), is a small shrubby tree that hairy beneath, which are one to two flowering may possibly be tied to day usually stands 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. times as long as wide (Wagner et al. length. Little else is known about the This member of an endemic Hawaiian 1999). genus differs from other Hesperomannia Hesperomannia arbuscula usually life history of Hibiscus brackenridgei. species in having the following flowers in the spring depending on Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, combination of characteristics: erect to precipitation. Seeds mature in about 6 seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific ascending flower heads, thick flower weeks and trees live about 10 to 15 environmental requirements, and head stalks, and usually hairless and years. Little else is known about the life limiting factors are unknown (Service relatively narrow leaves (Wagner et al. history of Hesperomannia arbuscula. 1999; 59 FR 56333). 1999). Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, Historically, Hibiscus brackenridgei This species has been observed in seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific was known from the islands of Kauai, flower from April through June and fruit environmental requirements, and Oahu, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, Kahoolawe during March and June. Little else is limiting factors are unknown (Service and Hawaii. Currently, Hibiscus known about the life history of 1998b; 56 FR 55770). brackenridgei ssp. mokuleianus is Hesperomannia arborescens. Flowering Historically and currently, known from Oahu and from cycles, pollination vectors, seed Hesperomannia arbuscula is known undocumented observations on Kauai. dispersal agents, longevity, specific from Oahu and West Maui. On Maui, Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. environmental requirements, and this species is found in two populations brackenridgei is currently known from limiting factors are unknown (Service with a total of 37 individuals, on Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, 1998b; 59 FR 14482). privately owned land along the Waihee Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. Hesperomannia arborescens was Stream and Nakalaloa within the West brackenridgei is found in five formerly known from Lanai, Molokai, Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership populations, containing 40 individuals, and Oahu. This species is now known (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; K. on State (Lihau section of West Maui from Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. There Wood, in litt. 1999; Service 1998b; 56 NAR and Department of Hawaiian are currently two populations with a FR 55770). Home Lands) and privately owned lands total of six individuals on State Hesperomannia arbuscula typically at Lihau, Kaonohua, Keokea, and near (Kahukuloa section West Maui NAR) grows on steep forested slopes and Puu O Kali (Bates 1990; Service 1999; and privately-owned lands in ridges in mesic forest dominated by 59 FR 56333; GDSI 2001; HINHP Honokohau and Lanilii within the West Metrosideros polymorpha or Diospyros Database 2001). Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership sandwicensis at elevations between 354 Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; and 1,453 m (1,161 and 4,767 ft) and brackenridgei occurs in lowland dry Service 1998b; 59 FR 14482). containing one or more of the following forest sometimes with Erythrina Hesperomannia arborescens is found associated native plant species: Bidens sandwicensis as the dominant tree at on slopes or ridges in lowland mesic or spp., Tetraplasandra spp., Alyxia elevations between 43 and 610 m (141 wet forest at elevations between 346 and oliviformis, Clermontia spp., Cyanea and 2,001 ft) and containing one or 1,335 m (1,135 and 4,380 ft) and spp., Cheirodendron spp., or Psychotria more of the following associated native containing one or more of the following spp. (HINHP Database 2001; J. Lau, pers. plant species: Myoporum sandwicense, associated native plant species: comm., 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR Chenopodium spp. (aheahea), Metrosideros polymorpha, Myrsine 55770; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., Achyranthes spp. (NCN), Nototrichium sandwicensis (kolea), Isachne 2001). spp., Diospyros spp., Chamaesyce distichophylla, Pipturus spp., The major threats to Hesperomannia celastroides var. lorifolia, Dodonaea Antidesma spp., Psychotria spp., arbuscula on Maui are habitat viscosa, Psydrax odorata, Schiedea Clermontia spp., Cibotium spp., degradation by feral pigs, competition salicaria (NCN), Lipochaeta lavarum, Dicranopteris linearis, Bobea spp., from alien plant species, trampling by annual Panicum spp., or Sida fallax Coprosma spp., Sadleria spp., Melicope humans, and extinction from naturally (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59

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FR 56333; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., with alien grasses, provided enough fuel Nothing is known of the threats to 2001). is present. Other potential threats Isodendrion pyrifolium on the island of The primary threats to Hibiscus include grazing and browsing by goats Maui (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305). brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei on and axis deer. Disturbance incurred Lysimachia lydgatei (NCN) Maui and or Kahoolawe are habitat from these ungulates further promotes degradation and possible predation by the introduction and establishment of Lysimachia lydgatei, a short-lived pigs, goats, cattle, axis deer, and rats; alien weeds. Some populations are also perennial member of the primrose competition with alien plant species; threatened by residential development family (Primulaceae), is a sprawling, fire; and susceptibility to extinction (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; HINHP branched shrub with stems from 1 to 1.3 caused by random environmental events Database 2001). m (3 to 4 ft) long. This species is or reduced reproductive vigor due to distinguished from others in the genus small population size and a limited Isodendrion pyrifolium (wahine noho by the dense hairs on both the upper number of populations (Service 1999; 59 kula) and lower surfaces of mature leaves FR 56333). Isodendrion pyrifolium, a short-lived (Wagner et al. 1999). Little is known about the life history Ischaemum byrone (Hilo ischaemum) perennial of the violet family (Violaceae), is a small, branched shrub of Lysimachia lydgatei. Flowering Ischaemum byrone, a short-lived with elliptic to lance-shaped leaf blades. cycles, pollination vectors, seed member of the grass family (Poaceae), is The papery-textured blade is moderately dispersal agents, longevity, specific a perennial species with creeping hairy beneath (at least on the veins) and environmental requirements, and underground and erect stems. stalked. The petiole (stalk) is subtended limiting factors are unknown (Service Ischaemum byrone can be distinguished by oval, hairy stipules. Fragrant, 1997; 57 FR 20772). from other Hawaiian grasses by its tough bilaterally symmetrical flowers are Lysimachia lydgatei was known outer flower bracts, dissimilar basic solitary. The flower stalk is white-hairy, historically from a gulch behind flower units, which are awned (slender and subtended by two bracts. Bracts Lahaina on West Maui and from Oahu. bristle) and two-flowered, and a arise at the tip of the main flower stalk. Currently, it is found only on Maui on dichotomously- or trichotomously- The five sepals are lance-shaped, State (Lihau section of West Maui NAR branching (forking or branching in two’s membranous-edged and fringed with and the West Maui Forest Reserve) and or three’s) inflorescence (O’Connor white hairs. Five green-yellow petals are privately owned lands Helu, Lihau, east 1999). somewhat unequal, and lobed, the of Halepohaku, and Ulaula within the Little is known about the life history upper being the shortest and the lower West Maui Mountains Watershed of Ischaemum byrone. Flowering cycles, the longest. The fruit is a three-lobed, Partnership. The four Maui populations pollination vectors, seed dispersal oval capsule, which splits to release number approximately 240 individuals agents, longevity, specific olive-colored seeds. Isodendrion (Wagner et al. 1999; HINHP Database environmental requirements, and pyrifolium is distinguished from other 2001; GDSI 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR limiting factors are unknown (Service species in the genus by its smaller, 20772). 1996a; 59 FR 10305). Lysimachia lydgatei typically grows green-yellow flowers, and hairy stipules Historically, Ischaemum byrone was on the sides of steep ridges in and leaf veins (Wagner et al. 1999). reported from Oahu, Molokai, East Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris Maui, the Island of Hawaii, and an During periods of drought, this linearis dominated wet to mesic undocumented site on Kauai. Currently, species will drop all but the newest shrubland or Metrosideros- this species is found on Kauai, Molokai, leaves. After sufficient rains, the plants Cheirodendron spp. montane forest at Hawaii, and Maui. On Maui, it is produce flowers with seeds ripening 1 elevations between 829 and 1,432 m currently found State and privately to 2 months later. Little else is known (2,720 and 4,698 ft) and containing one owned lands at Keopuka Rock, Paupalu about the life history of Isodendrion or more of the following associated Point, Moku Huki, West of Kalahu pyrifolium. Flowering cycles, native plant species: Lycopodium spp. Point, between Keakulikuli Point and pollination vectors, seed dispersal (wawae iole), , Dodonaea Pukaulua Point, and Kauiki Head. There agents, longevity, specific viscosa, Vaccinium spp., Eurya is a total of six populations with less environmental requirements, and sandwicensis (anini), Styphelia than 2,000 individuals (GDSI 2001; limiting factors are unknown (Service tameiameiae, Coprosma spp., Ochrosia HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; 1996a; 59 FR 10305). spp. (holei), Astelia spp. (painiu), 59 FR 10305). Isodendrion pyrifolium is known Broussaisia arguta, or mat ferns such as Ischaemum byrone grows in close historically from six of the Hawaiian Dicranopteris spp. (HINHP Database proximity to the ocean, among rocks or Islands: Niihau, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, 2001; Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. on basalt cliffs in windward coastal dry Maui, and the island of Hawaii. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., 2001). shrubland at elevations between 0 and Currently, it is only found on the island The greatest threats to Lysimachia 190 m (0 and 623 ft) and containing one of Hawaii (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; lydgatei are the threat of extinction from or more of the following associated GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; a random environmental event due to native plant species: Bidens spp., Marie Bruegmann, Service, pers. comm., the small number of populations; Fimbristylis cymosa (mauu akiaki), or 2000). competition with alien plant species Scaevola sericea (HINHP Database 2001; On Maui, Isodendrion pyrifolium such as Rubus argutus; and fire (Service Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy occurs in dry shrubland at elevations 1997; 57 FR 20772). et al., pers. comm., 2001). between 54 and 557 m (177 and 1,827 The most serious threat to Ischaemum ft) with one or more of the following Mariscus pennatiformis (NCN) byrone is the invasion of alien plant associated native plant species: Psydrax Mariscus pennatiformis, a short-lived species, particularly Digitaria ciliaris odorata, Capparis sandwichiana, member of the sedge family (Henry’s crabgrass), Ardisia elliptica Dodonaea viscosa, or Myoporum (Cyperaceae), is a perennial plant with (shoebutton ardisia) and Casuarina sandwicense (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; a woody root system covered with equisetifolia (ironwood). Additionally, Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy brown scales. Mariscus pennatiformis is fire may pose a threat in areas infested et al., pers. comm., 2001). a subdivided into two subspecies, ssp.

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bryanii and ssp. pennatiformis, which genus by the distinct carpels present in 1999; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; are distinguished by the length and the fruit, a hairless endocarp, a larger Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). width of the spikelets; color, length, and number of flowers per cluster, and the Melicope mucronulata typically width of the glume; and by the shape distribution of hairs on the underside of grows on gentle south-facing slopes in and length of the achenes. This species the leaves (Stone et al. 1999). lowland dry to mesic forest at elevations differs from other members of the genus Little is known about the life history between 625 and 1,331 m (2,050 and by its three-sided, slightly concave, of Melicope knudsenii. Flowering 4,367 ft) and containing one or more of smooth stems; the length and number of cycles, pollination vectors, seed the following associated species: spikelets; the leaf width; and the length dispersal agents, longevity, specific Pleomele auwahiensis, Dodonaea and diameter of stems (Koyama 1990). environmental requirements, and viscosa, Nestegis sandwicensis, Pouteria Mariscus pennatiformis is known to limiting factors are unknown (Service sandwicensis, Antidesma pulvinatum, flower from November to December 1995a; 59 FR 9304). Streblus pendulinus, and Melicope after heavy rainfall. Little else is known Historically and currently, Melicope hawaiensis (alani) (Service 1997; 57 FR about the life history of Mariscus knudsenii was known from the 20772; J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001). pennatiformis. Flowering cycles, southeast slope of Haleakala on Maui The major threat to the continued pollination vectors, seed dispersal and from Kauai. Currently on Maui, existence of the only known population agents, longevity, specific there is one population with three of Melicope mucronulata on Maui is the environmental requirements, and individuals on State (Department of risk of extinction from a random limiting factors are unknown (Service Hawaiian Home Lands) and privately environmental event. Habitat 1999; 59 FR 56333). owned lands from Puu Mahoe to east of degradation by goats and pigs, predation Historically, Mariscus pennatiformis Puu Ouli (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database by goats, and competition with alien was known from Kauai, Oahu, East 2001; Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304). plant species, particularly Melinis Maui (Keanae Valley, Hana, and Melicope knudsenii grows in Nestegis- minutiflora, also pose immediate threats Nahiku), the Island of Hawaii, and from Pleomele mixed open dry forests at to this species (Service 1997; 57 FR Laysan in the Northwestern Hawaiian elevations between 648 and 1,331 m 20772). Islands. Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. (2,125 and 4,367 ft) and containing one Neraudia sericea (NCN) bryanii is only known from Laysan or more of the following associated Island in the Northwestern Hawaiian native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, Neraudia sericea, a short-lived Islands National Wildlife Refuge. Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia perennial member of the nettle family Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. ponderosa, Santalum ellipticum, or (Urticaceae), is a 3 to 5 m (10 to 16 ft) pennatiformis is currently found only Xylosma hawaiiensis (HINHP Database tall shrub with densely hairy branches. on East Maui. One population of 2001; Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304; R. The elliptic or oval leaves have smooth approximately 30 individuals is found Hobdy et al., pers. comm., 2001). margins or slightly toothed margins on on State owned land near the mouth of Threats to Melicope knudsenii young leaves. The upper leaf surface is Hanawi Stream (HINHP Database 2001; include habitat degradation by alien moderately hairy and the lower leaf GDSI 2001; K. Wood in litt. 1999; animals, such as goats, cattle, and pigs; surface is densely covered with Service 1999; 59 FR 56333). reduced reproductive vigor; fire; natural irregularly curved, silky gray to white On Maui, Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. aging and death; and invasive plant hairs along the veins. The male flowers pennatiformis is found on cliffs with species, such as Pennisetum may be stalkless or have short stalks. brown soil and talus within reach of clandestinum (Service 1995a; 59 FR The female flowers are stalkless and ocean spray in Pandanus tectorius 9304). have a densely hairy calyx that is either (hala) coastal wet forests at elevations toothed, collar-like, or divided into between 0 and 188 m (0 and 615 ft) and Melicope mucronulata (alani) narrow unequal segments. The fruits are containing one or more of the following Melicope mucronulata, a long-lived achenes with the apical section associated native plant species: Sadleria perennial of the rue family (Rutaceae), separated from the basal portion by a pallida, Lysimachia mauritiana is a small tree up to 4 m (13 ft) tall with deep constriction. Seeds are oval with a (kolokolo kuahiwi), Cyperus laevigatus oval to elliptic-oval leaves, 8 to 16 cm constriction across the upper half. (makaloa), Eragrostis spp. (NCN), or (3 to 6.5 in) long and 3.5 to 6.5 cm (1.5 Neraudia sericea differs from the other Ipomoea spp. (morning glory) (HINHP to 2.5 in) wide. This species is four closely related species of this Database 2001; K. Wood in litt. 1999; J. distinguished from others in the genus endemic Hawaiian genus by the density, Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1999; by the growth habit, the number of length, color, and posture of the hairs on 59 FR 56333). flowers in each flower cluster, the size the lower leaf surface and by its mostly Threats to the only known population and shape of the fruit, and the degree of entire leaf margins (Wagner et al. 1999). of Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. hairiness of the leaves and fruit walls Little is known about the life history pennatiformis on Maui include grazing (Stone et al. 1999). of Neraudia sericea. Flowering cycles, and habitat destruction caused by Little is known about the life history pollination vectors, seed dispersal ungulates; competition from alien plant of Melicope mucronulata. Flowering agents, longevity, specific species; and extinction from random cycles, pollination vectors, seed environmental requirements, and naturally occurring events (Service dispersal agents, longevity, specific limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333). environmental requirements, and 1999; 59 FR 56333). limiting factors are unknown (Service Neraudia sericea was known Melicope knudsenii (alani) 1997; 57 FR 20772). historically from Molokai, Lanai, Melicope knudsenii, a long-lived First discovered in 1920 in Kanaio, Olowalu Valley on West Maui, the perennial and a member of the rue East Maui, Melicope mucronulata was southern slopes of Haleakala on East family (Rutaceae), is a tree with smooth not relocated until 1983 when it was Maui, and from Kahoolawe. Currently, gray bark and yellowish brown to olive- reported from privately owned land this species is known from Molokai and brown hairs on the tips of the branches. with an unknown number of plants in Maui. On Maui, three populations The species is distinguished from M. Auwahi. This species was also found 2 totaling more than five individuals are haupuensis and other members of the years later on East Molokai (Stone et al. found on State (Department of Hawaiian

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Home Lands) and privately owned lands 1979 in Pohakea Gulch (HINHP extinction due to random environmental in Pohakea Gulch (West Maui) and in Database 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR events (Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304). Manawainui and Kamole Gulches (East 55770). Phlegmariurus mannii (wawae iole) Maui) (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database On Maui, Nototrichium humile 2001; M. Kaiaokamelie, in litt. 2000; occurred on old cinder cones in dry Phlegmariurus mannii (= Service 1999; 59 FR 56333). shrubland at elevations between 338 mannii, = Lycopodium mannii), a short- Neraudia sericea generally occurs in and 734 m (1,110 and 2,407 ft) with one lived member of the clubmoss family dry to mesic Metrosideros polymorpha- or more of the following associated (), is a hanging epiphyte Dodonaea viscosa-Styphelia native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, (growing on the outside of other plants tameiameiae shrubland or forest or Erythrina sandwicensis, Heteropogon instead of being rooted in the ground) Acacia koa forest at elevations between contortus, and Nototrichium with clustered, delicate red stems and 198 and 1,658 m (650 and 5,439 ft) and sandwicense (J. Lau, pers. comm., 2001; forked reproductive spikes. These traits containing one or more of the following Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770). distinguish it from others in the genus associated native plant species: Urera Nothing is known of the threats to in Hawaii (Degener and Degener 1959; glabra, Cyrtandra oxybapha (haiwale), Nototrichium humile on the island of St. John 1981; Wagner and Wagner Cyrtandra spp., Sida fallax, Diospyros Maui (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770). 1992). spp., Bobea spp., Coprosma spp., or Little is known about the life history Hedyotis spp. (Wagner et al. 1999; Peucedanum sandwicense (makou) of Phlegmariurus mannii. Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, seed HINHP Database 2001; M. Bruegmann, Peucedanum sandwicense, a member dispersal agents, longevity, specific in litt. 1995; Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; of the parsley family (), is a environmental requirements, and R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., 2001). short-lived, parsley-scented, sprawling limiting factors are unknown (Service The primary threats to Neraudia herb. Hollow stems arise from a short, sericea on Maui are habitat degradation 1997; 57 FR 20772). vertical, perennial stem with several Historically, Phlegmariurus mannii by feral pigs and goats; competition fleshy roots. This species is the only with the alien plant species, Melinus was known from Kauai, West Maui member of the genus in the Hawaiian (Haelaau and Hanaula), and the Island minutiflora, Pennisetum clandestinum, Islands (Constance and Affolter 1999). Holcus lanatus, Cymbopogon refractus of Hawaii. Currently, this species is Little is known about the life history (barbwire grass), and alien Eragrostis found on Maui and Hawaii. On Maui, of Peucedanum sandwicense. Flowering spp. (love grass); and a risk of extinction this species is now known on State cycles, pollination vectors, seed due to random environmental events (Lihau section West Maui NAR, dispersal agents, longevity, specific (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333). Makawao Forest Reserve, Department of environmental requirements, and Hawaiian Home Lands, and Kipahulu Nototrichium humile (kulu i) limiting factors are unknown (Service Forest Reserve), Federal and privately Nototrichium humile, a member of the 1995a; 59 FR 9304). owned lands in Honokohau, Lihau, Puu amaranth family (Amaranthaceae), is an Historically and currently, Okakae, Manawainui, Healani Stream, upright to trailing shrub with branched Peucedanum sandwicense is known Puu Ahulili, and Kaapahu within the stems to 1.5 m (5 ft) long. Stems and from Molokai, Maui, and Kauai. East Maui Watershed Partnership and young leaves are covered with short Discoveries in 1990 extended the known the West Maui Mountains Watershed hairs. Leaves are oppositely arranged, distribution of this species to the island Partnership. There are seven oval to oblong in outline, 3 to 9 cm (1.2 of Oahu. Currently, on Maui there are populations with a total of 22 to 3.5 in) long, and 2 to 5 cm (0.8 to 2.0 three populations on State and privately individuals on Maui (GDSI 2001; in) wide. Stalkless flowers are arranged owned lands at Keopuka Islet, near HINHP Database 2001; Service 1997; 57 in a spike at the ends of the stem. Pauwalu Point, and east of Hanawi FR 20772). Membranous bracts grow below each Stream, with a total of 32 individuals On Maui, Phlegmariurus mannii flower. Two of the bracts and the sepals (Service 1995a; 59 FR 9304; GDSI 2001; typically grows as an epiphyte on fall off with the mature fruit. This HINHP Database 2001). Metrosideros polymorpha, Dodonaea species is distinguished from the only This species grows sparsely vegetated viscosa and Acacia koa trees in moist other species in the genus by its steep to vertical cliff habitats with little protected gulches or mossy tussocks in inflorescence, a slender spike 4 mm (0.2 soil in mesic or coastal communities at mesic to wet montane Metrosideros in) in diameter or less, which is covered elevations between 0 and 1,131 m (0 polymorpha-Acacia koa forests or wet with short hairs (Wagner et al. 1999). and 3,711 ft) and containing one or montane Metrosideros polymorpha- Nototrichium humile has been more of the following associated native Acacia koa forests at elevations between observed flowering after heavy rain, but species: Artemisia australis, Eragrostis 446 and 1,688 m (1,464 and 5,539 ft) flowering is generally heaviest in the spp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Carex and containing one or more of the spring and summer. Fruits mature a few spp., Bidens spp., Diospyros following associated native plant weeks after flowering. In cultivation, sandwicensis, Chamaesyce spp., species: Thelypteris spp. (NCN), this species is known to live for more Peperomia spp., Pandanus tectorius, Athyrium spp., Styphelia tameiameiae, than a decade. Little else is known Scaevola sericea, Lysimachia Cyanea spp., Machaerina spp., about the life history of Nototrichium mauritiana, Schiedea globosa (NCN), or Cyrtandra spp., Sadleria spp., humile. Flowering cycles, pollination Hedyotis littoralis (NCN) (Constance Vaccinium spp., Astelia menziesii vectors, seed dispersal agents, longevity, and Affolter 1999; Service 1995a; (kaluaha), Coprosma spp., specific environmental requirements, HINHP Database 2001; 59 FR 9304; R. Cheirodendron trigynum, or Ilex and limiting factors are unknown Hobdy et al., pers. comm., 2001; J. Lau anomala (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772; R. (Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770). pers. comm., 2001). Hobdy et al., pers. comm., 2001). Historically, Nototrichium humile Competition with introduced plants is The primary reasons for the was known from Oahu and Maui. It the major threat to Peucedanum endangerment of this species are habitat currently occurs only on Oahu. On sandwicense on Keopuka Rock. alteration by goats, cattle and pigs, and Maui, Nototrichium humile was last Additionally, small population sizes the impacts of alien plant species. seen in the wild by Robert Hobdy in also make the species subject to Additionally, small population sizes

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also make the species subject to larger lower lip. Fruits are fleshy, dark lydgatei has shorter leaf stalks, extinction due to random environmental green to black nutlets. A suite of spreading hairs on the leaf stalks, and events (Service 1997; 57 FR 20772). technical characteristics concerning the fewer gland-tipped hairs in the kind and amount of hair, the number of inflorescence. At the time of listing of Phyllostegia mannii (NCN) flowers in a cluster, and details of the this species only two varieties were Phyllostegia mannii, a nonaromatic various plant parts separate this species recognized, glabriuscula and parviflora. member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), from other members of the genus Subsequent to the final rule listing this is a climbing vine with many-branched, (Wagner et al. 1990). species in 1996, we became aware of four-sided, hairy stems. The opposite, Individual Phyllostegia mollis plants Wagner’s (1999) taxonomic treatment of hairy leaves, which are shaped like live for approximately 5 years. The this group in which P. parviflora var. narrow triangles or narrow triangular species is known to flower in late winter lydgatei was changed to variety status ovals, have coarsely toothed margins. and spring. Little else is known about and recognized as distinct from P. Clusters of four to six white flowers are the life history of Phyllostegia mollis. parviflora var. parviflora. Wagner’s arranged in each of several false whorls Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, (1999) treatment is cited in the along an unbranched flowering stem. seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific supplement in the revised edition of the The fruits are fleshy, dark-green to black environmental requirements, and Manual of the Flowering Plants of nutlets (dry seeds with a hard outer limiting factors are unknown (Service Hawaii as the basis for recognizing P. covering). This species is distinguished 1998b; 56 FR 55770). parviflora var. lydgatei. This name from others in the genus by its hairiness; Historically, Phyllostegia mollis was change will be addressed in a future its thin, narrow leaves, which are not known from Oahu, Molokai, and East Federal Register notice (Wagner et al. pinnately divided; and the usually six Maui. Currently, this species is only 1999). flowers per false whorl in a terminal known from Oahu and Maui. On East Historically Phyllostegia parviflora inflorescence (Wagner et al. 1999). Maui, a single population of an was known from three islands, Oahu, This species was observed with fruit unknown number of individuals Hawaii, and Maui. This species is now in July. Little else is known about the remains on State (on the border of known only from two populations on life history of Phyllostegia mannii. Kahikinui Forest Reserve and Oahu (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, Department of Hawaiian Home Lands) 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR 53108). seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific land in Waiopai Gulch (Wagner et al. Nothing is known of the preferred environmental requirements, and 1999; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; habitat of or native plant species limiting factors are unknown (Service Service 1998b; 56 FR 55770). associated with Phyllostegia parviflora 1996b; 57 FR 46325). Phyllostegia mollis typically grows on on the island of Maui (Service 1999; 61 Historically, Phyllostegia mannii was steep slopes and in gulches in mesic FR 53108; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., found from Hanalilolilo to Ohialele on forests dominated by Metrosideros 2001). East Molokai and at Ukulele on East polymorpha and/or Acacia koa at Nothing is known of the threats to Maui. It has not been seen on Maui for elevations between 1,144 and 1,970 m Phyllostegia parviflora on the island of over 70 years. This species is now (3,754 and 6,463 ft). Associated native Maui (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108). known only from Molokai (HINHP plant species include Cheirodendron Plantago princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) Database 2001; Service 1996b; 57 FR trigynum, Melicope spp., Diplazium 46325). sandwichianum, Myrsine lessertiana, Plantago princeps, a short-lived On Maui, Phyllostegia mannii occurs and Alyxia oliviformis (J. Lau, pers. member of the plantain family in gentle slopes and the steep sides of comm., 2001; Service 1998b; 56 FR (Plantaginaceae), is a small shrub or gulches in mesic to wet forest 55770). robust perennial herb. This species dominated by Acacia koa and/or The major threats to Phyllostegia differs from other native members of the Metrosideros polymorpha at elevations mollis are competition from the alien genus in Hawaii by its large branched between 1,069 and 1,615 m (3,506 and plant species Rubus spp. and Schinus stems, flowers at nearly right angles to 5,297 ft) with one or more of the terebinthifolius; and a risk of extinction the axis of the flower cluster, and fruits following associated native plant of the only known population of this that break open at a point two-thirds species: Cheirodendron trigynum, species on Maui due to random from the base. The four varieties, Melicope spp., Alyxia oliviformia, environmental events (Service 1998b; 56 anomala, laxiflora, longibracteata, and Diplazium sandwichianum, Myrsine FR 55770). princeps, are distinguished by the branching and pubescence of the stems; lessertiana, or Dicranopteris linearis (J. Phyllostegia parviflora (NCN) Lau, pers. comm., 2001; Service 1996b; the size, pubescence, and venation of 57 FR 46325). Phyllostegia parviflora, a member of the leaves; the density of the Nothing is known of the threats to the mint family (Lamiaceae), is a inflorescence; and the orientation of the Phyllostegia mannii on the island of perennial herb with forward-bending flowers (Wagner et al. 1999). Maui (Service 1996b; 57 FR 46325). hairs on the stems and straight or Individuals have been observed in slightly curved hairs on the flowering fruit from April through September. Phyllostegia mollis (NCN) stalk. The species is distinguished from Little else is known about the life Phyllostegia mollis, a short-lived others of the genus by the egg-shaped to history of Plantago princeps. Flowering member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), broadly egg-shaped leaves, leaf stalks cycles, pollination vectors, seed grows as a nearly erect, densely hairy, usually 6 to 13.5 cm (2.4 to 5.3 in) long, dispersal agents, longevity, specific nonaromatic, perennial herb. Leaves are and the lower corolla lip 6 to 9 mm environmental requirements, and oval in outline with rounded teeth. (0.24 to 0.36 in) long. Phyllostegia limiting factors are unknown (Service Flowers, usually in groups of six, are parviflora var. glabriuscula has fewer 1999; 59 FR 56333). spaced along a stem; there are two glandular hairs in the inflorescence, less Plantago princeps is historically and shorter flowering stems directly below pubescent leaves, and usually currently found on Kauai, Oahu, the main stem. The flowers have fused unbranched inflorescences compared Molokai, and Maui. It is no longer sepals and white petals fused into a tube with Phyllostegia parviflora var. extant on the island of Hawaii. Plantago and flaring into a smaller upper and a parviflora. Phyllostegia parviflora var. princeps var. anomala is currently

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known from Kauai and Oahu; var. with 22 individuals are reported on being fused into continuous marginal longibracteata is known from Kauai and State (West Maui Forest Reserve) and sori (Wagner 1949; Wagner and Wagner Oahu; var. princeps is known from privately owned lands within the West 1992). Oahu; and var. laxiflora is known from Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership Little is known about the life history Molokai and Maui. On Maui, there are and the East Maui Watershed of Pteris lidgatei. Flowering cycles, five populations of Plantago princeps Partnership from Kapaloa Stream, pollination vectors, seed dispersal var. laxiflora, with a total of 118 Waihee River, the border of Lahaina and agents, specific environmental individuals, on Federal (Haleakala Wailuku Districts and Koolau Gap requirements, and limiting factors are National Park) and privately owned (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001; unknown (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025). lands within the East Maui Watershed Service 1999; 61 FR 53108). Historically, Pteris lidgatei was found Partnership. This variety is found at Platanthera holochila is found in on Oahu, Molokai, and Waihee on West Kahoolewa Ridge, Nakalaloa Stream, Iao Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris Maui. Currently, this species is known Valley near the Needle, Hanakauhi, the linearis montane wet forest or M. from Oahu and Maui. Two populations west side of Kaupo Gap, and Palikea polymorpha mixed montane bog or with approximately 20 individuals Stream (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; mesic scrubby M. polymorpha forest at occur on Maui on State (Kahakuloa GDSI 2001; HINHP Database 2001). elevations between 536 and 2,314 m section of the West Maui NAR) and On Maui, Plantago princeps var. (1,759 and 7,592 ft) containing one or privately owned lands within the West laxiflora is typically found on basalt more of the following associated native Maui Mountains Watershed Partnership cliffs that are windblown with little plant species: Cibotium spp., Coprosma north of Eke Crater and at Kauala (GDSI vegetation in Metrosideros polymorpha ernodeoides (kukae nene), Oreobolus 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service lowland wet forest; or Acacia koa- furcatus, Styphelia tameiameiae, 1998a; 59 FR 49025). Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet Wikstroemia spp., Scaevola This species grows on steep stream forest; or Metrosideros polymorpha chamissoniana (naupaka kuahiwi), banks in wet Metrosideros polymorpha- montane wet shrubland at elevations Sadleria spp., Deschampsia nubigena, Dicranopteris linearis montane forest at between 281 and 2,539 m (922 and Metrosideros polymorpha, Luzula elevations between 201 and 1,717 m 8,329 ft) and containing one or more of hawaiiensis (wood rush), Sisyrinchium (659 and 5,633 ft) and containing one or the following associated native plant acre (mauu laili), Broussaisia arguta, more of the following native plant species: Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis Clermontia spp., Lycopodium cernuum species: Cibotium chamissoi (hapuu), formosa, Dubautia plantaginea spp. (wawae iole), Dubautia scabra (naenae), Dicranopteris linearis, Elaphoglossum humilis, Pipturus albidus, Perrottetia Polypodium pellucidum (ae), Morelotia crassifolium (ekaha), Sadleria squarrosa sandwicensis, Touchardia latifolia, gahniiformis (NCN), or Vaccinium (amau), Thelypteris cyatheoides, or Dryopteris spp., various other ferns, reticulatum (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; Sphenomeris chusana (palaa) (HINHP Cyanea spp, and Melicope ovalis, R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., 2001). Database 2001; Service 1998a; 59 FR Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, The primary threats to Platanthera 49025; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., Chamaesyce celastroides, Styphelia holochila on Maui are habitat 2001). tameiameiae or Dubautia menziesii degradation and/or destruction by feral The primary threats to Pteris lidgatei (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; HINHP pigs; landslides; competition with alien on Maui are the alien plants Clidemia Database 2001; R. Hobdy et al., pers. plant species; and a risk of extinction on hirta, Tibouchina herbacea, and comm., 2001). Maui from naturally occurring events Ageratina adenophora; habitat The primary threats to Plantago and/or reduced reproductive vigor due destruction by feral pigs; and a risk of princeps var. laxiflora on Maui are to the small number of remaining extinction due to random environmental herbivory and habitat degradation by populations and individuals. Predation events (Service 1998a; 59 FR 49025). feral pigs and goats and competition by slugs may also be a potential threat Sanicula purpurea (NCN) with various alien plant species (Service to this species (Service 1999; 61 FR 1999; 59 FR 56333). 53108). Sanicula purpurea, a short-lived member of the parsley family Platanthera holochila (NCN) Pteris lidgatei (NCN) (Apiaceae), is a stout perennial herb, 8 Platanthera holochila, a short-lived, Pteris lidgatei, a short-lived member to 36 cm (3 to 14 in) tall, arising from perennial member of the orchid family of the maidenhair fern family a massive perennial stem. The stems are (Orchidaceae), is an erect, deciduous (Adiantaceae), is a coarse perennial tufted and branched, with the lower herb. The stems arise from underground herb, 0.5 to 1 m (1.6 to 3.3 ft) tall. It has portion of the stem lying close to the tubers, the pale green leaves are lance to a horizontal rhizome 1.5 cm (0.6 in) ground, while the upper portion rises. egg-shaped and the greenish-yellow thick and at least 10 cm (3.9 in) long The basal leaves are numerous and flowers occur in open spikes. This is the when mature. The fronds, including the leathery in texture and are kidney- only species of this genus that occurs in leaf stalks, are 60 to 95 cm (24 to 37 in) shaped or circular to egg-heart-shaped, the Hawaiian Islands (Wagner et al. long and 20 to 45 cm (8 to 18 in) wide. with three to seven lobes. The leaf lobes 1999). The leafy portion of the frond is oblong- are circular to inversely egg-shaped. The Little is known about the life history deltoid to broadly ovate-deltoid, thick, leaf veins are impressed on the upper of Platanthera holochila. Flowering brittle, and dark gray-green. The sori are surface and prominent on the lower cycles, pollination vectors, seed apparently marginal in position, either surface. The leaf margins bear short, dispersal agents, longevity, specific fused into long linear sori, or more sharp teeth. The basal leaf stalks are environmental requirements, and typically separated into distinct shorter slender and abruptly sheathed at the limiting factors are unknown (Service sori, with intermediate conditions being base. The leaves are palmately three-to 1999; 61 FR 53108). common. Pteris lidgatei can be five-lobed. The small purple, or cream- Historically, Platanthera holochila distinguished from other species of colored with a purple tinge, flowers was known from Maui, Oahu, Molokai, Pteris in the Hawaiian Islands by the occur in branched terminal clusters, and Kauai. Currently, Platanthera texture of its fronds and the tendency of each of which contains six to 10 holochila is extant on Kauai, Molokai, the sori along the leaf margins to be flowers. Each flower cluster contains and Maui. On Maui, four populations broken into short segments instead of one to three perfect flowers and five to

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seven staminate flowers. Below the inflorescences, which are hairy, Historically, Schiedea hookeri was inflorescence is a series of about 10 somewhat sticky, and 5 to 22 cm (2 to known from the Waianae Mountains of oblong or inversely lance-shaped bracts. 9 in) long. The lance-shaped sepals are Oahu and from a single fragmentary The nearly spherical fruits are covered green to purple and 3 to 4.5 mm (1.2 to collection from Haleakala on Maui that with prickles. This species is 1.8 in) long. The fruit is a capsule about may represent Schiedea menziesii rather distinguished from others in the genus 3 mm (0.1 in) long. This species is than Schiedea hookeri. Currently, this by the number of flowers per cluster and distinguished from others in this species is known only from Oahu by the color of the petals (Constance and endemic Hawaiian genus by its open, (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP Affolter 1999). hairy, and sometimes sticky Database 2001; EDA Database 2001). Little is known about the life history inflorescence, and by the size of the Nothing is known of the preferred of Sanicula purpurea. Flowering cycles, capsules (Wagner et al. 1999). habitat of or native plant species pollination vectors, seed dispersal Based on field and greenhouse associated with Schiedea hookeri on the agents, longevity, specific observations, it is hermaphroditic, island of Maui (Service 1999; 61 FR environmental requirements, and which means each individual has both 53108; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., limiting factors are unknown (Service male and female reproductive organs. 2001). 1999; 61 FR 53108). Mature fruits have been observed in Nothing is known of the threats to Historically and currently, Sanicula June and August. Schiedea hookeri Schiedea hookeri on the island of Maui purpurea is known from Oahu and West appears to be an outcrossing species. (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108). Maui. On Maui, five populations Under greenhouse conditions, flowers totaling between 200 individuals are Schiedea nuttallii (NCN) do not set fruit unless pollinated. In the currently known on State (Kahakuloa Schiedea nuttallii, a member of the field, the species is presumed to be and Honokawai sections of the West pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a pollinated by insects, although none Maui NAR) and private lands within the generally hairless, erect subshrub. This have been observed (a related species, West Maui Mountains Watershed long-lived perennial species is Schiedea lydgatei on Molokai, is Partnership north of Eke Crater and east distinguished from others in this apparently pollinated by native, night- of Kahakuloa Stream, south of Eke endemic Hawaiian genus by its habit, flying moths). A series of self- Crater, near Violet Lake, the ridge west length of the stem internodes, length of pollinations, intra-populational crosses, of Puu Kukui, and Kahoolewa Ridge the inflorescence, number of flowers per and crosses among populations have east of Puu Kukui (GSDI 2001; HINHP inflorescence, and smaller leaves, demonstrated that Schiedea hookeri Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 FR flowers, and seeds (Wagner et al. 1999). 53108). experiences moderately strong Little is known about the life history This species typically grows in open inbreeding depression. These results of Schiedea nuttallii. Based on field and Metrosideros polymorpha mixed indicate that reductions in population greenhouse observations, it is montane bogs at elevations between size could result in expression of hermaphroditic. Plants on Oahu have 1,195 and 1,764 m (3,921 and 5,787 ft) inbreeding depression among progeny, been under observation for 10 years, and containing one or more of the following with deleterious consequences for the they appear to be long-lived. Schiedea associated plant species Styphelia long-term persistence of this species. nuttallii appears to be an outcrossing tameiameiae, Gahnia beecheyi (NCN), Individuals of Schiedea hookeri appear species. Under greenhouse conditions, Geranium hillebrandii (nohoanu), to be long-lived, but there is no plants fail to set seed unless hand Myrsine vaccinioides (kolea), Viola evidence of reproduction from seed pollinated, suggesting that this species maviensis, Argyroxiphium caliginis (eke under field conditions. Seedlings of requires insects for pollination. Fruits silversword), Plantago pachyphylla Schiedea occurring in mesic or wet sites and flowers are abundant in the wet (laukahi kuahiwi), Lycopodium spp., are apparently consumed by introduced season but can be found throughout the (green slugs and snails, which have been year. Little else is known about the life sword), Lagenifera maviensis, observed feeding on Schiedea history of Schiedea nuttallii. Flowering Machaerina spp., or Oreobolus furcatus membranacea, another mesic forest cycles, pollination vectors, seed (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 61 species that occurs on Kauai. In contrast dispersal agents, longevity, specific FR 53108; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., to mesic-forest species, Schiedea environmental requirements, and 2001). occurring in dry areas produce limiting factors are unknown (Service Habitat degradation by feral pigs; a abundant seedlings following winter 1999; 61 FR 53108). risk of extinction due to random rains, presumably because the drier sites Historically, Schiedea nuttallii was environmental events, and/or reduced have fewer alien consumers. Schiedea known from Kauai and Oahu and was reproductive vigor due to the small hookeri differs considerably through its reported from Maui. Currently, it is number of existing populations; and range in potential for clonal growth. found on Kauai, Oahu, and Molokai slugs are the major threats to Sanicula Plants from Kaluakauila Gulch are (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; HINHP purpurea (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108; upright and show little potential for Database 2001; GDSI 2001). HINHP Database 2001). clonal spread. In contrast, clonal growth Nothing is known of the preferred has been detected for individuals at Schiedea hookeri (NCN) habitat of or native plant species Kaluaa Gulch, where the growth form is associated with Schiedea nuttallii on Schiedea hookeri, a member of the decumbent and plants apparently root at the island of Maui (Service 1999; 61 FR pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a the nodes. Little else is known about the 53108; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., sprawling or clumped perennial herb. life history of Schiedea hookeri. 2001). The stems, 0.3 to 0.5 m (1 to 1.6 ft) long, Flowering cycles, pollination vectors, Nothing is known of the threats to curve slightly upward or lie close to the seed dispersal agents, longevity, specific Schiedea nuttallii on the island of Maui ground and often produce matted environmental requirements, and (Service 1999; 61 FR 53108). clumps. The thin, opposite leaves are limiting factors are unknown (Weller narrowly lance-shaped to narrowly and Sakai, unpublished data; Service Sesbania tomentosa (ohai) elliptic. The petalless, perfect flowers 1999; HINHP Database 2001; 61 FR Sesbania tomentosa, a short-lived are borne in open branched 53108). member of the legume family

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(Fabaceae), is typically a sprawling shrublands at elevations between 0 and Nothing is known of the preferred shrub, but may also be a small tree. Each 608 m (0 and 1,993 ft) and containing habitat of or native plant species compound leaf consists of 18 to 38 one or more of the following associated associated with Solanum incompletum oblong to elliptic leaflets which are native plant species: Jacquemontia on the island of Maui (Service 1999; 59 usually sparsely to densely covered ovalifolia ssp. sandwicensis FR 56333; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., with silky hairs. The flowers are salmon (pauohiiaka), Sida fallax, Diospyros 2001). tinged with yellow, orange-red, scarlet sandwicensis, Lipochaeta integrifolia Nothing is known of the threats to or rarely, pure yellow. Sesbania (nehe), Bidens spp., or stunted Solanum incompletum on the island of tomentosa is the only endemic Dodonaea viscosa (Service 1999; 59 FR Maui (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333). Hawaiian species in the genus, differing 56333; HINHP Database 2001; R. Hobdy Spermolepis hawaiiensis (NCN) from the naturalized S. sesban by the et al., pers. comm., 2001). color of the flowers, the longer petals The primary threats to Sesbania Spermolepis hawaiiensis, a member of and calyx, and the number of seeds per tomentosa on Maui are habitat the parsley family (Apiaceae), is a slender annual herb with few branches. pod (Geesink et al. 1999). degradation caused by competition with Its leaves, dissected into narrow, lance- The pollination biology of Sesbania various alien plant species such as shaped divisions, are oblong to tomentosa is being studied by David Lantana camara, Waltheria indica somewhat oval in outline and grow on Hopper, a graduate student in the (uhaloa), and various grass species; feral stalks. Flowers are arranged in a loose, Department of Zoology at the University cattle; lack of adequate pollination; seed compound umbrella-shaped of Hawaii at Manoa. His preliminary predation by rats, mice and, potentially, inflorescence arising from the stem, findings suggest that although many alien insects; fire; and destruction by opposite the leaves. Spermolepis insects visit Sesbania flowers, the off-road vehicles and other human hawaiiensis is the only member of the majority of successful pollination is disturbances. Threats to Sesbania genus native to Hawaii. It is accomplished by native bees of the tomentosa on Kahoolawe include genus Hylaeus and that populations at distinguished from other native habitat degradation caused by members of the family by being a Kaena Point on Oahu are probably competition with various alien plant pollinator limited. Flowering at Kaena nonsucculent annual with an umbrella- species, erosion, and trampling by cats shaped inflorescence (Constance and Point is highest during the winter-spring and seabirds (Service 1999; 59 FR rains, and gradually declines throughout Affolter 1999). 56333; P. Higashino, pers. comm., Little is known about the life history the rest of the year. Little else is known 2000). about the life history of Sesbania of Spermolepis hawaiiensis. Flowering tomentosa. Flowering cycles, Solanum incompletum (popolo ku mai) cycles, pollination vectors, seed pollination vectors, seed dispersal dispersal agents, longevity, specific Solanum incompletum, a short-lived environmental requirements, and agents, longevity, specific perennial member of the nightshade environmental requirements, and limiting factors are unknown (Service family (Solanaceae), is a woody shrub. limiting factors are unknown (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333). Its stems and lower leaf surfaces are 1999; 59 FR 56333). Historically, Spermolepis hawaiiensis Historically, Sesbania tomentosa covered with prominent reddish was known from the islands of Kauai, occurred on all eight of the main prickles or sometimes with yellow fuzzy Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii. Currently, it Hawaiian Islands and on the hairs on young plant parts and lower is extant on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands of leaf surfaces. The oval to elliptic leaves Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii. On Maui, Nihoa and Necker. Currently, Sesbania have prominent veins on the lower there are four known populations with tomentosa occurs on Kauai, Oahu, surface and lobed leaf margins. hundreds to thousands of individuals Molokai, Kahoolawe, Maui, the island of Numerous flowers grow in loose on State (Lihau section of West Maui Hawaii, Nihoa and Necker. On Maui, S. branching clusters with each flower on NAR and Kanaio NAR) and privately tomentosa is known from seven a stalk. This species differs from other owned lands within the West Maui populations with a total of 83 native members of the genus by being Mountains Watershed Partnership in individuals. The populations are located generally prickly and having loosely Puu Hipa, south of Kanaha Stream, on State owned and/or leased land clustered white flowers, curved anthers Olowalu, and Kanaio (Service 1999; 59 (Lihau section of West Maui NAR, Hana about 2 mm (0.08 in) long, and berries FR 56333; GDSI 2001; HINHP Database Forest Reserve, and Kanaio Training 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) in diameter 2001; Charles Chimera, USGS Biological Area), under Federal jusisdiction (Symon 1999). Research Division, pers. comm., 2000). (Kanaio National Guard Training Area) Little is known about the life history Spermolepis hawaiiensis is known and on privately owned land within the of Solanum incompletum. Flowering from Dodonaea viscosa lowland dry East Maui Watershed Partnership and cycles, pollination vectors, seed shrubland at elevations between 221 West Maui Mountains Watershed dispersal agents, longevity, specific and 742 m (725 and 2,434 ft) and Partnership at Poelua Bay, Mokolea environmental requirements, and containing one or more of the following Point, between Kahakuloa Head and limiting factors are unknown (Service associated native species: Eragrostis Puu Kahulianapa Mahinanui, Olowalu, 1999; 59 FR 56333). variabilis, Wikstroemia spp., Erythrina Pimoe, south of Puu Puou. Off the south Historically, Solanum incompletum sandwicensis, Diospyros spp., Pleomele central coast of Kahoolawe, was known from central and spp., Lipochaeta lavarum, Sida fallax, approximately 100 individuals of S. northeastern Lanai, scattered locations Myoporum sandwicensis, Santalum tomentosa are found on a small islet, on Maui, and the island of Hawaii. ellipticum, Gouania hillebrandii, or Puu Koae, a State owned seabird According to David Symon (1999), the Heteropogon contortus (Service 1999; 59 sanctuary (R. Hobdy in litt. 2000; known distribution of Solanum FR 56333; HINHP Database 2001; C. Service 1999; 59 FR 56333; GDSI 2001; incompletum also extended to the Chimera, pers. comm., 2000; R. Hobdy HINHP Database 2001). islands of Kauai and Molokai. Currently, et al., pers. comm., 2001). Sesbania tomentosa is found in Solanum incompletum is only known The primary threats to Spermolepis windswept slopes, sea cliffs and cinder from the island of Hawaii (Service 1999; hawaiiensis on Maui are habitat cones in Scaevola sericea coastal dry 59 FR 56333; HINHP Database 2001). degradation by feral goats, pigs, cattle,

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and axis deer; competition with various up to about 38 cm (15 in) tall. Its leaves (NCN), or Waltheria indica (Service alien plants, such as Melinis repens and are firm, very narrow, and with the 1995b; 56 FR 47686; R. Hobdy et al., Lantana camara; fire; and erosion, edges rolled inward when the leaf is pers. comm., 2001). landslides, and rock slides due to mature. There is a single flower head Nothing is known of the threats to natural weathering which result in the per branch. The heads are each Tetramolopium remyi on the island of death of individual plants as well as comprised of 70 to 100 yellow disk and Maui (Service 1995b; 56 FR 47686). habitat destruction (Service 1999; 59 FR 150 to 250 white ray florets. The stems, Vigna o-wahuensis (NCN) 56333). leaves, flower bracts, and fruit are covered with sticky hairs. Vigna o-wahuensis, a member of the Tetramolopium arenarium (NCN) Tetramolopium remyi has the largest legume family (Fabaceae), is a slender, Tetramolopium arenarium is a short- flower heads in the genus. Two other twining, long-lived perennial herb with lived perennial and an upright, species of the genus are known fuzzy stems. Each leaf is made up of branched shrub in the sunflower family historically from Lanai, but both have three leaflets which vary in shape from (Asteraceae). Alternate leaves are lance- purplish rather than yellow disk florets round to linear, and are sparsely or shaped, hairy, glandular, and gray- and from four to 60 rather than one moderately covered with coarse hairs. green. This species is separated from flower head per branch (Lowrey 1999). Flowers, in clusters of one to four, have other species of the genus in the Tetramolopium remyi flowers thin, translucent, pale yellow or Hawaiian Islands by several characters: between April and January. Field greenish yellow petals. The two upright habit; number of heads per observations suggest that the population lowermost petals are fused and appear flower cluster (five to 11); presence and size of the species can be profoundly distinctly beaked. The sparsely hairy type of glands and hairs; size of male affected by variability in annual calyx has asymmetrical lobes. The fruits ray flowers (1.3 to 2.2 mm (.002 to .009 precipitation; the adult plants may are long slender pods that may or may in); number of bisexual disk flowers succumb to prolonged drought, but not be slightly inflated and contain (five to nine) and their maroon color; apparently there is a seedbank in the seven to 15 gray to black seeds. This and a wide, two- to four-nerved fruit soil that can replenish the population species differs from others in the genus with white hairs at the tip. Three infra- during favorable conditions. Such seed by its thin yellowish petals, sparsely specific species are recognized: banks are of great importance for arid- hairy calyx, and thin pods which may Tetramolopium arenarium ssp. dwelling plants to allow populations to or may not be slightly inflated (Geesink arenarium var. arenarium (Maui and persist through adverse conditions. The et al. 1999). Hawaii), T. arenarium ssp. arenarium aridity of the area, possibly coupled Little is known about the life history var. confertum (Hawaii), and T. with human-induced changes in the of Vigna o-wahuensis. Flowering cycles, arenarium ssp. laxum (Maui). These habitat and subsequent lack of pollination vectors, seed dispersal species are distinguished one from the availability of suitable sites for seedling agents, longevity, specific other by a combination of characters. T. establishment, may be a factor limiting environmental requirements, and arenarium ssp. arenarium var. population growth and/or expansion. limiting factors are unknown (Service confertum and T. arenarium ssp. laxum Requirements of this taxon in these 1999; 59 FR 56333). have not been seen the late 1800s areas are not known, but success in Historically, Vigna o-wahuensis was (Lowrey 1999). greenhouse cultivation of these plants known from Niihau, Oahu, and on East Little is known about the life history with much higher water availability Maui in Makawao, Waiakoa, and of Tetramolopium arenarium. Flowering implies that, although these plants are Haleakala, and at an unspecified site on cycles, pollination vectors, seed drought-tolerant, perhaps the dry West Maui. Currently, Vigna o- dispersal agents, longevity, specific conditions in which they currently exist wahuensis is known from the islands of environmental requirements, and are not optimum. Individual plants are Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and limiting factors are unknown (Service probably not long-lived. Pollination is Hawaii. There are no currently known 1996a; 59 FR 10305). hypothesized to be possibly by populations on Niihau or Oahu. On the Tetramolopium arenarium was butterflies, bees, or flies. Little else is State owned island of Kahoolawe, there historically known from the islands of known about the life history of are a total of three populations with an Maui and Hawaii. The taxon was Tetramolopium remyi. Flowering unknown number of individuals in the considered extinct until Tetramolopium cycles, pollination vectors, seed Makaalae/Lua Kealialalo, the Puhi a arenarium ssp. arenarium var. dispersal agents, longevity, specific Nanue area near a tidal pond, and on arenarium was recently rediscovered on environmental requirements, and Lua Makika. On Maui, there is a single the island of Hawaii. Both supspecies limiting factors are unknown (Service population of at least one individual on were last seen on Maui in the late 1800s 1995b; 56 FR 47686). State owned land at Kamanamana (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; HINHP Historically, the species was known (HINHP Database 2001; GDSI 2001; C. Database 2001; GDSI 2001). from the Lahaina area of West Maui and Chimera, pers. comm., 2000; Service Nothing is known about the preferred Lanai. Currently, T. remyi is known 1999; 59 FR 56333). habitat of Tetramolopium arenarium on from two populations on Lanai. It was On Kahoolawe and Maui, Vigna o- Maui (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305; R. last seen on Maui in 1944 by E. Y. wahuensis occurs in dry to mesic Hobdy et al., pers. comm., 2001). Hosaka (GDSI 2001; HINHP Database grassland and shrubland at elevations Nothing is known of the threats to 2001; Service 1995b; 56 FR 47686). between 0 and 50 m (0 and 164 ft) Tetramolopium arenarium on the island On Maui, Tetramolopium remyi containing one or more of the following of Maui (Service 1996a; 59 FR 10305). occurs in lowland dry shrubland on dry, associated plant species: Sida fallax, exposed ridges or flats at elevations Chenopodium spp., or Chamaesyce spp. Tetramolopium remyi (NCN) between 52 and 550 m (171 and 1,804 (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1999; 59 Tetramolopium remyi, a short-lived ft). Associated plant species include FR 56333; R. Hobdy et al., pers. comm., perennial member of the sunflower Dodonaea viscosa, Heteropogon 2001). family (Asteraceae), is a much branched, contortus, Bidens mauiensis, Bidens The primary threats to Vigna o- decumbent (reclining, with the end menziesii, Eragrostis atropioides wahuensis on Kahoolawe are ascending) or occasionally erect shrub (lovegrass), Lipochaeta heterophylla competition with various alien plant

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species, fire; and a risk of extinction due dispersal agents, longevity, specific following associated native species: to random environmental events, and/or environmental requirements, and Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros reduced reproductive vigor due to the limiting factors are unknown (Service sandwicensis, Pisonia spp. (papala small number of existing populations 1996a; 59 FR 10305). kepau), Xylosma hawaiiensis, Santalum and individuals. The primary threats to Historically, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ellipticum, Alphitonia ponderosa, this species on Maui are competition was known from the islands of Kauai, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alectryon with the alien plant species Lantana Molokai, Lanai, Hawaii, and southern macrococcus, Charpentiera spp., camara and Cenchrus ciliaris and southwestern slopes of Haleakala Melicope spp., Dodonaea viscosa, (buffelgrass), and herbivory by axis deer on Maui. Currently, Zanthoxylum Streblus pendulinus, Myrsine and goats (Service 1999; 59 FR 56333). hawaiiense is extant on the islands of lanaiensis, or Sophora chrysophylla Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae) Kauai, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. This (HINHP Database 2001; Service 1996a; species is found on Maui in four 59 FR 10305; R. Hobdy et al., pers. Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, a long-lived comm., 2001). perennial, is a medium-size tree with populations with a total of 11 pale to dark gray bark, and lemon- individuals on private and State The threats to Zanthoxylum scented leaves in the rue family (Makawao Forest Reserve and hawaiiense on Maui include browsing, (Rutaceae). Alternate leaves are Department of Hawaiian Home Lands) grazing, and trampling by feral goats composed of three small triangular-oval owned lands at Kahakapao, and in the and cattle; competition with the alien to lance-shaped, toothed leaves (leaflets) Hana District north and south of Jeep plant species Melia azedarach with surfaces usually without hairs. Trail and north of Kula Pipeline (GDSI (chinaberry), Lantana camara, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is 2001; HINHP Database 2001; Service Pennisetum clandestinum; fire; human distinguished from other Hawaiian 1996a; 59 FR 10305). disturbance; and risk of extinction from members of the genus by several Zanthoxylum hawaiiense is reported naturally occurring events and/or characters: three leaflets all of similar from open lowland dry or mesic reduced reproductive vigor due to the size, one joint on lateral leaf stalk, and Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele small number of populations (Service sickle-shape fruits with a rounded tip auwahiensis forests, Acacia koa- 1996a; 59 FR 10305). (Stone et al. 1999). Pleomele auwahiensis forest, or A summary of populations and Little is known about the life history montane dry forest at elevations landownership for the 70 plant species of Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Flowering between 882 and 1,540 m (2,894 and reported from the islands of Maui and cycles, pollination vectors, seed 5,051 ft) containing one or more of the Kahoolawe is given in Table 3.

TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF EXISTING POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 70 SPECIES REPORTED FROM MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE.

Number of Landownership Species current pop- ulations Federal State Private

Acaena exigua ...... 0 Adenophorus periens ...... 0 Alectryon macrococcus ...... 7 ...... X X Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum ...... 4 X ...... X Asplenium fragile var. insulare ...... 1 X ...... X Bidens micrantha ssp kalealaha ...... 3 X X ...... Bonamia menziesii ...... 4 ...... X X Brighamia rockii ...... 0 Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... 2 ...... X Centaurium sebaeoides ...... 3 ...... X X Clermontia lindseyana ...... 2 ...... X X Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis ...... 1 ...... X Clermontia peleana ...... 0 Clermontia samuelii ...... 4 X X Colubrina oppositifolia ...... 2 ...... X Ctenitis squamigera ...... 6 ...... X X Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis ...... 3 X X X Cyanea glabra ...... 1 ...... X Cyanea grimesiana spp. grimesiana ...... 2 ...... X Cyanea hamatiflora spp. hamatiflora ...... 7 X X X Cyanea lobata ...... 4 ...... X Cyanea mceldowneyi ...... 6 ...... X X Cyrtandra munroi ...... 4 ...... X X Delissea undulata ...... 0 Diellia erecta ...... 5 ...... X X Diplazium molokaiense ...... 4 ...... X X Dubautia plantaginea spp. humilis ...... 1 ...... X Flueggea neowawraea ...... 3 ...... X X Geranium arboreum ...... 7 X X X Geranium multiflorum ...... 8 X X X Gouania vitifolia ...... 0 Hedyotis coriacea ...... 1 ...... X Hedyotis mannii ...... 1 ...... X Hesperomannia arborescens ...... 2 ...... X X Hesperomannia arbuscula ...... 2 ...... X

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TABLE 3.—SUMMARY OF EXISTING POPULATIONS OCCURRING ON MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE, AND LANDOWNERSHIP FOR 70 SPECIES REPORTED FROM MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE.—Continued

Number of Landownership Species current pop- ulations Federal State Private

Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... 5 ...... X X Ischaemum byrone ...... 6 ...... XX Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... 0 Kanaloa kahoolawensis ...... 1 ...... X Lipochaeta kamolensis ...... 1 ...... X Lysimachia lydgatein ...... 4 ...... X X Mariscus pennatiformis ...... 1 ...... X Melicope adscendens ...... 2 ...... X X Melicope balloui ...... 2 X ...... X Melicope knudsenii ...... 1 ...... XX Melicope mucronulata ...... 1 ...... X Melicope ovalis ...... 1 X Neraudia sericea ...... 3 ...... X X Nototrichium humile ...... 0 Peucedanum sandwicense ...... 3 ...... X X Phlegmariurus mannii ...... 7 X X X Phyllostegia mannii ...... 0 Phyllostegia mollis ...... 1 ...... X Phyllostegia parvilfora ...... 0 Plantago princeps ...... 5 X ...... X Platanthera holochila ...... 3 ...... X X Pteris lidgatei ...... 2 ...... X X Remya mauiensis ...... 3 ...... X Sanicula purpurea ...... 5 ...... X X Schiedea haleakalensis ...... 2 X Schiedea hookeri ...... 0 Schiedea nuttallii ...... 0 Sesbania tomentosa ...... 8 X X X Solanum incompletum ...... 0 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... 4 ...... X X Tetramolopium arenarium ...... 0 Tetramolopium capillare ...... 4 ...... X X Tetramolopium remyi ...... 0 Vigna o-wahuensis ...... 4 ...... X Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... 4 ...... X X

Previous Federal Action arborescens var. bushiana and var. Asplenium fragile), Bidens micrantha swezeyi), Hesperomannia arbuscula, ssp. kalealaha (as Bidens distans and Federal action on these plants began Hibiscus brackenridgei (as Hibiscus Bidens micrantha spp. kalealaha), as a result of section 12 of the Act, brackenridgei var. brackenridgei, var. Ctenitis squamigera, Diplazium which directed the Secretary of the mokuleianus, and var. ‘‘from Hawaii’’), molokaiense, Gouania vitifolia, Smithsonian Institution to prepare a Ischaemum byrone, Melicope balloui (as Hedyotis coriacea, Isodendrion report on plants considered to be Pelea balloui), Melicope knudsenii (as pyrifolium, Melicope knudsenii (as endangered, threatened, or extinct in the Pelea multiflora), Melicope ovalis (as Pelea knudsenii and Pelea tomentosa), . This report, designated as Pelea ovalis), Neraudia sericea (as Melicope mucronulata (as Pelea House Document No. 94–51, was Neraudia kahoolawensis), Nototrichium mucronulata), Phlegmariurus mannii presented to Congress on January 9, humile, Peucedanum sandwicense (as (as Lycopodium mannii), Plantago 1975. In that document, Alectryon Peucedanum kauaiense), Phyllostegia princeps (as Plantago princeps var. macrococcus (as Alectryon mollis, Plantago princeps (as Plantago acaulis, var. denticulata, and var. macrococcum var. macrococcum and princeps var. elata, var. laxiflora, var. queleniana), Pteris lidgatei, Alectryon mahoe), Bonamia menziesii, princeps), Remya mauiensis, Sesbania Tetramolopium arenarium (as Brighamia rockii, Clermontia tomentosa (as Sesbania hobdyi and Tetramolopium arenarium var. lindseyana, Colubrina oppositifolia, Sesbania tomentosa var. tomentosa), arenarium, var. confertum, and var. Cyanea glabra (as Cyanea scabra var. Vigna o-wahuensis (as Vigna dentatum), Tetramolopium capillare, variabilis), Cyanea lobata (as Cyanea sandwicensis var. heterophylla and var. and Tetramolopium remyi were baldwinii), Cyanea mceldowneyi, sandwicensis), and Zanthoxylum considered extinct. On July 1, 1975, we Flueggea neowawraea (as hawaiiense (as Zanthoxylum hawaiiense published notice in the Federal Register phyllanthoides), Geranium arboreum, var. citriodora), were considered to be (40 FR 27823) of our acceptance of the Geranium multiflorum (as Geranium endangered; Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia Smithsonian report as a petition within multiflorum var. multiflorum, var. erecta, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (as the context of section 4(c)(2) (now ovatifolium, and var. superbum), Zanthoxylum hawaiiense var. section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and gave Hedyotis mannii (as Hedyotis thyrsoidea hawaiiense and var. velutinosum) were notice of our intention to review the var. thyrsoidea), Hesperomannia considered to be threatened; and, status of the plant taxa named therein. arborescens (as Hesperomannia Asplenium fragile var. insulare (as As a result of that review, on June 16,

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1976, we published a proposed rule in in response to House Document No. 94– four other proposals that had expired. the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to 51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal We published updated Notices of determine endangered status pursuant Register publication. Review for plants on December 15, 1980 to section 4 of the Act for approximately General comments received in (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 1,700 taxa, including all response to the 1976 proposal are FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR of the above taxa considered to be summarized in an April 26, 1978, 6183), September 30, 1993 (58 FR endangered or thought to be extinct Federal Register publication (43 FR 51144), and February 28, 1996 (61 FR except for Cyanea glabra and Cyrtandra 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act 7596). A summary of the status munroi; additionally, Argyroxiphium required that all proposals over 2 years categories for these 70 plant species in sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum (as old be withdrawn. A 1-year grace period the 1980–1996 notices of review can be Argyroxiphium macrocephalum) was given to proposals already over 2 found in Table 4(a). We listed the 70 appeared in the 1976 proposed rule as years old. On December 10, 1979, we species as endangered or threatened endangered. The list of 1,700 plant taxa published a notice in the Federal was assembled on the basis of Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the between 1991 and 1999. A summary of comments and data received by the portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal the listing actions can be found in Table Smithsonian Institution and the Service that had not been made final, along with 4(b).

TABLE 4(A).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 70 PLANT SPECIES FROM MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE.

FEDERAL REGISTERnotice of review Species 1980 1985 1990 1993 1996

Acaena exigua ...... C1 C1 C1 Adenophorus periens ...... C1 C1 C1 Alectryon macrococcus ...... C1 C1 C1 Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum ...... C1 C1 C1 Asplenium fragile var. insulare ...... C1* C1* C1 Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha ...... C1 C1 C1 Bonamia menziesii ...... C1 C1 C1 Brighamia rockii ...... C1 C1 C1 Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... Centaurium sebaeoides ...... C1 Clermontia lindseyana ...... C1 C1 C1 Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis ...... C1 Clermontia peleana ...... 3C 3C C1 Clermontia samuelii ...... Colubrina oppositifolia ...... C1 C1 C1 Ctenitis squamigera ...... C1* C1* C1* Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis ...... C Cyanea glabra ...... C Cyanea grimesiana spp. grimesiana ...... C1 C1 C2 Cyanea hamatiflora spp. hamatiflora ...... C Cyanea lobata ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyanea mceldowneyi ...... C1 C1 C1 Cyrtandra munroi ...... C2 C2 C1 Delissea undulata ...... C1 C1* C1* C2* Diellia erecta ...... C1 C1 C1 Diplazium molokaiense ...... C1* C1* C1 Dubautia plantaginea spp. humilis ...... C2 C2 C Flueggea neowawraea ...... C1 C1 C1 Geranium arboreum ...... C1 C1 C1 Geranium multiflorum ...... C1 C1 C1 Gouania vitifolia ...... C1* C1* C1* Hedyotis coriacea ...... C1 C1 C1 Hedyotis mannii ...... C1 C1 C1 Hesperomannia arborescens ...... C1 C1 C1 Hesperomannia arbuscula ...... C1 C1 C1 Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... C1 C1 C1 Ischaemum byrone ...... C1 C1 C1 Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... C1* C1* 3A Kanaloa kahoolawensis ...... C Lipochaeta kamolensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Lysimachia lydgatei ...... C1 Mariscus pennatiformis ...... C1 C1 Melicope adscendens ...... 3A Melicope balloui ...... C1 C1 C1* Melicope knudsenii ...... C1* C1* C1 Melicope mucronulata ...... C1 C1 C1 Melicope ovalis ...... C1 C1* C1* Neraudia sericea ...... 3A 3A C1 Nototrichium humile ...... C1 C1 3C Peucedanum sandwicense ...... C2 C2 C2 Phlegmariurus mannii ...... C1 C1 C1 Phyllostegia mannii ...... C1

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TABLE 4(A).—SUMMARY OF CANDIDACY STATUS FOR 70 PLANT SPECIES FROM MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE.—Continued

FEDERAL REGISTER notice of review Species 1980 1985 1990 1993 1996

Phyllostegia mollis ...... C1 C1 C1 Phyllostegia parvilfora ...... C1 C1 C1 Plantago princeps ...... C2 C2 C1 Platanthera holochila ...... C1 C1 C1 C2 Pteris lidgatei ...... C1 C1 C1 Remya mauiensis ...... C1 C1 Sanicula purpurea ...... C1 Schiedea haleakalensis ...... C1 C1 Schiedea hookeri ...... C2 Schiedea nuttallii ...... C2 Sesbania tomentosa ...... C1* C1* C1 Solanum incompletum ...... C1* C1* C1 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... C1 Tetramolopium arenarium ...... C1* C1* 3A Tetramolopium capillare ...... C1* C1* C1* Tetramolopium remyi ...... C1 C1 C1 Vigna o-wahuensis ...... C1 C1 C1 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... C1 C1 C1 Key: C: Candidates: Species for which we have in file sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threats to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened. C1: Taxa for which the Service has on file enough substantial information on biological vulnerability and threat(s) to support proposals to list them as endangered or threatened species. C1*: Taxa of known vulnerable status in the recent past that may already have become extinct. C2: Taxa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time. 3A: Taxa for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. If rediscovered, such taxa might acquire high priority for listing. 3C: Taxa that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or those that are not subject to any identifiable threat. FEDERAL REGISTER Notice of Review—1980: 45 FR 82479, 1985: 50 FR 39525, 1990: 55 FR 6183, 1993: 58 FR 51144, 1996: 61 FR 7596

TABLE 4(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 70 PLANT SPECIES FROM MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE

Proposed rule Final Rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Federal Federal Date Register Date Register Date Register

Acaena exigua ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20787 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Adenophorus periens ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00, 65 FR 66808, 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Alectryon macrococcus ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 11/07/00, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. T 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 macrocephalum. Asplenium fragile var. insulare ...... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025 Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Bonamia menziesii ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 Brighamia rockii ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Cenchrus agrimonioides ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Centaurium sebaeoides ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 11/07/00, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/00, 65 FR 82086, 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Clermontia lindseyana ...... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, mauiensis. 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 Clermontia peleana ...... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 Clermontia samuelii ...... E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Colubrina oppositifolia ...... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Ctenitis squamigera ...... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Cyanea copelandii ssp. E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 haleakalaensis. Cyanea glabra ...... E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Cyanea grimesiana spp. grimesiana E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/00, 65 FR 83157, 12/27/00 65 FR 82086

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TABLE 4(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 70 PLANT SPECIES FROM MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE—Continued

Proposed rule Final Rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Federal Federal Date Register Date Register Date Register

Cyanea hamatiflora spp. hamatiflora E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Cyanea lobata ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Cyanea mceldowneyi ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Cyrtandra munroi ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 Delissea undulata ...... E 06/27/94 59 FR 32946 10/10/96 61 FR 53124 11/07/00 65 FR 66808 Diellia erecta ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Diplazium molokaiense ...... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025 12/18/00 65 FR 66808 Dubautia plantaginea spp. humilis .... E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Flueggea neowawraea ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Geranium arboreum ...... E 01/23/91 56 FR 2490 05/13/92 57 FR 20589 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Geranium multiflorum ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Gouania vitifolia ...... E 12/14/92 57 FR 39066 06/27/94 59 FR 32932 Hedyotis coriacea ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Hedyotis mannii ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/00, 65 FR 82086, 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Hesperomannia arborescens ...... E 10/14/92 57 FR 47028 03/28/94 59 FR 14482 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Hesperomannia arbuscula ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Hibiscus brackenridgei ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/00 65 FR 82086 Ischaemum byrone ...... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Isodendrion pyrifolium ...... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 Kanaloa kahoolawensis ...... E 05/15/97 62 FR 26757 09/03/99 64 FR 48307 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Lipochaeta kamolensis ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Lysimachia lydgatei ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Mariscus pennatiformis ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Melicope adscendens ...... E 05/11/93 58 FR 18073 12/05/94 59 FR 62346 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Melicope balloui ...... E 05/11/93 58 FR 18073 12/05/94 59 FR 62346 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Melicope knudsenii ...... E 10/30/91 56 FR 5562 02/25/94 59 FR 09304 11/07/00, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Melicope mucronulata ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Melicope ovalis ...... E 05/11/93 58 FR 18073 12/05/94 59 FR 62346 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Neraudia sericea ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Nototrichium humile ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51398 10/10/96 61 FR 53089 NA NA Peucedanum sandwicense ...... T 10/30/91 56 FR 5562 02/25/94 59 FR 09304 11/07/00, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Phlegmariurus mannii ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Phyllostegia mannii ...... E 09/20/91 56 FR 47718 10/08/92 57 FR 46325 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Phyllostegia mollis ...... E 09/28/90 55 FR 39664 10/29/91 56 FR 55770 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Phyllostegia parvilfora ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 Plantago princeps ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Platanthera holochila ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Pteris lidgatei ...... E 06/24/93 58 FR 34231 09/09/94 59 FR 49025 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Remya mauiensis ...... E 10/02/89 54 FR 40447 01/14/91 56 FR 1450 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Sanicula purpurea ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Schiedea haleakalensis ...... E 05/24/91 56 FR 23842 05/15/92 57 FR 20772 12/18/00 65 FR 79192 Schiedea hookeri ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 Schiedea nuttallii ...... E 10/02/95 60 FR 51417 10/10/96 61 FR 53108 11/07/00, 65 FR 66808, 12/29/00 Sesbania tomentosa ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, Solanum incompletum ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 Spermolepis hawaiiensis ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 11/07/00, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/00 65 FR 82086, Tetramolopium arenarium ...... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 Tetramolopium capillare ...... E 03/25/93 58 FR 16164 09/30/94 59 FR 49860 12/18/00 65 FR 79192

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TABLE 4(b).—SUMMARY OF LISTING ACTIONS FOR 70 PLANT SPECIES FROM MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE—Continued

Proposed rule Final Rule Proposed critical habitat Federal Species status Federal Federal Federal Date Register Date Register Date Register

Tetramolopium remyi ...... E 09/17/90 55 FR 38236 09/20/91 56 FR 47686 Vigna o-wahuensis ...... E 09/14/93 58 FR 48012 11/10/94 59 FR 56333 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/27/00, 65 FR 82086, 12/29/00 65 FR 83157 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense ...... E 12/17/92 57 FR 59951 03/04/94 59 FR 10305 11/07/00, 65 FR 66808, 12/18/00, 65 FR 79192, 12/29/00 66 FR 83157 Key: E= Endangered T= Threatened

Critical Habitat Regarding our determination that kahoolawensis (64 FR 48307) we designating critical habitat would have determined that designation of critical Section 4(a)(3) of the Act, as no additional benefits to the species habitat was prudent and that we would amended, and implementing regulations above and beyond those already develop critical habitat designations for (50 CFR 424.12) require that, to the provided through the section 7 these six taxa, along with four others, at maximum extent prudent and consultation requirement of the Act, the the same time we developed determinable, the Secretary designate court ruled that we failed to consider designations for the 245 Hawaiian plant critical habitat at the time the species is the specific effect of the consultation species. This timetable was challenged determined to be endangered or requirement on each species (id. at in Conservation Council for Hawaii v. threatened. Our regulations (50 CFR 1286–88). In addition, the court stated Babbitt, Civ. No. 99–00283 HG (D. Haw. 424.12(a)(1)) state that designation of that we did not consider benefits Aug. 19, 1999, Feb. 16, 2000, and March critical habitat is not prudent when one outside of the consultation 28, 2000). The court agreed that it was or both of the following situations exist: requirements. In the court’s view, these reasonable for us to integrate these ten (1) the species is threatened by taking or potential benefits include substantive Maui Nui (Maui, Lanai, Molokai, and other human activity, and identification and procedural protections. The court Kahoolawe) plant taxa into the schedule of critical habitat can be expected to held that, substantively, designation established for designating critical increase the degree of threat to the establishes a ‘‘uniform protection plan’’ habitat for the other 245 Hawaiian species, or (2) such designation of prior to consultation and indicates plants, but ordered us to publish critical habitat would not be beneficial where compliance with section 7 of the proposed critical habitat designations to the species. At the time each plant Act is required. Procedurally, the court for the 10 Maui Nui species with the was listed, we determined that stated that the designation of critical first 100 plants from the group of 245 by designation of critical habitat was habitat educates the public, State, and November 30, 2000, and to publish final prudent for six of these plants local governments and affords them an critical habitat designations by (Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea opportunity to participate in the November 30, 2001. copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea designation (id. at 1288). The court also On November 30, 1998, we published glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. stated that private lands may not be a notice in the Federal Register hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. excluded from critical habitat requesting public comments on our humilis, and Kanaloa kahoolawensis) designation even though section 7 reevaluation of whether designation of and not prudent for the other 64 plants requirements apply only to Federal critical habitat is prudent for the 245 because it would not benefit the plant agencies. In addition to the potential Hawaiian plants at issue (63 FR 65805). or would increase the degree of threat to benefit of informing the public, State, The comment period closed on March 1, the species. and local governments of the listing and 1999, and was reopened from March 24, of the areas that are essential to the 1999, to May 24, 1999 (64 FR 14209). The not prudent determinations for species’ conservation, the court found We received more than 100 responses these species, along with others, were that there may be Federal activity on from individuals, nonprofit challenged in Conservation Council for private property in the future, even organizations, the State Division of Hawaii v. Babbitt, 2 F. Supp. 2d 1280 though no such activity may be Forestry and Wildlife (DOFAW), county (D. Haw. 1998). On March 9, 1998, the occurring there at the present (id. at governments, and Federal agencies (U.S. United States District Court for the 1285–88). Department of Defense-Army, Navy, Air District of Hawaii, directed us to review On August 10, 1998, the court ordered Force). Only a few responses offered the prudency determinations for 245 us to publish proposed critical habitat information on the status of individual listed plant species in Hawaii, including designations or non-designations for at plant species or on current management 64 of the 70 species reported from Maui least 100 species by November 30, 2000, actions for one or more of the 245 and Kahoolawe. Among other things, and to publish proposed designations or Hawaiian plants. While some of the the court held that, in most cases we did non-designations for the remaining 145 respondents expressed support for the not sufficiently demonstrate that the species by April 30, 2002. Conservation designation of critical habitat for 245 species are threatened by human Council for Hawaii v. Babbitt, 24 F. Hawaiian plants, more than 80 percent activity or that such threats would Supp. 2d 1074 (D. Haw. 1998). opposed the designation of critical increase with the designation of critical At the time we listed Clermontia habitat for these plants. In general, these habitat. The court also held that we samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. respondents opposed designation failed to balance any risks of designating haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea because they believed it will cause critical habitat against any benefits (id. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia economic hardship, discourage at 1283–85). plantaginea ssp. humilis, and Kanaloa cooperative projects, polarize

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relationships with hunters, or of these proposed rules had been sent to 2001, we published a notice (66 FR potentially increase trespass or the Federal Register by or on November 11131) announcing the reopening of the vandalism on private lands. In addition, 30, 2000, as required by the court comment period until April 2, 2001, on commenters also cited a lack of orders. In those proposals, we the proposal to designate critical habitat information on the biological and determined that critical habitat was for 50 plants from Maui and Kahoolawe ecological needs of these plants which, prudent and proposed designation of and a notice of a public hearing. On they suggested, may lead to designation critical habitat for 61 species (Alectryon March 20, 2001, we held a public based on guesswork. The respondents macrococcus, Argyroxiphium hearing at the Renaissance Wailea Beach who supported the designation of sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Resort, Maui. critical habitat cited that designation Adenophorus periens, Bidens micrantha On October 3, 2001, we submitted a would provide a uniform protection ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, joint stipulation with Earth Justice Legal plan for the Hawaiian Islands; promote Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus Defense Fund requesting extension of funding for management of these plants; agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, the court order for the final rules to educate the public and State Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia designate critical habitat for plants from government; and protect partnerships oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia Kauai and Niihau (July 30, 2002), Maui with landowners and build trust. samuelii, Colubrina oppositifolia, and Kahoolawe (August 23, 2002), Lanai On December 29, 1999, we mailed Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea copelandii (September 16, 2002), and Molokai letters to more than 130 landowners on ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, (October 16, 2002), citing the need to the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, revise the proposals to incorporate or requesting any information considered Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, address new information and comments germane to the management of any of Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, received during the comment periods. the 70 plants on his/her property, and Cyrtandra munroi, Delissea undulata, The joint stipulation was approved and containing a copy of the November 30, Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, ordered by the court on October 5, 2001. 1998, Federal Register notice, a map Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, On January 28, 2002, we determined showing the general locations of the Flueggea neowawraea, Geranium that designation of critical habitat was species that may be on his/her property, arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, prudent for Solanum incompletum (67 and a handout containing general Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, FR 3940), a species reported from Maui information on critical habitat. We Hesperomannia arborescens, as well as Kauai, Molokai, and Lanai. received 20 written responses to our Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus Designation of critical habitat is not landowner mailing with varying types brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, proposed for this species on Maui of information on their current land Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kanaloa because we have not identified habitat management activities. These responses kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, essential to its conservation on this included information on the following: Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus island. Publication of this revised the presence of fences or locked gates to pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens, proposal for plants from Maui and restrict public access; access to the Melicope balloui, Melicope knudsenii, Kahoolawe is consistent with the court- respondent’s property by hunters or Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis, ordered stipulation. whether hunting is allowed on the Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum Summary of Comments and property; ongoing weeding and rat sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii, Recommendations control programs; and the propagation Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, and/or planting of native plants. Some In the December 18, 2000, proposed Plantago princeps, Platanthera respondents stated that the plants of rule (65 FR 79192), we requested all holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Remya concern were not on her/his property. interested parties to submit comments mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea Only a few respondents expressed on the specifics of the proposal, haleakalensis, Schiedea nuttallii, support for the designation of critical including information, policy, and Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis habitat. We held two open houses on proposed critical habitat boundaries as hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, the island of Maui, at the Lahaina Civic provided in the proposed rule. The first Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o- Center and the Wailuku Community comment period closed on February 16, wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum Center on January 11 and 12, 2000, 2001. We reopened the comment period hawaiiense) that are reported from Maui respectively, to meet one-on-one with from February 22, 2001, to April 2, 2001 local landowners and other interested and Kahoolawe as well as on Kauai, (66 FR 11131), to accept comments on members of the public. A total of 30 Niihau, Lanai, and Molokai. Critical the proposed designations and to hold people attended the two open houses. In habitat is proposed for 59 of these a public hearing on March 20, 2001, in addition, we met with Maui County species on Maui and/or Kahoolawe at Wailea, Maui. Division of Forestry and Wildlife staff to this time. Critical habitat is not We contacted all appropriate State discuss their management activities on proposed for Adenophorus periens and and Federal agencies, county Maui. Schiedea nuttallii on Maui and governments, elected officials, and other On December 18, 2000, we published Kahoolawe because we are have not interested parties and invited them to the second of the court-ordered identified habitat essential to their comment. In addition, we invited public prudency determinations and proposed conservation on these islands. comment through the publication of critical habitat designations or non- In the December 18, 2000, proposal notices in the following newspapers: the designations for Maui and Kahoolawe we determined that it was prudent to Honolulu Advertiser on December 28, plants (65 FR 79192). The prudency designate approximately 13,574 ha 2000, and the Maui News on January 2, determinations and proposed critical (33,614 ac) of lands on the island of 2000. We received one request for a habitat designations for Kauai and Maui and approximately 207 ha (512 ac) public hearing. We announced the date Niihau plants were published on of lands on the island of Kahoolawe as and time of the public hearing in letters November 7, 2000 (65 FR 66808), for critical habitat. The publication of the mailed to all interested parties, Lanai plants on December 27, 2000 (65 proposed rule opened a 60-day public appropriate State and Federal agencies, FR 82086), and for Molokai plants on comment period, which closed on county governments, and elected December 29, 2000 (65 FR 83157). All February 16, 2001. On February 22, officials, and in notices published in the

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Honolulu Advertiser and in the Maui 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, B.P. Bishop Museum and the National News newspapers on March 1, 2001. A 1998b, 1999, 2001) identify the need to Tropical Botanical Garden, and our own transcript of the hearing held in Wailea, expand existing populations and rare plant database; species information Maui on March 20, 2001, is available for reestablish wild populations within from the Center for Plant Conservation’s inspection (see ADDRESSES section). historic range. We have revised the (CPC) rare plant monitoring database We requested three botanists who December 18, 2000, proposal to housed at the University of Hawaii’s have familiarity with Maui and designate critical habitat for 50 plants Lyon Arboretum; the final listing rules Kahoolawe plants to peer review the from Maui and Kahoolawe to for these species; information received proposed critical habitat designations. incorporate new information and at the two informational open houses All three peer reviewers submitted address comments and new information held on Maui at the Lahaina Civic comments on the proposed critical received during the comment periods, Center and the Wailuku Community habitat designations. Two of the peer including information on areas of Center on January 11 and 12, 2000, reviewers supported the designation of potentially suitable unoccupied habitat respectively; recent biological surveys critical habitat for the Maui and for 61 plants from Maui and Kahoolawe. and reports; our recovery plans for these Kahoolawe plants while the third peer (2) Comment: The data cited in the species; information received in reviewer says we did a very ambitious critical habitat proposal documenting response to outreach materials and and credible attempt but does not the habitat losses and threats is requests for species and management support or oppose the designation. Two questionable. We do not agree with the information we sent to all landowners, of the peer reviewers did not support threats to the species as described in the land managers, and interested parties on the methodology we used to identify proposed rule. the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe; critical habitat, i.e. identifying only Our Response: In the December 18, discussions with botanical experts; and occupied habitat for these species. The 2000, proposal to designate critical recommendations from the Hawaii third reviewer thought that focusing on habitat for 50 plants from Maui and Pacific Plants Recovery Coordinating known locations was appropriate to Kahoolawe, we provided information on Committee (HPPRCC)(Service 1995a, meet the court orders. Two of the the status of and threats to the Maui and 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, reviewers did not agree with the Kahoolawe plants. The threats to these 1998b, 1999, 2001; HPPRCC 1998; exclusion of areas from critical habitat species, and the species status, were HINHP Database 2000, CPC in litt. designation due to on-going land documented in the listing rules for the 1999). management. One peer reviewer opined Maui and Kahoolawe plants (56 FR We have revised the proposed that recovery of the plants would also 1450, 56 FR 47686, 56 FR 55770, 57 FR designations to incorporate new entail the establishment of new 20589, 57 FR 20772, 57 FR 20787, 57 FR information and address comments and populations in addition to the currently 46325, 59 FR 9304, 59 FR 10305, 59 FR new information received during the existing populations. All three peer 14482, 59 FR 32932, 59 FR 49025, 59 FR comment periods. This additional reviewers also provided updated 49860, 59 FR 56333, 59 FR 63436, 61 FR information includes Geographic biological information, critical review, 53089, 61 FR 53108, 61 FR 53124, and Information System (GIS) coverages and editorial comments. 64 FR 48307), and in the recovery plans (e.g., vegetation, soils, annual rainfall, We received a total of 5 oral for these species (Service 1995a, 1995b, elevation contours, land ownership); comments, 18 written comments, and 6 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, completed recovery plans; information comments both in written and oral form 2001), and in the supporting received during the public comment during the two comment periods. These documentation in the files at the Pacific periods and the public hearing, included responses from two Federal Islands Office (See ADDRESSES including information on recent plant agencies, seven State offices, and 22 section). collections housed at the B.P. Bishop private organizations or individuals. We (3a) Comment: The proposal provides Museum herbarium and the National reviewed all comments received for very limited information on the criteria Tropical Botanical Garden; and site- substantive issues and new information and data used to determine the areas specific information from historical regarding critical habitat and the Maui proposed as critical habitat. (3b) (pre-1970) collections (H. Oppenheimer, and Kahoolawe plants. Of the 29 Comment: For example, failure to utilize pers. comm., 2001; F. Duvall, pers. comments we received, 7 supported recent collections at the herbaria of the comm., 2001; M. Buck, in litt. 2001; 66 designation, 9 were opposed to it, and B.P. Bishop Museum and the National FR 11131). 13 provided information or declined to Tropical Botanical Garden may result in (4a) Comment: We received comments oppose or support the designation. incomplete knowledge of current known that the proposed critical habitat Similar comments were grouped into distributions and subsequently designations were not specific enough, eight general issues relating specifically inadequate analysis for critical habitat and were overly broad, and therefore, to the proposed critical habitat designations. (3c) Comment: In failed to comply with Congressional designations. These are addressed in the situations where few species locations intent to restrict critical habitat to those following summary. are currently known, pre-1970 locations areas ‘‘essential to the conservation of may be used to identify suitable habitat the species.’’ (4b) Comment: The Issue 1: Biological Justification and for the species. designation was not inclusive enough Methodology Our Response: When developing the and failed to include areas that Maui (1) Comment: The designation of December 18, 2000, proposal to and Kahoolawe plants have used and critical habitat in unoccupied habitat is designate critical habitat for 50 plants are necessary for recovery of the species. particularly important, since this may from Maui and Kahoolawe, we used the Our Response: We used the best be the only mechanism available to best scientific and commercial data scientific information available to ensure that Federal actions do not available at the time, including but not develop the December 18, 2000, eliminate the habitat needed for the limited to, information from the known proposal to designate critical habitat for survival and recovery of extremely locations, site-specific species 50 Maui and Kahoolawe plants. This endangered species. information from the HINHP database, information is detailed above in our Our Response: We agree. Our recovery which includes information from response to Comment (3). Based on the plans for these species (Service 1995a, collections housed at the herbarium of information described above, we believe

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we have identified those areas essential species. Of the area identified as Critical habitat is proposed for to the conservation of the Maui and potentially suitable habitat for a species, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, which Kahoolawe plant species at issue in this only those areas within the least has been recently rediscovered on Maui. proposed rule. disturbed suitable habitat were Critical habitat is proposed at this time (5) Comment: Some commenters were proposed as critical habitat for the for Asplenium fragile var. insulare on concerned that developed infrastructure species. In addition, habitat restoration Maui based on new information and (i.e., roads, buildings, etc.) on their projects are underway in some of the information received during the property is within proposed critical areas proposed as critical habitat for one comment periods on the December 18, habitat boundaries, even though it does or more species, such as at Ulupalakua 2000, proposal. not contain any habitat for listed plants. Ranch on the island of Maui. At this Our Response: In defining critical Issue 2: Site-specific Biological location, non-native plants are being Comments habitat boundaries, we made an effort to removed and replaced with native avoid developed areas, such as towns species, some of which are endangered (8a) Comment: Even though species and other similar lands, that are or threatened. are presumed to be extinct, given the unlikely to contribute to the We invite comments from the public frequency with which Hawaiian species conservation of these species. However, that provide information on potentially are rediscovered, it is inappropriate not the minimum mapping unit that we suitable habitat within the known to designate critical habitat for any used to approximate our delineation of historic range of each species and species addressed in this proposal. (8b) critical habitat for these species did not whether lands within the proposed Comment: Critical habitat should be allow us to exclude all such developed critical habitat provide for the designated for Acaena exigua because areas. In addition, existing features and conservation of one or more of the habitats have not been adequately surveyed and this species may still be structures within the boundaries of the species. mapped unit, such as buildings, roads, extant in the wild. (7) Comment: The Service should aqueducts, railroads, Our Response: We have revised the propose critical habitat on Maui and telecommunications equipment, December 18, 2000, proposal to Kahoolawe for 14 plants historically, telemetry antennas, radars, missile designate critical habitat for 61 plants but not currently, found there. launch sites, arboreta and gardens, from Maui and Kahoolawe to heiau (indigenous places of worship or Our Response: Fourteen species incorporate new information, and/or shrines), airports, other paved areas, (Adenophorous periens, Brighamia address comments and new information lawns, and other rural residential rockii, Clermontia peleana, Delissea received during the comment periods. landscaped areas do not contain one or undulata, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion Fourteen species (Adenophorous more of the primary constituent pyrifolium, Nototrichium humile, periens, Brighamia rockii, Clermontia elements and would be excluded under Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia peleana, Delissea undulata, Gouania the terms of the proposed regulation. parvilfora, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea vitifolia, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Therefore, unless a Federal action nuttallii, Solanum incompletum, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia related to such features or structures Tetramolopium arenarium, and mannii, Phyllostegia parvilfora, indirectly affected nearby habitat Tetramolopium remyi) are known only Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, containing the primary constituent from historical records on the islands of Solanum incompletum, Tetramolopium elements, operation and maintenance of Maui or Kahoolawe. Critical habitat is remyi, and Tetramolopium arenarium) such features or structures generally proposed for six of these species are known only from historical records would not be impacted by the (Brighamia rockii, Gouania vitifolia, on the islands of Maui or Kahoolawe. designation of critical habitat. Isodendrion pyrifolium, Nototrichium Critical habitat is proposed for six of (6a) Comment: The presence of non- humile, Phyllostegia mannii, and these species (Brighamia rockii, native plants makes habitat unsuitable Tetramolopium remyi) for which we Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion and inappropriate for designation as have identified the physical and pyrifolium, Nototrichium humile, critical habitat. (6b) Comment: biological features that are considered Phyllostegia mannii, and Expansion of plant populations in essential to their conservation on the Tetramolopium remyi) for which we highly degraded ecosystems may be island of Maui. We also will consider have identified the physical and biologically impossible due to the lack proposing designation of critical habitat biological features that are considered of the habitat components needed for for these six species within their essential to their conservation on the survival. historical range on other Hawaiian island of Maui. Critical habitat is not Our Response: The presence of non- islands. Critical habitat is not proposed proposed for eight species native plant competitors does not for eight species (Adenophorous (Adenophorous periens, Clermontia preclude designation of an area as periens, Clermontia peleana, Delissea peleana, Delissea undulata, Phyllostegia critical habitat, if the area contains the undulata, Phyllostegia parviflora, parvilfora, Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea physical and biological features that are Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, nuttallii, Solanum incompletum, or essential to the conservation of the Solanum incompletum, or Tetramolopium arenarium) which no species and that may require special Tetramolopium arenarium) which no longer occur on the islands of Maui or management considerations or longer occur on the islands of Maui or Kahoolawe and for which we have not protection. We used the best available Kahoolawe, and for which we did not identified habitat essential to their information, including expert scientific identify habitat essential to their conservation on these islands. opinion, to identify the physical and conservation on these islands. All areas No change is made here to the biological features (type of plant proposed as critical habitat are within prudency determination for Acaena community, associated species, and the historical range of one or more of the exigua, a species known only from Mt. locale information such as rocky cliffs, 61 species at issue and contain one or Waialeale on Kauai and Puu Kukui on talus slopes, stream banks) essential to more of the physical or biological Maui, published in the December 18, the conservation of each species, and to features (primary constituent elements) 2000, proposal (65 FR 79192). Acaena identify potentially suitable habitat essential for the conservation of one or exigua has not been seen on Kauai for within the known historic range of each more of the species. over 100 years. This species was last

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observed at Puu Kukui on Maui in 1999 comments and new information agencies to ensure that actions they and has not been observed in this area received during the comment periods, fund, authorize, or carry out do not in subsequent surveys (H. including information received from jeopardize the continued existence of a Oppenheimer, pers. comm., 2001). In DOFAW. listed species or destroy or adversely addition, this species is not known to be We evaluated DOFAW’s comments on modify its critical habitat. in storage or under propagation. Given a species-by-species basis and Issue 4: Section 7 Consultation Issues these circumstances, we determined incorporated information that was that designation of critical habitat for consistent with our methodology for (13) Comment: One commenter was Acaena exigua was not prudent because identifying critical habitat as defined by concerned that using Federal funds to such designation would be of no benefit the Act. DOFAW recommended deletion make improvements to the existing to this species. If this species is of some of the proposed critical habitat infrastructure and facilities at rediscovered, we may revise this units on State lands as they do not Waianapanapa State Park may require a proposal to incorporate or address new believe these areas are suitable for the section 7 consultation. information as new data becomes recovery of some species because they Our Response: Critical habitat available (See 16 U.S.C. § 1532 (5) (B); (DOFAW) would not be able to manage designation does not affect activities on 50 CFR 424.13(f)). these areas with their limited staff and State or private lands unless some sort (9) Comment: One commenter funding. Because DOFAW’s basis for of Federal permit, license, or funding is requested that critical habitat identifying areas for deletion was made involved. Therefore, unless a Federal designation skirt and not include any on their ability to manage these areas, action related to such features or portion of the Hana or Kalaupapa their mapping of habitat is distinct from structures indirectly affected nearby Airports or any other airport. the regulatory designation of critical habitat containing the primary Our Response: In defining critical habitat as defined by the Act. constituent elements, operation and habitat boundaries, we made an effort to maintenance of such features or avoid developed areas, such as towns Issue 3: Legal Issues structures generally would not be and other similar lands, that are (11) Comment: The Service failed to impacted by the designation of critical unlikely to contribute to the comply with court deadlines set forth in habitat. The Federal agency providing conservation of these species. However, both Conservation Council for Hawaii v. the funds to make improvements to the minimum mapping unit that we Babbitt, 24 F. Supp. 1074 (D.Haw. existing infrastructure and facilities at used to approximate our delineation of 1998), and Conservation Council for state parks would consult with us under critical habitat for these species did not Hawaii v. Babbitt, Civ. No. 99–00283 section 7 of the Act to ensure that allow us to exclude all such developed (D.Haw Mar. 28, 2000) actions they fund are not likely to areas. In addition, existing features and Our Response: The proposed rules for jeopardize the continued existence of structures within the boundaries of the plants from Kauai, Niihau, Maui, any listed species or result in the mapped unit, such as buildings, roads, Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Molokai had destruction of adverse modification of aqueducts, railroads, been sent to the Federal Register by or critical habitat. telecommunications equipment, on November 30, 2000, as required by (14) Comment: Does section 7 apply telemetry antennas, radars, missile the court orders. On October 3, 2001, we to State and county agencies with launch sites, arboreta and gardens, submitted a joint stipulation with Earth permit authority such as the Hawaii heiau (indigenous places of worship or Justice Legal Defense Fund requesting Pollution Discharge Elimination system shrines), airports, other paved areas, extension of the court orders for the permit issued by the State of Hawaii and lawns, and other rural residential final rules to designate critical habitat authorized by the Environmental landscaped areas do not contain one or for plants from Kauai and Niihau, Maui Protection Agency, Special Management more of the primary constituent and Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Molokai, Area permits, and programs elements and would be excluded under citing the need to revise the proposals administered under the Natural the terms of this proposed regulation. to incorporate or address new Resources Conservation Service or the We have revised the proposed information and comments received Coastal Zone Management Program? designations published in the December during the comment periods. The joint Our Response: Section 7 of the Act 18, 2000, proposal for Maui and stipulation was approved and ordered requires each Federal agency to ensure Kahoolawe plants to incorporate new by the court on October 5, 2001. that any action they authorize, fund, or information, and/or address comments Publication of this revised proposal for carry out is not likely to jeopardize the and new information received during plants from Maui and Kahoolawe is continued existence of any listed the comment periods. The Hana and consistent with the court-ordered species, or result in the destruction or Kalaupapa Airports were removed from stipulation. adverse modification of critical habitat. the revised proposed critical habitat (12) Comment: Critical habitat Section 7 also requires that Federal designations for Maui and Molokai. designation is a duplicative regulatory agencies consult with us if their actions (10) Comment: The State of Hawaii environmental process of already- may affect a listed species. State or identified specific areas that they existing Federal and State county agencies are not required to thought should not be designated as environmental statutes such as the consult with us under section 7 of the critical habitat. National Environmental Policy Act Act if their programs are not authorized, Our Response: During the public (NEPA) and Chapter 343 permitted, or funded by a Federal comment periods for the December 18, (Environmental Impact Statements), agency. 2000, proposal for plants from Maui and Hawaii Revised Statutes. The Environmental Protection Agency Kahoolawe, we received written Our Response: Designation of critical (EPA) may delegate the National comments and a map showing the habitat is not required by NEPA nor the Pollutant Discharge Elimination System DOFAW’s vegetation classes and Chapter 343 (Environmental Impact (NPDES) permit authority to the State. recommended critical habitat units. We Statements), Hawaii Revised Statutes. Therefore, any individual permit that is have revised the December 18, 2000, We are required to designate critical issued by the State of Hawaii is not proposed designations to incorporate habitat under section 4 of the Act. subject to section 7 consultation. new information, and address Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal Instead, procedures in the January 2001

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Memorandum of Understanding The areas we are proposing to designate mannii, and Phyllostegia mollis are between the Service and the EPA would as critical habitat provide some or all of considered gulch dwelling species. One apply. These procedures provide for us the habitat components essential for the commenter recommended that map unit to notify EPA of any concerns we may conservation of 61 plant species from polygons be limited to the pali as part have with individual permits, and the Maui and Kahoolawe. of the designation process in Units N, EPA would take corrective action if an (17) Comment: Requests were made to Nn, Oo, Qq, and Ss. individual permit has severe enough modify specific units in order to avoid Our Response: In accordance with impacts on a listed species or areas where existing projects (i.e., section 4(b)(2) of the Act and designated critical habitat and the State agricultural lands with irrigation regulations at 50 CFR 424.12, in fails to correct the problem. The Natural infrastructure) are planned or may determining which areas to propose as Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) occur. critical habitat, we are required to base does consult with us on projects and Our Response: In defining critical critical habitat determinations on the specific actions that they fund, habitat boundaries in the revised best scientific and commercial data authorize, or permit. The Coastal Zone proposal, we made an effort to avoid available and to consider those physical Management Program (CZM Program) is developed areas, such as towns and and biological features (primary administered by the National Oceanic other similar lands, that are unlikely to constituent elements) that are essential and Atmospheric Administration contribute to the conservation of these to the conservation of the species and (NOAA). NOAA has delegated species. However, the minimum that may require special management implementation of the CZM Program in mapping unit that we used to considerations or protection. Hawaii to the State of Hawaii approximate our delineation of critical As described in the discussions for Department of Business, Economic habitat for these species did not allow each of the 61 species for which we are Development, and Tourism (DBEDT). us to exclude all such developed areas. proposing critical habitat, very little is The individual decisions by the State’s In addition, existing features and known about the specific physical and CZM Program are not subject to section structures within the boundaries of the biological requirements of these species. 7 consultation. However, the State’s mapped unit, such as buildings, roads, As such, we are proposing to define the CZM Program is not relieved of its aqueducts, telecommunications primary constituent elements on the responsibilities under section 9 of the equipment, telemetry antennas, radars, basis of the habitat features of the areas Act. missile launch sites, arboreta and the plant species are reported from, as (15) Comment: We are concerned that gardens, heiau (indigenous places of described by the type of plant critical habitat designation will trigger worship or shrines), airports, other community, associated native plant additional compliance requirements paved areas, and other rural residential species, locale information (e.g., steep under the State of Hawaii endangered landscaped areas do not contain one or rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks, species law. more of the primary constituent gulches), and elevation. Locale Our Response: There is no State elements and would be excluded under information, such as gulch habitat, is equivalent of critical habitat designation the terms of this proposed regulation. only of one of the four factors used to under the State of Hawaii’s endangered Therefore, unless a Federal action describe primary constituent elements species law. However, the Federal related to such features or structures of each species. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as indirectly affected nearby habitat In the revised proposed designation of amended, is applicable to all States of containing the primary constituent critical habitat for plants on Maui the United States, including the State of elements, operation and maintenance of proposed critical habitat for Alectryon Hawaii. such features or structures generally macrococcus, Bidens micrantha ssp. would not be impacted by the kalealaha, Diellia erecta, Geranium Issue 5: Mapping and Primary designation of critical habitat. We invite arboreum, Lipochaeta kamolensis, Constituent Elements comments from the public that provide Melicope mucronulata, Phlegmariurus (16a) Comment: The designated areas information on areas where existing and mannii, and Phyllostegia mollis is are too large. (16b) Comment: The units future projects are planned or may occur included in critical habitat units which are not large enough, and don’t allow for and how these projects may be affected cover more than a single species (i.e., changes that occur during known by the designation of critical habitat. multi-species units). These multi- environmental processes. (16c) (18) Comment: The discussion of each species units are not homogenous or Comment: The 586-meter radius is critical habitat unit should also indicate uniform in nature and may encompass arbitrary and may not work for all which species rely upon that unit for a number of plant community types and species, natural communities, and future reintroduction efforts. locales, including gulches, pali, talus habitats. (16d) Comment: The highly Our Response: We have revised the slopes, etc. irregular and fragmented shape of December 18, 2000, proposal based on proposed units make it difficult to new information and information Issue 6: Definition of Critical Habitat determine if projects are within critical received during the comment periods. (20) Comment: Critical habitat is habitat. In this revised proposal, the description being designated in otherwise protected Our Response: We have revised the of each critical habitat unit (see areas, such as State conservation lands, proposed designations published in the Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units) the island of Kahoolawe, and State December 18, 2000, proposal for Maui includes information regarding species parks. Managers should have the and Kahoolawe plants to incorporate which rely upon that unit for recovery opportunity to implement management new information and address comments efforts, including future reintroduction actions that would avoid the additional and new information received during efforts in currently unoccupied units. regulatory burden of critical habitat. the comment periods. Areas that contain (19) Comment: According to the Our Response: In the December 18, habitat essential to conservation were Federal Register, Alectryon 2000, proposal we examined all identified and delineated on a species- macrococcus, Bidens micrantha ssp. currently occupied sites containing one by-species basis. When species units kalealaha, Diellia erecta, Geranium or more of the primary constituent overlapped, we combined units for ease arboreum, Lipochaeta kamolensis, elements considered essential to the of mapping (see also Methods section). Melicope mucronulata, Phlegmariurus conservation of the Maui and

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Kahoolawe plant species to determine if manager in the development of work closely with any interested additional special management conservation planning efforts for these, landowner or land manager in the considerations or protection are and other, endangered and threatened development of conservation planning required above those currently plants. If new information indicates any efforts for these, and other, endangered provided. We reviewed all available of these areas should not be included in and threatened plants. If new management information on these the critical habitat designations because information indicates any of these areas plants at these sites, including they no longer meet the definition of should not be included in the critical published reports and surveys; annual critical habitat, we may revise the habitat designations because they no performance and progress reports; proposed critical habitat designations in longer meet the definition of critical management plans; grants; memoranda this proposal to exclude these areas. We habitat, we may revise the proposed of understanding and cooperative agree that implementation of critical habitat designations in this agreements; State of Hawaii, DOFAW management actions for the proposal to exclude these areas. planning documents; internal letters conservation of these species should (22) Comment: Additional layers of and memos; biological assessments and proceed; however, both the Act and the legal protection, in the case of environmental impact statements; and relevant court orders require us to Kahoolawe, are unnecessary. Hawaii section 7 consultations. Additionally, proceed with designation at this time State law has established Kahoolawe as each public (i.e., county, State, or based on the best information available. a permanent natural and cultural Federal government holdings) and (21) Comment: Since critical habitat reserve with habitat restoration as a key private landowner on the islands of threats are being addressed, funding is stated purpose (H.R.S. Chapter 6–K, Maui and Kahoolawe with a known available, and management plans are in H.A.R. Chapter 13–260, and Kahoolawe occurrence of one of the plant species place, the State Department of Hawaiian Archaeological District, listed March 18, was contacted by mail. We reviewed all Homelands (DHHL) requests exclusion 1981). Existing plans for Kahoolawe information received in response to our from designation in Units N, O, Oo, Qq, include a number of agreements, landowner mailing and open houses and Ww. protocols, and management plans to held at two locations (Lahaina and Our Response: In the December 18, guide protection and restoration of Wailuku) on the island of Maui on 2000, proposal we examined all threatened and endangered species and January 20 and 21, 2000, respectively. currently occupied sites containing one native plant communities. Clean up of When clarification was required on the or more of the primary constituent Kahoolawe by the Navy will continue information provided to us, we followed elements considered essential to the through 2003, and could be up with a telephone contact. Because of conservation of the Maui and detrimentally impacted by designation. the large amount of land on the island Kahoolawe plant species to determine if Therefore, in consideration of the above, of Maui under State of Hawaii additional special management please exempt Kahoolawe from jurisdiction, we met with staff from considerations or protection are designation. Maui’s DOFAW office to discuss their required above those currently Our Response: In June 1998, the State current management for the plants on provided. As described above (see Our of Hawaii Kahoolawe Island Reserve their lands. And, we contacted the Response to Comment 20) we reviewed Commission developed an State’s Department of Hawaiian Home all available management information environmental restoration plan for Lands regarding management for the on these plants at these sites and all Kahoolawe (Social Science Research plants on lands under their jurisdiction. information received in response to our Institute, University of Hawaii 1998). In addition, we reviewed new biological landowner mailing and two open The plan, however, does not address information and public comments houses. In addition, we reviewed new specific management actions to protect received during the public comment biological information and public and conserve endangered plant species, periods and at the public hearing. comments received during the public specifically Kanaloa kahoolawensis, With regard to the areas newly comment periods and at the public Hibiscus brackenridgei, Sesbania proposed for designation in this revised hearing. tomentosa, and Vigna o-wahuensis, four proposal, we have also reviewed any With regard to the areas proposed for species historically reported from management information available to us designation by this revised proposal, we Kahoolawe. While the island is isolated at this time. In addition, we are have also reviewed any management and remote, and access is restricted due requesting information on management information available to us at this time. to the presence of unexploded ordnance of these lands during the comment In addition, we are requesting hazards, this action alone is not period. information on management of these sufficient to indicate that additional Based upon review of the information lands during the comment period. special management is not required for available to us at this time, we have not Based upon review of the information the listed plant species, and areas on the been able to find that management on available to us at this time, we have not island are included within the revised these State lands is adequate to preclude been able to find that management on proposed critical habitat units for proposed designations of critical these State DHHL lands is adequate to Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Hibiscus habitat. We are aware that the State of preclude proposed designations of brackenridgei, Sesbania tomentosa, and Hawaii and other private landowners critical habitat. We are aware that the Vigna o-wahuensis. are considering the development of land State of Hawaii and other private We invite comments from the public management plans or agreements that landowners are considering the that provide information on how clean- may promote the conservation of development of land management plans up of Kahoolawe by the Navy could be endangered and threatened plant or agreements that may promote the detrimentally impacted by designation species on the islands of Maui and conservation of endangered and and information on management that Kahoolawe. We support these efforts, threatened plant species on the islands promotes the conservation of and we view such plans as important in of Maui and Kahoolawe. We support endangered and threatened plants on helping meet species recovery goals, these efforts, and we view such plans as Kahoolawe. If new information and ultimately can result in delisting of important in helping meet species indicates any of the proposed areas the species. We intend to work closely recovery goals, and ultimately can result should not be included in the critical with any interested landowner or land in delisting of the species. We intend to habitat designations because they no

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longer meet the definition of critical included within the proposed which are found those physical or habitat (see Our Response to Comment designation of critical habitat on Maui biological features (I) essential to the 19), we may revise the proposed critical for one or more species. conservation of the species and (II) habitat designations in this proposal to We have determined that the State which may require special management exclude these areas. land within the upper Hanawi Natural considerations or protection; and (ii) (23) Comment: We urge the Service Area Reserve (NAR) does not meet the specific areas outside the geographical not to exclude managed areas, such as definition of critical habitat in the Act area occupied by the species at the time Waikamoi and Kapunakea Preserves, (§ 3(5)(A)), and we are not proposing it is listed in accordance with the Puu Kukui Watershed Management designation of this land as critical provisions of section 4 of this Act, upon Area, the upper area of Hanawi Natural habitat in the revised proposal. Because a determination by the Secretary that Area Reserve, and Haleakala National these plants and their habitats within such areas are essential for the Park, since doing so would violate the the upper areas of Hanawi NAR (above conservation of the species. ESA. 1,525 m (5,000 ft)) are permanently (25) Comment: Designation of critical Our Response: We have determined protected and managed and because the habitat will provide additional benefit that the private lands within Waikamoi continued successful management of to managed lands when unoccupied Preserve and Kapunakea Preserve do not this area is assured, this area meets the habitat occurs on these lands, and when meet the definition of critical habitat in three criteria (described above in Our these lands are threatened by Federal the Act (§ 3(5)(A)), and we are not Response to Comment 22) for actions. proposing designation of these lands as determining that an area is not in need Our Response: The primary regulatory critical habitat in the revised proposal. of special management or protection. effect of critical habitat is the section 7 Because the preserves and the Should the status of this reserve change, requirement that Federal agencies continuing management plans being for example by revocation or refrain from taking any action that implemented for these plants and their modification of the NAR, we will destroys or adversely affects critical habitats within the preserves provide a reconsider whether it then meets the habitat. The designation of unoccupied conservation benefit to the species and definition of critical habitat. If so, we habitat may provide an additional are permanently protected and have the authority to propose to amend benefit to the species by triggering managed, these lands meet the three critical habitat to include such area at section 7 consultation in new areas criteria (described above in Our that time. 50 CFR 424.12(g). where it would not otherwise occur Response to Comment 19) for In the December 18, 2000, proposal because, for example, it is or has determining that an area is not in need we determined that lands within become unoccupied or the occupancy is of special management. However, Haleakala National Park (Park) were in question. In the revised proposal we should the status of either of these adequately managed for the have proposed critical habitat in areas preserves change, for example by non- conservation of the listed species that which are essential for the conservation renewal of a partnership agreement or occur on those lands and were not in of the species within its historical range termination of Natural Area Partnership need of special management though the species may not occur there (NAP) funding, we will reconsider considerations or protection. Therefore, currently. The proposed critical habitat whether it then meets the definition of we determined that these lands did not includes lands under State, private, or critical habitat. If so, we have the meet the definition of critical habitat in Federal ownership or administration. A authority to propose to amend critical the Act, and we did not propose few of the species are reported from habitat to include such area at that time. designation of these lands as critical Federal lands or lands that are 50 CFR 424.12(g). habitat. However, during the comment administered by a Federal agency (e.g., In the December 18, 2000, proposal periods on the December 18, 2000, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. we determined that lands within the proposal we received information from macrocephalum, Melicope balloui, Puu Kukui Watershed Management the Park Superintendent that funding Melicope ovalis, and Schiedea Area on Maui were adequately managed for the conservation and management of haleakalensis within Haleakala National for the conservation of the listed species the listed plant species on lands within Park) while most of the species are that occur on those lands and were not Haleakala National Park was not reported exclusively from non-federal in need of special management adequate nor assured. In the revised lands with currently no known or considerations or protection. Therefore, proposal we have determined that lands limited Federal activities. However, we determined that these lands did not within the Park are in need of special there could be Federal actions affecting meet the definition of critical habitat in management considerations or these lands in the future. the Act, and we did not propose protection and thus meet the definition (26a) Comment: Designation of designation of these lands as critical of critical habitat in the Act. Therefore, Haleakala National Park would further habitat. However, during the comment lands within the Park are included protect threatened and endangered periods on the December 18, 2000, within the proposed designation of plants from Federal actions inside the proposal we received information from critical habitat on Maui for one or more Park. (26b) Comment: Designating the Watershed Supervisor that funding species. critical habitat would prevent Federal for the conservation and management of (24) Comment: All areas essential to actions taking place outside managed the listed plant species on lands within the recovery of the species, regardless of areas from impacting habitat found Puu Kukui Watershed Management management, should be designated as within managed areas, such as the Area was not adequate nor assured. In critical habitat. impacts of the proposed Kahului the revised proposal we have Our Response: Pursuant to § 3(5)(A) of Airport expansion on Haleakala determined that lands within Puu Kukui the Endangered Species Act the term National Park. Watershed Management Area are in ‘‘critical habitat’’ for a threatened and Our Response: In the December 18, need of special management endangered species means—(i) the 2000, proposal we determined that considerations or protection and thus specific areas within the geographical lands within the Park were adequately meet the definition of critical habitat in area occupied by the species, at the time managed for the conservation of the the Act. Therefore, lands within Puu it is listed in accordance with the listed species that occur on those lands Kukui Watershed Management Area are provisions of section 4 of this Act, on and were not in need of special

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management considerations or Issue 7: Effects of Designation species at issue and thus is not essential protection. Therefore, we determined for their conservation. that these lands did not meet the (28a) Comment: Designation of critical (30) Comment: Critical habitat could definition of critical habitat in the Act, habitat will result in restrictions on be the first step toward making the area and we did not propose designation of subsistence hunting and State hunting a national park or refuge. these lands as critical habitat. However, programs funded under the Federal Aid Our Response: Critical habitat during the comment periods on the in Wildlife Restoration Program designation does not in any way create December 18, 2000, proposal we (Pittman-Robertson program). (28b) a wilderness area, preserve, national received information from the Park Comment: Hunting and recreational park, or wildlife refuge, nor does it close Superintendent that funding for the opportunities need to be considered an area to human access or use. Its conservation and management of the when designating critical habitat. (28c) regulatory implications apply only to listed plant species on lands within Comment: The designation of critical activities sponsored at least in part by Haleakala National Park was not habitat will result in restrictions on Federal agencies. Land uses such as adequate nor assured. Therefore, we subsistence hunting and access. logging, grazing, and recreation that have determined that lands within Our Response: The designation of would not be affected if they do no Haleakala National Park are in need of critical habitat imposes no regulatory involve Federal permitting or funding. special management considerations or restrictions on actions occurring on Critical habitat designations do not protection and thus meet the definition State or other non-Federal lands, unless constitute land management plans. of critical habitat in the Act. the action is undertaken, funded, or (31a) Comment: The designation of critical habitat constitutes an The primary regulatory effect of authorized by a Federal agency. encumbrance, results in ‘‘downzoning’’ critical habitat is the section 7 Recreational, commercial, and of the property, and will allow lawsuits requirement that Federal agencies subsistence activities, including by environmental groups. Therefore, refrain from taking any action that hunting, on non-Federal lands are not critical habitat will have a negative destroys or adversely affects critical regulated or restricted by this critical economic impact and cause a decrease habitat. Federal agencies must consult habitat designation. We believe that in land values, and is a tactic often used with the Service to ensure that any game bird and mammal hunting in as a prelude to ‘‘taking’. action they authorize, fund, or carry out Hawaii is an important recreational and cultural activity, and we support the Our Response: The majority of this is not likely to jeopardize the survival land (77 percent) and all of the land on of a listed species or result in the continuation of this tradition. The designation of critical habitat would not Kahoolawe is within the State destruction or adverse modification of Conservation District where State land- critical habitat. By consulting with us, impose restrictions on State hunting regulations except to the extent federal use controls already severely limited an agency can usually minimize or development and most activities. avoid any potential conflicts with listed funding is involved. However, Federal agencies are required to consult with us Approximately 23 percent of this land is species and their critical habitat, and within the State Agricultural District the proposed project may be under section 7 of the Act on actions they carry out, fund, or authorize that where only activities such as crops, undertaken. livestock, grazing, and accessory In the formal consultation for the might destroy or adversely modify critical habitat. This requirement structures and farmhouses are allowed. expansion project we While the potential exists for a decrease concurred that the airport improvement applies to us and includes funds distributed by the Service to the State in property values for privately owned project, which included a mandatory agricultural land suitable for eventual state of the art alien species interdiction through the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Program (Pittman-Robertson development if a perception develops facility, was not likely to jeopardize that a critical habitat designation will listed species nor adversely affect Program). Under the Act, activities funded by us or other Federal agencies restrict future land use, we believe this designated critical habitat for Gouania potential decrease in value is purely hillebrandii on the island of Maui. cannot result in jeopardy to listed species, and they cannot adversely speculative and to our knowledge has According to the local FAA office, the never occurred in Hawaii or the expansion project has been canceled modify or destroy critical habitat. It is well documented that game mammals continental U.S. mainly because of concerns of the local Because current zoning limits land affect listed plant and animal species. In community, including the hotel use activities within the proposed such areas, we believe it is important to industry, regarding the type of growth critical habitat areas and only activities develop and implement sound land and development that characterizes with a Federal involvement that will management programs that provide both Honolulu. There is no indication that destroy or adversely modify critical for the conservation of listed species the project has been canceled due to habitat will be affected and in such and for continued game hunting. We are endangered species or critical habitat cases we must identify reasonable and committed to working closely with the issues. prudent alternatives, we don’t believe State and other interested parties to (27) Comment: The Service should this is a prelude to a ‘‘taking.’’ In ensure that game management programs not exclude from critical habitat any addition, we will conduct an economic that receive Federal funding are areas subject to conservation measures analysis and in the final rule, we may implemented consistent with this need. on non-Federal lands (e.g. Safe Harbor exclude areas from critical habitat if the Agreements, Habitat Conservation (29) Comment: The designation of impact of designation outweighs the Plans, etc.). critical habitat will disrupt air service at benefit of designation. Our Response: Currently, there are no and have detrimental We expect that this situation will Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs) or effects on its residents. rarely be reached because the Act Safe Harbor Agreements (SHAs) that Our Response: Hana Airport is not provides mechanisms, through section 7 include any of the plant species at issue included in the proposed critical habitat consultation, to resolve apparent in this proposal as covered species, so designation in the revised proposal as it conflicts between proposed Federal no such areas have been excluded from does not contain one or more of the actions, including Federal funding or this proposal. primary constituent elements for the permitting of actions on private land,

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and the requirement that destruction or determined that designation of critical information received during the adverse modification of critical habitat habitat was prudent for 11 plants that comment periods. In addition, we be avoided. Based on our experience are reported from Maui and Kahoolawe incorporate new information, and with section 7 consultations for all as well as from Kauai and Niihau. In address comments and new information listed species, virtually all projects— addition, at the time we listed received during the comment periods on including those that, in their initial Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii the December 18, 2000, proposal. proposed form, would result in jeopardy ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, In the December 18, 2000, proposal, or adverse modification—can be Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, we did not propose critical habitat for implemented successfully with, at most, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, and four species (Argyroxiphium the adoption of reasonable and prudent Kanaloa kahoolawensis, on September sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, alternatives, which by definition must 3, 1999, we determined that designation Melicope balloui, Melicope ovalis, and be economically feasible and within the of critical habitat was prudent for these Schiedea haleakalensis) found only in scope of authority of the Federal agency six taxa from Maui and Kahoolawe. No Waikamoi Preserve and/or Haleakala involved in consultation. change is made to these 54 prudency National Park. We determined that these determinations in this revised proposal lands did not meet the definition of Issue 8: Economic Issues and they are hereby incorporated by critical habitat in the Act. However, (32) Comment: We should have been reference (64 FR 48307; 65 FR 66808; 65 during the comment periods on the directly contacted for our opinions on FR 79192). December 18, 2000, proposal, we the economic impacts of critical habitat In the December 18, 2000, proposal, received information from the Park designation. we determined that critical habitat was Superintendent that funding for the Our Response: We will conduct an not prudent for Acaena exigua, a conservation and management of the analysis of the economic impacts of species endemic to Maui, because it had listed plant species on lands within designating these areas as critical not been seen recently in the wild, and Haleakala National Park was not habitat prior to a final determination. no viable genetic material of this species adequate nor assured. Therefore, we When completed, we will announce the was known to exist. No change is made have determined that lands within availability of the draft economic here to the December 18, 2000, Haleakala National Park are in need of analysis with a notice in the Federal prudency determination for this species special management considerations or Register, and we will open a 30-day and it is hereby incorporated by protection and thus meet the definition public comment period on the draft reference (65 FR 79192). of critical habitat in the Act, and we economic analysis and proposed rule at In the December 18, 2000, proposal have proposed designation of critical that time. We will mail letters to we proposed designation of critical habitat for Argyroxiphium sandwicense landowners and other interested parties habitat for 50 plants from the islands of ssp. macrocephalum, Melicope balloui, and publish a notice in the Maui News Maui and Kahoolawe. These species are: Melicope ovalis, and Schiedea newspaper announcing the availability Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens haleakalensis within Haleakala National of and seeking public comment on the micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia Park. draft economic analysis and proposed menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, In the December 18, 2000, proposal, rule. We encourage anyone who has Centaurium sebaeoides, Clermontia we did not propose designation of information or opinions concerning the lindseyana, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. critical habitat for 14 species that no economic impacts of this proposal to mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii, longer occur on Maui and Kahoolawe provide them to us. Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis but are reported from one or more other (33) Comment: The Service failed to squamigera, Cyanea copelandii ssp. islands. We determined that critical properly consider the economic (e.g., haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea habitat was prudent for eight of these costs associated with section 7 grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea species (Adenophorus periens, consultation, project delays, etc.) and hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea Brighamia rockii, Delissea undulata, other impacts (special management lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra Isodendrion pyrifolium, Phyllostegia protections on private lands) of munroi, Diellia erecta, Diplazium mannii, Schiedea nuttallii, Solanum designating particular areas as critical molokaiense, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. incompletum, and Tetramolopium habitat. humilis, Flueggea neowawraea, remyi) in other proposed rules Our Response: We will conduct an Geranium arboreum, Geranium published on November 7, 2000 (Kauai), analysis of the economic impacts of multiflorum, Hedyotis coriacea, December 27, 2000 (Lanai), December designating these areas as critical Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia 29, 2000 (Molokai), and January 28, habitat prior to a final determination. arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, 2002 (Kauai revised proposal). No When completed, we will announce the Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum change is made to these prudency availability of the draft economic byrone, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, determinations for these eight species in analysis with a notice in the Federal Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysimachia this proposal and they are hereby Register, and we will open a 30-day lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, incorporated by reference (65 FR 79192; public comment period on the draft Melicope adscendens, Melicope 65 FR 82086; 65 FR 83158; and 67 FR economic analysis and proposed rule at knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, 3940). In this proposal, we propose that time (see response to Comment 23, Neraudia sericea, Peucedanum designation of critical habitat for above). sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii, Brighamia rockii, Isodendrion Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, pyrifolium, Phyllostegia mannii, and Summary of Changes From the Platanthera holochila, Pteris lidgatei, Tetramolopium remyi on the island of Previous Proposal Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Maui, based on new information and We originally determined that Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis information received during the designation of critical habitat was hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, comment periods on the December 18, prudent for 37 plants from the islands Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not of Maui and Kahoolawe on December hawaiiense. In this proposal, we have proposed for Adenophorus periens, 18, 2000. In a previous proposal, revised the proposed designations for Delissea undulata, Schiedea nuttallii, published on November 7, 2000, we these 50 plants based on new and Solanum incompletum on the

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islands of Maui and Kahoolawe because Diplazium molokaiense, Dubautia Federal land within Haleakala National we did not identify habitat essential to plantaginea ssp. humilis, Flueggea Park. their conservation on these islands. neowawraea, Geranium arboreum, Critical Habitat In this proposal, we determine that Geranium multiflorum, Gouania critical habitat is prudent for Asplenium vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis Critical habitat is defined in section 3 fragile var. insulare, a species recently mannii, Hesperomannia arborescens, of the Act as—(i) the specific areas rediscovered on Maui and for which a Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus within the geographic area occupied by prudency determination has not been brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, a species, at the time it is listed in made previously. Critical habitat is Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kanaloa accordance with the Act, on which are proposed at this time for Asplenium kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, found those physical or biological fragile var. insulare on Maui based on Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus features (I) essential to the conservation new information and information pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens, of the species and (II) that may require received during the comment periods on Melicope balloui, Melicope knudsenii, special management considerations or the December 18, 2000, proposal. Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis, protection; and (ii) specific areas In this proposal, we determine that Neraudia sericea, Nototrichium humile, outside the geographic area occupied by critical habitat is prudent for six other Peucedanum sandwicense, a species at the time it is listed, upon species (Clermontia peleana, Gouania Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia a determination that such areas are vitifolia, Nototrichium humile, mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago essential for the conservation of the Phyllostegia parviflora, Schiedea princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris species. ‘‘Conservation’’ means the use hookeri, and Tetramolopium arenarium) lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula of all methods and procedures that are for which prudency determinations purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis, necessary to bring an endangered or a have not been made previously, and that Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis threatened species to the point at which no longer occur on Maui but are hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare, listing under the Act is no longer reported from one or more other islands. Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o- necessary. Critical habitat receives protection These six plants were listed as wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum under section 7 of the Act through the endangered species under the hawaiiense on the islands of Maui and prohibition against destruction or Endangered Species Act of 1973, as Kahoolawe, based on new information adverse modification of critical habitat amended (Act) between 1994 and 1996. and information received during the with regard to actions carried out, At the time each plant was listed, we comment period on the December 18, funded, or authorized by a Federal determined that designation of critical 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not habitat was not prudent because agency. Section 7 also requires proposed for 8 species: Adenophorus conferences on Federal actions that are designation would increase the degree periens, Clermontia peleana, Delissea of threat to the species and/or would not likely to result in the destruction or undulata, Phyllostegia parviflora, benefit the plant. In this proposal, we adverse modification of proposed Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, determine that designation of critical critical habitat. Aside from the added Solanum incompletum, and habitat is prudent for these six species protection that may be provided under Tetramolopium arenarium on the because we believe that such section 7, the Act does not provide other islands of Maui or Kahoolawe because designation would be beneficial to these forms of protection to lands designated we did not identify habitat essential to species. Critical habitat is proposed at as critical habitat. Because consultation their conservation on these islands. this time for Gouania vitifolia and under section 7 of the Act does not Critical habitat is not proposed for Nototrichium humile, on Maui based on apply to activities on private or other Acaena exigua, for which we new information and information non-Federal lands that do not involve a received during the comment periods on determined, on December 18, 2000, that Federal nexus, critical habitat the December 18, 2000, proposal. critical habitat designation is not designation would not afford any Critical habitat is not proposed for prudent because this species has not additional regulatory protections under Clermontia peleana, Phyllostegia been seen recently in the wild, and no the Act. parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, and viable genetic material of this species is Critical habitat also provides non- Tetramolopium arenarium on the island known. No change is made to that regulatory benefits to the species by of Maui because we did not identify determination here. informing the public and private sectors habitat essential to their conservation on Based on a review of new biological of areas that are important for species this island. information and public comments recovery and where conservation In this proposal, we propose received, we have revised our December actions would be most effective. designation of critical habitat for 61 18, 2000, proposal to incorporate the Designation of critical habitat can help species: Alectryon macrococcus, following changes in addition to those focus conservation activities for a listed Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. described above: changes in our species by identifying areas that contain macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var. approach to delineate proposed critical the physical and biological features that insulare, Bidens micrantha ssp. habitat (see Criteria Used to Identify are essential for the conservation of that kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Critical Habitat); adjustment and species, and can alert the public as well Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus refinement of previously identified as land-managing agencies to the agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, critical habitat units to more accurately importance of those areas. Critical Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia follow the natural topographic features habitat also identifies areas that may oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia and to avoid inessential landscape require special management samuelii, Colubrina oppositifolia, features (agricultural crops, urban or considerations or protection, and may Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea copelandii rural development) without primary help provide protection to areas where ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, constituent elements; and, inclusion of significant threats to the species have Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, new areas within the proposed critical been identified to help to avoid Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, habitat units that are essential for the accidental damage to such areas. Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, conservation of one or more of the 61 In order to be included in a critical Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, plant species, including portions of habitat designation, the habitat must

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first be ‘‘essential to the conservation of habitat designations do not signal that and Niihau. In addition, at the time we the species.’’ Critical habitat habitat outside the designation is listed Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea designations identify, to the extent unimportant or may not be required for copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea known using the best scientific and recovery. Areas outside the critical glabra, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. commercial data available, habitat areas habitat designation will continue to be hamatiflora, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. that provide at least one of the physical subject to conservation actions that may humilis, and Kanaloa kahoolawensis, on or biological features essential to the be implemented under section 7(a)(1) September 3, 1999, we determined that conservation of the species (primary and to the regulatory protections designation of critical habitat was constituent elements, as defined at 50 afforded by the section 7(a)(2) jeopardy prudent for these six taxa from Maui CFR 424.12(b)). Section 3(5)(C) of the standard and the section 9 prohibitions, and Kahoolawe. No change is made to Act states that not all areas that can be as determined on the basis of the best these 54 prudency determinations in occupied by a species should be available information at the time of the this revised proposal and they are designated as critical habitat unless the action. Federally funded or assisted hereby incorporated by reference (64 FR Secretary determines that all such areas projects affecting listed species outside 48307; 65 FR 66808; 65 FR 79192). are essential to the conservation of the their designated critical habitat areas No change is made here to the species. Our regulations (50 CFR may still result in jeopardy findings in prudency determination for Acaena 424.12(e)) also state that, ‘‘The Secretary some cases. Similarly, critical habitat exigua, a species known only from Mt. shall designate as critical habitat areas designations made on the basis of the Waialeale on Kauai and Puu Kukui on outside the geographic area presently best available information at the time of Maui, published in the December 18, occupied by the species only when a designation will not control the 2000, proposal and hereby incorporated designation limited to its present range direction and substance of future by reference (65 FR 79192). Acaena would be inadequate to ensure the recovery plans, HCPs, or other species exigua has not been seen on Kauai for conservation of the species.’’ conservation planning efforts if new over 100 years. This species was last Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires that information available to these planning observed at Puu Kukui on Maui in 1999 we take into consideration the economic efforts calls for a different outcome. and has not been observed in this area impact, and any other relevant impact, in subsequent surveys (H. of specifying any particular area as A. Prudency Redeterminations Oppenheimer, pers. comm., 2001). In critical habitat. We may exclude areas We originally determined that addition, this species is not known to be from critical habitat designation when designation of critical habitat was in storage or under propagation. Given the benefits of exclusion outweigh the prudent for 37 plants from the islands these circumstances, we determined benefits of including the areas within of Maui and Kahoolawe on December that designation of critical habitat for critical habitat, provided the exclusion 18, 2000. These species are: Acaena exigua was not prudent because will not result in extinction of the Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. such designation would be of no benefit species. macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha ssp. to this species. If this species is Our Policy on Information Standards kalealaha, Cenchrus agriminoides, rediscovered, we may revise this Under the Endangered Species Act, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia proposal to incorporate or address new published on July 1, 1994 (59 FR oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina information as new data becomes 34271), provides criteria, establishes oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, available (See 16 U.S.C. 1532 (5) (B); 50 procedures, and provides guidance to Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, CFR 424.13(f)). ensure that our decisions represent the Cyanea lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, In the December 18, 2000, proposal best scientific and commercial data Cyrtandra munroi, Diellia erecta, we did not determine prudency nor available. It requires that our biologists, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium propose designation of critical habitat to the extent consistent with the Act and arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, for 14 species that we believed no with the use of the best scientific and Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, longer occurred on Maui and commercial data available, use primary Hesperomannia arborescens, Kahoolawe but were reported from one and original sources of information as Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus or more other islands. We determined the basis for recommendations to brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, that critical habitat was prudent for designate critical habitat. When Lipochaeta kamolensis, Lysmachia eight of these species (Adenophorus determining which areas are critical lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, periens, Brighamia rockii, Delissea habitat, a primary source of information Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui, undulata, Isodendrion pyrifolium, should be the listing rule for the species. Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis, Phyllostegia mannii, Schiedea nuttallii, Additional information may be obtained Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus Solanum incompletum, and from a recovery plan, articles in peer- mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Pteris Tetramolopium remyi) in other reviewed journals, conservation plans lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula proposed rules published on November developed by States and counties, purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis, 7, 2000 (Kauai), December 27, 2000 scientific status surveys and studies, Tetramolopium capillare, and Vigna o- (Lanai), December 29, 2000 (Molokai), and biological assessments or other wahuensis. In a previous proposal, and January 28, 2002 (Kauai revised unpublished materials. published on November 7, 2000, we proposal). No change is made to these Section 4 requires that we designate determined that designation of critical prudency determinations for these eight critical habitat based on what we know habitat was prudent for 11 plants species in this proposal and they are at the time of designation. Habitat is (Alectryon macrococcus, Bonamia hereby incorporated by reference (65 FR often dynamic, and species may move menziesii, Centaurium sebaeoides, 66808, 65 FR 82086, 65 FR 83158, and from one area to another over time. Flueggea neowawrae, Melicope 67 FR 3940). In this proposal, we Furthermore, we recognize that knudsenii, Peucedanum sandwicense, propose designation of critical habitat designation of critical habitat may not Plantago princeps, Platanthera for Brighamia rockii, Isodendrion include all of the habitat areas that may holochila, Sesbania tomentosa, pyrifolium, Phyllostegia mannii, and eventually be determined to be Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Zanthoxlum Tetramolopium remyi on the island of necessary for the recovery of the hawaiiense) that are reported from Maui Maui, based on new information and species. For these reasons, critical and Kahoolawe as well as from Kauai information received during the

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comment periods on the December 18, island of Hawaii). While a critical consultation in new areas where it 2000, proposal. Critical habitat is not habitat designation for habitat currently would not otherwise occur because, for proposed for Adenophorus periens, occupied by Asplenium fragile var. example, it is or has become Delissea undulata, Schiedea nuttallii, insulare would not likely change the unoccupied or the occupancy is in and Solanum incompletum on the section 7 consultation outcome, since an question; (2) focusing conservation islands of Maui and Kahoolawe because action that destroys or adversely activities on the most essential areas; (3) we did not identify habitat essential to modifies such critical habitat would providing educational benefits to State their conservation on these islands. also be likely to result in jeopardy to the or county governments or private To determine whether critical habitat species, there may be instances where entities; and (4) preventing people from would be prudent for Asplenium fragile section 7 consultations would be causing inadvertent harm to the species. var. insulare, a species recently triggered only if critical habitat were In the case of Clermontia peleana, rediscovered on Maui and for which a designated. There may also be some Gouania vitifolia, Nototrichium humile, new prudency determination has not yet educational or informational benefits to Phyllostegia parviflora, Schiedea been made, we analyzed the potential the designation of critical habitat. hookeri, and Tetramolopium arenarium, threats and benefits for this species in Educational benefits include the there would be some benefits to critical accordance with the court orders. This notification of landowner(s), land habitat. The primary regulatory effect of plant was listed as an endangered managers, and the general public of the critical habitat is the section 7 species under the Act in 1994. At the importance of protecting the habitat of requirement that Federal agencies time Asplenium fragile var. insulare was this species and dissemination of refrain from taking any action that listed, we determined that designation information regarding its essential destroys or adversely affects critical of critical habitat was not prudent habitat requirements. Therefore, we habitat. Three of these species, because designation would increase the propose that designation of critical Nototrichium humile, Schiedea hookeri, degree of threat to the species and/or habitat is prudent for Asplenium fragile and Tetramolopium arenarium, are would not benefit the plant. We var. insulare. reported from Federal lands or lands examined the evidence available for this To determine whether critical habitat that are administered by a Federal species and have not, at this time, found would be prudent for six other species agency on other islands (Nototrichium specific evidence of taking, vandalism, (Clermontia peleana, Gouania vitifolia, humile and Schiedea hookeri are collection, or trade of this species or of Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia reported from the U.S. Army’s Makua similar species. Consequently, while we parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, and remain concerned that these activities Tetramolopium arenarium) for which Military Reservation and Schofield could potentially threaten Asplenium prudency determinations have not been Barracks Military Reservation, and the fragile var. insulare in the future, made previously, and that no longer U.S. Navy’s Lualualei Naval Magazine consistent with applicable regulations occur on Maui but are reported from one on the island of Oahu; Tetramolopium (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court’s or more other islands, we analyzed the arenarium is reported from the U.S. discussion of these regulations, we do potential threats and benefits for these Army’s Pohakuloa Training Area on the not find that this species is currently species in accordance with the court’s island of Hawaii) where actions are threatened by taking or other human order. These six plants were listed as subject to section 7 consultation. activity, which would be exacerbated by endangered species under the Act Although Gouania vitifolia and the designation of critical habitat. between 1994 and 1996. At the time Phyllostegia parviflora are located In the absence of finding that critical each plant was listed, we determined exclusively on non-Federal lands with habitat would increase threats to a that designation of critical habitat was limited Federal activities on the islands species, if there any benefits to critical not prudent because designation would of Hawaii and/or Oahu, there could be habitat designation, then a prudent increase the degree of threat to the Federal actions affecting these lands in finding is warranted. The potential species or would not benefit the plant. the future. Clermontia peleana was benefits include: (1) Triggering section 7 We examined the evidence now observed in the wild as recently as 1998 consultation in new areas where it available for these six species and have on the island of Hawaii on Federal would not otherwise occur because, for not, as this time, found specific (Hakalau National Wildlife Refuge) and example, it is or has become evidence of taking, vandalism, State lands. This species was not unoccupied or the occupancy is in collection, or trade of these species or of relocated in surveys conducted in 1999; question; (2) focusing conservation similar species. Consequently, while we however, viable genetic material is in activities on the most essential areas; (3) remain concerned that these activities propagation at the State’s Volcano Rare providing educational benefits to State could potentially threaten Clermontia Plant Facility on the island of Hawaii, or county governments or private peleana, Gouania vitifolia, and recovery objectives for this species entities; and (4) preventing people from Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia include propagation and outplanting of causing inadvertent harm to the species. parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, and propagated individuals within its In the case of Asplenium fragile var. Tetramolopium arenarium in the future, historic range (Service 1996a). While a insulare, there would be some benefits consistent with applicable regulations critical habitat designation for habitat to critical habitat. The primary (50 CFR 424.12(a)(1)(i)) and the court’s currently occupied by Gouania vitifolia, regulatory effect of critical habitat is the discussion of these regulations, we do Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia section 7 requirement that Federal not find that these species are currently parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, and agencies refrain from taking any action threatened by taking or other human Tetramolopium arenarium would not that destroys or adversely affects critical activity, which would be exacerbated by likely change the section 7 consultation habitat. Asplenium fragile var. insulare the designation of critical habitat. outcome, since an action that destroys is reported from private, State, and In the absence of finding that critical or adversely modifies such critical Federal lands on Maui and Hawaii habitat would increase threats to a habitat would also be likely to result in (Federal lands include Haleakala species, if there any benefits to critical jeopardy to the species, there may be National Park on Maui, and Hawaii habitat designation, then a prudent instances where section 7 consultations Volcanoes National Park and the U.S. finding is warranted. The potential would be triggered only if critical Army’s Pohakuloa Training Area on the benefits include: (1) Triggering section 7 habitat were designated. Critical habitat

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may also trigger section 7 consultations Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o- species as well as candidate species and for Clermontia peleana that would not wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum species of concern) while we have only otherwise occur. There may also be hawaiiense. This information included delineated areas that are essential for some educational or informational the known locations; site-specific the conservation of the 61 listed species benefits to the designation of critical species information from the HINHP at issue. As a result, the proposed habitat. Educational benefits include the database and our own rare plant critical habitat designations in this notification of landowner(s), land database; species information from the proposed rule include not only some managers, and the general public of the CPC’s rare plant monitoring database habitat that was identified as essential importance of protecting the habitat of housed at the University of Hawaii’s in the 1998 recommendations but also these species and dissemination of Lyon Arboretum; island-wide GIS habitat that was not identified as information regarding their essential coverages (e.g. vegetation, soils, annual essential in those recommendations. habitat requirements. Therefore, we rainfall, elevation contours, land C. Primary Constituent Elements propose that designation of critical ownership); the final listing rules for habitat is prudent for Clermontia these 69 species; the December 18, 2000, In accordance with section 3(5)(A)(i) peleana, Gouania vitifolia, proposal; information received during of the Act and regulations at 50 CFR Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia the public comment periods and the 424.12, in determining which areas to parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, and public hearing; recent biological surveys propose as critical habitat, we are Tetramolopium arenarium. and reports; our recovery plans for these required to base critical habitat species; information received in determinations on the best scientific B. Methods response to outreach materials and and commercial data available and to As required by the Act (section requests for species and management consider those physical and biological 4(b)(2)) and regulations at 50 CFR information we sent to all landowners, features (primary constituent elements) 424.12, we used the best scientific data land managers, and interested parties on that are essential to the conservation of available to determine areas that are the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe; the species and that may require special essential to conserve Adenophorus discussions with botanical experts; and management considerations or periens, Alectryon macrococcus, recommendations from the HPPRCC protection. Such requirements include, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. (see also the discussion below) (Service but are not limited to, space for macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var. 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, 1997, individual and population growth, and insulare, Bidens micrantha ssp. 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001; HPPRCC for normal behavior; food, water, air, kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, 1998; HINHP Database 2000, CPC in litt. light, minerals, or other nutritional or Brighamia rockii, Cenchrus 1999; 65 FR 79192; R. Hobdy et al., in physiological requirements; cover or agrimonioides, Centaurium sebaeoides, litt. 2001; J. Lau, in litt. 2001). shelter; sites for breeding, reproduction, Clermontia lindseyana, Clermontia In 1994, the HPPRCC initiated an or rearing of offspring, germination, or oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia effort to identify and map habitat it seed dispersal; and habitats that are peleana, Clermontia samuelii, believed to be important for the protected from disturbance or are Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis recovery of 282 endangered and representative of the historic squamigera, Cyanea copelandii ssp. threatened Hawaiian plant species. The geographical and ecological haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea HPPRCC identified these areas on most distributions of a species. grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, In the December 18, 2000, proposal, hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea and in 1999, we published them in our we determined that the designation of lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra Recovery Plan for the Multi-Island critical habitat was prudent for 37 plant munroi, Delissea undulata, Diellia Plants (Service 1999). species known currently from the erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, The HPPRCC expects there will be islands of Maui or Kahoolawe and in Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, subsequent efforts to further refine the that proposal we identified the physical Flueggea neowawraea, Geranium locations of important habitat areas and and biological features that are arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, that new survey information or research considered essential to the conservation Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis coriacea, finding may also lead to additional of the 37 species on the islands of Maui Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia refinements of identifying and mapping or Kahoolawe (65 FR 79192). In a arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, of habitat important for the recovery of previous proposal, published on Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum these species. November 7, 2000, we determined that byrone, Isodendrion pyrifolium, The HPPRCC identified essential designation of critical habitat was Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta habitat areas for all listed, proposed, prudent for 11 plants (Alectryon kamolensis, Lysimachia lydgatei, and candidate plant species and macrococcus, Bonamia menziesii, Mariscus pennatiformis, Melicope evaluated species of concern to Centaurium sebaeoides, Flueggea adscendens, Melicope balloui, Melicope determine if essential habitat areas neowawrae, Melicope knudsenii, knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, would provide for their habitat needs. Peucedanum sandwicense, Plantago Melicope ovalis, Neraudia sericea, However, the HPPRCC’s mapping of princeps, Platanthera holochila, Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum habitat is distinct from the regulatory Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii, designation of critical habitat as defined hawaiiensis, Zanthoxlum hawaiiense) Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, by the Act. More data has been collected that are reported from Maui and Phyllostegia parviflora, Plantago since the recommendations made by the Kahoolawe as well as from Kauai and princeps, Platanthera holochila, Pteris HPPRCC in 1998. Much of the area that Niihau. In the December 18, 2000, lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula was identified by the HPPRCC as proposal, we identified the physical and purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis, inadequately surveyed has now been biological features that are considered Schiedea hookeri, Schiedea nuttallii, surveyed in some way. New location essential to the conservation of these 11 Sesbania tomentosa, Solanum data for many species has been species on the islands of Maui or incompletum, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, gathered. Also, the HPPRCC identified Kahoolawe (65 FR 79192). In addition, Tetramolopium arenarium, areas as essential based on species at the time we listed Clermontia Tetramolopium capillare, clusters (areas that included listed samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp.

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haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea Schiedea nuttallii were included in (unoccupied habitat) that are essential hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Dubautia proposals published on November 7, for the conservation of Clermontia plantaginea ssp. humilis, and Kanaloa 2000, or December 29, 2000 (65 FR peleana, Phyllostegia parviflora, kahoolawensis, on September 3, 1999, 66808; 65 FR 83158). In addition, we Schiedea hookeri, and Tetramolopium we determined that designation of will consider proposing designation of arenarium on the island of Maui. critical habitat was prudent for these six critical habitat for Adenophorus periens, However, we will consider proposing taxa from Maui and Kahoolawe. In the Delissea undulata, Schiedea nuttallii, designation of critical habitat for December 18, 2000, proposal, we and Solanum incompletum within the Clermontia peleana, Phyllostegia identified the physical and biological historic range for each species on other parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, and features that are considered essential to Hawaiian Islands. Tetramolopium arenarium within the the conservation of these six species on In this proposal, we determine that historic range for each species on other the islands of Maui or Kahoolawe (65 the designation of critical habitat is Hawaiian Islands. FR 79192). Based on new information prudent for Asplenium fragile var. All areas proposed as critical habitat and information received regarding the insulare, a species recently rediscovered are within the historical range of one or physical and biological features that are on Maui and for which a prudency more of the 61 species at issue and considered essential to the conservation determination has not been made contain one or more of the physical or of these 54 species during the comment previously. Based on new information biological features (primary constituent periods on the December 18, 2000, received on the rediscovered population elements) essential for the conservation proposal, we have revised the physical in Kalialinui regarding the physical and of one or more of the species. and biological features that are biological features (such as locale As described in the discussions for considered essential to the conservation information, vegetation type, elevational each of the 61 species for which we are of these 54 plant species on the islands range, and associated species) that are proposing critical habitat, we are of Maui and Kahoolawe. considered essential to the conservation proposing to define the primary of Asplenium fragile var. insulare we constituent elements on the basis of the In other proposals published on have identified the physical and habitat features of the areas from which December 27, 2000, December 29, 2000, biological features that are considered the plant species are reported, as or on January 28, 2002, we determined essential to the conservation of described by the type of plant that the designation of critical habitat Asplenium fragile var. insulare on the community, associated native plant was prudent for eight species island of Maui. species, locale information (e.g., steep (Adenophorus periens, Brighamia In this proposal, we determine that rocky cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), rockii, Delissea undulata, Isodendrion the designation of critical habitat is and elevation. The habitat features pyrifolium, Phyllostegia mannii, prudent for six species (Clermontia provide the ecological components Schiedea nuttallii, Solanum peleana, Gouania vitifolia, required by the plant. The type of plant incompletum, and Tetramolopium Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia community and associated native plant remyi) that no longer occur on Maui and parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, and species indicates specific microclimate Kahoolawe but are reported from one or Tetramolopium arenarium) for which conditions, retention and availability of more other islands. Based on new prudency determinations have not been water in the soil, soil microorganism information and information received made previously, and that no longer community, and nutrient cycling and during the comment periods on the occur on Maui but are reported from one availability. The locale provides December 18, 2000, proposal regarding or more other islands. Based on new information on soil type, elevation, the physical and biological features (i.e. information and information received rainfall regime, and temperature. locale information, elevation, regarding the physical and biological Elevation indicates information on daily vegetation, and associated species) that features that are considered essential to and seasonal temperature and sun are considered essential to the the conservation of Gouania vitifolia intensity. Therefore, the descriptions of conservation of four of these eight and Nototrichium humile during the the physical elements of the locations of species, we have identified the physical comment periods on the December 18, each of these species, including habitat and biological features that are 2000, proposal, we have identified the type, plant communities associated with considered essential to the conservation physical and biological features that are the species, location, and elevation, as of Brighamia rockii, Isodendrion considered essential to the conservation described in the Supplementary pyrifolium, Phyllostegia mannii, and of these two species on the island of Information: Discussion of the Plant Tetramolopium remyi on the island of Maui. These features include locale Taxa section above, constitute the Maui. We are unable to identify these information, elevational range, primary constituent elements for these features for Adenophorus periens, vegetation type, and associated species species on the islands of Maui and Delissea undulata, Schiedea nuttallii, for both Gouania vitifolia and Kahoolawe. and Solanum incompletum on the Nototrichium humile. Information on island of Maui because information on the locale, elevational range, vegetation D. Criteria Used to Identify Critical these features for these species on Maui type, and associated species for Habitat is not available at this time. Therefore, Clermontia peleana, Phyllostegia In the December 18, 2000, proposal we were not able to identify the specific parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, and we defined the primary constituent areas outside the geographic areas Tetramolopium arenarium is not elements based on the general habitat occupied by these species at the time of available at this time and thus we are features of the areas in which the plants their listing (unoccupied habitat) that unable to identify these features for currently occur such as the type of plant are essential for the conservation of Clermontia peleana, Phyllostegia community the plants are growing in, Adenophorus periens, Delissea parviflora, Schiedea hookeri, and their physical location (e.g., steep rocky undulata, Schiedea nuttallii, and Tetramolopium arenarium on the island cliffs, talus slopes, stream banks), and Solanum incompletum on the island of of Maui. Therefore, we were not able to elevation. The areas we proposed to Maui. However, proposed critical identify the specific areas outside the designate as critical habitat provided habitat designations for Adenophorus geographic areas occupied by these some or all of the habitat components periens, Delissea undulata, and species at the time of their listing essential for the conservation of the 61

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plant species. Specific details regarding 61 species. For each of these species, the information on the population biology the delineation of the proposed critical overall recovery strategy outlined in the of each species becomes available, the habitat units were given in the approved recovery plans includes the justification for these objectives is found December 18, 2000, proposal (65 FR following components: (1) stabilization in the current conservation biology 79192). In that proposal, we did not of existing wild populations, (2) literature addressing the conservation of include potentially suitable unoccupied protection and management of habitat, rare and endangered plants and animals habitat that is important to the recovery (3) enhancement of existing small (Beissinger and Westphal 1998; of the 61 species due to our limited populations and reestablishment of new Burgman et al. 2001; Falk et al. 1996; knowledge of the historical range (the populations within historic range, and Ginzburg et al. 1990; Hendrix and Kyhl geographical area outside the area (4) research on species’ biology and 2000; Karieva and Wennergren 1995; presently occupied by the species) and ecology (Service 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll our lack of more detailed information on 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001). 1996; Podolsky 2000; Menges 1990; the specific physical or biological Thus, the long-term recovery of these Murphy et al. 1900; Quintana-Ascencio features essential for the conservation of species is dependent upon the and Menges 1996; Taylor 1995; Tear et the species. protection of existing population sites al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). The However, following publication of the and potentially suitable unoccupied overall goal of recovery in the short- December 18, 2000 (65 FR 79192), habitat within historic range. term is a successful population that can proposal we received new information The overall recovery goal stated in the carry on basic life-history processes, regarding the physical and biological recovery plans for each of these species such as establishment, reproduction, features, such as locale information, includes the establishment of 8 to 10 and dispersal, at a level where the elevational range, vegetation type, and populations with a minimum of 100 probability of extinction is low. In the associated species that are considered mature individuals per population for long-term, the species and its essential for the conservation of many of long-lived perennial species, 300 populations should be at a reduced risk these 61 species and information on individuals per population for short- of extinction and be adaptable to potentially suitable habitat within the lived perennial species, and 500 mature environmental change through historical range for many of these individuals per population for annual evolution and migration. species. Based on a review of this new species. There are some specific The long-term objectives, as reviewed biological information and public exceptions to this general recovery goal by Pavlik (1996), require from 50 to comments received following of 8 to 10 populations for species that publication of the other three proposals are believed to historically have 2,500 individuals per population, based to designate critical habitat for Hawaiian occurred as one large, scattered largely on research and theoretical plants on Kauai and Niihau (65 FR population (e.g., Argyroxiphium modeling on endangered animals, since 66808), Lanai (65 FR 82086), and sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum much less research has been done on Molokai (65 FR 83158), we have (Service 1997)), and the proposed endangered plants. Many aspects of a reevaluated the manner in which we critical habitat designations reflect this species life history are typically delineated proposed critical habitat. In exception for this species. To be considered to determine guidelines for addition, we met with members of the considered recovered, each population species interim stability and recovery, HPPRCC and State, Federal, and private of a species endemic to the islands of including longevity, breeding system, entities to discuss criteria and methods Maui or Kahoolawe should occur on the growth form, fecundity, ramet (a plant to delineate critical habitat units for island to which it is endemic, and that is an independent member of a these Hawaiian plants. likewise the populations of a multi- clone) production, survivorship, seed While the lack of detailed scientific island species should be distributed duration, environmental variation, and data on the life history of these plant among the islands of its known historic successional stage of the habitat. species makes it impossible for us to range (Service 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, Hawaiian species are poorly studied, develop a robust quantitative model 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001). and the only one of these characteristics (e.g., population viability analysis (NRC A population, for the purposes of this that can be uniformly applied to all 1995)) to identify the optimal number, discussion and as defined in the Hawaiian plant species is longevity (i.e., size, and location of critical habitat recovery plans for these species, is a long-lived perennial, short-lived units to achieve recovery (Beissinger unit in which the individuals could be perennial, and annual). In general, long- and Westphal 1998; Burgman et al. regularly cross-pollinated, influenced by lived woody perennial species would be 2001; Ginzburg et al. 1990; Karieva and the same small-scale events (such as expected to be viable at population Wennergren 1995; Menges 1990; landslides), and containing 100, 300, or levels of 50 to 250 individuals per Murphy et al. 1990; Taylor 1995), at this 500 individuals, depending on whether population, while short-lived perennial time, and consistent with the listing of the species is a long-lived perennial, species would be viable at population these species and their recovery plans, short-lived perennial, or annual. levels of 1,500 to 2,500 individuals or the best available information leads us By adopting these specific recovery more per population. These population to conclude that the current size and objectives enumerated here, the adverse numbers were refined for Hawaiian distribution of the extant populations effects of genetic inbreeding and plant species by the HPPRCC (1994) due are not sufficient to expect a reasonable random environmental events and to the restricted distribution of suitable probability of long-term survival and catastrophes, such as landslides, habitat typical of Hawaiian plants and recovery of these plant species. hurricanes, or tsunamis, that could the likelihood of smaller genetic Therefore, we used available destroy a large percentage of the species diversity of several species that evolved information, including expert scientific at any one time may be reduced from one single introduction. For opinion, to identify potentially suitable (Menges 1990; Podolsky 2001). These recovery of Hawaiian plants, the habitat within the known historic range recovery objectives were initially HPPRCC recommended a general of each species. developed by the HPPRCC and are recovery guideline of 100 mature We considered several factors in the found in all of the recovery plans for individuals per population for long- selection and proposal of specific these species. While they are expected lived perennial species, 300 individuals boundaries for critical habitat for these to be further refined as more per population for short-lived perennial

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species, and 500 individuals per and the species has a greater likelihood designate as critical habitat provide population for annual species. of achieving long-term survival and some or all of the habitat components For Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. conservation. Conversely, loss of one or essential for the conservation of the 61 macrocephalum, the recovery goal is more of the plant populations within plant species. one population of greater than 50,000 any critical habitat unit could result in Changes in our approach to delineate individuals. This is based on the best an increase in the risk that the entire proposed critical habitat units were scientific judgment of Hawaiian listed species may not survive and incorporated in the following manner: botanical experts, including HPPRCC recover. 1. We focused on designing units members, who developed the recovery Due to the reduced size of suitable representative of the known current and plan for this species, that this species habitat areas for these Hawaiian plant historical geographic and elevational probably occurred historically as one species, they are now more susceptible range of each species; single population (Service 1997). The to the variations and weather 2. Proposed critical habitat units large number of total individuals is fluctuations affecting quality and would allow for expansion of existing based on the more detailed knowledge quantity of available habitat, as well as wild populations and reestablishment of available on the life history of this direct pressure from hundreds of wild populations within historic range, species, including the fact that it is a species of non-native plants and as recommended by the recovery plans monocarpic species (only flowering animals. Establishing and conserving 8 for each species; and once before dying), requires 15 to 50 to10 viable plant populations on one or 3. Critical habitat boundaries were years to mature, and must be cross- more islands within the historic range of delineated in such a way that areas with pollinated from a genetically different the species will provide each species overlapping occupied or suitable plant to produce viable seeds (Loope with a reasonable expectation of unoccupied habitat could be depicted and Medeiros 1994, Carr et al. 1986). All persistence and eventual recovery, even clearly (multi-species units). of these characteristics indicate the need with the high potential that one or more We began by creating rough units for for more individuals in order to of these populations will be eliminated each species by screen digitizing maintain a genetically diverse, viable by normal or random adverse events, polygons (map units) using ArcView population (Pavlik 1996). such as hurricanes which occurred in (ESRI), a computer GIS program. The The HPPRCC also recommended the 1982 and 1992 on Kauai, fires, and alien polygons were created by overlaying conservation and establishment of 8 to plant invasions (HPPRCC 1994; Luijten current and historic plant location 10 populations to address the numerous et al. 2000; Mangel and Tier 1994; Pimm points onto digital topographic maps of risks to the long-term survival and et al. 1998; Stacey and Taper 1992). We each of the islands. conservation of Hawaiian plant species. conclude that designation of adequate The resulting shape files (delineating However, as explained above, the suitable habitat for 8 to 10 populations historic range and potential, suitable recovery goal for Argyroxiphium as critical habitat is essential to give the habitat) were then evaluated. Elevation sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum is one species a reasonable likelihood of long- ranges were further refined, and land population, rather than 8 to 10 term survival and recovery, based on areas identified as not suitable for a populations, of greater than 50,000 currently available information. particular species ( i.e., not containing individuals. Although absent the In summary, the long-term survival the primary constituent elements) were detailed information inherent to the and recovery requires the designation of avoided. The resulting shape files for types of PVA models described above critical habitat units on one or more of each species then were considered to (Burgman et al. 2001), this approach the Hawaiian islands with suitable define all suitable habitat on the island, employs two widely recognized and habitat for 8 to 10 populations of each including occupied and unoccupied scientifically accepted goals for plant species except Argyroxiphium habitat. promoting viable populations of listed sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum as These shape files of suitable habitat species—(1) creation or maintenance of explained above. Some of this habitat is were further evaluated. Several factors multiple populations so that a single or currently not known to be occupied by were then used to delineate the series of catastrophic events cannot these species. To recover the species, it proposed critical habitat units from destroy the whole listed species (Luijten will be necessary to conserve suitable these land areas. We reviewed the et al. 2000; Menges 1990; Quintana- habitat in these unoccupied units, recovery objectives as described above Ascencio and Menges 1996); and (2) which in turn will allow for the and in recovery plans for each of the increasing the size of each population in establishment of additional populations species to determine if the number of the respective critical habitat units to a through natural recruitment or managed populations and population size level where the threats of genetic, reintroductions. Establishment of these requirements needed for conservation demographic, and normal additional populations will increase the would be available within the critical environmental uncertainties are likelihood that the species will survive habitat units identified as containing the diminished (Hendrix and Kyhl 2000; and recover in the face of normal and appropriate primary constituent Luijten et al. 2000; Meffe and Carroll stochastic events (e.g., hurricanes, fire, elements for each species. For multi- 1996; Podolsky 2000; Service 1997; Tear and non-native species introductions) island species multiple populations of et al. 1995; Wolf and Harrison 2001). In (Pimm et al. 1998; Stacey and Taper each taxon were identified on islands general, the larger the number of 1992; Mangel and Tier 1994). where they now occur or occurred populations and the larger the size of In this proposal, we have defined the historically. Because of the need to each population, the lower the primary constituent elements based on propose critical habitat on an island by probability of extinction (Raup 1991; the general habitat features of the areas island basis for multi-island species we Meffe and Carroll 1996). This basic from which the plants are reported, evaluated the historical distribution of conservation principle of redundancy from such as the type of plant each multi-island species throughout applies to Hawaiian plant species. By community the plants are reported from, Hawaii, to the best of our ability. We maintaining 8 to 10 viable populations the associated native plant species, the expect to refine proposed areas for these in the several proposed critical habitat physical location (e.g., steep rocky cliffs, multi-island species once all the units, the threats represented by a talus slopes, streambanks), and proposed rules for the Hawaiian Islands fluctuating environment are alleviated elevation. The areas we are proposing to are published. This refinement will be

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based on an evaluation on what is telemetry antennas, radars, missile wildlife, or plant that is federally listed essential to the species on these islands launch sites, arboreta and gardens, as endangered or threatened is State throughout its historical distribution. Of heiau (indigenous places of worship or listed as well). In addition, we reviewed the areas identified as potentially shrines), airports, other paved areas, and new biological information and public suitable habitat, only those areas within other rural residential landscaped areas comments received during the public the least-disturbed suitable habitat and do not contain one or more of the comment periods and at the public that were determined were proposed as primary constituent elements and hearing. critical habitat. A population for this would be excluded under the terms of Pursuant to the definition of critical purpose is defined as a discrete this proposed regulation. Federal habitat in section 3 of the Act, the aggregation of individuals located a actions limited to those areas, therefore, primary constituent elements as found sufficient distance from a neighboring would not trigger a section 7 in any area so designated must also aggregation such that the two are not consultation, unless they affect the require ‘‘special management affected by the same small-scale events species and/or primary constituent considerations or protections.’’ and are not believed to be consistently elements in adjacent critical habitat. Adequate special management or cross-pollinated. In the absence of more In summary, for most of these species protection is provided by a legally specific information indicating the we utilized the approved recovery plan operative plan that addresses the appropriate distance to assure limited guidance to identify appropriately sized maintenance and improvement of the cross-pollination, we are using a land units containing suitable occupied essential elements and provides for the distance of 1,000 m (3,281 ft) based on and unoccupied habitat. Based on the long-term conservation of the species. our review of current literature on gene best available information, we believe We consider a plan adequate when it: flow (Barret and Kohn 1991; Fenster and these areas constitute the habitat (1) Provides a conservation benefit to Dudash 1994; Havens 1998; M.H. necessary to provide for the the species (i.e., the plan must maintain Schierup and F.B. Christiansen 1996). conservation of these 61 species. or provide for an increase in the species’ Using the above criteria, we population or the enhancement or E. Managed Lands delineated the proposed critical habitat restoration of its habitat within the area for each species. When species units Currently occupied and historically covered by the plan); (2) provides overlapped, we combined units for ease known sites containing one or more of assurances that the management plan of mapping. Such critical habitat units the primary constituent elements will be implemented (i.e., those encompass a number of plant considered essential to the conservation responsible for implementing the plan communities. Using satellite imagery of these 61 plant species were examined are capable of accomplishing the and parcel data, we then eliminated to determine if additional special objectives, have an implementation areas that did not contain the management considerations or schedule and/or have adequate funding appropriate vegetation, associated protection are required above those for the management plan); and (3) native plant species, or elevations such currently provided. We reviewed all provides assurances the conservation as cultivated agriculture fields, housing available management information on plan will be effective (i.e., it identifies developments, or other areas that are these plants at these sites, including biological goals, has provisions for unlikely to contribute to the published reports and surveys; annual reporting progress, and is of a duration conservation of one or more of the 61 performance and progress reports; sufficient to implement the plan and plant species. Geographic features (ridge management plans; grants; memoranda achieves the plan’s goals and lines, valleys, streams, coastlines, etc.) of understanding and cooperative objectives). If an area is covered by a or man-made features (roads or obvious agreements; DOFAW planning plan that meets these criteria, it does not land use) that created an obvious documents; internal letters and memos; constitute critical habitat as defined by boundary for a unit were used as unit biological assessments and the Act because the primary constituent area boundaries. We also used environmental impact statements; and elements found there are not in need of watershed delineations to dissect very section 7 consultations. Additionally, special management. large proposed critical habitat units in each public (i.e., county, State, or In determining and weighing the order to simplify the unit mapping and Federal government holdings) and relative significance of the threats that their descriptions. private landowner on the islands of would need to be addressed in Within the critical habitat boundaries, Maui and Kahoolawe with a known management plans or agreements, we section 7 consultation is necessary and occurrence of one of the 61 species was considered the following: adverse modification could occur if the contacted by mail. We reviewed all (1) The factors that led to the listing primary constituent elements are information received in response to our of the species, as described in the final affected. Therefore, not all activities landowner mailing and open houses rules for listing each of the species. within critical habitat would trigger an held at two locations (the Lahaina Civic Effects of clearing and burning for adverse modification conclusion. In Center and the Wailuku Community agricultural purposes and of invasive defining critical habitat boundaries, we Center) on the island of Maui on January non-native plant and animal species made an effort to avoid developed areas, 11 and 12, 2000, respectively. When have contributed to the decline of nearly such as towns and other similar lands, clarification was required on the all endangered and threatened plants in that are unlikely to contribute to the information provided to us, we followed Hawaii (Smith 1985; Howarth 1985; conservation of the 61 species. up with a telephone contact. Because of Stone 1985; Wagner et al. 1985; Scott et However, the minimum mapping unit the large amount of land on the island al. 1986; Cuddihy and Stone 1990; that we used to approximate our of Maui under State of Hawaii Vitousek 1992; Service 1995a, 1995b, delineation of critical habitat for these jurisdiction, we met with staff from the 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, species did not allow us to exclude all DOFAW office in Maui to discuss their 2001; Loope 1998). such developed areas. In addition, current management for the plants on Current threats to these species existing features and structures within their lands. We also contacted the include non-native grass and shrub- the boundaries of the mapped unit, such State’s DHHL regarding management for carried wildfire; browsing, digging, as buildings, roads, aqueducts, the plants on lands under their rooting, and trampling from feral telecommunications equipment, jurisdiction (any species of aquatic life, ungulates (including goats, deer, and

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pigs); direct and indirect effects of non- augmentation of existing populations management of natural resources to native plant invasions, including into areas deemed essential for the complete, by November 17, 2001, an alteration of habitat structure and recovery of these species; (8) ongoing INRMP. An INRMP integrates microclimate; and disruption of management of the wild, outplanted, implementation of the military mission pollination and gene-flow processes by and augmented populations; and (9) of the installation with stewardship of adverse effects of mosquito-borne avian habitat management and restoration in the natural resources found there. Each disease on forest bird pollinators, direct areas deemed essential for the recovery INRMP includes an assessment of the competition between native and non- of these species. ecological needs on the installation, native insect pollinators for food, and In general, taking all of the above including needs to provide for the predation of native insect pollinators by recommended management actions into conservation of listed species; a non-native hymenopteran insects (ants). account, the following management statement of goals and priorities; a In addition, physiological processes actions are ranked in order of detailed description of management such as reproduction and establishment importance (Service 1995a, 1995b, actions to be implemented to provide continue to be stifled by fruit- and 1996a, 1996b, 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, for these ecological needs; and a flower-eating pests such as non-native 2001). It should be noted, however, that, monitoring and adaptive management arthropods, mollusks, and rats, and on a case-by-case basis, some of these plan. We consult with the military on photosynthesis and water transport actions may rise to a higher level of the development and implementation of affected by non-native insects, importance for a particular species or INRMPs for installations with listed pathogens, and diseases. Many of these area, depending on the biological and species. We believe that bases that have factors interact with one another, physical requirements of the species completed and approved INRMPs that thereby compounding effects. Such and the location(s) of the individual address the needs of the species interactions include non-native plant plants; feral ungulate control; wildfire generally do not meet the definition of invasions altering wildfire regimes, feral management; non-native plant control; critical habitat discussed above, because ungulates vectoring weeds and rodent control; invertebrate pest control; they require no additional special disturbing vegetation and soils, thereby maintenance of genetic material of the management or protection. Therefore, facilitating dispersal and establishment endangered and threatened plant we do not include these areas in critical of non-native plants, and numerous species; propagation, reintroduction, or habitat designations if they meet the non-native insects feeding on native augmentation of existing populations following three criteria: (1) a current plants, thereby increasing their into areas deemed essential for the INRMP must be complete and provide a vulnerability and exposure to pathogens recovery of the species; ongoing conservation benefit to the species; (2) and disease (Cuddihy and Stone 1990; management of the wild, outplanted, the plan must provide assurances that Mack 1992; Scott et al. 1986; Howarth and augmented populations; the conservation management strategies 1985, Smith 1985; D’Antonio and maintenance of natural pollinators and will be implemented; and (3) the plan Vitousek 1992, Tunison et al. 1992; pollinating systems, when known; must provide assurances that the Service 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, habitat management and restoration in conservation management strategies will 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001; areas deemed essential for the recovery be effective, by providing for periodic Bruegmann et al. 2001). of the species; monitoring of the wild, monitoring and revisions as necessary. (2) The recommendations from the outplanted, and augmented populations; If all of these criteria are met, then the HPPRCC in their 1998 report to us rare plant surveys; and control of lands covered under the plan would not (‘‘Habitat Essential to the Recovery of human activities/access. meet the definition of critical habitat. Hawaiian Plants’’). As summarized in As shown in Table 3, the proposed this report, recovery goals for critical habitat designations for 61 One species, Sesbania tomentosa, endangered Hawaiian plant species species of plants are found on Federal, occurs on Kanaio Training Area (Hawaii cannot be achieved without the effective State, and private lands on the islands Army National Guard) lands on the control of non-native species threats, of Maui and Kahoolawe. In response to island of Maui, and we believe this land wildfire, and land use changes. our public notices; letters to is essential for the conservation of this (3) The management actions needed landowners; open houses; meetings; the species. In 1998, funds were provided for assurance of survival and ultimate December 18, 2000, proposal; public for protective fencing and monitoring of recovery of Hawaii’s endangered plants. comment periods; and the March 20, Sesbania tomentosa on this land. Since These actions are described in our 2001, public hearing along with then, however, these management recovery plans for these 61 species information in our files, we received activities for Sesbania tomentosa have (Service 1995a, 1995b, 1996a, 1996b, varying amounts and various types of been curtailed due to a lack of funding 1997, 1998a, 1998b, 1999, 2001), in the information on the conservation (Lt. Col. Richard Young, Hawaii Army 1998 HPPRCC report to the Service management actions occurring on these National Guard, in litt. 2000). Because (HPPRCC 1998), and in various other lands. Some landowners reported that appropriate conservation management documents and publications relating to they are not conducting conservation strategies has not been adequately plant conservation in Hawaii (Mueller- management actions on their lands funded or effectively implemented for Dombois 1985; Smith 1985; Stone 1985; while others provided information on Sesbania tomentosa on this land, we Cuddihy and Stone 1990; Stone et al. various activities such as fencing, cannot at this time find that 1992). In addition to monitoring the weeding, ungulate control, hunting, management of this land under Federal plant populations, these actions control of human access, scientific jurisdiction is adequate to preclude a include, but are not limited to: (1) Feral research, fire control, and propagation proposed designation of critical habitat. ungulate control; (2) non-native plant and planting of native plants. However, if an INRMP or other control; (3) rodent control; (4) endangered species management plan invertebrate pest control; (5) fire Federal Lands that addresses the maintenance and management; (6) maintenance of genetic The Sikes Act Improvements Act of improvement of the essential elements material of the endangered and 1997 (Sikes Act) requires each military for Sesbania tomentosa, and provides threatened plant species; (7) installation that includes land and water for its long-term conservation and propagation, reintroduction, or suitable for the conservation and assurances that the conservation

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management strategies will be effective determined that lands within the Park to the Haleakala National Park boundary and implemented, we will reassess the were adequately managed for the on State land. The Haleakala National critical habitat boundaries in light of conservation of the listed species that Park fence serves as the upper fence these management plans. Also, we may occur on those lands and were not in boundary for HNAR. Additionally, exclude these military lands under need of special management fences have been constructed to separate section 4(b)(2) of the Act if benefits of considerations or protection. Therefore, three distinct management units: Puu exclusion outweigh the benefits of we determined that these lands did not Alaea Unit, Poouli Unit, and Kuhiwai/ including the areas within critical meet the definition of critical habitat in Waieleele Unit. Since the removal of habitat, provided the exclusion will not the Act, and we did not propose pigs in these upper forest units of the result in extinction of the species. designation of these lands as critical HNAR, vegetation monitoring has been Therefore, this area has been included habitat. However, during the comment implemented to determine recovery of within the proposed critical habitat periods on the December 18, 2000, native plant species. Currently, a fence units. proposal we received information from is being constructed along the 1,100 m Contractors for the U.S. Navy are the Park Superintendent that funding (3,600 ft) contour of the HNAR which clearing the State-owned island of for the conservation and management of will comprise the ‘‘middle forest unit’’ Kahoolawe of military ordinance the listed plant species on lands within (B. Evanson, pers. comm., 1999). utilizing Congressional funding that Haleakala National Park may not be The non-native plant control program expires in 2003. The Navy has consulted adequate nor sufficiently certain every within HNAR focuses on habitat- with the Service under section 7 of the year to support a determination that modifying non-native plants (weeds). A Act to ensure protection of threatened these lands do not meet the definition weed priority list has been compiled for and endangered species during the of critical habitat. Thus, lands within HNAR, and control and monitoring of clearance activities. In June 1998, the the Haleakala National Park are the highest priority species are ongoing. State of Hawaii Kahoolawe Island included in this proposal. Weeds are controlled manually, Reserve Commission developed an chemically, or through a combination of environmental restoration plan for State of Hawaii Lands both. Monitoring transects help locate Kahoolawe (Social Science Research Two plant species, Geranium developing populations of other priority Institute, University of Hawaii 1998). multiflorum and Clermontia samuelii weed species and, if necessary, removal The plan, however, does not address ssp. hanaensis, are reported from the of these populations is conducted specific management actions to protect upper areas of Hanawi Natural Area (DLNR 1989). and conserve endangered plant species. Reserve (HNAR) (GDSI 2000; HINHP Because these plants and their While the island is isolated and remote, Database 2000). The HNAR was habitats within the upper areas of and access is restricted due to the established in 1986, and comprises Hanawi NAR (above 1,525 m (5,000 ft)) presence of unexploded ordnance 3,035 ha (7,500 ac) of diverse native are permanently protected and managed hazards, this action alone is not ecosystems and endangered forest bird by State law and because the continued sufficient to indicate that additional habitats. Natural Area Reserves are successful management of this area is special management is not required for managed by the Department of Land and assured by State funding, this area is not the listed plant species, and areas on the Natural Resources (DLNR), except that in need of special management island are included within the proposed any use must be specifically approved considerations or protection. Therefore, critical habitat units for Kanaloa by the Natural Area Reserve System we have determined that the State land kahoolawensis, Hibiscus brackenridgei, Commission. Natural Area Reserves are within the upper areas of Hanawi NAR Sesbania tomentosa, and Vigna o- held in trust by the State and may not does not meet the definition of critical wahuensis. be alienated except upon a finding by habitat in the Act, and we are not Protective fencing and monitoring of the DLNR of an imperative and proposing designation of this area as the endangered plant Sesbania unavoidable necessity. DLNR must critical habitat. Should the status of this tomentosa on the leased U.S. military provide public notice and conduct reserve change, for example by lands (Hawaii Army National Guard) at public hearings before revoking or revocation or modification of the NAR, Kanaio Training Area, Maui, were modifying an executive order that sets we will reconsider whether it then initially funded in 1998. Since then, aside lands for the reserve system (Haw. meets the definition of critical habitat. however, these management activities Rev. Stat. §§ 195–1—195–11). The If so, we have the authority to propose for Sesbania tomentosa have been primary goals of the HNAR are to: (1) to amend critical habitat to include such curtailed due to a lack of funding (Lt. Protect the upper areas of the reserve by area at that time. 50 CFR 424.12(g). Col. Richard Young, Hawaii Army fencing smaller manageable units to Private Lands National Guard, in litt. 2000). Therefore, restrict pig movements; (2) prevent this area has been included within the degradation of native forest by reducing Ten species (Alectryon macrococcus, proposed critical habitat units. feral ungulate damage; and (3) improve Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. Twelve species (Argyroxiphium or maintain the integrity of native macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var. sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, ecosystems in selected areas of the insulare, Bonamia menziesii, Ctenitis Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bidens preserve by reducing the effects of non- squamigera, Cyanea lobata, Diplazium micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia native plants. molokaiense, Geranium arboreum, samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. Specific management actions to Geranium multiflorum, and Platanthera haleakalaensis, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. address feral ungulate impacts include holochila) are reported from The Nature hamatiflora, Geranium arboreum, the construction of fences, including Conservancy’s Waikamoi and Geranium multiflorum, Melicope strategic fencing of smaller manageable Kapunakea Preserves which are located balloui, Melicope ovalis, Plantago units, and staff hunting. Currently, the on the northeast slopes of Haleakala and princeps, and Schiedea haleakalaensis) upper 809 ha (2,000 ac) has been fenced in the West Maui mountains, are reported from U.S. National Park and pigs removed. Fences are respectively (The Nature Conservancy of lands at Haleakala National Park, Maui constructed along the western Hawaii (TNCH) 1997, 1998; GDSI 2000; (GDSI 2000; HINHP 2000). In the boundaries of the HNAR, along the HINHP Database 2000). Both preserves December 18, 2000, proposal we 1,585 m (5,200 ft) contour to the east up were established by grants of perpetual

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conservation easements from the private The primary management goals for Preventative measures (prevention landowners to TNCH and are included both Kapunakea and Waikamoi protocol) are required by all (volunteers, in the State’s Natural Area Partnership Preserves are to (1) prevent degradation riders, and hiking participants) who (NAP) program, which provides of native forest by reducing feral enter the preserves. This protocol matching funds for the management of ungulate damage; (2) improve or includes such things as brushing private lands that have been maintain the integrity of native footgear before entering the preserves to permanently dedicated to conservation ecosystems in selected areas of the remove seeds of non-native plants. (TNCH 1997, 1998). preserve by reducing the effects of non- Weeds are monitored along transects Under the NAP program, the State of native plants; (3) increase the annually, weed priority maps are Hawaii provides matching funds on a understanding of threats posed by small maintained, staff participate as members two-for-one basis for management of mammals and reduce their negative of the Melastome Action Committee and private lands dedicated to conservation. impact, where possible; (4) prevent the Maui Invasive Species Committee In order to qualify for this program, the extinction of rare species in the (MISC), and cooperate with the Division land must be dedicated in perpetuity preserve; (5) track the biological and of Conservation and Resources through transfer of fee title or a physical resources in the preserves and Enforcement (DOCARE) in marijuana conservation easement to the State or a to evaluate changes in these resources control, as needed. cooperating entity. The land must be over time; (6) identify new threats to the The effects of non-native invertebrates managed by the cooperating entity or a preserves before they become and small mammals on native Hawaiian qualified landowner according to a established pests; and (7) build public ecosystems is poorly understood. Initial detailed management plan approved by understanding and support for the control measures such as anti-coagulant the Board of Land and Natural preservation of natural areas, and to diphacinone bait stations are being used Resources. Once approved, the 6-year enlist volunteer assistance for preserve to control rats in areas of suspected partnership agreement between the management (TNCH 1997, 1998). impact; however, valid conclusions State and the managing entity is The goal of the ungulate program is to from data gathered have not been automatically renewed each year so that bring pig populations to zero as rapidly drawn. Adaptive management will be there are always 6 years remaining in as possible. Specific management applied when new information becomes the term, although the management plan actions to address feral ungulate available (TNCH 1997, 1998). is updated and funding amounts are re- impacts include the construction of Natural resource monitoring and authorized by the board at least every 6 fences, including strategic fencing research address the need to track the years. By April 1 of any year, the (fences placed in proximity to natural biological and physical resources of the managing partner may notify the State barriers such as cliffs), annual preserves and evaluate changes in these that it does not intend to renew the monitoring of ungulate presence resources to guide management agreement; however, in such case the transects, and trained staff and programs. Vegetation is monitored partnership agreement remains in effect volunteer hunting. Since axis deer may throughout the preserves to document for the balance of the existing 6-year also pose a threat to the preserves, long term ecological changes, and rare term, and the conservation easement TNCH is a member of the Maui Axis plant species are monitored to assess remains in full effect in perpetuity. The Deer Group (MADG) and staff meet population status. Cuttings of conservation easement may be revoked regularly with other MADG members to endangered plants are taken to the by the landowner only if State funding seek solutions. In Waikamoi Preserve, University of Hawaii’s tissue culture lab is terminated without the concurrence the management actions also include at Lyon Arboretum for propagation. In of the landowner and cooperating working with community hunters in addition, the preserve staff provides entity. Prior to terminating funding, the conjunction with the East Maui logistical support to scientists and State must conduct one or more public Watershed Partnership (EMWP). In others who are conducting research hearings. The NAP program is funded Kapunakea Preserve, a system of within the preserves. through real estate conveyance taxes transects extend the length of the Kapunakea Preserve is adjacent to two which are placed in a Natural Area preserve to monitor resource threats, areas that are also managed to protect Reserve Fund. Participants in the NAP including ungulate presence. By natural resources: Puu Kukui Watershed program must provide annual reports to monitoring ungulate activity within the Management Area (WMA) and the the Department of Land and Natural preserve, the staff is able to assess the Honokowai section of the State West Resources (DLNR) and DLNR makes success of the hunting program. If Maui NAR. The Conservancy currently annual inspections of the work in the increased hunting pressure does not acts as a consultant to Maui Land and reserve areas. See Haw. Rev. Stat. reduce feral ungulate activity in the Pineapple Co., managers of Puu Kukui §§ 195–1—195–11; Hawaii preserves, the preserve staff work with WMA, and has a Master Cooperative Administrative Rules § 13–210. the hunting group to identify and Agreement with the State DOFAW. Management programs within the implement alternative methods (TNCH These agreements are used to coordinate preserves are documented in long-range 1997, 1998). management and sharing of staff and management plans and yearly The non-native plant control program equipment, and expertise to maximize operational plans. These plans detail within both preserves focuses on management efficiency. management measures that protect, controlling habitat-modifying non- Waikamoi Preserve is adjacent to restore, and enhance the rare plants and native plants (weeds) in intact native three other large areas that are also their habitats within the preserves and communities and preventing the managed to protect natural resources: in adjacent areas (TNCH 1997, 1998, introduction of additional alien plants. Haleakala National Park, the State’s 1999). These management measures Based on the degree of threat to native Koolau Forest Reserve, and the State address factors which led to the listing ecosystems, a weed priority list has Hanawi NAR. An agreement between of the 12 species including control of been compiled for the preserves, and the Division of Land and Natural non-native species of ungulates, control and monitoring of the highest Resources (DLNR), East Maui Irrigation rodents, and weeds. In addition, habitat priority species are ongoing. Weeds are Co., Keola Hana Maui Inc., Haleakala restoration and monitoring are also controlled manually, chemically, or Ranch Company, County of Maui, The included in these plans. through a combination of both. Nature Conservancy, and Haleakala

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National Park implementing a joint managed for the conservation of the comments on whether future management plan (East Maui Watershed listed species that occur on those lands development and approval of Partnership Plan) for the entire East and were not in need of special conservation measures (e.g., Maui Watershed. Management efforts at management considerations or Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor Waikamoi will, as much as possible, protection. Therefore, we determined Agreements) should trigger revision of complement the objectives of the plan. that these lands did not meet the designated critical habitat to exclude The partnership agreement will be used definition of critical habitat in the Act, such lands, and if so, by what to coordinate management and sharing and we did not propose designation of mechanism. of staff and equipment, and expertise to these lands as critical habitat. However, The proposed critical habitat areas maximize management efficiency during the comment periods on the described below constitute our best (TNCH 1998). December 18, 2000, proposal we assessment of the physical and Because the preserves and the received information from the biological features needed for the continuing management plans being Watershed Supervisor that funding for conservation of the 61 plant species, implemented for these plants and their the conservation and management of the and the special management needs of habitats within the preserves provided a listed plant species on lands within Puu these species, and are based on the best conservation benefit to the species and Kukui Watershed Management Area was scientific and commercial information are permanently protected and not adequate nor assured. Therefore, we available and described above. We put managed, these lands meet the three have determined that lands within Puu forward this proposal acknowledging criteria for determining that an area is Kukui Watershed Management Area are that we have incomplete information not in need of special management. in need of special management regarding many of the primary Therefore, we have determined that the considerations or protection and thus biological and physical requirements for private lands within Waikamoi Preserve meet the definition of critical habitat in these species. However, both the Act and Kapunakea Preserve do not meet the Act. and the relevant court orders require us the definition of critical habitat in the In summary, we believe that the to proceed with designation at this time Act, and we are not proposing habitat within Waikamoi and based on the best information available. designation of these lands as critical Kapunakea Preserves, and the upper As new information accrues, we may habitat. Should the status of any of these area (above 1,525 m (5,000 ft)) of reevaluate which areas warrant critical reserves change, for example by non- Hanawı´ Natural Area Reserve, are being habitat designation. We anticipate that renewal of a partnership agreement or adequately managed for the comments received through the public termination of NAP funding, we will conservation of the listed species that review process and from the public reconsider whether it then meets the occur within these areas and are not in hearing will provide us with additional definition of critical habitat. If so, we need of special management information to use in our decision have the authority to propose to amend considerations or protection. Therefore, making process and in assessing the critical habitat to include such area at we have determined that these lands do potential impacts of designating critical that time (50 CFR 424.12(g)). not meet the definition of critical habitat habitat for one or more of these species. Eight species (Ctenitis squamigera, in the Act, and we are not proposing The approximate areas of proposed Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, designation of these lands as critical critical habitat by landownership or Cyanea lobata, Cyrtandra munroi, habitat. However, we are specifically jurisdiction are shown in Table 5. Hesperomannia arborescens, soliciting comments on the Proposed critical habitat includes Phlegmariurus mannii, Platanthera appropriateness of this approach. habitat for 61 species under private, holochila, and Sanicula purpurea) are As described above, we are aware that State, and Federal jurisdiction (owned reported from the Maui Pineapple other private landowners and the State and leased lands), with Federal lands Company’s Puu Kukui Watershed of Hawaii are considering the including lands managed by the Management Area (Puu Kukui WMA), development of land management plans National Park Service and the located in the West Maui mountains or agreements that may promote the Department of Defense. Lands proposed (GDSI 2000; HINHP Database 2000; conservation and recovery of as critical habitat have been divided Maui Land and Pineapple Co., Ltd. endangered and threatened plant into 13 units (Maui A through Maui M) undated). In the December 18, 2000, species on the islands of Maui and on the island of Maui, and two units on proposal we determined that lands Kahoolawe. We support these efforts the island of Kahoolawe (Kahoolawe A within the Puu Kukui Watershed and provide technical assistance through B). A brief description of each Management Area were adequately whenever possible. We are soliciting unit is presented below.

TABLE 5.—APPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, MAUI COUNTY, HAWAII.1

Unit name State/local Private Federal Total

Maui A ...... 1,298 ha (3,208 ac) ...... 2,586 ha (6,390 ac) ...... 3,884 ha (9,598 ac) Maui B1 ...... 1,177 ha (2,909 ac) ...... 3,197 ha (7,899 ac) ...... 4,374 ha (10,808 ac) 1 Maui B2 ...... 4 ha (9 ac) ...... 358 ha (884 ac) ...... 362 ha (893 ac) Maui C1 ...... 23 ha (56 ac) ...... 23 ha (56 ac) Maui C2 ...... 10 ha (24 ac) ...... 10 ha (24 ac) Maui C3 ...... 78 ha (192 ac) ...... 85 ha (209 ac) ...... 162 ha 1 (400 ac) 1 Maui C4 ...... 88 ha (216 ac) ...... 74 ha (184 ac) ...... 162 ha (400 ac) Maui D1 ...... 3,191 ha (7,885 ac) ...... 3,759 ha (9,289 ac) ...... 6,950 ha (17,175 ac) 1 Maui D2 ...... 212 ha (523 ac) ...... 212 ha (523 ac) Maui E ...... 830 ha (2,051 ac) ...... 559 ha (1,380 ac) ...... 1,389 ha (3,432 ac) 1 Maui F ...... 144 ha (357 ac) ...... 144 ha (357 ac) Maui G1 ...... <1 ha (<1 ac) ...... 4 ha (10 ac) ...... 4 ha 1 (10 ac) 1 Maui G2 ...... 1 ha (2 ac) ...... 1 ha (2 ac)

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TABLE 5.—APPROXIMATE PROPOSED CRITICAL HABITAT AREA BY UNIT AND LAND OWNERSHIP OR JURISDICTION, MAUI COUNTY, HAWAII.1—Continued

Unit name State/local Private Federal Total

Maui G3 ...... 7 ha (16 ac) ...... 7 ha (16 ac) Maui G4 ...... 5 ha (13 ac) ...... 16 ha (37 ac) ...... 22 ha 1 (53 ac) 1 Maui G5 ...... 16 ha (41 ac) ...... 15 ha (37 ac) ...... 31 ha (77 ac) 1 Maui G6 ...... 11 ha (27 ac) ...... 11 ha (27 ac) 1 Maui H ...... 10,254 ha (25,340 ac) ...... 3,586 ha (8,862 ac) ...... 259 ha (641 ac) ...... 14,101 ha 1 (34,843 ac) Maui I1 ...... 678 ha (1,678 ac) ...... 621 ha (1,534 ac) ...... 563 ha (1,391 ac) ...... 1,862 ha (4,601 ac) Maui I2 ...... 177 ha (437 ac) ...... 503 ha (1,243 ac) ...... 680 ha (1,680 ac) Maui I3 ...... 282 ha (697 ac) ...... 170 ha (420 ac) ...... 452 ha (1,117 ac) Maui I4 ...... 98 ha (239 ac) ...... 399 ha (986 ac) ...... 497 ha (1,227 ac) 1 Maui J ...... 8 ha (21 ac) ...... 5,782 ha (14,287 ac) ...... 5,790 ha (14,308 ac) Maui K ...... 3,375 ha (8,339 ac) ...... 2,089 ha (5,163 ac) ...... 5,464 ha (13,502 ac) Maui L ...... 1,562 ha (3,860 ac) ...... 2,927 ha (7,234 ac) ...... 122 ha (302 ac) ...... 4,612 ha 1 (11,396 ac) Maui M ...... 2 ha (6 ac) ...... 2 ha (6 ac) Maui Total ...... 23,278 ha (57,522 ac) ...... 19,112 ha (47,225 ac) ...... 8,815 ha (21,784 ac) ...... 51,208 ha 1 (126,531 ac) 1 Kahoolawe A ...... 713 ha (1,762 ac) ...... 713 ha (1,762 ac) Kahoolawe B ...... <1 ha (1 ac) ...... <1 ha (1 ac) Grand Total ..... 23,991 ha (59,285 ac) ...... 19,112 ha (47,225 ac) ...... 8,815 ha (21,784 ac) ...... 51,921 ha 1 (128,294 ac) 1 Area differences due to digital mapping discrepancies between TMK data (GDSI 2000) and USGS coastline, or difference due to rounding.

Descriptions of Critical Habitat Units 10 populations for each species and 100 2. Island endemic. mature individuals per population for 3. Multi-island species with current Maui A Alectryon macrococcus and locations on other islands. The proposed unit Maui A provides Hesperomannia arbuscula, or 300 4. Multi-island species with no current occupied habitat for 7 species: mature individuals per population for locations on other islands. Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Cyanea glabra, Hedyotis mannii, 5. Current locations do not necessarily Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis Phlegmariurus mannii, Platanthera represent viable populations with the squamigera, Cyanea lobata, Cyrtandra holochila, Plantago princeps, and Pteris required number of mature individuals. munroi, Remya mauiensis, and Sanicula lydgatei throughout their known 6. Several current locations may be affected purpurea. It is proposed for designation historical range (see the discussion of by one naturally occurring, catastrophic event. because it contains the physical and conservation requirements in Section D, biological features that are considered 7. Species with variable habitat and in the table for Maui A). requirements, usually over wide areas. Wide essential for their conservation on Maui, The unit contains a total of 3,884 ha ranging species require more space per and provides habitat to support one or (9,598 ac) on State and privately owned individual over more land area to provide more of the 8 to 10 populations and 100 lands. It is bounded on the north by needed primary constituent elements to mature individuals per population for Honolua watershed and on the south by maintain healthy population size. Colubrina oppositifolia, or 300 mature Kahoma watershed and includes 8. Not all currently occupied habitat was individuals per population for portions of Honokahua, Honokohau, determined to be essential to the recovery of Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Honokowai, Iao, Kahana, Kauaula, the species. Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea lobata, Wahikuli watersheds. It contains all of 9. Life history, long-lived perennial—100 Cyrtandra munroi, Remya mauiensis, the Honokowai Section West Maui mature, reproducing individuals per and Sanicula purpurea throughout their Natural Area Reserve and portions of population. known historical range considered by the West Maui Forest Reserve, Puu 10. Life history, short-lived perennial—300 the recovery plans to be necessary for Kukui Watershed Management and mature, reproducing individuals per the conservation of each species. This Panaewa Section West Maui Natural population. unit also provides unoccupied habitat Area Reserve and surrounds the 11. Life history, annual—500 mature, for 9 species: Alectryon macrococcus, Kapunakea Preserve. The natural reproducing individuals per population. Cyanea glabra, Gouania vitifolia, features of this unit include Amalu 12. Narrow endemic, the species probably never naturally occurred in more than a Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia Stream, Kapaloa Stream, Kaulalewelewe arbuscula, Phlegmariurus mannii, single or a few populations. (summit), Kekaalaau (summit), Puu 13. Species has extremely restricted, Platanthera holochila, Plantago Kaeo, Puu Makina, and Violet Lake. specific habitat requirements. princeps, and Pteris lidgatei. Key for tables Maui A–M and Kahoolawe A– 14. Hybridization is possible so distinct Designation of this unit is essential to B. populations of related species should not the conservation of these species overlap, requiring more land area. because it contains the physical and 1. This unit is needed to meet the recovery plan objectives of 8 to 10 viable populations ‡Species that are wide ranging require biological features that are considered (self perpetuating and sustaining for at least more land than species with more discrete essential for their conservation on Maui 5 years) with 100 to 500 mature, reproducing ranges. Not all suitable habitat is designated, and provides habitat to support one or individuals per species throughout its only those areas essential for the more additional populations necessary historical range as specified in the recovery conservation of the species. to meet the recovery objectives of 8 to plans. BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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Maui B necessary for the conservation of each This unit cluster contains a total of 4,736 The proposed unit Maui B (units B1 and species. This unit also provides unoccupied ha (11,701 ac) on State and privately owned B2) provides occupied habitat for 7 species: habitat for 4 species: Clermontia oblongifolia lands. It is bounded on the west by Cyanea lobata, Hesperomannia arborescens, ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, Honokohau watershed and on the east by Phlegmariurus mannii, Platanthera Cyrtandra munroi, and Diplazium Waiehu watershed and contains portions of molokaiense. Designation of this unit is holochila, Plantago princeps, Pteris lydgatei, the Anakaluahine, Honanana, Honokowai, and Sanicula purpurea. It is proposed for essential to the conservation of these species because it contains the physical and Kahakuloa, Kahana, Makamakaole, Poelua, designation because it contains the physical Waihee, and Waipili watersheds. It contains and biological features that are considered biological features that are considered essential for their conservation on Maui, and essential for their conservation on Maui and portions of the Puu Kukui Watershed provides habitat to support one or more of provides habitat to support one or more Management reserve, West Maui Forest the 8 to 10 populations and 100 mature additional populations necessary to meet the Reserve, and Kahakuloa Section West Maui individuals per population for recovery objectives of 8 to 10 populations Natural Area Reserve. The natural features Hesperomannia arborescens, or 300 mature and 300 mature individuals per population include: unit B1, Mauna Alani, Eke Crater, individuals per population Cyanea lobata, for Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Keahialoa (summit), Keahikauo (summit), Hesperomannia arborescens, Phlegmariurus Ctenitis squamigera, Cyrtandra munroi, and Lanilili (summit), Mananole Stream, and mannii, Platanthera holochila, Plantago Diplazium molokaiense throughout their Kane, Puu o Kaupo; and unit B2, known historical range (see the discussion of princeps, Pteris lydgatei, and Sanicula Anakaluahine Gulch and a small portion of purpurea throughout their known historical conservation requirements in Section D, and Honkohau Stream. range considered by the recovery plans to be in the table for Maui B).

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Maui C habitat for one species. Brighamia rockii. in the east by Waihee watershed and contains The proposed unit Maui C (units C1 Designation of this unit is essential to the portions of Anakaluahine, Honanana, through C4) provides occupied habitat for conservation of this species because it Honokohau, Kahakuloa, Makamakaole, two species: Centaurium sebaeoides and contains the physical and biological features Poelua, Waiolai, and Waipili watersheds. The Sesbania tomentosa. It is proposed for that are considered essential for its geographic features include: unit C1, designation because it contains the physical conservation on Maui and provides habitat to Keonehelelee (beach) and Pohakupule Gulch; and biological features that are considered support one or more additional populations unit C2, Punaha Gulch; unit C3, essential for their conservation on Maui, and necessary to meet the recovery objectives for Anakaluahine Gulch, Honanana Gulch, provides habitat to support one or more of this species of 8 to 10 populations and 100 Kanounou Point, Keawalua (beach), Mokolea the 8 to 10 populations and 300 mature mature individuals per population, Point, Nakalele Point, Owaluhi Gulch, individuals per population for Sesbania throughout its known historical range (see Papanahoa Gulch, Poelua Gulch, and tomentosa, or 500 mature individuals per the discussion of conservation requirements Waikeakua Gulch; and unit C4, Hakuhee population for Centaurium sebaeoides in Section D, and in the table for Maui C). Point, Kaemi (cape), Kahakuloa Head, Kupaa throughout their known historical range This unit cluster contains a total of 357 ha Gulch, Makalina Ravine, Puu Kahulianapa, considered by the recovery plans to be (880 ac) on State, county, and privately Puu Koae, Puu Makawana, Wailena Gulch, necessary for the conservation of each owned lands. It is bounded by the coast line Waiokila Gulch, Waiolai Gulch, and Waipili species. This unit also provides unoccupied and in the west by Honolua watershed and Gulch.

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Maui D Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus mannii, munroi, Plantago princeps, and Sanicula The proposed unit Maui D (units D1 and Platanthera holochila, Pteris lydgatei, Remya purpurea throughout their known historical D2) provides occupied habitat for 18 species: mauiensis, and Tetramolopium capillare, or range (see the discussion of conservation Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea 500 mature individuals per population for requirements in Section D, and in the table Spermolepis hawaiiensis throughout their grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, for Maui D). known historical range considered by the Diellia erecta, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. The unit cluster contains a total of 7,162 recovery plans to be necessary for the humilis, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, ha (17,698 ac) on State and privately owned conservation of each species. This unit also Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus lands. It contains portions of the Iao, provides unoccupied habitat for 10 species: Kahoma, Kauaula, Launiupoko, Olowalu, brackenridgei, Lysimachia lydgatei, Neraudia Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia sericea, Phlegmariurus mannii, Platanthera Papalaua, Pohakea, Ukumehame, Waiehu, oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Cyrtandra Waihee, and Waikapu watersheds. This unit holochila, Pteris lydgatei, Remya mauiensis, munroi, Diplazium molokaiense, Gouania also contains the Lihau Section West Maui Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and vitifolia, Isodendrion pyrifolium, NAR and the Manawainui Plant Sanctuary Tetramolopium capillare. It is proposed for Peucedanum sandwicense, Plantago designation because it contains the physical princeps, Sanicula purpurea, and and portions of the Panaewa Section West and biological features that are considered Tetramolopium remyi. Designation of this Maui Natural Area Reserve and the West essential for their conservation on Maui, and unit is essential to the conservation of these Maui Forest Reserve. The natural features of provides habitat to support one or more of species because it contains the physical and this unit include: unit D1, Halepohaku the 8 to 10 populations and 100 mature biological features that are considered (summit), Helu (summit), Hokuula (summit), individuals per population for essential for their conservation on Maui, and Kahoolewa Ridge, Kapilau Ridge, Koai Hesperomannia arbuscula, or 300 mature provides habitat to support one or more (summit), Lihau (summit), Luakoi (summit), individuals per population for Ctenitis additional populations necessary to meet the Luakoi Ridge, Nakalaloa Stream, The Needle squamigera, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea recovery objectives of 8 to 10 populations for (summit), Paupau (summit), Poohahoahoa grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, each species and 100 mature individuals per Stream, Puu Hipa, Puu Kukui, Puu Lio, and Diellia erecta, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. population for Colubrina oppositifolia, or 300 Ulaula (summit); and unit D2, Kaonohua humilis, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, mature individuals for Clermontia Gulch, Kaunoahua Ridge, and Paleaahu Hibiscus brackenridgei, Lysimachia lydgatei, oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Cyrtandra Gulch.

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Maui E more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 The unit contains a total of 1,398 ha (3,432 The proposed unit Maui E provides mature individuals per population for ac) on State and privately owned lands. It is Bonamia menziesii and Hibiscus occupied habitat for two species: Bonamia contained in the north in the Hapapa brackenridgei throughout their known watershed and in the south by the Wailea menziesii and Hibiscus brackenridgei. It is historical range considered by the recovery watershed. The natural features include proposed for designation because it contains plans to be necessary for the conservation of the physical and biological features that are each species (see the discussion of Kekuawahaulaula (summit) and considered essential for their conservation on conservation requirements in Section D, and Nawawaeoalika (summit). Maui, and provides habitat to support one or in the table for Maui E).

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Maui F provides habitat to support one or more of requirements in Section D, and in the table The proposed unit Maui F provides the 8 to 10 populations and 100 mature for Maui F). The unit contains a total of 144 ha (357 ac) occupied habitat for one species, Vigna o- individuals per population for Vigna o- wahuensis throughout its known historical on State owned land. It is in the Kanaio wahuensis. It is proposed for designation watershed and has no named natural features because it contains the physical and range considered by the recovery plan to be necessary for the conservation of this species but it is on the shore between Kamanamana biological features that are considered Cape in the west and Pohakueaea Point in the (see the discussion of conservation essential for its conservation on Maui, and east.

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Maui G essential to the conservation of these species watershed and on the east by Honomaele The proposed unit Maui G (units G1 because it contains the physical and watershed and contains portions of the East through G6) provides occupied habitat for biological features that are considered Wailuaiki, Haipuaena, Hanawi, Kapaula, one species: Ischaemum byrone. It is essential for their conservation on Maui, and Kopiliula, Ohia, Paakea, Punalau, proposed for designation because it contains provides habitat to support one or more Puohokamoa, Waiaaka, Waiohue, and the physical and biological features that are additional populations necessary to meet the Waiokamilo watersheds. Unit G6 contains a considered essential for its conservation on recovery objectives of 8 to 10 populations for portion of the Waianapanapa State Park. The each species and 100 mature individuals per Maui, and provides habitat to support one or natural features of this unit cluster include: population for Brighamia rockii, Mariscus more of the 8 to 10 populations and 300 unit G1, Wahinepee Stream; unit G2, is all of mature individuals per population, pennatiformis, and Peucedanum Keopuka Rock, an offshore islet; unit G3, throughout its known historical range sandwicense, throughout their known considered by the recovery plan to be historical range (see the discussion of Haipuaena Stream and Moiki Point; unit G4, necessary for the conservation of the species. conservation requirements in Section D, and Manahoa Rock, Paepaemoana Point, Pauwalu This unit also provides unoccupied habitat in the table for Maui G). Point, Waiokamilo Stream, and Waiokilo; for three species: Brighamia rockii, Mariscus This unit cluster contains a total of 76 ha unit G5, Hanawi Stream, Kapaula Gulch, pennatiformis, and Peucedanum (185 ac) on State and privately owned lands. Paakea Gulch, and Papiha Point; unit G6, sandwicense. Designation of this unit is It is bounded on the west by Wahinepee Keawaiki Cape and Pukaulua Point.

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C known historical range considered by the haleakalensis, or greater than 50,000 Maui H recovery plans to be necessary for the individuals of Argyroxiphium sandwicense conservation of each species. This unit also ssp. macrocephalum, throughout their The proposed unit Maui H provides provides unoccupied habitat for 10 species: known historical range considered by the occupied habitat for 15 species: Alectryon Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrococcus, Bidens micrantha ssp. recovery plans to be necessary for the macrocephalum, Clermontia lindseyana, kalealaha, Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus conservation of each species (see the Colubrina oppositifolia, Diellia erecta, agrimonioides, Flueggea neowawraea, discussion of conservation requirements in Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium Geranium arboreum, Lipochaeta kamolensis, Section D, and in the table for Maui H). Melicope adscendens, Melicope knudsenii, multiflorum, Nototrichium humile, The unit contains a total of 14,101 ha Melicope mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps and (34,843 ac) on Federal, State, and privately Phlegmariurus mannii, Sesbania tomentosa, Schiedea haleakalensis. Designation of this owned lands. It is bounded on the west by Spermolepis hawaiiensis, and Zanthoxylum unit is essential to the conservation of these Kanaio watershed and on the east by Nuu hawaiiense. It is proposed for designation species because it contains the physical and watershed and contains portions of the because it contains the physical and biological features that are considered Hapapa, Kaupo, Kipapa, Manawainui Gulch, essential for their conservation on Maui, and biological features that are considered Pahihi, Piinaau, Poopoo, Waiakoa, Wailea, provides habitat to support one or more essential for their conservation on Maui, and Waiopai watersheds. This unit contains all of additional populations necessary to meet the provides habitat to support one or more of the Kanaio Natural Area Reserve and recovery objectives of 8 to 10 populations for the 8 to 10 populations and 100 mature portions of the Haleakala National Park, Clermontia lindseyana, Colubrina individuals per population for Alectryon Kahikinui Forest Reserve, and Kula Forest macrococcus, Flueggea neowawraea, oppositifolia, Diellia erecta, Diplazium Reserve. The natural features include Geranium arboreum, Melicope adscendens, molokaiense, Geranium multiflorum, Hokukano (summit), Kahua (summit), Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia mollis, Kamole Gulch, Keonehunehune (summit), and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, or 300 Plantago princeps and Schiedea individuals per population for Bidens haleakalensis and 100 mature individuals Kolekole (summit), Lualailua Hills, Magnetic micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Bonamia per population for Colubrina oppositifolia Peak, Manukani (summit), Nawini (summit), menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, and Geranium multiflorum, or 300 mature Pimoe (summit), Pohakea (summit), Polipoli Lipochaeta kamolensis, Neraudia sericea, individuals for Clermontia lindseyana, (summit), Pukai Gulch, Puu Kao, Puu Ouli, Phlegmariurus mannii, and Sesbania Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Puu Pane, Red Hill, Uma (summit), and tomentosa, or 500 individuals per population Nototrichium humile, Phyllostegia mollis, Wailaulau Gulch. for Spermolepis hawaiiensis throughout their Plantago princeps and Schiedea BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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Maui I micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, and Plantago The proposed unit Maui I (I1 through I4) mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, or greater than 50,000 individuals provides occupied habitat for three species: princeps. Designation of this unit is essential of Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. to the conservation of these species because Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, and macrocephalum, throughout their known it contains the physical and biological Geranium arboreum. It is proposed for historical range (see the discussion of features that are considered essential for their conservation requirements in Section D, and designation because it contains the physical conservation on Maui, and provides habitat and biological features that are considered in the table for Maui I). to support one or more additional The unit cluster contains a total of 1,629 essential for their conservation on Maui, and populations necessary to meet the recovery ha (4,024 ac) on Federal, State and privately provides habitat to support one or more of objectives of 8 to 10 populations for owned lands. It is in portions of the Hapapa, the 8 to 10 populations and 100 mature Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bidens individuals per population for Geranium micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia Honomanu, Kalialinui, Kanaio, Kipapa, arboreum, or 300 mature individuals per lindseyana, Geranium multiflorum, Manawainui Gulch, Piinaau, Wahinepee, population for Diellia erecta, and Diplazium Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Waiakoa, and Wailea watersheds. This unit molokaiense throughout their known and Plantago princeps and 100 mature contains portions of Haleakala National Park, historical range considered by the recovery individuals per population for Geranium Haleakala Ranch, Kahikinui Forest Reserve, plans to be necessary for the conservation of multiflorum, or 300 mature individuals per Kula Forest Reserve, and Waikamoi Preserve. each species. This unit also provides population for Asplenium fragile var. The natural features include Kalepeamoa unoccupied habitat for eight species: insulare, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, (summit), Kanahau (summit), Puu Makua, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bidens Clermontia lindseyana, Phlegmariurus and Waihou Spring.

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Maui J historical range considered by the recovery Koukouai, Kuhiwa, Manawainui, The Proposed unit Maui J provides plans to be necessary for the conservation of Manawainui Gulch, Nuu, Oheo, Pahihi, occupied habitat for five species: each species. This unit also provides Piinaau, West Wailuaiki, Wailuanui, and Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. unoccupied habitat for three species: Waiopai watersheds. This unit contains a Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Clermontia macrocephalum, Bidens micrantha ssp. portion of Haleakala National Park. The samuelii, and Platanthera holochila. kalealaha, Geranium multiflorum, Plantago natural features in this unit include Wai Designation of this unit is essential to the princeps, and Schiedea haleakalensis. It is Anapanapa (lake), Halalii (summit), conservation of these species because it Haleakala (summit), Haleakala Crater, proposed for designation because it contains contains the physical and biological features the physical and biological features that are Hanakauhi (summit), Haupaakea Peak, that are considered essential for their Mauna Hina, Honokahua (summit), Ka Moa considered essential for their conservation on conservation on Maui, and provides habitat o Pele (summit), Kalahaku Pali, Kalapawili Maui, and provides habitat to support one or to support one or more additional Ridge, Kalua Awa (summit), Kaluaiki (crater), more of the 8 to 10 populations for Bidens populations necessary to meet the recovery micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Geranium objectives of 8 to 10 populations for each Kaluanui (crater), Kaluu o ka Oo (crater), multiflorum, Plantago princeps, and species and 300 mature individuals per Kamaolii (summit), Keoneheehee (ridge), Schiedea haleakalensis and 100 mature population, throughout their known Kilohana (summit), Koolau Gap, Kuiki individuals per population for Geranium historical range (see the discussion of (summit), Kumuiilahi (summit), Laie Cave, multiflorum, or 300 mature individuals per conservation requirements in Section D, and Laie Puu, Lauulu (summit), Leleiwi Pali, population for Bidens micrantha ssp. in the table for Maui J). Namana o ke Akua (summit), Oili Puu, kalealaha, Plantago princeps, and Schiedea The unit contains a total of 5,790 ha Pakaoao (White Hill), Pohaku Palaha haleakalensis, or greater than 50,000 (14,308 ac) on Federal and privately owned (summit), Puu Kauaua, Puu Kumu, Puu individuals of Argyroxiphium sandwicense lands. It is in the East Wailuaiki, Hanawi, Maile, Puu Mamane, Puu Naue, Puu Nole, ssp. macrocephalum throughout their known Heleleikeoha, Honomanu, Kaupo, Kopiliula, Puu o Maui, and Puu o Pele.

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C

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Maui K historical range considered by the recovery conservation requirements in Section D, and The proposed unit Maui K provides plans to be necessary for the conservation of in the table for Maui K). occupied habitat for seven species: each species. This unit also provides The unit contains a total of 5,464 ha Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. unoccupied habitat for four species: (13,502 ac) on Federal, State, and privately haleakalaensis, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. Alectryon macrococcus, Cyanea glabra, owned lands. It is bounded on the Alelele, hamatiflora, Melicope balloui, Melicope Geranium multiflorum, and Platanthera Hahalawe, Heleleikeoha, Honolewa, ovalis, Phlegmariurus mannii, and Plantago holochila. Designation of this unit is essential Honomaele, Kaapahu, Kahawaihapapa, princeps. It is proposed for designation to the conservation of these species because Kakiweka, Kalena, Kalepa, Kapia, because it contains the physical and it contains the physical and biological Kawaipapa, Kawakoe, Keaaiki, Koukouai, features that are considered essential for their biological features that are considered Lelekea, Manawainui, Nuanuaaloa, Oheo, conservation on Maui, and provides habitat essential for their conservation on Maui, and Opelu, Waieli, Waihole, Wailua, Waiohonu, provides habitat to support one or more of to support one or more additional and Waioni watersheds. It contains portions the 8 to 10 populations for each species and populations necessary to meet the recovery of Haleakala National Park, Hana Forest 100 mature individuals per population for objectives of 8 to 10 populations for each Melicope balloui, and Melicope ovalis, or 300 species and 100 mature individuals per Reserve, Hanawi Natural Area Reserve, mature individuals per population for population for Alectryon macrococcus and Kipahulu Forest Reserve, and Koolau Forest Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. Geranium multiflorum, or 300 mature Reserve. The natural features include haleakalaensis, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. individuals per population for Cyanea glabra Kaumakani (summit), Kipahulu Valley, Puu hamatiflora, Phlegmariurus mannii, and and Platanthera holochila, throughout their Ahulili, and Puu Kue. Plantago princeps throughout their known known historical range (see the discussion of BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C

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Maui L provides unoccupied habitat for nine species: molokaiense, Phyllostegia mannii, The proposed unit Maui L provides Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium Phyllostegia mollis, and Platanthera occupied habitat for seven species: Cyanea sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, holochila, or greater than 50,000 individuals copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Clermontia of Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea samuelii, Cyanea glabra, Diplazium macrocephalum, throughout their known mceldowneyi, Geranium multiflorum, molokaiense, Phyllostegia mannii, historical range (see the discussion of Melicope balloui, Phlegmariurus mannii, and Phyllostegia mollis, and Platanthera conservation requirements in Section D, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. It is proposed for holochila. Designation of this unit is essential in the table for Maui L). designation because it contains the physical to the conservation of these species because The unit contains a total of 4,612 ha and biological features that are considered it contains the physical and biological (11,396 ac) on Federal, State, and privately essential for their conservation on Maui, and features that are considered essential for their owned lands. It is in portions of the East provides habitat to support one or more of conservation on Maui, and provides habitat Wailuaiki, Haipuaena, Hanawi, Heleleikeoha, the 8 to 10 populations for each species and to support one or more additional Honomanu, Hoolawa, Kaaiea, Kailua, Kakipi, 100 mature individuals per population for populations necessary to meet the recovery Kaupo, Kopiliula, Kuhiwa, Maliko, Geranium multiflorum, Melicope balloui, and objectives of 8 to 10 populations for Nailiilihaele, Oheo, Piinaau, Puohokamoa, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, or 300 mature Alectryon macrococcus, Asplenium fragile West Wailuaiki, Wahinepee, Wailuanui, and individuals per population for Cyanea var. insulare, Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea Waiokamilo watersheds. This unit contains copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Diplazium molokaiense, Phyllostegia portions of Haleakala National Park, Koolau hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, and Platanthera Forest Reserve, and Makawao Forest Reserve. mceldowneyi, Phlegmariurus mannii, and holochila and 100 mature individuals per The natural features include East Wiluaiki Platanthera holochila, throughout their population for Alectryon macrococcus, or Stream, Honomanu Stream, Kano Stream, known historical range considered by the 300 mature individuals per population for Opana Gulch, Puu Alaea, Waikamoi Stream, recovery plans to be necessary for the Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Clermontia Waiohiwi Gulch, and West Wailuanui conservation of each species. This unit also samuelii, Cyanea glabra, Diplazium Stream.

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C

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Maui M to support one or more of the 8 to 10 requirements in Section D, and in the table The proposed unit Maui M provides populations and 500 mature individuals per for Maui M). The unit contains a total of 2 ha (6 ac) on occupied habitat for Spermolepis hawaiiense. population for Spermolepis hawaiiense State owned land. It is in the Kauaula It is proposed for designation because it throughout its known historical range considered by the recovery plans to be watershed and has no named natural features contains the physical and biological features but lies east of Lahaina luna High School and necessary for the conservation of this species that are considered essential for its north-east of Piilani Ditch. (see the discussion of conservation conservation on Maui, and provides habitat BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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Kahoolawe A Kanaloa kahoolawensis, and Sesbania range considered by the recovery plans to be The proposed unit Kahoolawe A provides tomentosa. Designation of this unit is necessary for the conservation of these occupied habitat for Vigna o-wahuensis. It is essential to the conservation of these species species (see the discussion of conservation proposed for designation because it contains because it contains the physical and requirements in Section D, and in the table the physical and biological features that are biological features that are considered for Kahoolawe A). considered essential for its conservation on essential for their conservation on Maui, and The unit contains a total of 713 ha (1,762 provides habitat to support one or more Maui, and provides habitat to support one or ac) on State owned land. It is in portions of more of the 8 to 10 populations and 500 additional populations necessary to meet the the Ahupuiki Gulch, Aleale, Heiau, Lae O mature individuals per population for Vigna recovery objectives for these species of 8 to o-wahuensis throughout its known historical 10 populations and 100 mature individuals Kaka, Kalama, Kanaloa Gulch, Kaukamoku range considered by the recovery plans to be per population for Hibiscus brackenridgei Gulch, Kaulana, Lae o Kealaikahiki, necessary for the conservation of this species. and Kanaloa kahoolawensis, or 300 mature Kealialuna, Lua, Kohe O Hala, Lae o This unit provides unoccupied habitat for individuals per population for Sesbania Kuakaiwa, Lae o Kuikui, Makaalae, three species: Hibiscus brackenridgei, tomentosa throughout their known historical Papakanui Gulch, and Tank Ahupu Gulch.

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Kahoolawe B considered essential for their conservation on range considered by the recovery plans to be The proposed unit Kahoolawe B provides Maui, and provides habitat to support one or necessary for the conservation of each more of the 8 to 10 populations and 100 species (see the discussion of conservation occupied habitat for two species, Kanaloa mature individuals per population for requirements in Section D, and in the table kahoolawensis and Sesbania tomentosa. It is Kanaloa kahoolawensis, or 300 mature for Kahoolawe B). proposed for designation because it contains individuals per population for Sesbania The unit contains a total of .5 ha (1 ac) on the physical and biological features that are tomentosa throughout their known historical State owned land on Puu Koae Island.

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C

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Effects of Critical Habitat Designation with the scope of the Federal agency’s legal (2) Activities that alter watershed authority and jurisdiction, that are characteristics in ways that would Section 7 Consultation economically and technologically feasible, appreciably reduce groundwater recharge or Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal and that the Director believes would avoid alter natural, dynamic wetland or other agencies, including the Service, to ensure destruction or adverse modification of vegetative communities. Such activities may that actions they fund, authorize, or carry out critical habitat. Reasonable and prudent include water diversion or impoundment, do not destroy or adversely modify critical alternatives can vary from slight project excess groundwater pumping, manipulation habitat. Destruction or adverse modification modifications to extensive redesign or of vegetation such as timber harvesting, occurs when a Federal action directly or relocation of the project. Costs associated residential and commercial development, indirectly alters critical habitat to the extent with implementing a reasonable and prudent and grazing of livestock or horses that it appreciably diminishes the value of critical alternative are similarly variable. degrades watershed values; habitat for the conservation of the species. Regulations at 50 CFR 402.16 require Individuals, organizations, States, local Federal agencies to reinitiate consultation on (3) Rural residential construction that governments, and other non-Federal entities previously reviewed actions under certain include concrete pads for foundations and are affected by the designation of critical circumstances, including instances where the installation of septic systems where a habitat only if their actions occur on Federal critical habitat is subsequently designated permit under section 404 of the Clean Water lands, require a Federal permit, license, or and the Federal agency has retained Act would be required by the Corps; other authorization, or involve Federal discretionary involvement, or control has (4) Recreational activities that appreciably funding. been retained or is authorized by law. degrade vegetation; Section 7(a) of the Act requires Federal Consequently, some Federal agencies may (5) Mining of sand or other minerals; agencies to evaluate their actions with request reinitiation of consultation or (6) Introducing or encouraging the spread respect to any species that is proposed or conferencing with us on actions for which of non-native plant species into critical listed as endangered or threatened and with formal consultation has been completed if habitat units; and respect to its critical habitat, if any is those actions may affect designated critical (7) Importation of non-native species for designated or proposed. Regulations habitat or adversely modify or destroy research, agriculture, and aquaculture, and implementing this interagency cooperation proposed critical habitat. the release of biological control agents that provision of the Act are codified at 50 CFR Activities on Federal lands that may affect would have unanticipated effects on the critical habitat of one or more of the 61 plant part 402. Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires listed species and the primary constituent species will require section 7 consultation. Federal agencies to confer with us on any elements of their habitat. Activities on private or State lands requiring action that is likely to jeopardize the If you have questions regarding whether continued existence of a species proposed for a permit from a Federal agency, such as a permit from the Corps under section 404 of specific activities will likely constitute listing or result in destruction or adverse the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344 et seq.), adverse modification of critical habitat, modification of proposed critical habitat. or a section 10(a)(1)(B) permit from us, or contact the Field Supervisor, Pacific Islands Conference reports provide conservation some other Federal action, including funding Ecological Services Field Office (see recommendations to assist the agency in (e.g., from the Federal Highway ADDRESSES section). Requests for copies of eliminating conflicts that may be caused by Administration, Federal Aviation the regulations on listed plants and animals, the proposed action. The conservation Administration (FAA), Federal Emergency and inquiries about prohibitions and permits recommendations in a conference report are Management Agency (FEMA)), permits from may be addressed to the U.S. Fish and advisory. the Department of Housing and Urban Wildlife Service, Branch of Endangered We may issue a formal conference report, Development, activities funded by the EPA, Species/Permits, 911 N.E. 11th Ave., if requested by the Federal action agency. Department of Energy, or any other Federal Portland, Oregon 97232–4181 (telephone Formal conference reports include an agency; regulation of airport improvement 503/231–2063; facsimile 503/231–6243). opinion that is prepared according to 50 CFR activities by the FAA; and construction of 402.14, as if the species was listed or critical communication sites licensed by the Federal Relationship to Habitat Conservation Plans habitat was designated. We may adopt the Communication Commission will also Currently, there are no HCPs that include formal conference report as the biological continue to be subject to the section 7 any of the plant species discussed in this opinion when the species is listed or critical consultation process. Federal actions not proposal as covered species. In the event that habitat is designated, if no substantial new affecting critical habitat and actions on non- future HCPs covering any of the discussed information or changes in the action alter the Federal lands that are not federally funded, plant species are developed within the content of the opinion (see 50 CFR authorized, or permitted do not require boundaries of designated critical habitat, we 402.10(d)). section 7 consultation. If a species is listed or critical habitat is will work with applicants to encourage them Section 4(b)(8) of the Act requires us to to provide for protection and management of designated, section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires briefly describe and evaluate in any proposed Federal agencies to ensure that actions they habitat areas essential to the conservation of or final regulation that designates critical the species. This could be accomplished by authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to habitat those activities involving a Federal either directing development and habitat jeopardize the continued existence of such a action that may adversely modify such modification to nonessential areas, or species or destroy or adversely modify its habitat or that may be affected by such appropriately modifying activities within critical habitat. If a Federal action may affect designation. We note that such activities may a listed species or its critical habitat, the also jeopardize the continued existence of the essential habitat areas so that such activities responsible Federal agency (action agency) species. will not adversely modify the primary must enter into consultation with us. Activities that, when carried out, funded, constituent elements. The HCP development Through this consultation, the Federal action or authorized by a Federal agency, may process would provide an opportunity for agency would ensure that the permitted directly or indirectly destroy or adversely more intensive data collection and analysis actions do not destroy or adversely modify modify critical habitat include, but are not regarding the use of particular areas by these critical habitat. limited to: plant species. If we issue a biological opinion concluding (1) Activities that appreciably degrade or Economic and Other Relevant Impacts that a project is likely to result in the destroy the primary constituent elements destruction or adverse modification of including, but not limited to: overgrazing; Section 4(b)(2) of the Act requires us to critical habitat, we would also provide maintenance of feral ungulates; clearing or designate critical habitat on the basis of the reasonable and prudent alternatives to the cutting of native live trees and shrubs, best scientific and commercial information project, if any are identifiable. Reasonable whether by burning or mechanical, chemical, available and to consider the economic and and prudent alternatives are defined at 50 or other means (e.g., woodcutting, other relevant impacts of designating a CFR 402.02 as alternative actions identified bulldozing, construction, road building, particular area as critical habitat. We may during consultation that can be implemented mining, herbicide application); introducing exclude areas from critical habitat upon a in a manner consistent with the intended or enabling the spread of non-native species; determination that the benefits of such purpose of the action, that are consistent and taking actions that pose a risk of fire; exclusions outweigh the benefits of

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specifying such areas as critical habitat. We endangered and threatened plant species on extent consistent with applicable law, we cannot exclude such areas from critical the islands of Maui and Kahoolawe. We are will make all submissions from organizations habitat when such exclusion will result in soliciting comments in this proposed rule on or businesses, and from individuals the extinction of the species concerned. We whether current land management plans or identifying themselves as representatives or will conduct an analysis of the economic practices applied within the areas proposed officials of organizations or businesses, impacts of designating these areas as critical as critical habitat provide for the available for public inspection in their habitat in light of this new proposal and in conservation of the species by adequately entirety. Comments and materials received accordance with recent decisions in the N.M. addressing the threats. We are also soliciting will be available for public inspection, by Cattlegrowers Ass’n v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife comments on whether future development appointment, during normal business hours Serv., 248 F.3d 1277 (10th Cir. 2001) prior to and approval of conservation measures (e.g., at the above address (see ADDRESSES section). a final determination. The economic analysis HCPs, Conservation Agreements, Safe Harbor The comment period closes on June 3, will include detailed information on the Agreements) should be excluded from critical 2002. Written comments should be submitted baseline costs and benefits attributable to habitat and if so, by what mechanism. to the Service Office listed in the ADDRESSES listing these 61 plant species, where such In addition, we are seeking comments on section. We are seeking comments or estimates are available. This information on the following: suggestions from the public, other concerned the baseline will allow a fuller appreciation (1) The reasons why critical habitat for any governmental agencies, the scientific of the economic impacts associated with of these species is prudent or not prudent as community, industry, or any other interested listing and with critical habitat designation. provided by section 4 of the Act and 50 CFR parties concerning the proposed rule. For When completed, we will announce the 424.12(a)(1), including those species for additional information on public hearings see availability of the revised draft economic which prudency determinations have been the ADDRESSES section. published in previous proposed rules and analysis with a notice in the Federal Peer Review Register, and we will open a public comment which have been incorporated by reference; period on the revised draft economic analysis (2) The reasons why any particular area In accordance with our policy published and reopen the comment period on the should or should not be designated as critical on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34270), we will seek proposed rule at that time. habitat for any of these species, as critical the expert opinions of at least three We will utilize the final economic analysis, habitat is defined by section 3 of the Act (16 appropriate and independent specialists and take into consideration all comments and U.S.C. 1532(5)); regarding this proposed rule. The purpose of information regarding economic or other (3) Specific information on the amount, such review is to ensure listing and critical impacts submitted during the public distribution, and quality of habitat for the 61 habitat decisions are based on scientifically comment period and the public hearing, to species, and what habitat is essential to the sound data, assumptions, and analyses. We make final critical habitat designations. We conservation of the species and why; will send copies of this proposed rule to may exclude areas from critical habitat upon (4) Land use practices and current or these peer reviewers immediately following a determination that the benefits of such planned activities in the subject areas and publication in the Federal Register. We will exclusions outweigh the benefits of their possible impacts on proposed critical invite the peer reviewers to comment, during the public comment period, on the specific specifying such areas as part of critical habitat; assumptions and conclusions regarding the habitat; however, we cannot exclude areas (5) Any economic or other impacts proposed designations of critical habitat. from critical habitat when such exclusion resulting from the proposed designations of We will consider all comments and data will result in the extinction of the species. critical habitat, including any impacts on small entities or families; received during the 60-day comment period Public Comments Solicited (6) Economic and other potential values on this revised proposed rule during It is our intent that any final action associated with designating critical habitat preparation of a final rulemaking. resulting from this proposal be as accurate for the above plant species such as those Accordingly, the final decision may differ and as effective as possible. Therefore, we derived from non-consumptive uses (e.g., from this proposal. solicit comments or suggestions from the hiking, camping, birding, enhanced Clarity of the Rule public, other concerned governmental watershed protection, increased soil Executive Order 12866 requires each agencies, the scientific community, industry retention, ‘‘existence values,’’ and reductions agency to write regulations and notices that or any other interested party concerning this in administrative costs); are easy to understand. We invite your proposed rule. (7) The methodology we might use, under comments on how to make this proposed rule We invite comments from the public that section 4(b)(2) of the Act, in determining if easier to understand including answers to provide information on whether lands within the benefits of excluding an area from critical questions such as the following: (1) Are the proposed critical habitat are currently being habitat outweigh the benefits of specifying requirements in the proposed rule clearly managed to address conservation needs of the area as critical habitat; and stated? (2) Does the proposed rule contain these listed plants. As stated earlier in this (8) The effects of critical habitat technical language or jargon that interferes revised proposed rule, if we receive designation on military lands, and how it with the clarity? (3) Does the format of the information that any of the areas proposed as would affect military activities, particularly proposed rule (grouping and order of critical habitat are adequately managed, we military activities at the Kanaio Training sections, use of headings, paragraphing, etc.) may delete such areas from the final rule, Area on the island of Maui; whether there aid or reduce its clarity? (4) Is the description because they would not meet the definition will be a significant impact on military of the proposed rule in the SUPPLEMENTARY in section 3(5)(A)(i) of the Act. In readiness or national security if we designate INFORMATION section of the preamble helpful determining adequacy of management, we critical habitat on this facility, and whether in understanding the document? (5) What must find that the management effort is this facility should be excluded from the else could we do to make the proposed rule sufficiently certain to be implemented and designation under section 4(b)(2) of the Act. easier to understand? effective so as to contribute to the Our practice is to make comments, Please send any comments that concern elimination or adequate reduction of relevant including names and home addresses of how we could make this notice easier to threats to the species. respondents, available for public review understand to: Office of Regulatory Affairs, We are soliciting comment in this revised during regular business hours. Individual Department of the Interior, Room 7229, 1849 proposed rule on whether current land respondents may request that we withhold C Street NW., Washington, DC 20240. management plans or practices applied their home address, which we will honor to within areas proposed as critical habitat the extent allowable by law. There also may Taxonomic Changes adequately address the threat to these listed be circumstances in which we would At the time we listed Clermontia peleana, species. withhold a respondent’s identity, as Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea We are aware that the State of Hawaii and allowable by law. If you wish us to withhold lobata, Delissea undulata, Mariscus some private landowners are considering the your name and/or address, you must state pennatiformis, Phyllostegia parviflora, and development and implementation of land this request prominently at the beginning of Phyllostegia mollis, we followed the management plans or agreements that may your comment. However, we will not taxonomic treatments in Wagner et al. (1990), promote the conservation and recovery of consider anonymous comments. To the the widely used and accepted Manual of the

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Flowering Plants of Hawaii. For Required Determinations environment, public health or safety, or State Phlegmariurus mannii we used the ‘‘Revised or local governments or communities. Regulatory Planning and Review Checklist of Hawaiian Pteridophytes’’ Therefore, at this time, we do not believe a (Wagner and Wagner 1994). Subsequent to In accordance with Executive Order 12866, cost benefit and economic analysis pursuant this document is a significant rule and was the final listing, we became aware of new to Executive Order 12866 is required. We reviewed by the Office of Management and will revisit this if the economic analysis taxonomic treatments of these species. Due to Budget (OMB) in accordance with the four the court-ordered deadlines, we are required indicates greater impacts than currently criteria discussed below. We are preparing an anticipated. to publish this proposal to designate critical economic analysis of this proposed action, The dates for which the 61 plant species habitat on Maui and Kahoolawe before we which will be available for public comment, were listed as threatened or endangered can to determine the economic consequences of can prepare and publish a notice of be found in Table 4(b). Consequently, and as taxonomic changes for these eight species. designating the specific areas identified as critical habitat. The availability of the draft needed, we will conduct formal and informal We propose to publish a taxonomic change section 7 consultations with other Federal notice to these eight species after we have economic analysis will be announced in the Federal Register so that it is available for agencies to ensure that their actions will not published the final critical habitat public review and comment. jeopardize the continued existence of these designations on Maui and Kahoolawe. At that (a) While we will prepare an economic species. Under the Act, critical habitat may time we will evaluate the critical habitat analysis to assist us in considering whether not be adversely modified by a Federal designations on Maui and Kahoolawe for areas should be excluded pursuant to section agency action. Critical habitat does not these eight species in light of any changes 4 of the Act, we do not believe this rule will impose any restrictions on non-Federal that may result from taxonomic changes in have an annual economic effect of $100 persons unless they are conducting activities each species’ current and historical range and million or more or adversely affect in a funded or otherwise sponsored, authorized, primary constituent elements. material way the economy, a sector of the or permitted by a Federal agency (see Table economy, productivity, competition, jobs, the 6).

TABLE 6.—IMPACTS OF CRITICAL HABITAT DESIGNATION FOR 61 PLANTS FROM THE ISLANDS OF MAUI AND KAHOOLAWE

Additional activities potentially af- Categories of activities Activities potentially affected by species listing only fected by critical habitat designation

Federal Activities Potentially Activities the Federal Government (e.g., Army Corps of Engineers, De- These same activities carried out by Affected 2. partment of Transportation, Department of Defense, Department of Ag- Federal Agencies in designated riculture, Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Emergency Man- areas where section 7 consulta- agement Agency, Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Commu- tions would not have occurred but nications Commission, Department of the Interior) carries out or that for the critical habitat designation. require a Federal action (permit, authorization, or funding) and may re- move or destroy habitat for these plants by mechanical, chemical, or other means (e.g., overgrazing, clearing, cutting native live trees and shrubs, water diversion, impoundment, groundwater pumping, road building, mining, herbicide application, recreational use etc.) or appre- ciably decrease habitat value or quality through indirect effects (e.g., edge effects, invasion of exotic plants or animals, fragmentation of habitat) . Private or other non-Federal Activities that require a Federal action (permit, authorization, or funding) These same activities carried out Activities Potentially Af- and may remove or destroy in habitat for these plants by mechanical, designated areas where section 7 fected 3. chemical, or other means (e.g., overgrazing, clearing, cutting native live consultations would not have oc- trees and shrubs, water diversion, impoundment, groundwater pump- curred but for the critical habitat ing, road building, mining, herbicide application, recreational use etc.) designation. or appreciably decrease habitat value or quality through indirect effects (e.g., edge effects, invasion of exotic plants or animals, fragmentation of habitat) . 1 This column represents activities potentially affected by the critical habitat designation in addition to those activities potentially affected by list- ing the species. 2 Activities initiated by a Federal agency. 3 Activities initiated by a private or other non-Federal entity that may need Federal authorization or funding.

Section 7 of the Act requires Federal incremental impacts on what actions may or with their actions are not restricted by the agencies to ensure that they do not jeopardize may not be conducted by Federal agencies or designation of critical habitat. the continued existence of these species. non-Federal persons that receive Federal (b) We do not expect this rule to create Based on our experience with these species authorization or funding. inconsistencies with other agencies’ actions. and their needs, we conclude that most The designation of areas as critical habitat As discussed above, Federal agencies have Federal or federally-authorized actions that where section 7 consultations would not been required to ensure that their actions not could potentially cause an adverse have occurred but for the critical habitat jeopardize the continued existence of the 61 modification of the proposed critical habitat designation (that is, in areas currently plant species since their listing between 1991 would currently be considered as ‘‘jeopardy’’ and 1999. For the reasons discussed above, unoccupied by the these listed species) may under the Act in areas occupied by the the prohibition against adverse modification have impacts that are not attributable to the species because consultation would already of critical habitat would be expected to be required due to the presence of the listed species listing on what actions may or may impose few, if any, additional restrictions to species, and the duty to avoid adverse not be conducted by Federal agencies or non- those that currently exist in the proposed modification of critical habitat would not Federal persons who receive Federal critical habitat on currently occupied lands. trigger additional regulatory impacts beyond authorization or funding. We will evaluate However, we will evaluate any impact of the duty to avoid jeopardizing the species. any impact through our economic analysis designating areas where section 7 Accordingly, we do not expect the (under section 4 of the Act; see Economic consultations would not have occurred but designation of currently occupied areas as Analysis section of this rule). Non-Federal for the critical habitat designation through critical habitat to have any additional persons who do not have a Federal nexus our economic analysis. Because of the

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potential for impacts on other Federal determine if potential economic impacts to must also consult with us if their activities agencies’ activities, we will continue to these small entities are significant, we may affect designated critical habitat. review this proposed action for any consider the types of activities that might However, in areas where the species is inconsistencies with other Federal agencies’ trigger regulatory impacts under this rule as present, we do not believe this will result in actions. well as the types of project modifications that any additional regulatory burden on Federal (c) We do not expect this proposed rule, if may result. In general, the term significant agencies or their applicants because made final, to significantly affect economic impact is meant to apply to a consultation would already be required due entitlements, grants, user fees, loan programs, typical small business firm’s business to the presence of the listed species (all of the or the rights and obligations of their operations. proposed critical habitat areas are occupied recipients. Federal agencies are currently To determine if the rule would affect a by at least one species), and the duty to avoid required to ensure that their activities do not substantial number of small entities, we adverse modification of critical habitat likely jeopardize the continued existence of a listed consider the number of small entities affected would not trigger additional regulatory species, and, as discussed above, we do not within particular types of economic activities impacts beyond the duty to avoid anticipate that the adverse modification (e.g., housing development, grazing, oil and jeopardizing the species. However, there will prohibition, resulting from critical habitat gas production, timber harvesting, etc.). We be little additional impact on State and local designation will have any incremental effects apply the ‘‘substantial number’’ test governments and their activities because all in areas of occupied habitat on any Federal individually to each industry to determine if of the proposed critical habitat areas are entitlement, grant, or loan program. We will certification is appropriate. In some occupied by at least one species. evaluate any impact of designating areas circumstances, especially with proposed Even if the duty to avoid adverse where section 7 consultation would not have critical habitat designations of very limited modification does not trigger additional occurred but for the critical habitat extent, we may aggregate across all industries regulatory impacts in areas where the species designation through our economic analysis. and consider whether the total number of is present, designation of critical habitat (d) OMB has determined that this rule may small entities affected is substantial. In could result in an additional economic raise novel legal or policy issues and, as a estimating the numbers of small entities burden on small entities due to the result, this rule has undergone OMB review. potentially affected, we also consider requirement to reinitiate consultation for whether their activities have any Federal ongoing Federal activities. However, since Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et involvement; some kinds of activities are these 61 plant species were listed (between seq.) unlikely to have any Federal involvement 1991 and 1999), on the island of Maui we Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 and so will not be affected by critical habitat have conducted only one formal U.S.C. 601 et seq., as amended by the Small designation. consultation, and 14 informal consultations, Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Designation of critical habitat only affects in addition to consultations on Federal grants Act (SBREFA) of 1996), whenever an agency activities conducted, funded, or permitted by to State wildlife programs, which do not is required to publish a notice of rulemaking Federal agencies; non-Federal activities are affect small entity. Three informal for any proposed or final rule, it must not affected by the designation. In areas consultations were conducted with the U.S. prepare and make available for public where the species is present, Federal Air Force, for the Maui Space Surveillance comment a regulatory flexibility analysis that agencies are already required to consult with Site, who requested we review their final describes the effects of the rule on a us under section 7 of the Act on activities draft ‘‘Environmental Assessment,’’ substantial number of small entities (i.e., that they fund, permit, or implement that ‘‘Integrated Natural Resources Management small businesses, small organizations, and may affect Alectryon macrococcus, Plan for the Maui Space Surveillance small government jurisdictions). However, no Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. Complex,’’ and the effects of the construction regulatory flexibility analysis is required if macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var. of the surveillance site on listed and the head of the agency certifies the rule will insulare, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, proposed endangered and threatened species. not have a significant economic impact on a Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, One of the 61 species, Argyroxiphium substantial number of small entities. SBREFA Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, was amended the Regulatory Flexibility Act sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, reported from the project area. Three (RFA) to require Federal agencies to provide Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, informal consultations were conducted with a statement of the factual basis for certifying Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina oppositifolia, Haleakala National Park, regarding a that the rule will not have a significant Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea copelandii ssp. collecting permit for two of the 61 species, economic impact on a substantial number of haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea Geranium arboreum and Geranium small entities. SBREFA also amended the grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea multiflorum; review of the ‘‘Environmental RFA to require a certification statement. In hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea lobata, Assessment for Replacement of the Summit today’s rule, we are certifying that the rule Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, Comfort Station and Utilities Systems;’’ and will not have a significant economic impact Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, review of a park highway resurfacing project. on a substantial number of small entities. Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Flueggea One of the 61 species, Argyroxiphium However, should our economic analysis neowawraea, Geranium arboreum, Geranium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, was provide a contrary indication, we will revisit multiflorum, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis reported from the comfort station project area this determination at that time. The following coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia and in close proximity to the highway discussion explains our rationale. arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, resurfacing project area. One informal According to the Small Business Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, consultation was conducted with the Association, small entities include small Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kanaloa Service’s Ecological Services Program, for the organizations, such as independent non- kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, effects of fencing and replanting on listed profit organizations, and small governmental Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, endangered and threatened species within jurisdictions, including school boards and Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui, the Auwahi Partnership Project area. Four of city and town governments that serve fewer Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, the 61 species, Bidens micrantha ssp. than 50,000 residents, as well as small Melicope ovalis, Neraudia sericea, kalealaha, Geranium arboreum, Clermontia businesses. Small businesses include Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum lindseyana, and Zanthoxylum hawaiiense, manufacturing and mining concerns with sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii, were reported from the project area. One fewer than 500 employees, wholesale trade Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, informal consultation was conducted with entities with fewer than 100 employees, retail Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, the Service’s Ecological Services Program, for and service businesses with less than $5 Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula the effects of fencing and hunting on listed million in annual sales, general and heavy purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis, Sesbania endangered and threatened species within construction businesses with less than $27.5 tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, the Kahikinui Partnership Project area. Four million in annual business, special trade Tetramolopium capillare, Tetramolopium of the 61 species, Bidens micrantha ssp. contractors doing less than $11.5 million in remyi, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum kalealaha, Clermontia lindseyana, Diellia annual business, and agricultural businesses hawaiiense. If these critical habitat erecta, and Diplazium molokaiense, were with annual sales less than $750,000. To designations are finalized, Federal agencies reported from the project area. One informal

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consultation was conducted with the was conducted on behalf of the Department agricultural production, the types of Service’s Ecological Services Program, for the of the Navy, for the effects of ordinance activities that might trigger a consultation effects of fencing and outplanting on listed cleanup on listed endangered and threatened include irrigation ditch system projects that endangered and threatened species within species. Three of the 61 species, Kanaloa may require section 404 authorizations from the Puu Makua Partnership Project area. Two kahoolawensis, Sesbania tomentosa, and the Corps, and watershed management and of the 61 species, Bidens micrantha ssp. Vigna o-wahuensis, were reported from the restoration projects sponsored by NRCS. kalealaha and Geranium arboreum were project area. The Department of the Navy is However the NRCS restoration projects reported from the project area. One informal not a small entity, therefore this consultation typically are voluntary, and the irrigation consultation was conducted with the Service, did not affect or concern small entities. In ditch system projects within lands that are in for the effects of ungulate exclusion on listed this case, we concurred with the agency’s agricultural production are rare, and would endangered and threatened species within determination that the project as proposed likely affect only a small percentage of the the Puu Kukui Partnership Project area. Two was not likely to adversely affect listed small entities within these proposed critical of the 61 species, Cyanea mucronulata, and species. Although this project is ongoing, it habitat designations. We are not aware of any Ctenitis squamigera, were reported from the does not affect nor concern small entities, so commercial activities on the Federal lands project area. One informal consultation was the requirement to reinitiate consultation for included in these proposed critical habitat conducted with the Department of Defense, ongoing projects will not affect a substantial designations. Therefore, we conclude that for review of the effects of the Kanaio number of small entities on Kahoolawe. this proposed designation of critical habitat National Guard Training Area on listed In areas where the species is clearly not on the island of Maui would not affect a endangered and threatened species and present, designation of critical habitat could substantial number of small entities. review of ‘‘Natural Resources Management trigger additional review of Federal activities The entire island of Kahoolawe is under Plan: Kanaio Guard Training Area.’’ One of under section 7 of the Act, that would State ownership and within the State the 61 species, Sesbania tomentosa, was otherwise not be required. We are aware of Conservation District. The current and reported from the training area. Two informal relatively few activities in the proposed projected land uses on Kahoolawe are land consultations were conducted with the critical habitat areas for these 61 plants that restoration and ordinance removal (DAHI Department of Transportation, for review of have Federal involvement would require 2001). For these reasons we conclude that the the effects of the proposed Kihei-Upcountry consultation or reinitiation of already- proposed rule would not affect a substantial Highway on listed endangered and completed consultations for ongoing projects. number of small entities on the island of threatened species. Two of the 61 species, As mentioned above, we have only Kahoolawe. Hibiscus brackenridgei and Bonamia conducted 15 informal consultations and 1 Based on our experience with section 7 menziesii, were reported from the vicinity of formal consultation under section 7 consultations for all listed species, virtually the project area. One informal consultations involving any of the species. As a result, we all projects—including those that, in their was conducted with the U.S. Department of cannot, at this time, easily identify future initial proposed form, would result in Agriculture, for review of the effect of feral consultations that may be due to the listing jeopardy or adverse modification pig removal on listed endangered and of the species or the increment of additional determinations in section 7 consultations— threatened species within Waikamoi and consultations that may be required by this can be implemented successfully with, at Kapunakea Preserves. Twelve of the 61 critical habitat designation. Therefore, for the most, the adoption of reasonable and prudent species, Alectryon macrococcus, purposes of this review and certification alternatives. These measures must be Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. under the Regulatory Flexibility Act, we are economically feasible and within the scope macrocephalum, Bonamia menziesii, assuming that any future consultations in the of authority of the Federal agency involved Colubrina oppositifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, area proposed as critical habitat will be due in the consultation. As we have a limited Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium to the critical habitat designations. consultation history for these 61 species from arboreum, Geranium multiflorum, Melicope On Maui, approximately 17 percent of the Maui and Kahoolawe, we can only describe balloui, Plantago princeps, Platanthera proposed designations are on Federal lands, the general kinds of actions that may be holochila, and Sanicula purpurea, are known 45 percent are on State lands, and 37 percent identified in future reasonable and prudent to occur within the preserves. One formal are on private lands. Nearly all of the land alternatives. These are based on our consultation was conducted with the Federal within the critical habitat units is unsuitable understanding of the needs of these species Aviation Administration (FAA), for the for development, land uses, and activities. and the threats they face, especially as review of the ‘‘Final Environmental Impact This is due to their remote locations, lack of described in the final listing rules and in this Statement, Kahului Airport Improvements’’. access, and rugged terrain. The majority of proposed critical habitat designation, as well While only one of the 61 species, this land (77 percent) and all of the land on as our experience with similar listed plants Nothocestrum breviflorum, was reported in Kahoolawe is within the State Conservation in Hawaii. In addition, all of these species are the vicinity of the project area, the effects of District where State land-use controls protected under the State of Hawaii’s the Airport Improvement Project were severely limit development and most Endangered Species Act (Hawaii Revised evaluated for all listed species and the activities. Approximately 23 percent of this Statutes, Chap. 195D–4). Therefore, we have designated critical habitat for Gouania land is within the State Agricultural District also considered the kinds of actions required hillebrandii on the island of Maui. where only activities such as crops, livestock, under the State licensing process for these None of these consultations affected or grazing, and accessory structures and species. The kinds of actions that may be concerned small entities. In all 14 informal farmhouses are allowed. On non-Federal included in future reasonable and prudent consultations, we concurred with each lands, activities that lack Federal alternatives include conservation set-asides, agency’s determination that the project, as involvement would not be affected by the management of competing non-native proposed, was not likely to adversely affect critical habitat designations. Activities of an species, restoration of degraded habitat, listed species. For the formal consultation, economic nature that are likely to occur on propagation, outplanting and augmentation we determined that the airport improvement non-Federal lands in the area encompassed of existing populations, construction of project, which included a mandatory state-of- by these proposed designations consist of protective fencing, and periodic monitoring. the-art alien species interdiction facility, was improvements in State parks and These measures are not likely to result in a not likely to jeopardize listed species nor communications and tracking facilities; significant economic impact to a substantial adversely affect designated critical habitat for ranching; road improvements; recreational number of small entities because any Gouania hillebrandii on the island of Maui. use such as hiking, camping, picnicking, measures included as a reasonable and In addition, only the FAA’s proposed airport game hunting, and fishing; botanical gardens; prudent alternative would have to be improvement project is ongoing. The FAA is and, crop farming. With the exception of economically feasible to the individual not a small entity. Therefore, the requirement communications and tracking facilities landowner, and because as discussed above, to reinitiate consultation for ongoing projects improvements by the Federal Aviation we do not believe there will be a substantial will not affect a substantial number of small Administration or the Federal number of small entities affected. entities on Maui. Communications Commission, these As required under section 4(b)(2) of the There has been one informal consultation activities are unlikely to have Federal Act, we will conduct an analysis of the on the island of Kahoolawe. The consultation involvement. On lands that are in potential economic impacts of this proposed

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critical habitat designation, and will make Melicope ovalis, Neraudia sericea, proposed rule does not pose significant that analysis available for public review and Nototrichium humile, Peucedanum takings implications. Once the economic comment before finalizing these sandwicense, Phlegmariurus mannii, analysis is completed for this proposed rule, designations. Phyllostegia mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, we will review and revise this preliminary In summary, we have considered whether Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, assessment as warranted. this proposed rule would result in a Pteris lidgatei, Remya mauiensis, Sanicula significant economic effect on a substantial purpurea, Schiedea haleakalensis, Sesbania Federalism number of small entities. It would not affect tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, In accordance with Executive Order 13132, a substantial number of small entities. Tetramolopium capillare, Tetramolopium the proposed rule does not have significant Approximately 45 percent of the lands remyi, Vigna o-wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum Federalism effects. A Federalism assessment proposed as critical habitat are on State of hawaiiense will not have a significant is not required. In keeping with Department Hawaii lands. The State of Hawaii is not a economic impact on a substantial number of of the Interior policy, we requested small entity. Approximately 37 percent of the small entities, and an initial regulatory information from appropriate State agencies lands proposed as critical habitat are on flexibility analysis is not required. However, in Hawaii. The designation of critical habitat private lands. Many of these parcels are should the economic analysis of this rule in areas currently occupied by one or more located in areas where likely future land uses indicate otherwise, we will revisit this of the 61 plant species imposes no additional are not expected to result in Federal determination. restrictions to those currently in place, and, involvement or section 7 consultations. As therefore, has little incremental impact on Executive Order 13211 discussed earlier, most of the private and State and local governments and their State parcels within the proposed On May 18, 2001, the President issued activities. The designation of critical habitat designation are currently being used for Executive Order 13211, on regulations that in unoccupied areas may require section 7 recreational and agricultural purposes and, significantly affect energy supply, consultation on non-Federal lands (where a therefore, are not likely to require any distribution, and use. Executive Order 13211 Federal nexus occurs) that might otherwise Federal authorization. In the remaining areas, requires agencies to prepare Statements of not have occurred. However, there will be section 7 application, the only trigger for Energy Effects when undertaking certain little additional impact on State and local regulatory impact under this rule, would be actions. Although this rule is a significant governments and their activities because all limited to a subset of the area proposed. The regulatory action under Executive Order of the proposed critical habitat areas are most likely future section 7 consultations 12866, it is not expected to significantly occupied by at least one species. The resulting from this rule would be for informal affect energy supplies, distribution, or use. designations may have some benefit to these consultations on federally funded land and Therefore, this action is not a significant governments in that the areas essential to the water conservation projects, species-specific energy action and no Statement of Energy conservation of these species are more clearly surveys and research projects, and watershed Effects is required. defined, and the primary constituent elements of the habitat necessary to the management and restoration projects Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. survival of the species are specifically sponsored by NRCS. These consultations 1501 et seq.) would likely occur on only a subset of the identified. While this definition and In accordance with the Unfunded total number of parcels and therefore not identification does not alter where and what Mandates Reform Act (2 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.): likely to affect a substantial number of small federally sponsored activities may occur, it a. We believe this rule, as proposed, will entities. This rule would result in project may assist these local governments in long- not ‘‘significantly or uniquely’’ affect small modifications only when proposed Federal range planning, rather than waiting for case- governments. A Small Government Agency activities would destroy or adversely modify by-case section 7 consultation to occur. Plan is not required. Small governments will critical habitat. While this may occur, it is not be affected unless they propose an action Civil Justice Reform not expected frequently enough to affect a requiring Federal funds, permits or other substantial number of small entities. Even In accordance with Executive Order 12988, authorizations. Any such activities will the Office of the Solicitor has determined when it does occur, we do not expect it to require that the Federal agency ensure that that the rule does not unduly burden the result in a significant economic impact, as the action will not adversely modify or judicial system and does meet the the measures included in reasonable and destroy designated critical habitat. However, requirements of sections 3(a) and 3(b)(2) of prudent alternatives must be economically as discussed above, these actions are the Order. We are proposing to designate feasible and consistent with the proposed currently subject to equivalent restrictions critical habitat in accordance with the action. Therefore, we are certifying that the through the listing protections of the species, provisions of the Endangered Species Act. proposed designation of critical habitat for and no further restrictions are anticipated to The rule uses standard property descriptions the following species: Alectryon result from critical habitat designation of and identifies the primary constituent macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense occupied areas. In our economic analysis, we elements within the designated areas to assist ssp. macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var. will evaluate any impact of designating areas the public in understanding the habitat needs insulare, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, where section 7 consultations would not of the 61 plant species. Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, have occurred but for the critical habitat Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium designation. Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, b. This rule, as proposed, will not produce 3501 et seq.) Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, a Federal mandate on State or local This rule does not contain any new Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina oppositifolia, governments or the private sector of $100 collections of information that require Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea copelandii ssp. million or greater in any year, that is, it is not approval by OMB under the Paperwork haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea a ‘‘significant regulatory action’’ under the Reduction Act. This rule will not impose grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. The recordkeeping or reporting requirements on hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea lobata, designation of critical habitat imposes no State or local governments, individuals, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra munroi, direct obligations on State or local businesses, or organizations. An agency may Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, governments. not conduct or sponsor and a person is not Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis, Flueggea required to respond to a collection of neowawraea, Geranium arboreum, Geranium Takings information unless it displays a currently multiflorum, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis In accordance with Executive Order 12630 valid OMB control number. coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia (‘‘Government Actions and Interference with arborescens, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Constitutionally Protected Private Property National Environmental Policy Act Hibiscus brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, Rights’’), we have analyzed the potential We have determined we do not need to Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kanaloa takings implications of designating critical prepare an Environmental Assessment and/or kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, habitat for the 61 species from Maui and an Environmental Impact Statement as Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus pennatiformis, Kahoolawe in a preliminary takings defined by the National Environmental Melicope adscendens, Melicope balloui, implication assessment. The takings Policy Act of 1969 in connection with Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, implications assessment concludes that this regulations adopted pursuant to section 4(a)

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of the Endangered Species Act, as amended. List of Subjects in 50 CFR Part 17 Geranium arboreum, Geranium We published a notice outlining our reason Endangered and threatened species, multiflorum, Gouania vitifolia, Hedyotis for this determination in the Federal Register Exports, Imports, Reporting and record- coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, on October 25, 1983 (48 FR 49244). This keeping requirements, and Hesperomannia arborescens, proposed determination does not constitute a Transportation. Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus major Federal action significantly affecting brackenridgei, Ischaemum byrone, the quality of the human environment. Proposed Regulation Promulgation Isodendrion pyrifolium, Kanaloa Government-to-Government Relationship Accordingly, we propose to amend kahoolawensis, Lipochaeta kamolensis, with Tribes part 17, subchapter B of chapter I, title Lysimachia lydgatei, Mariscus In accordance with the President’s 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations as pennatiformis, Melicope adscendens, memorandum of April 29, 1994, set forth below: Melicope balloui, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope mucronulata, Melicope ovalis, ‘‘Government-to-Government Relations with PART 17—[AMENDED] Native American Tribal Governments’’ (59 Neraudia sericea, Nototrichium humile, FR 22951) E.O. 13175 and 512 DM 2, we 1. The authority citation for part 17 Peucedanum sandwicense, Phyllostegia readily acknowledge our responsibility to continues to read as follows: mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Platanthera holochila, Remya communicate meaningfully with recognized Authority: 16 U.S.C. 1361–1407; 16 U.S.C. Federal Tribes on a government-to- 1531–1544; 16 U.S.C. 4201–4245; Pub. L. 99– mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea, Schiedea government basis. We have determined that 625, 100 Stat. 3500; unless otherwise noted. haleakalensis, Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, there are no tribal lands essential for the 2. In § 17.12(h) revise the entries for Tetramolopium capillare, conservation of these 61 plant species. Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium Therefore, designation of critical habitat for Tetramolopium remyi, Vigna o- sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, these 61 species has not been proposed on Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, wahuensis, and Zanthoxylum Tribal lands. Bonamia menziesii, Brighamia rockii, hawaiiense under ‘‘FLOWERING References Cited Cenchrus agrimonioides, Centaurium PLANTS’’ and Asplenium fragile var. sebaeoides, Clermontia lindseyana, insulare, Ctenitis squamigera, Diellia A complete list of all references cited in erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, this proposed rule is available upon request Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Clermontia samuelii, Colubrina Phlegmariurus from the Pacific Islands Office (see (=Lycopodium,=Huperzia) mannii, and ADDRESSES section). oppositifolia, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea Pteris lidgatei, under ‘‘FERNS AND Authors grimesiana ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea ALLIES’’ to read as follows: The primary authors of this notice are hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea § 17.12 Endangered and threatened plants. Christa Russell, Marigold Zoll, Michelle lobata, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Cyrtandra Stephens, and Gregory Koob (see ADDRESSES munroi, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. * * * * * section). humilis, Flueggea neowawraea, (h) * * *

SPECIES Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special Scientific name Common name habitat rules

FLOWERING PLANTS

******* Alectryon Mahoe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Sapindaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA macrococcus.

******* Argyroxiphium Ahinahina ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum.

******* Bidens micrantha ssp. Kookoolau ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA kalealaha.

******* Bonamia menziesii .... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Convolvulaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Brighamia rockii ...... Pua ala ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Cenchrus Kamanomano U.S.A. (HI) ...... Poaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA agrimonioides. (=Sandbur, agri- mony).

******* Centaurium Awiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gentianaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA sebaeoides.

******* Clermontia lindseyana Oha wai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 532 17.96(a) NA

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SPECIES Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special Scientific name Common name habitat rules

******* Clermontia Oha wai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis.

******* Clermontia samuelii .. Oha wai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 666 17.96(a) NA

******* Colubrina oppositifolia Kauila ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rhamnaceae ...... E 532 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyanea copelandii Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 666 17.96(a) NA ssp. haleakalaensis.

******* Cyanea glabra ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 666 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyanea grimesiana Haha ...... U.S.A.(HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA ssp. grimesiana.

******* Cyanea hamatiflora Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 666 17.96(a) NA ssp. hamatiflora.

******* Cyanea lobata ...... Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyanea mceldowneyi Haha ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Campanulaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA

******* Cyrtandra munroi ...... Haiwale ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Gesneriaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA

******* Dubautia plantaginea Naenae ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 666 17.96(a) NA ssp. humilis.

******* Flueggea Mehamehame ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Euphorbiaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA neowawraea.

******* Geranium arboreum .. Hawaiian red-flow- U.S.A. (HI) ...... Geraniaceae ...... E 465 17.96(a) NA ered geranium.

******* Geranium multiflorum Nohoanu ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Geraniaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA

******* Gouania vitifolia ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rhamnaceae ...... E 541 17.96(a) NA

******* Hedyotis coriacea ..... Kioele ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rubiaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA

******* Hedyotis mannii ...... Pilo ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rubiaceae ...... E 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Hesperomannia None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 536 17.96(a) NA arborescens.

******* Hesperomannia None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA arbuscula.

******* Hibiscus Mao hau hele ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Malvaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA brackenridgei.

******* Ischaemum byrone ... Hilo ischaemum ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Poaceae ...... E 532 17.96(a) NA

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SPECIES Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special Scientific name Common name habitat rules

******* Isodendrion pyrifolium Wahine noho kula ... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Violaceae ...... E 532 17.96(a) NA

******* Kanaloa Kohe malama U.S.A. (HI) ...... Fabaceae ...... E 666 17.96(a) NA kahoolawensis. malama o Kanaloa.

******* Lipochaeta Nehe ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA kamolensis.

******* Lysimachia lydgatei ... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Primulaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA

******* Mariscus None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Cyperaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA pennatiformis.

******* Melicope adscendens Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 565 17.96(a) NA

******* Melicope balloui ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 565 17.96(a) NA

******* Melicope knudsenii ... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA

******* Melicope (= Pelea) Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA mucronulata.

******* Melicope ovalis ...... Alani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 565 17.96(a) NA

******* Neraudia sericea ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Urticaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Nototrichium humile .. Kului ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Amaranthaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA

******* Peucedanum Makou ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Apiaceae ...... E 530 17.96(a) NA sandwicense.

******* Phyllostegia mannii ... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 480 17.96(a) NA

******* Phyllostegia mollis .... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lamiaceae ...... E 448 17.96(a) NA

******* Plantago princeps ..... Laukahi kuahiwi ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Plantaginaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Platanthera holochila None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Orchidaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA

******* Remya mauiensis ..... Maui remya ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 413 17.96(a) NA

******* Sanicula purpurea ..... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Apiaceae ...... E 592 17.96(a) NA

******* Schiedea None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Caryophyllaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA haleakalensis.

******* Sesbania tomentosa Ohai ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Fabaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Spermolepis None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Apiaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA hawaiiensis.

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SPECIES Historic range Family Status When listed Critical Special Scientific name Common name habitat rules

******* Tetramolopium Pamakani ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 555 17.96(a) NA capillare.

******* Tetramolopium remyi None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Asteraceae ...... E 435 17.96(a) NA

******* Vigna o-wahuensis .... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Fabaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA

******* Zanthoxylum Ae ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Rutaceae ...... E 532 17.96(a) NA hawaiiense.

******* FERNS AND ALLIES

******* Asplenium fragile var. None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 553 17.96(a) NA insulare.

******* Ctenitis squamigera .. Pauoa ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 553 17.96(a) NA

******* Diellia erecta ...... Asplenium-leaved U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 559 17.96(a) NA diellia.

******* Diplazium None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Aspleniaceae ...... E 553 17.96(a) NA molokaiense.

******* Phlegmariurus Wawaeiole ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Lycopodiaceae ...... E 467 17.96(a) NA (=Lycopodium, =Huperzia) mannii.

******* Pteris lidgatei ...... None ...... U.S.A. (HI) ...... Adiantaceae ...... E 553 17.96(a) NA

*******

3. In Section 17.96, as proposed to be (1) * * * constituent elements described for each amended at 65 FR 66865 (November 7, (i) Maps and critical habitat unit species in paragraphs (a)(1)(ii)(A) and 2000), 65 FR 79192 (December 18, descriptions. The following sections (a)(1)(ii)(B) of this section and are not 2000), 65 FR 82086 (December 27, contain the legal descriptions of the included in the critical habitat 2000), 65 FR 83193 (December 29, critical habitat units designated for each designation. 2000), 67 FR 4072 (January 28, 2002) of the Hawaiian Islands. Existing * * * * * and 67 FR 9806 (March 4, 2002), is manmade features and structures within proposed to be further amended as (C) Maui. Critical habitat units are the boundaries of the mapped unit, such follows: described below. Coordinates are in as buildings, roads, aqueducts, a. Revise introductory text of UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using paragraph (a)(1)(i); railroads, telecommunications North American Datum of 1983 b. Add paragraphs (a)(1)(i)(C); and equipment, telemetry antennas, radars, (NAD83). The following map shows the missile launch sites, arboreta and (a)(1)(i)(D): and general locations of the 13 critical gardens, heiau (indigenous places of c. Revise paragraph (a)(1)(ii). habitats units designated on the island worship or shrines), airports, other The revised text reads as follows: of Maui. paved areas, lawns, and other rural § 17.96 Critical habitat—plants. residential landscaped areas do not (1) Note: Map 1—Index map follows: (a) * * * contain one or more of the primary BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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(2) Maui A (3,884 ha; 9,598 ac). 745896, 2316785; 745484, 2317026; 744848, 2311671; 744757, 2311853; (i) Unit consists of the following 187 745643, 2317128; 745694, 2317441; 744803, 2311913; 744873, 2311930; boundary points: 745646, 2316064; 745981, 2317323; 746078, 2317462; 745003, 2311908; 745103, 2311941; 746803, 2315452; 745637, 2315818; 745728, 2317647; 745798, 2318077; 745246, 2312013; 745237, 2312047; 745665, 2314941; 746096, 2314837; 746162, 2318852; 746391, 2319637; 745184, 2312054; 745082, 2312024; 746206, 2314955; 747360, 2314536; 746984, 2321175; 747501, 2322278; 744998, 2311962; 744940, 2311972; 747736, 2314302; 748610, 2314192; 748133, 2322670; 748262, 2322541; 744855, 2311959; 744843, 2311979; 748747, 2314163; 748895, 2314089; 748568, 2321950; 748627, 2321290; 744786, 2311969; 744644, 2311877; 749112, 2314006; 749212, 2313881; 748509, 2320188; 748746, 2320208; 744574, 2311856; 744542, 2311859; 749432, 2313730; 749677, 2313678; 749101, 2319292; 749101, 2318793; 744531, 2311866; 744526, 2311860; 749902, 2313524; 749954, 2313416; 749178, 2318693; 749408, 2318624; 744465, 2311866; 744468, 2311918; 750110, 2313242; 750118, 2313199; 749723, 2317818; 749700, 2317464; 744523, 2311989; 744820, 2312059; 750119, 2313198; 750307, 2313068; 750392, 2316121; 750302, 2315611; 744992, 2312075; 744984, 2312177; 750359, 2313038; 750360, 2313038; 750386, 2314410; 750482, 2313931; 744929, 2312317; 744736, 2312339; 750569, 2312799; 750662, 2312593; 750575, 2313421; 750722, 2313061; 744734, 2312365; 744653, 2312345; 750805, 2312435; 750878, 2312325; 750842, 2312911; 750962, 2312611; 744609, 2312328; 744558, 2312437; 750885, 2312412; 750817, 2312575; 744633, 2312480; 744722, 2312477; 750798, 2312594; 750748, 2312588; 751022, 2312131; 751082, 2311951; 750911, 2311782; 750812, 2311771; 744785, 2312485; 744871, 2312454; 750710, 2312845; 750652, 2312855; 744945, 2312517; 745143, 2312557; 750635, 2313002; 750564, 2313116; 750542, 2311501; 750482, 2311201; 745200, 2312689; 745157, 2312692; 750450, 2313241; 750253, 2313328; 750440, 2311216; 750386, 2311230; 745009, 2312661; 744946, 2312990; 749863, 2313784; 749654, 2313910; 750328, 2311242; 750279, 2311249; 745348, 2312974; 745916, 2313043; 749594, 2313898; 749400, 2314013; 750263, 2311247; 750252, 2311240; 745773, 2313571; 745745, 2313671; 749762, 2314025; 749764, 2314245; 750122, 2311261; 750063, 2311077; 745113, 2313721; 744946, 2313827; 749767, 2314498; 748195, 2314901; 749987, 2311042; 749908, 2311040; 747995, 2314988; 747953, 2315158; 749769, 2311083; 749324, 2311150; 744964, 2315341; 745081, 2315642; 747952, 2315160; 747941, 2315192; 748999, 2311226; 748784, 2311284; 745066, 2315830; 745211, 2315767; 747901, 2315370; 747687, 2315584; 748564, 2311384; 748472, 2311441; 745220, 2316095; 745062, 2316193; 747662, 2315928; 747336, 2316180; 748322, 2311471; 748142, 2311441; 745156, 2316554; 745095, 2316969; 747266, 2316401; 747236, 2316433; 747812, 2311501; 747662, 2311441; 745815, 2316715; 745688, 2316626; 747031, 2316482; 746735, 2316514; 747422, 2311441; 746372, 2311591; 745682, 2316625; 745668, 2316564; 746560, 2316570; 746447, 2316671; 746132, 2311561; 745532, 2311531; 745660, 2316498; 745662, 2316487. 746334, 2316643; 746188, 2316678; 745232, 2311591; 745112, 2311681; (ii) Note: Map 2 follows:

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 749509, 2320507; 750442, 2320667; 756687, 2312072; 756684, 2312072; (3) Maui B1 (4,374 ha; 10,808 ac). 750595, 2320522; 750652, 2320703; 756585, 2312074. (i) Unit consists of the following 84 750913, 2320748; 751322, 2320818; (ii) Note: See Map 3: boundary points: 756585, 2312074; 751504, 2320850; 751662, 2320812; (4) Maui B2 (362 ha; 893 ac). 756481, 2312051; 756356, 2312094; 752336, 2320652; 752694, 2320488; 756039, 2312114; 755355, 2312353; 753547, 2320078; 753884, 2319664; (i) Unit consists of the following 26 755012, 2312431; 754622, 2312281; 753684, 2319160; 753794, 2319238; boundary points: 748262, 2322541; 754412, 2312371; 754172, 2312491; 753831, 2319264; 754230, 2319264; 748133, 2322670; 749321, 2323406; 753872, 2312521; 753812, 2312461; 754437, 2319134; 754628, 2319014; 749364, 2323069; 749536, 2322742; 753632, 2312461; 753542, 2312551; 754566, 2318549; 754986, 2318675; 749536, 2322742; 749537, 2322740; 753182, 2312581; 752556, 2312292; 755406, 2318356; 755428, 2318339; 749637, 2322549; 749783, 2322650; 752222, 2312191; 751892, 2312011; 755028, 2317961; 754461, 2317666; 749455, 2323474; 750016, 2323841; 751082, 2311951; 751022, 2312131; 754650, 2317540; 754692, 2317372; 750018, 2323839; 750033, 2323848; 750962, 2312611; 750842, 2312911; 754543, 2317112; 755365, 2316415; 751197, 2322401; 750188, 2321953; 750722, 2313061; 750575, 2313421; 755848, 2316599; 755848, 2316598; 750152, 2322162; 749940, 2322307; 750482, 2313931; 750386, 2314410; 755848, 2315712; 756262, 2315298; 749812, 2322559; 749759, 2322545; 750302, 2315611; 750392, 2316121; 755831, 2315154; 755624, 2314782; 749742, 2322463; 749858, 2322275; 749700, 2317464; 749723, 2317818; 755582, 2314690; 756114, 2314411; 749993, 2321907; 748635, 2321367; 749408, 2318624; 749178, 2318693; 755852, 2314267; 755926, 2313985; 748627, 2321290; 748568, 2321950; 749101, 2318793; 749101, 2319292; 756109, 2313151; 756469, 2313228; 748262, 2322541. 748746, 2320208; 749105, 2320225; 756146, 2313006; 756382, 2312300; (ii) Note: Map 3 follows: 749490, 2320492; 749492, 2320495; 756646, 2312281; 756765, 2312104; BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 753034, 2325242; 752911, 2325108; 749250, 2327018; 749018, 2327093; (5) Maui C1 (23 ha; 56 ac). 752865, 2325227; 752886, 2325361; 748987, 2327015; 748913, 2327003; (i) Unit consists of the following 20 752879, 2325424; 752841, 2325439; 748859, 2326865; 748906, 2326824; boundary points: coastline; 747250, 752828, 2325443; 752732, 2325363; 748978, 2326817; 748990, 2326759; 2326499; 747257, 2326478; 747007, 752722, 2325261; 752662, 2325341; 748786, 2326666; 748648, 2326684; 2326430; 746884, 2326397; 746799, 752615, 2325470; 752535, 2325474; 748567, 2326639; 748572, 2326561; 2326342; 746739, 2326262; 746652, 752438, 2325416; 752516, 2325578; 748637, 2326459; 748673, 2326373; 2326280; 746642, 2326406; 746544, 752501, 2325617; 752373, 2325646; 748516, 2326423; coastline. 2326446; 746341, 2326386; 746294, 752189, 2325668; 752167, 2325700; (ii) Note: Map 4: 2326499; 746180, 2326580; 745984, 752138, 2325733; 751990, 2325840; (8) Maui C4 (162 ha; 400 ac). 2326637; 745796, 2326602; 745709, 2326596; 745622, 2326620; 745300, 751898, 2325842; 751835, 2325769; (i) Unit consists of the following 64 2326566; 745260, 2326492; 745179, 751804, 2325709; 751734, 2325826; boundary points: coastline; 758803, 2326343; 745158, 2326345; coastline. 751714, 2325826; 751630, 2325733; 2318519; 758442, 2318485; 758421, (ii) Note: See Map 4: 751547, 2325578; 751562, 2325516; 2318506; 758366, 2318516; 758267, (6) Maui C2 (10 ha; 24 ac). 751525, 2325510; 751492, 2325530; 2318469; 758209, 2318463; 758200, (i) Unit consists of the following 14 751475, 2325549; 751455, 2325734; 2318729; 758196, 2318869; 757790, boundary points: coastline; 747287, 751461, 2325837; 751273, 2325927; 2319126; 758013, 2319396; 757861, 2326549; 748409, 2326346; 748368, 751251, 2325921; 751203, 2325906; 2319563; 757862, 2319690; 757794, 2326302; 748229, 2326384; 748109, 751187, 2325954; 751123, 2325981; 2319720; 757771, 2319757; 757734, 2326548; 747979, 2326564; 747917, 751071, 2325948; 751040, 2325902; 2319748; 757626, 2319942; 757267, 2326610; 747839, 2326650; 747684, 751010, 2325866; 750988, 2325906; 2320057; 757061, 2320021; 756963, 2326547; 747619, 2326463; 747536, 750957, 2325952; 750990, 2326027; 2320372; 756833, 2320832; 757033, 2326537; 747403, 2326505; 747381, 750973, 2326051; 750852, 2326051; 2321273; 757038, 2321301; 757031, 2326532; 747287, 2326549; coastline. 750801, 2326107; 750821, 2326193; 2321316; 757019, 2321449; 757019, (ii) Note: See Map 4: 750779, 2326281; 750598, 2326312; 2321491; 757069, 2321583; 757108, (7) Maui C3 (162 ha; 400 ac). 750549, 2326248; 750486, 2326298; 2321658; 757128, 2321761; 757132, (i) Unit consists of the following 96 750482, 2326366; 750526, 2326443; 2321784; 757130, 2321785; 756805, boundary: coastline; 754099, 2324756; 750607, 2326484; 750622, 2326624; 2321814; 756813, 2322040; 756862, 754053, 2324754; 753955, 2324768; 750617, 2326668; 750334, 2326780; 2322355; 756815, 2322353; 756814, 753953, 2324779; 753930, 2324862; 750225, 2326707; 750174, 2326716; 2322353; 756730, 2322336; 756575, 753759, 2325028; 753669, 2325092; 750157, 2326750; 750156, 2326762; 2322315; 756442, 2322315; 756382, 753524, 2325277; 753446, 2325286; 750143, 2326932; 750116, 2326995; 2322329; 756036, 2322156; 755962, 753388, 2325342; 753325, 2325353; 749976, 2327272; 749806, 2327368; 2322490; 755784, 2322847; 755781, 753252, 2325321; 753085, 2325303; 749392, 2327324; 749324, 2327133; 2322847; 755680, 2322859; 755664,

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2322913; 755630, 2322976; 755592, 2323441; 755393, 2323463; 755322, 2323974; 755056, 2324045; 754981, 2323043; 755592, 2323144; 755551, 2323443; 755306, 2323674; 755295, 2324021; 754880, 2324041; coastline. 2323181; 755467, 2323256; 755454, 2323702; 755254, 2323811; 755229, (ii) Note: Map 4 follows: 2323349; 755417, 2323374; 755396, 2323833; 755153, 2323833; 755144, BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 745970, 2310264; 745771, 2310115; 756684, 2312072; 756262, 2311897; (9) Maui D1 (6,950 ha; 17,175 ac). 745591, 2310776; 745359, 2311057; 756172, 2311897; 756000, 2311819; (i) Unit consists of the following 180 744982, 2311291; 744842, 2311439; 756067, 2311803; 756198, 2311730; boundary points: 754826, 2304297; 744842, 2311603; 744848, 2311671; 756382, 2311473; 756421, 2311340; 754770, 2304254; 754643, 2304333; 745112, 2311681; 745232, 2311591; 756092, 2311244; 755806, 2311216; 754542, 2304415; 754486, 2304579; 745532, 2311531; 746132, 2311561; 755636, 2311122; 755635, 2311122; 754439, 2304653; 754437, 2304765; 754349, 2304956; 754319, 2305108; 746372, 2311591; 747422, 2311441; 755459, 2311035; 755355, 2310968; 754214, 2305093; 754258, 2304902; 747662, 2311441; 747812, 2311501; 755230, 2311019; 754988, 2311042; 754278, 2304785; 754351, 2304474; 748142, 2311441; 748322, 2311471; 754820, 2310941; 754711, 2310770; 754255, 2304192; 754171, 2304150; 748472, 2311441; 748564, 2311384; 755295, 2310580; 755366, 2310585; 754065, 2304164; 753825, 2304139; 748784, 2311284; 748999, 2311226; 755661, 2310703; 755887, 2310863; 753832, 2304195; 753675, 2304217; 749324, 2311150; 749769, 2311083; 756085, 2310888; 756316, 2310888; 753611, 2303762; 753431, 2303730; 749908, 2311040; 749987, 2311042; 756497, 2310849; 756724, 2310720; 753285, 2303705; 753152, 2303682; 750063, 2311077; 750122, 2311261; 756918, 2310584; 756967, 2310340; 753304, 2304113; 753310, 2304130; 750252, 2311240; 750263, 2311247; 757238, 2310389; 757267, 2309857; 753367, 2304292; 753234, 2304365; 750279, 2311249; 750328, 2311242; 756883, 2309679; 757090, 2309531; 753213, 2304104; 753136, 2303909; 750386, 2311230; 750440, 2311216; 756824, 2309443; 756958, 2309254; 753136, 2303653; 753042, 2303454; 750482, 2311201; 750542, 2311501; 757267, 2308822; 756558, 2308999; 752244, 2304494; 749843, 2303965; 750812, 2311771; 750911, 2311782; 756439, 2308822; 756252, 2308927; 748359, 2304949; 747572, 2305437; 751082, 2311951; 751892, 2312011; 755765, 2308074; 756072, 2308080; 747183, 2306649; 746219, 2306757; 752222, 2312191; 752556, 2312292; 756194, 2308023; 756279, 2307861; 746690, 2307032; 746584, 2307222; 753182, 2312581; 753542, 2312551; 756270, 2307644; 756186, 2307440; 746574, 2307254; 746905, 2307584; 753632, 2312461; 753812, 2312461; 755931, 2307335; 755732, 2307367; 746773, 2307831; 746428, 2308069; 753872, 2312521; 754172, 2312491; 755806, 2307294; 755803, 2307043; 745859, 2309952; 745861, 2309954; 754412, 2312371; 754622, 2312281; 755624, 2306756; 755515, 2306552; 745855, 2309967; 745848, 2309987; 755012, 2312431; 755355, 2312353; 755377, 2306367; 755319, 2306243; 746252, 2310016; 748094, 2310374; 756039, 2312114; 756356, 2312094; 755163, 2306105; 755078, 2306075; 748180, 2310466; 747274, 2310703; 756481, 2312051; 756585, 2312074; 754857, 2305996; 754614, 2305982;

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754412, 2306019; 754341, 2306032; 754090, 2307018; 754065, 2307098; (i) unit consists of the following 22 754346, 2305896; 754412, 2305877; 754087, 2307266; 754141, 2307512; boundary points: 756769, 2303771; 755139, 2305668; 755828, 2305033; 754162, 2307496; 754243, 2307436; 756914, 2303864; 757007, 2303958; 755089, 2305043; 755087, 2305045; 754381, 2307316; 755039, 2307210; 757058, 2304068; 757053, 2304123; 754979, 2305016; 754831, 2305142; 755145, 2307181; 755188, 2307116; 757104, 2304208; 757198, 2304267; 754540, 2305162; 754515, 2305057; 755155, 2306981; 755028, 2306781; 757206, 2304365; 757138, 2304395; 754621, 2304863; 754699, 2304812; 754890, 2306567; 754808, 2306523; 757037, 2304471; 756959, 2304605; 754760, 2304616; 754782, 2304447; 754788, 2306512; 754588, 2306523; 757541, 2304994; 758421, 2304900; 754796, 2304431. 754495, 2306605. 758402, 2304566; 758427, 2304491; (ii)Unit excludes three areas: (C) Bounded by the following nine 758605, 2304369; 758716, 2304323; (A) Bounded by the following five points (5 ha, 13 ac): 754959, 2307449; 758665, 2303805; 758615, 2303558; points (6 ha, 15 ac): 748930 2305439, 75525, 2307432; 755657, 2307376; 749226 2305793, 749363 2305641, 755428, 2307345; 754834, 2307383; 758067, 2303509; 756894, 2303623; 749057 2305433, 748930 2305439. 754579, 2307430; 754778, 2307426; 756774, 2303746. (B) Bounded by the following 20 754839, 2307410; 754959, 2307449. (ii) Note: Map 5 follows: points (62 ha, 153 ac): 754495, 2306605; (iii) Note: See Map 5. BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 754472, 2306625; 754334, 2306901; (10) Unit D2 ( 212 ha; 523 ac).

(11) Maui E (1,389 ha; 3,432 ac). 2295761; 772962, 2295591; 772608, 2293858; 772784, 2292323; 768006, (i) Unit consists of eight boundary 2295140; 772130, 2294513; 772758, 2292863. points: 768269, 2295601; 773018, (ii) Note: Map 6 follows:

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(12) Maui F (144 ha; 357 ac). 2277610; coastline. Coastline; 771941, 2277818; 772464, 2277873; 772302, (i) Unit consists of the following 19 2277804; 772001, 2278009; 771861, 2277904; coastline. Coastline; 772830, boundary points: coastline. 771282, 2277996; 771858, 2277785; coastline. 2277758; 772839, 2278087; 772691, 2278049; 771207, 2278581; 773349, Coastline; 772291, 2277823; 772291, 2278009; 772697, 2277944; coastline. 2278461; 773296, 2277638; 773294, 2277823; 772464, 2277817; 772464, (ii) Note: Map 7 follows:

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(13) Maui G1 (4 ha; 10 ac). (ii) Note: See Map 8: (i) Unit consists of the following 27 (i) Unit consists of the following 21 (15) Maui G3 (7 ha; 16 ac). boundary points: coastline; 801972, boundary points: coastline; 793988, (i) Unit consists of the following 22 2305512; 801990, 2305372; 801833, 2310722; 793988, 2310722; 793988, boundary points: coastline; 794814, 2305382; 801626, 2305463; 801466, 2310722; 793937, 2310735; 793898, 2310166; 794778, 2310176; 794756, 2305444; 801320, 2305260; 801117, 2310767; 793920, 2310825; 793940, 2310192; 794756, 2310217; 794742, 2305232; 801018, 2305293; 800891, 2310881; 793932, 2310893; 793907, 2310240; 794733, 2310282; 794728, 2305373; 800731, 2305387; 800581, 2310933; 793885, 2310962; 793833, 2310324; 794711, 2310345; 794706, 2305284; 800472, 2305307; 800265, 2311001; 793781, 2311037; 793768, 2310368; 794665, 2310393; 794632, 2305505; 800166, 2305599; 800152, 2311053; 793690, 2311134; 793635, 2310428; 794625, 2310446; 794622, 2305712; 800147, 2305849; 800190, 2311144; 793527, 2311157; 793498, 2310523; 794573, 2310595; 794491, 2305990; 800138, 2306094; 800001, 2311183; 793411, 2311267; 793362, 2310645; 794326, 2310728; 794258, 2306188; 799879, 2306263; 799874, 2311345; 793988, 2310722; 793988, 2310741; 794222, 2310764; 794118, 2306386; 799789, 2306428; 799723, 2310722; coastline. 2310718; 794053, 2310679; 794040, 2306527; 799657, 2306626; 799606, (ii) Note: See Map 8: 2310715; 794043, 2310738; coastline. 2306800; 799516, 2306902; 799516, (14) Maui G2 (.8 ha; 2 ac). (ii) Note: See Map 8: 2306902; coastline. (i) Unit consists of the following 21 (ii) Note: See Map 8: boundary points: coastline; 794253, (16) Maui G4 (22 ha; 53 ac). (18) Maui G6 (11 ha; 27 ac). 2311026; 794246, 2311002; 794240, (i) Unit consists of the following 14 (i) Unit consists of the following 14 2310987; 794220, 2310955; 794200, boundary points: coastline; 798949, boundary points: coastline; 811982, 2310914; 794190, 2310902; 794182, 2307406; 798949, 2307406; 798884, 2301617; 811982, 2301617; 811936, 2310899; 794171, 2310899; 794168, 2307470; 798940, 2307502; 798924, 2301585; 811916, 2301671; 811945, 2310900; 794162, 2310906; 794162, 2307613; 798829, 2307836; 798733, 2301774; 812026, 2301885; 812133, 2310935; 794166, 2310959; 794169, 2308042; 798749, 2308233; 798718, 2301927; 812193, 2301995; 812092, 2310967; 794202, 2311009; 794211, 2308487; 798631, 2308684; 798419, 2302061; 811938, 2302135; 811849, 2311034; 794222, 2311052; 794246, 2308844; 798296, 2309004; 797985, 2302164; 811717, 2302172; 811546, 2311078; 794258, 2311082; 794263, 2309037; 798021, 2309124; coastline. 2302307; 811596, 2302341; coastline. 2311080; 794265, 2311076; 794265, (ii) Note: See Map 8: (ii) Note: Map 8 follows: 2311065; coastline. (17) Maui G5 (31 ha; 77 ac). BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 778986, 2288684; 779070, 2288768; 795213, 2291075; 795299, 2291051; (19) Maui H (14,101 ha; 34,843 ac). 779131, 2288792; 779251, 2288792; 795400, 2290907; 795821, 2290462; (i) Unit consists of the following 133 779401, 2288972; 779851, 2289092; 795807, 2290385; 795864, 2290318; boundary points: 792545, 2288808; 780061, 2289062; 780151, 2289182; 796008, 2290304; 796061, 2290232; 792970, 2287110; 788115, 2284625; 780576, 2289283; 780841, 2289542; 796133, 2290112; 796195, 2290069; 788254, 2284423; 786255, 2283830; 781388, 2289777; 781591, 2290022; 796310, 2290016; 796427, 2289780; 785721, 2283591; 785909, 2283329; 781861, 2290202; 782491, 2290652; 796453, 2289731; 796458, 2289724; 784364, 2282634; 784741, 2282683; 782851, 2290952; 783541, 2291072; 796453, 2289665; 794488, 2289840; 785687, 2282923; 787384, 2283423; 783871, 2291402; 784171, 2291462; 791401, 2289270; 789965, 2288718; 788910, 2284092; 791757, 2285370; 784323, 2291635; 784473, 2291725; 789343, 2291348; 787469, 2291492; 792012, 2284972; 792107, 2284459; 784623, 2291725; 784683, 2291725; 786580, 2289125; 787793, 2286254; 792107, 2284163; 789675, 2283199; 784826, 2291868; 784854, 2291851; 790244, 2287538; 790161, 2287892. 786085, 2281630; 781021, 2279811; 784917, 2291907; 784912, 2291915; (ii) Unit excludes two areas: 774426, 2279632; 774487, 2280204; 785313, 2291995; 785613, 2292265; (A) Bounded by the following seven 773607, 2281357; 774563, 2281463; 785823, 2292175; 785940, 2292307; points (162 ha, 400ac): 776764, 775099, 2281680; 775397, 2282390; 785941, 2292306; 785946, 2292314; 2286552; 778589, 2286255; 778519, 775684, 2285109; 774276, 2285496; 786063, 2292445; 786151, 2292452; 2285877; 776631, 2285401; 776280, 774305, 2285732; 774421, 2285732; 786211, 2292452; 786511, 2292242; 774601, 2285942; 774871, 2286062; 786631, 2292122; 787201, 2292092; 2285436; 776669, 2286345; 776764, 774961, 2286242; 775201, 2286392; 787561, 2291702; 787951, 2291582; 2286552. 775501, 2286512; 775711, 2286572; 788131, 2291492; 788341, 2291522; (B) Bounded by the following 11 775801, 2286842; 775981, 2286962; 788641, 2291432; 789031, 2291522; points (58 ha, 143 ac): 782337, 2285709; 776221, 2286932; 776431, 2287082; 789720, 2291522; 790086, 2291458; 782398, 2285481; 781035, 2285187; 776611, 2287292; 776731, 2287292; 790230, 2291432; 790950, 2291672; 781028, 2286132; 781029, 2286198; 776791, 2287382; 776881, 2287322; 791730, 2291582; 792480, 2291702; 781305, 2286239; 781412, 2285729; 777091, 2287322; 777241, 2287472; 792750, 2291702; 793014, 2291770; 781455, 2285500; 781459, 2285501; 777211, 2287742; 777481, 2287862; 793450, 2291683; 793671, 2291645; 781459, 2285501; 782337, 2285709. 777661, 2288072; 778111, 2288132; 794207, 2291635; 794432, 2291674; (iii) Note: Map 9 follows: 778136, 2288218; 778221, 2288151; 794523, 2291573; 794614, 2291434; BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–P 783541, 2291072; 782851, 2290952; 2290270;780279, 2290173;778396, (20) Maui I1 (1,862 ha; 4,601 ac). 782491, 2290652; 781861, 2290202; 2291591;779749, 2293351. (i) Unit consists of the following 61 781591, 2290022; 781388, 2289777; (ii) Note: See Map 10. boundary points: 788755, 2298314; 780841, 2289542; 780576, 2289283; 788934, 2298211; 788932, 2298142; 780151, 2289182; 780061, 2289062; (23) Maui I4 (497 ha; 1,227 ac). 789003, 2297908; 789137, 2297528; 779851, 2289092; 779401, 2288972; (i) Unit consists of the following 31 789205, 2297438; 789207, 2297318; 779251, 2288792; 779131, 2288792; boundary points: 778136, 2288218; 789096, 2297113; 789049, 2296968; 779070, 2288768; 780400, 2290082; 778111, 2288132; 777661, 2288072; 788869, 2296843; 788619, 2296647; 780380, 2290097; 788189, 2297787; 777481, 2287862; 777211, 2287742; 788580, 2296262; 788460, 2296022; 788162, 2297781. 777241, 2287472; 777091, 2287322; 788165, 2295603; 787886, 2295369; (ii) Note: See Map 10. 776881, 2287322; 776791, 2287382; 787844, 2295067; 787660, 2294754; (21) Maui I2 (680 ha; 1,680 ac). 787231, 2294372; 786737, 2293972; 776731, 2287292; 776611, 2287292; (i) Unit consists of the following 11 776431, 2287082; 776221, 2286932; 786661, 2293742; 786430, 2293387; boundary points: 784570, 2295895; 786421, 2292812; 786299, 2292576; 775981, 2286962; 775801, 2286842; 784440, 2295690; 782956, 2294207; 775711, 2286572; 775501, 2286512; 786151, 2292452; 786063, 2292445; 782421, 2293422; 782263, 2293191; 785946, 2292314; 785941, 2292306; 775201, 2286392; 774961, 2286242; 782187, 2293615; 781338, 2294254; 774871, 2286062; 774601, 2285942; 785940, 2292307; 785823, 2292175; 780818, 2294804; 781473, 2295735; 785613, 2292265; 785313, 2291995; 774421, 2285732; 774305, 2285732; 782282, 2296409; 782585, 2297193. 774368, 2286253; 775008, 2287236; 784912, 2291915; 784917, 2291907; (ii) Note: See Map 10. 784854, 2291851; 784826, 2291868; (22) Maui I3 (452 ha; 1,117 ac). 774920, 2287996; 775155, 2288309; 784683, 2291725; 784623, 2291725; (i) Unit consists of the following six 775846, 2288444; 776207, 2289144; 784473, 2291725; 784323, 2291635; boundary points: 781340, 2292025; 777437, 2288634; 777822, 2288467. 784171, 2291462; 783871, 2291402; 780754, 2291599;780373, (ii) Note: Map 10 follows:

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C 792241, 2296484; 792656, 2296277; 795864, 2290318; 795807, 2290385; (24) Maui J (5,790 ha; 14,308 ac). 793071, 2296070; 793542, 2295836; 795821, 2290462; 795400, 2290907; (i) Unit J consists of the following 93 793699, 2295758; 793717, 2295735; 795299, 2291051; 795213, 2291075; boundary points: 786211, 2292452; 794614, 2291434; 794523, 2291573; 786151, 2292452; 786299, 2292576; 793949, 2295528; 794430, 2295549; 794432, 2291674; 794207, 2291635; 786421, 2292812; 786430, 2293387; 794610, 2295512; 795570, 2295362; 793671, 2291645; 793450, 2291683; 786661, 2293742; 786737, 2293972; 796387, 2295350; 799935, 2295528; 787231, 2294372; 787660, 2294754; 800349, 2295462; 800349, 2295342; 793014, 2291770; 792750, 2291702; 787844, 2295067; 787886, 2295369; 800469, 2295252; 800469, 2295162; 792480, 2291702; 791730, 2291582; 788165, 2295603; 788460, 2296022; 800636, 2295040; 800632, 2295034; 790950, 2291672; 790230, 2291432; 788580, 2296262; 788619, 2296647; 800620, 2295038; 799311, 2293503; 790086, 2291458; 789720, 2291522; 788869, 2296843; 789049, 2296968; 798490, 2292539; 798357, 2292680; 789031, 2291522; 788641, 2291432; 789096, 2297113; 789207, 2297318; 798374, 2292403; 798056, 2292031; 788341, 2291522; 788131, 2291492; 789205, 2297438; 789137, 2297528; 798165, 2291162; 796545, 2290807; 787951, 2291582; 787561, 2291702; 789003, 2297908; 788932, 2298142; 796458, 2289724; 796453, 2289731; 787201, 2292092; 786631, 2292122; 788934, 2298206; 788942, 2298202; 796427, 2289780; 796310, 2290016; 786511, 2292242; 786211, 2292452. 790992, 2297103; 791410, 2296897; 796195, 2290069; 796133, 2290112; (ii) Note: Map 11 follows: 791825, 2296690; 792099, 2296555; 796061, 2290232; 796008, 2290304; BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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(25) Maui K (5,464 ha; 13,502 ac). 801760, 2294574; 800906, 2294922; 804741, 2291728; 804598, 2289317; (i) Unit consists of the following 39 800636, 2295040; 800469, 2295162; 803684, 2289877; 803574, 2289704; boundary points: 798586, 2290348; 800469, 2295252; 800349, 2295342; 803114, 2290141; 801935, 2289265; 801847, 2291015; 801917, 2291085; 800349, 2295462; 800379, 2295672; 800788, 2289185; 800342, 2289966; 801389, 2291758; 801145, 2291990; 801296, 2295690; 802992, 2299556; 799912, 2289966; 799418, 2289552; 801037, 2292402; 800743, 2293514; 804200, 2299306; 806459, 2298838; 799083, 2289679; 798541, 2290221. 800900, 2294126; 801147, 2294134; 808913, 2296912; 805053, 2293181; 801376, 2294265; 801594, 2294228; 808301, 2291412; 806062, 2289747; (ii) Note: Map 12 follows:

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(26) Maui L (4,612 ha; 11,396 ac). 795483, 2299193; 795907, 2298874; 787081, 2302528; 787078, 2302530; (i) Unit consists of the following 66 796226, 2298998; 797155, 2298832; 787025, 2302567; 785551, 2302746; boundary points: 784691, 2306143; 797292, 2298791; 797592, 2295644; 785950, 2302240; 785443, 2302303; 785374, 2306329; 785968, 2306418; 797739, 2295646; 797990, 2295649; 785422, 2302623; 785067, 2302898; 786589, 2306409; 786953, 2306374; 799102, 2295662; 800430, 2295679; 784947, 2303017; 784875, 2303047; 789090, 2305904; 789515, 2306162; 800379, 2295672; 800349, 2295462; 784803, 2303101; 784660, 2303678; 790281, 2306097; 790360, 2305448; 799935, 2295528; 796387, 2295350; 783583, 2303838; 783559, 2304310; 791696, 2304712; 791781, 2304297; 795570, 2295362; 794610, 2295512; 783487, 2304404; 783488, 2304406; 791627, 2303742; 791264, 2303330; 794430, 2295549; 793949, 2295528; 783486, 2304406; 783228, 2304747; 791158, 2302616; 791550, 2301582; 793717, 2295735; 793699, 2295758; 783196, 2305076; 783422, 2305338; 790503, 2302354; 790198, 2302345; 794014, 2295603; 796710, 2295634; 784075, 2305511. 789906, 2301556; 791083, 2300859; 791175, 2300611; 794821, 2299526; 788433, 2301564; 788429, 2301566; (ii) Note: Map 13 follows:

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(27) Maui M (2 ha; 6 ac). (i) Unit consists of the following six boundary points: 744481, 2311471; 744357, 2311489; 744330, 2311543; 744340, 2311642; 744511, 2311612; 744481, 2311471. (ii) Note: Map 14 follows:

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C

TABLE (A)(1)(I)(C). PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Maui A ...... Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Colubrina oppositifolia, Alectryon macrococcus, Cyanea glabra, Gouania vitifolia, Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea lobata, Cyrtandra munroi, Hedyotis mannii, Hesperomannia arbuscula, Phlegmariurus Remya mauiensis, Sanicula purpurea. mannii, Platanthera holochila, Plantago princeps, Pteris lydgatei. Maui B ...... Cyanea lobata, Hesperomannia arborescens, Phlegmariurus Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis, Ctenitis squamigera, mannii, Platanthera holochila, Plantago princeps, Pteris Cyrtandra munroi, Diplazium molokaiense. lydgatei, Sanicula purpurea. Maui C ...... Centaurium sebaeoides, Sesbania tomentosa ...... Brighamia rockii. Maui D ...... Ctenitis squamigera, Cyanea glabra, Cyanea grimesiana ssp. Cenchrus agrimonioides, Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. grimesiana, Cyanea lobata, Diellia erecta, Dubautia mauiensis, Cyrtandra munroi, Diplazium molokaiense, plantaginea ssp. humilis, Hedyotis coriacea, Hedyotis mannii, Gouania vitifolia, Isodendrion pyrifolium, Peucedanum Hesperomannia arbuscula, Hibiscus brackenridgei, sandwicense, Plantago princeps, Sanicula purpurea, Lysimachia lydgatei, Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus mannii, Tetramolopium remyi Platanthera holochila, Pteris lydgatei, Remya mauiensis, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Tetramolopium capillare. Maui E ...... Bonamia menziesii, Hibiscus brackenridgei. Maui F ...... Vigna o-wahuensis. Maui G ...... Ischaemum byrone ...... Brighamia rockii, Mariscus pennatiformis, Peucedanum sandwicense Maui H ...... Alectryon macrococcus, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Clermontia Bonamia menziesii, Cenchrus agrimonioides, Flueggea lindseyana, Colubrina oppositifolia, Diellia erecta, Diplazium neowawraea, Geranium arboreum, Lipochaeta kamolensis, molokaiense, Geranium multiflorum, Nototrichium humile, Melicope adscendens, Melicope knudsenii, Melicope Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps, Schiedea mucronulata, Neraudia sericea, Phlegmariurus mannii, haleakalensis Sesbania tomentosa, Spermolepis hawaiiensis, Zanthoxylum hawaiiense. Maui I ...... Diellia erecta, Diplazium molokaiense, Geranium arboreum ...... Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Clermontia lindseyana, Geranium multiflorum, Phlegmariurus mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Plantago princeps

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TABLE (A)(1)(I)(C). PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR MAUI—Continued

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Maui J ...... Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum, Bidens Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Clermontia samuelii, Platanthera micrantha ssp. kalealaha, Geranium multiflorum, Plantago holochila princeps, Schiedea haleakalensis . Maui K ...... Clermontia samuelii, Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Alectryon macrococcus, Cyanea glabra, Geranium multiflorum, Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora, Melicope balloui, Platanthera holochila Melicope ovalis, Phlegmariurus mannii, Plantago princeps . Maui L ...... Cyanea copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis, Cyanea hamatiflora Alectryon macrococcus, Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. ssp. hamatiflora, Cyanea mceldowneyi, Geranium multiflorum, macrocephalum, Asplenium fragile var. insulare, Clermontia Melicope balloui, Phlegmariurus mannii, Zanthoxylum samuelii, Cyanea glabra, Diplazium molokaiense, Phyllostegia hawaiiense . mannii, Phyllostegia mollis, Platanthera holochila Maui M ...... Spermolepis hawaiiense .

(D) Kahoolawe. Critical habitat units 2273925; 748215, 2274039; 749280, 749127, 2269843; 749138, 2269874; are described below. Coordinates are in 2273853; 749780, 2274053; 749746, 749150, 2269880; 749164, 2269883; UTM Zone 4 with units in meters using 2274386; 748914, 2275218; 749580, 749178, 2269912; 749196, 2269952; North American Datum of 1983 2276150; 753110, 2277682; 754797, 749209, 2269970; 749230, 2269988; (NAD83). The following map shows the 2277077. 749237, 2269999; 749238, 2270015; general locations of the two critical (ii) Note: See Map 15. 749251, 2270040; 749266, 2270057; habitat units designated on the island of (2) Kahoolawe B (0.5 ha, 1 ac). 749280, 2270068; 749338, 2270081; Kahoolawe. (i) Unit consists of the following 80 749352, 2270078; 749388, 2270073; boundary points: 749281, 2269833; (1) Kahoolawe A (713 ha, 1,762 ac). 749401, 2270060; 749409, 2270057; 749285, 2269821; 749303, 2269801; 749418, 2270046; 749424, 2270033; (i) Unit consists of the whole island 749305, 2269787; 749302, 2269778; 749422, 2270025; 749416, 2270012; excluding one area that consists of the 749294, 2269774; 749276, 2269779; 749415, 2270003; 749407, 2270000; following 35 boundary points: 754797, 749256, 2269768; 749248, 2269757; 749394, 2269996; 749394, 2269987; 2277077; 755045, 2276297; 754918, 749240, 2269754; 749221, 2269774; 749395, 2269978; 749388, 2269973; 2276004; 754909, 2276004; 754904, 749212, 2269790; 749204, 2269793; 749380, 2269976; 749371, 2269980; 2275863; 754946, 2275320; 754303, 749194, 2269793; 749182, 2269780; 749363, 2269977; 749353, 2269968; 2273696; 754396, 2273017; 754242, 749172, 2269771; 749160, 2269766; 749344, 2269968; 749322, 2269972; 2272155; 754042, 2271056; 753210, 749155, 2269743; 749149, 2269730; 749308, 2269961; 749306, 2269951; 2271022; 751707, 2271460; 751597, 749142, 2269724; 749124, 2269721; 2271496; 751596, 2271487; 750683, 749120, 2269713; 749115, 2269705; 749319, 2269921; 749319, 2269916; 2271836; 750542, 2272275; 750349, 749111, 2269704; 749108, 2269707; 749312, 2269909; 749304, 2269905; 2272348; 749983, 2272296; 749116, 749099, 2269706; 749086, 2269701; 749301, 2269891; 749286, 2269880; 2271616; 747586, 2271444; 747413, 749078, 2269704; 749075, 2269707; 749283, 2269867; 749282, 2269842; 2271428; 747414, 2271426; 745642, 749076, 2269721; 749091, 2269738; 749281, 2269833. 2271630; 744685, 2271955; 744751, 749098, 2269756; 749099, 2269769; (ii) Note: Map 15 follows: 2272554; 745517, 2273620; 746524, 749104, 2269777; 749111, 2269827; BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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BILLING CODE 4310–55–C

TABLE (a)(1)(I)(D).—PROTECTED SPECIES WITHIN EACH CRITICAL HABITAT UNIT FOR KAHOOLAWE

Unit name Species occupied Species unoccupied

Kahoolawe A ...... Vigna o-wahuensis ...... Hibiscus brackenridgei, Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Sesbania tomentosa. Kahoolawe B ...... Kanaloa kahoolawensis, Sesbania tomentosa.

* * * * * Family Apiaceae: Peucedanum Family Apiaceae: Sanicula purpurea (ii) Hawaiian plants—Constituent sandwicense (makou) (NCN) elements Maui D and G, identified in the legal Maui B and D, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of (A) Flowering plants. descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat Family Amaranthaceae: Nototrichium for Peucedanum sandwicense on Maui. this section, constitute critical habitat humile (kului) Within these units, the currently known for Sanicula purpurea on Maui. Within these units the currently known primary Maui H, identified in the legal primary constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat components constituent elements of critical habitat descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of are the habitat components provided by: this section, constitutes critical habitat provided by: (1) Sparsely vegetated steep to vertical for Nototrichium humile on Maui. (1) Open Metrosideros polymorpha cliff habitats with little soil in mesic or Within this unit, the currently known mixed montane bogs containing one or coastal communities containing one or primary constituent elements of critical more of the following associated plant more of the following associated native habitat are the habitat components taxa: Styphelia tameiameiae, Gahnia species: Artemisia australis, Eragrostis provided by: beecheyi, Geranium hillebrandii, spp., Metrosideros polymorpha, Carex Myrsine vaccinioides, Viola maviensis, (1) Old cinder cones in dry shrubland spp., Bidens spp., Diospyros and containing one or more of the Argyroxiphium caliginis, Plantago sandwicensis, Chamaesyce spp., pachyphylla, Lycopodium sp., following associated native species: Peperomia spp., Hedyotis littoralis, Argyroxiphium grayanum, Lagenifera Dodonaea viscosa, Erythrina Lysimachia mauritiana, Pandanus maviensis, Machaerina sp., or sandwicensis, Heteropogon contortus, or tectorius, Scaevola sericea, or Schiedea Nototrichium sandwicense; and globosa; and Oreobolus furcatus; and (2) Elevations between 338 and 734 m (2) Elevations between 237 and 1,131 (2) Elevations between 1,195 and (1,110 and 2,407 ft). m (778 and 3,711 ft). 1,764 m (3,921 and 5,787 ft).

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Family Apiaceae: Spermolepis Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa habitat are the habitat components hawaiiensis (NCN) forest, montane shrubland, Sophora provided by: Maui D, H and M, identified in the chrysophylla forests or cliff faces; and (1) Steep forested slopes and ridges in legal descriptions in paragraph containing one or more of the following mesic forest dominated by Metrosideros (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute associated native plant species: polymorpha or Diospyros sandwicensis critical habitat for Spermolepis Styphelia tameiameiae, Coprosma and containing one or more of the hawaiiensis on Maui. Within these montana, Dodonaea viscosa, Vaccinium following associated native plant units, the currently known primary reticulatu, Santalum haleakalae, species: Bidens sp., Tetraplasandra sp., constituent elements of critical habitat Dubautia menziesii, or Dubautia Alyxia oliviformis, Clermontia sp., are the habitat components provided by: platyphylla; and Cyanea sp., Cheirodendron sp., or (1) Shady spots in Dodonaea viscosa (2) Elevations between 1,317 and Psychotria sp.; and lowland dry shrubland and containing 2,565 m (4,321 and 8,414 ft). (2) Elevations between 354 and 1,453 m (1,161 and 4,767 ft). one or more of the following associated Family Asteraceae: Dubautia native species: Eragrostis variabilis, plantaginea ssp. humilis (naenae) Family Asteraceae: Lipochaeta Wikstroemia sp., Erythrina kamolensis (nehe) sandwicensis, Diospyros sp., Pleomele Maui D, identified in the legal sp., Lipochaeta lavarum, Sida fallax, description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of Maui H, identified in the legal Myoporum sandwicense, Santalum this section, constitutes critical habitat description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of ellipticum, Gouania hillebrandii, or for Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis this section, constitutes critical habitat Heteropogon contortus; and on Maui. Within this unit, the currently for Lipochaeta kamolensis on Maui. (2) Elevations between 221 and 742 m known primary constituent elements of Within this unit, the currently known (725 and 2,434 ft). critical habitat are the habitat primary constituent elements of critical components provided by: habitat are the habitat components Family Asteraceae: Argyroxiphium (1) Wet, barren, steep, rocky, wind- provided by: sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum blown cliffs containing one or more of (1) Gulches or gentle slopes outside (ahinahina) the following associated native plant gulches in dry shrubland and containing Maui H, I, J, and L, identified in the species: Metrosideros polymorpha, one or more of the following associated legal descriptions in paragraph Pipturus albidus, Eragrostis variabilis, native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute Carex sp., Hedyotis formosa, Plumbago zeylanica, or Ipomoea indica; critical habitat for Argyroxiphium Lysimachia remyi, Bidens sp., and sandwicense ssp. macrocephalum on Pritchardia sp., or Plantago princeps; (2) Elevations between 40 and 602 m Maui. Within these units, the currently and (132 and 1,974 ft). (2) Elevations between 266 and 1,593 known primary constituent elements of Family Asteraceae: Remya mauiensis m (873 and 5,226 ft). critical habitat are the habitat (NCN) components provided by: Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia Maui D, identified in the legal (1) Lava flows and otherwise barren, arborescens (NCN) unstable slopes of recent (less than descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of several thousand years old) volcanic Maui B, identified in the legal this section, constitute critical habitat cinder cones and Deschampsia description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of for Remya mauiensis on Maui. Within grasslands, a mean annual precipitation this section, constitutes critical habitat these units, the currently known of approximately 75 to 250 cm (29.6 to for Hesperomannia arborescens on primary constituent elements of critical 98.4 in), substrate with almost no soil Maui. Within this unit, the currently habitat are the habitat components development and subject to frequent known primary constituent elements of provided by: formation of ice at night and extreme critical habitat are the habitat (1) Steep, north or northeast-facing heating during cloudless days, alpine components provided by: slopes in mixed mesophytic forests or dry shrubland and containing one or (1) Slopes or ridges in lowland mesic Metrosideros polymorpha montane wet more of the following associated native or wet forest and containing one or more forests and containing one or more of plant species: Agrostis sandwicensis, of the following associated native plant the following associated native species: Deschampsia nubigena, Dubautia species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Diospyros sandwicensis, Xylosma menziesii, Silene struthioloides, Myrsine sandwicensis, Isachne hawaiiense, Nestegis sandwicensis, Styphelia tameiameiae, Tetramolopium distichophylla, Pipturus sp., Antidesma Myrsine lessertiana, Wikstroemia sp., humile, or Trisetum glomeratum; and sp., Psychotria sp., Clermontia sp., Dodonaea viscosa, Diplazium (2) Elevations between 1,511 and Cibotium sp., Dicranopteris linearis, sandwichianum, Lysimachia remyi, 3,053 m (4,957 and 10,016 ft). Bobea sp., Coprosma sp., Sadleria sp., Microlepia strigosa, Melicope sp., Alyxia Melicope sp., Machaerina sp., oliviformis, Pleomele auwahiensis, Family Asteraceae: Bidens micrantha Cheirodendron sp., or Freycinetia Psychotria mariniana, or Styphelia ssp. kalealaha (kookoolau) arborea; and tameiameiae; and Maui H, I and J, identified in the legal (2) Elevations between 346 and 1,335 (2) Elevations between 400 and 1,228 descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of m (1,135 and 4,380 ft). m (1,312 and 4,029 ft). this section, constitute critical habitat Family Asteraceae: Hesperomannia Family Asteraceae: Tetramolopium for Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha on arbuscula (NCN) capillare (pamakani) Maui. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent elements of Maui A and D, identified in the legal Maui D, identified in the legal critical habitat are the habitat descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of components provided by: this section, constitute critical habitat this section, constitutes critical habitat (1) Blocky lava flows with little or no for Hesperomannia arbuscula on Maui. for Tetramolopium capillare on Maui. soil development, deep pit craters, or Within these units, the currently known Within this unit, the currently known sheer rock walls in open canopy primary constituent elements of critical primary constituent elements of critical

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habitat are the habitat components (1) Acacia koa mesic forest containing Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea provided by: one or more of the following associated copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis (1) Rocky substrates in Heteropogon native plant species: Cyrtandra spp., (haha) contortus lowland dry forest and native fern species, Ilex anomala, Maui K and L, identified in the legal containing one or more of the following Coprosma sp., or Myrsine sp.; and descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of associated native plant species: (2) Elevations between 1,142 and this section, constitute critical habitat Dodonaea viscosa, or Myoporum 1,870 m (3,747 and 6,134 ft). for Cyanea copelandii ssp. sandwicense; or in Metrosideros haleakalaensis on Maui. Within these polymorpha-Styphelia tameiameiae Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia units, the currently known primary montane mesic or wet shrubland and oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis (oha wai) constituent elements of critical habitat wet cliff faces and containing one or Maui A, B, and D, identified in the are the habitat components provided by: more of the following associated plant legal descriptions in paragraph (1) Stream banks or wet scree slopes species: Metrosideros polymorpha, (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute or forest understory in montane wet or Styphelia tameiameiae, or Dodonaea critical habitat for Clermontia mesic forest dominated by Acacia koa viscosa; and oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis on Maui. and/or Metrosideros polymorpha and (2) Elevations between 131 and 1,432 Within these units, the currently known containing one or more of the following m (430 and 4,698 ft). primary constituent elements of critical associated native plant species: Family Asteraceae: Tetramolopium habitat are the habitat components Cibotium sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, remyi (NCN) provided by: Psychotria hawaiiensis, Broussaisia Maui D, identified in the legal (1) The sides of ridges and tops of arguta, or Hedyotis acuminata; and description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of ridges in Metrosideros polymorpha- (2) Elevations between 616 and 1,411 this section, constitutes critical habitat dominated montane wet forest and m (2,021 and 4,630 ft). for Tetramolopium remyi on Maui. containing one or more of the following Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea Within this unit, the currently known associated native plant species: glabra (haha) primary constituent elements of critical Dicranopteris linearis, Ilex anomala, habitat are the habitat components Myrsine sp., Cheirodendron sp., Maui A, K, and L, identified in the provided by: Coprosma sp., Clermontia sp., Hedyotis legal descriptions in paragraph (1) Dry, exposed ridges or flats in sp., or Melicope; and (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute lowland dry shrubland and containing (2) Elevations between 414 and 1,764 critical habitat for Cyanea glabra on one or more of the following associated m (1,358 and 5,787 ft). Maui. Within these units, the currently native plant species: Dodonaea viscosa, known primary constituent elements of Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia Heteropogon contortus, Bidens critical habitat are the habitat samuelii (oha wai) mauiensis, Bidens menziesii, Eragrostis components provided by: (1) Soil and rock stream banks in wet atropioides, Lipochaeta heterophylla, or Maui J, K, and L, identified in the lowland forest dominated by Acacia koa Waltheria indica; and legal descriptions in paragraph and/or Metrosideros polymorpha and (2) Elevations between 52 and 550 m (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute containing one or more of the following (171 and 1,804 ft). critical habitat for Clermontia samuelii associated native plant species: Xylosma on Maui. Within these units, the Family Campanulaceae: Brighamia hawaiiense, Dodonea viscosa, currently known primary constituent rockii (pua ala) Psychotria sp., Pipturis albidus, elements of critical habitat are the Touchardia latifolia, Boehmeria Maui C and G, identified in the legal habitat components provided by: descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of grandis, Clermontia kakeana, Cyanea (1) Wet Metrosideros polymorpha and this section, constitute critical habitat elliptica, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris for Brighamia rockii on Maui. Within Coprosma sp., Cibotium sp., Dubautia linearis forest or wet Metrosideros these units, the currently known plantaginea, Cheirodendron trigynum, polymorpha and Metrosideros primary constituent elements of critical Thelypteris cyatheoides, Diplazium sp., polymorpha-Cheirodendron trigynum habitat are the habitat components or Sadleria sp.; and forest containing one or more of the provided by: (2) Elevations between 413 and 1,572 (1) Steep sea cliffs, often within the following associated native plant m (1,355 and 5,156 ft). spray zone, in coastal dry to mesic species: Tetraplasandra oahuensis, Hedyotis terminalis, Hedyotis Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea forests and shrublands and containing grimesiana ssp. grimesiana (haha) one or more of the following associated hillebrandii, Broussaisia arguta, plant species: Psydrax odorata, Cibotium sp., Dubautia sp., Psychotria Maui D, identified in the legal Diospyros sandwicensis, Osteomeles mariniana, Melicope clusiifolia, description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of anthyllidifolia, or Scaevola sericea; and Diplazium sandwichianum, Peperomia this section, constitutes critical habitat (2) Elevations between 0 and 195 m (0 obovatilimba, Adenophorus for Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana and 640 ft). tamariscinus, Vaccinium spp., Carex on Maui. Within this unit, the currently alligata, Melicope spp., or known primary constituent elements of Family Campanulaceae: Clermontia Cheirodendron trigynum, Hedyotis critical habitat are the habitat lindseyana (haha) hillebrandii, Cibotium spp., Broussaisia components provided by: Maui H and I, identified in the legal arguta, Diplazium sandwichianum, (1) Rocky or steep slopes of stream descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of Rubus hawaiiensis, Clermontia banks in wet forest gulch bottoms often this section, constitute critical habitat arborescens ssp. waihiae, Dubautia sp., dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha for Clermontia lindseyana on Maui. Clermontia sp., Hedyotis sp., Vaccinium and containing one or more of the Within these units, the currently known spp., Carex alligata, or Melicope spp.; following associated native plant primary constituent elements of critical and species: Antidesma sp., Bobea sp., habitat are the habitat components (2) Elevations between 723 and 2,244 Myrsine sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, provided by: m (2,372 and 7,362 ft). Psychotria sp., or Xylosma sp.; and

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(2) Elevations between 312 and 1,617 sandwichianum, Broussaisia arguta, Within this unit, the currently known m (1,024 and 5,305 ft). Cibotium sp., Cyrtandra sp., primary constituent elements of critical Dicranopteris linearis, or Cheirodendron habitat are the habitat components Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea trigynum; and provided by: hamatiflora hamatiflora ssp. (haha) (2) Elevations between 779 and 1,357 (1) Cliffs with brown soil and talus Maui K and L, identified in the legal m (2,555 and 4,453 ft). within reach of ocean spray in descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of Pandanus tectorius coastal wet forests Family Caryophyllaceae: Schiedea this section, constitute critical habitat and containing one or more of the haleakalensis (NCN) for Cyanea hamatiflora ssp. hamatiflora following associated native plant on Maui. Within these units, the Maui H and J, identified in the legal species: Sadleria pallida, Lysimachia currently known primary constituent descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of mauritiana, Cyperus laevigatus, elements of critical habitat are the this section, constitute critical habitat Eragrostis spp., or Ipomoea sp.; and habitat components provided by: for Schiedea haleakalensis on Maui. (2) Elevations between 0 and 188 m (0 (1) Montane wet forest dominated by Within these units, the currently known and 615 ft). Metrosideros polymorpha, with a primary constituent elements of critical Cibotium sp. and/or native shrub habitat are the habitat components Family Euphorbiaceae: Flueggea understory or closed Acacia koa- provided by: neowawraea (mehamehame) Metrosideros polymorpha wet forest (1) Rock cracks on sheer cliffs Maui H, identified in the legal containing one or more of the following adjacent to barren lava and subalpine description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of associated native plant species: shrublands and grasslands with cinder, this section, constitutes critical habitat Dicranopteris linearis, Cheirodendron weathered volcanic ash, or bare lava for Flueggea neowawraea on Maui. trigynum, Broussaisia arguta, Cyanea substrate with little or no soil Within this unit, the currently known aculeatiflora, Cyanea kunthiana, development and periodic freezing primary constituent elements of critical Vaccinium sp., Melicope sp., Athyrium temperatures and containing one or habitat are the habitat components microphyllum, Diplazium more of the following associated native provided by: sandwichianum or Myrsine sp.; and plant species: Artemisia mauiensis, (1) Dry or mesic forest containing one (2) Elevations between 767 and 1,553 Bidens micrantha, Dubautia menziesii, or more of the following associated m (2,515 and 5,095 ft). Styphelia tameiameiae, Vaccinium native plant species: Alectryon reticulatum, or Viola chamissoniana; macrococcus, Bobea timonioides, Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea and Charpentiera sp., Myrsine lanaiensis, lobata (haha) (2) Elevations between 1,678 and Tetraplasandra sp., Diplazium Maui A, B, and D, identified in the 2,434 m (5,505 and 7,986 ft). sandwichianum, Nesoluma legal descriptions in paragraph polynesicum, Diospyros sp., Antidesma Family Convolvulaceae: Bonamia (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute pulvinatum, Psydrax odorata, Nestegis menziesii (NCN) critical habitat for Cyanea lobata on sandwicensis, Rauvolfia sandwicensis, Maui. Within these units, the currently Maui E and H, identified in the legal Pleomele sp., Pouteria sandwicensis, or known primary constituent elements of descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of Pleomele auwahiensis; and critical habitat are the habitat this section, constitute critical habitat (2) Elevations between 633 and 971 m components provided by: for Bonamia menziesii on Maui. Within (2,078 and 3,186 ft). (1) Steep stream banks in deep shade these units, the currently known in wet forest and containing one or more primary constituent elements of critical Family Fabaceae: Kanaloa of the following associated native plant habitat are the habitat components kahoolawensis (kohe malama malama species: Touchardia latifolia, Morinda provided by: o Kanaloa) trimera, Metrosideros polymorpha, (1) Aa lava in mixed open dry forest Kahoolawe A and B, identified in the Clermontia kakeana, Cyrtandra spp., or Erythrina sandwicensis lowland dry legal description in (a)(1)(I)(D), Xylosma sp., Psychotria sp., Antidesma forest, or in mesic mixed Metrosideros constitute critical habitat for Kanaloa sp., Pipturus albidus, Peperomia sp., polymorpha forest and containing one kahoolawensis on Kahoolawe. Within Touchardia latifolia, Freycinetia or more of the following associated these units, the currently known arborea, Pleomele sp., Athyrium sp.; native plant species: Nestegis primary constituent elements of critical and sandwicensis, Pleomele auwahiensis, habitat are the habitat components (2) Elevations between 204 and 1,531 Dodonaea viscosa, Alyxia oliviformis, provided by: m (669 and 5,020 ft). Diospyros sandwicensis, Osteomeles (1) Steep, rocky talus slopes in mixed anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, coastal shrubland and containing one or Family Campanulaceae: Cyanea Santalum ellipticum, Xylosma more of the following associated native mceldowneyi (haha) hawaiiensis, Nothocestrum latifolium, plants: Sida fallax, Senna gaudichaudii, Maui L, identified in the legal Pouteria sandwicensis, Achyranthes Bidens mauiensis, Lipochaeta lavarum, description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of splendens, Acacia koaia, Sida fallax, Portulaca molokiniensis, or Capparis this section, constitutes critical habitat Reynoldsia sandwicensis, Sicyos sp., sandwichiana; and for Cyanea mceldowneyi on Maui. Lipochaeta rockii, Nototrichium sp., or (2) Elevations between 45 to 60 m Within this unit, the currently known Myoporum sandwicense; and (150 to 200 ft). primary constituent elements of critical (2) Elevations between 184 and 906 m Sesbania habitat are the habitat components Family Fabaceae: (604 and 2,971 ft). tomentosa provided by: (ohai) (1) Montane wet and mesic forest with Family Cyperaceae: Mariscus (1) Maui C and H, identified in the mixed Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia pennatiformis (NCN) legal descriptions in paragraph koa and containing one or more of the Maui G, identified in the legal (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, and following associated native plant description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of Kahoolawe A and B, identified in the species: Melicope clusiifolia, Hedyotis this section, constitutes critical habitat legal description in paragraph sp., Clermontia arborescens, Diplazium for Mariscus pennatiformis on Maui. (a)(1)(I)(D) of this section, constitute

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critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa Family Gentianaceae: Centaurium tameiameiae or Sadleria cyatheoides; on Maui and Kahoolawe, respectively. sebaeoides (awiwi) and (2) Elevations between 1,499 and Within these units, the currently known Maui C, identified in the legal 2,710 m (4,918 and 8,890 ft). primary constituent elements of critical description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of habitat are the habitat components this section, constitutes critical habitat Family Gesneriaceae: Cyrtandra provided by: for Centaurium sebaeoides on Maui. munroi (haiwale) (i) Windswept slopes, sea cliffs, and Within this unit, the currently known Maui A, B, and D, identified in the cinder cones in Scaevola sericea coastal primary constituent elements of critical dry shrublands and containing one or legal descriptions in paragraph habitat are the habitat components (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute more of the following associated native provided by: plant species: Lipochaeta integrifolia, critical habitat for Cyrtandra munroi on (1) Volcanic or clay soils or cliffs in Maui. Within these units, the currently Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp. windward coastal areas and containing sandwicensis, Sida fallax, Diospyros known primary constituent elements of one or more of the following associated critical habitat are the habitat sandwicensis, Bidens sp. and stunted native plant species: Panicum torridum, Dodonaea viscosa; and components provided by: Lysimachia mauritiana, Schiedea (1) Rich, moist to wet, moderately (ii) Elevations between 0 and 608 m globosa, Lipochaeta integrifolia, Bidens (0 and 1,993 ft). steep talus slopes in lowland wet mauiensis, Scaevola sericea, or Lycium Metrosideros polymorpha forest and (2) Kahoolawe A and B, identified in sandwicense; and the legal description in paragraph containing one or more of the following (2) Elevations between 0 and 194 m (0 associated native plant species: (a)(1)(I)(D) of this section, constitute and 636 ft). critical habitat for Sesbania tomentosa Diospyros sp., Strongylodon ruber, on Kahoolawe. Within these units, the Family Geraniaceae: Geranium Hedyotis acuminata, Clermontia sp., currently known primary constituent arboreum (nohoanu) Alyxia oliviformis, Bobea sp., Coprosma elements of critical habitat are the sp., Freycinetia arborea, Melicope sp., Maui H and I, identified in the legal Myrsine sp., Perrottetia sandwicensis, habitat components provided by: descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of (i) Windswept slopes, sea cliffs, and Pipturus sp., Pittosporum sp., Pouteria this section, constitute critical habitat sandwicensis, Psychotria sp., Sadleria cinder cones in Scaevola sericea coastal for Geranium arboreum on Maui. dry shrublands and containing one or sp., Scaevola sp., Xylosma sp., Sicyos Within these units, the currently known sp., Zanthoxylum kauense, or other more of the following associated native primary constituent elements of critical plant species: Lipochaeta integrifolia, Cyrtandra spp.; and habitat are the habitat components (2) Elevations between 390 and 1,108 Jacquemontia ovalifolia ssp. provided by: m (1,280 and 3,635 ft). sandwicensis, Sida fallax, Diospyros (1) Steep, damp and shaded narrow sandwicensis, Bidens sp. and stunted canyons and gulches, steep banks, and Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia Dodonaea viscosa; and intermittent streams in Sophora mannii (NCN) (ii) Elevations between 0 and 118 m chrysophylla subalpine dry shrubland Maui L, identified in the legal (0 and 387 ft). or Metrosideros polymorpha montane descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of Family Fabaceae: Vigna o-wahuensis forest and containing one or more of the this section, constitutes critical habitat (NCN) following associated native plant for Phyllostegia mannii on Maui. Within species: Vaccinium reticulatum, this unit, the currently known primary (1) Maui F, identified in the legal Dodonaea viscosa, Styphelia constituent elements of critical habitat description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of tameiameiae, Rubus hawaiiensis, or are the habitat components provided by: this section, constitutes critical habitat Dryopteris wallichiana; and (1) Gentle slopes and the steep sides for Vigna o-wahuensis on Maui. Within (2) Elevations between 1,451 and of gulches in mesic to wet forest this unit, the currently known primary 2,184 m (4,760 and 7,164 ft). dominated by Acacia koa and/or constituent elements of critical habitat Metrosideros polymorpha and are the habitat components provided by: Family Geraniaceae: Geranium multiflorum (nohoanu) containing one or more of the following (i) Dry or mesic grassland or associated native plant species: shrubland containing one or more of the Maui units H, I, J, K, and L, identified Cheirodendron trigynum, Melicope spp., following associated plant species: Sida in the legal descriptions in paragraph Alyxia oliviformis, Diplazium fallax, Dodonaea viscosa, or (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute sandwichianum, Myrsine lessertiana, or Chamaesyce sp.; and critical habitat for Geranium Dicranopteris linearis; and (ii) Elevations between 0 and 50 m (0 multiflorum on Maui. Within these (2) Elevations between 1,069 and and 164 ft). units, the currently known primary 1,615 m (3,506 and 5,297 ft). (2) Kahoolawe A, identified in the constituent elements of critical habitat legal description in paragraph are the habitat components provided by: Family Lamiaceae: Phyllostegia (a)(1)(i)(D) of this section, constitutes (1) Wet or mesic Metrosideros mollis (NCN) critical habitat for Vigna o-wahuensis on polymorpha montane forest or alpine Maui H, I, and L, identified in the Kahoolawe. Within this unit, the mesic forest, Styphelia tameiameiae legal descriptions in paragraph currently known primary constituent shrubland, Sophora chrysophylla (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute elements of critical habitat are the subalpine dry forest, open sedge critical habitat for Phyllostegia mollis habitat components provided by: swamps, fog-swept lava flows, or on Maui. Within these units, the (i) Dry or mesic grassland or montane grasslands containing one or currently known primary constituent shrubland containing one or more of the more of the following associated native elements of critical habitat are the following associated plant species: Sida plant species: Coprosma montana, habitat components provided by: fallax, Dodonaea viscosa, or Dryopteris glabra, Dryopteris (1) Steep slopes and gulches in mesic Chamaesyce sp.; and wallichiana, Rubus hawaiiensis, forest dominated by Metrosideros (ii) Elevations between 0 and 50 m (0 Vaccinium sp., Metrosideros polymorpha and/or Acacia koa and and 164 ft). polymorpha, Hedyotis sp., Styphelia containing one or more of the following

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associated native plant species: mixed montane bog or mesic scrubby Family Poaceae: Ischaemum byrone Cheirodendron trigynum, Melicope spp., Metrosideros polymorpha forest (Hilo ischaemum) Diplazium sandwichianum, Myrsine containing one or more of the following Maui G, identified in the legal lessertiana, or Alyxia oliviformis; and associated native plant species: description in paragraph paragraph (2) Elevations between 1,144 and Cibotium sp., Coprosma ernodeoides, (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes 1,970 m (3,754 and 6,463 ft). Oreobolus furcatus, Styphelia critical habitat for Ischaemum byrone on Family Malvaceae: Hibiscus tameiameiae, Wikstroemia sp., Scaevola Maui. Within this unit, the currently brackenridgei (mao hau hele) chamissoniana, Sadleria sp., known primary constituent elements of Deschampsia nubigena, Metrosideros (1) Maui D and E, identified in the critical habitat are the habitat polymorpha, Luzula hawaiiensis, components provided by: legal descriptions in paragraph Sisyrinchium acre, Broussaisia arguta, (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute (1) Close proximity to the ocean, Clermontia sp., Lycopodium cernuum, among rocks or on basalt cliffs in critical habitat for Hibiscus Dubautia scabra, Polypodium brackenridgei on Maui. Within these windward coastal dry shrubland and pellucidum, Morelotia gahniiformis, or containing one or more of the following units, the currently known primary Vaccinium reticulatum; and constituent elements of critical habitat associated native plant species: Bidens (2) Elevations between 536 and 2,314 sp., Fimbristylis cymosa, or Scaevola are the habitat components provided by: m (1,759 and 7,592 ft). (i) Lowland dry forest sometimes with sericea; and Erythrina sandwicensis as the dominant Family Plantaginaceae: Plantago (2) Elevations between 0 and 190 m (0 tree containing one or more of the princeps (laukahi kuahiwi) and 623 ft). following associated native plant Maui A, B, D, H, I, J, and K, identified Family Primulaceae: Lysimachia species: Myoporum sandwicense, lydgatei (NCN) Chenopodium sp., Achyranthes sp., in the legal descriptions in paragraph Nototrichium sp., Diospyros sp., (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute Maui D, identified in the legal Chamaesyce celastroides var. lorifolia, critical habitat for Plantago princeps on description in paragraph paragraph Dodonaea viscosa, Psydrax odorata, Maui. Within these units, the currently (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes Schiedea salicaria, Lipochaeta lavarum, known primary constituent elements of critical habitat for Lysimachia lydgatei annual Panicum spp., or Sida fallax; critical habitat are the habitat on Maui. Within this unit, the currently and components provided by: known primary constituent elements of (ii) Elevations between 43 and 610 m (1) Basalt cliffs that are windblown critical habitat are the habitat (141 and 2,001 ft). with little vegetation in Metrosideros components provided by: (2) Kahoolawe A, identified in the polymorpha lowland wet forest, or (1) Sides of steep ridges in legal description in paragraph Acacia koa-Metrosideros polymorpha Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris (a)(1)(I)(D) of this section, constitutes montane wet forest, or Metrosideros linearis dominated wet to mesic critical habitat for Hibiscus polymorpha montane wet shrubland shrubland or Metrosideros polymorpha- brackenridgei on Kahoolawe. Within and containing one or more of the Cheirodendron sp. montane forest and this unit, the currently known primary following associated native plant containing one or more of the following constituent elements of critical habitat species: Eragrostis variabilis, Hedyotis associated native plant species: for Hibiscus brackenridgei on formosa, Dubautia plantaginea ssp. Lycopodium sp., Ilex anomala, Kahaoolawe are the habitat components humilis, Pipturus albidus, Perrottetia Dodonaea viscosa, Vaccinium sp., provided by: sandwicensis, Touchardia latifolia, Eurya sp., Styphelia tameiameiae, (i) Lowland dry forest sometimes with Dryopteris sp., various other ferns, Coprosma sp., Ochna sp., Astelia sp., Erythrina sandwicensis as the dominant Cyanea spp, and Melicope ovalis, Broussaisia arguta or mat ferns; and tree containing one or more of the Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha, (2) Elevations between 829 and 1,432 following associated native plant Chamaesyce celastroides, Styphelia m (2,720 and 4,698 ft). species: Myoporum sandwicense, tameiameiae, or Dubautia menziesii and Family Rhamnaceae: Colubrina Chenopodium sp., Achyranthes sp., (2) Elevations between 281 and 2,539 oppositifolia (kauila) Nototrichium sp., Diospyros sp., m (922 and 8,329 ft). Chamaesyce celastroides var. lorifolia, Maui A and H, identified in the legal Dodonaea viscosa, Psydrax odorata, Family Poaceae: Cenchrus descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of Schiedea salicaria, Lipochaeta lavarum, agrimonioides (kamanomano this section, constitute critical habitat annual Panicum spp., or Sida fallax; (=sandbur, agrimony)) for Colubrina oppositifolia on Maui. and Within these units, the currently known Maui H and D, identified in the legal primary constituent elements of critical (ii) Elevations between 43 and 337 m descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of (141 and 1,105 ft). habitat are the habitat components this section, constitutes critical habitat provided by: Family Orchidaceae: Platanthera for Cenchrus agrimonioides on Maui. (1) Lowland dry and mesic forests holochila (NCN) Within these units, the currently known dominated by Diospyros sandwicensis primary constituent elements of critical Maui A, B, D, J, K, and L, identified containing one or more of the following habitat are the habitat components in the legal descriptions in paragraph associated native plant species: provided by: (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute Dodonaea viscosa, Canavalia sp., critical habitat for Platanthera holochila (1) Dry forest or Pleomele-Diospyros Wikstroemia sp., Psydrax odorata, on Maui. Within these units, the forest and containing one or more of the Pleomele auwahiensis, Freycinetia currently known primary constituent following associated native plant arborea, Metrosideros polymorpha, elements of critical habitat are the species: Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles Microlepia strigosa, Bidens micrantha habitat components provided by: anthyllidifolia, Alyxia oliviformis, spp. micrantha, or Reynoldsia (1) Metrosideros polymorpha- Santalum ellipticum; and sandwicensis; and Dicranopteris linearis montane wet (2) Elevations between 471 and 1,091 (2) Elevations between 192 and 929 m forest or Metrosideros polymorpha m (1,544 and 3,579 ft). (630 and 3,047 ft).

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Family Rhamnaceae: Gouania (2) Elevation between 340 and 1,593 Family Rutaceae: Melicope vitifolia (NCN) m (1,115 and 5,226 ft). mucronulata (alani) Maui A and D, identified in the legal Family Rutaceae: Melicope Maui H, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of adscendens (alani) description in paragraph paragraph this section, constitute critical habitat (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes for Gouania vitifolia on Maui. Within Maui H, identified in the legal critical habitat for Melicope these units, the currently known description in paragraph paragraph mucronulata on Maui. Within this unit, primary constituent elements of critical (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes the currently known primary habitat are the habitat components critical habitat for Melicope adscendens constituent elements of critical habitat provided by: on Maui. Within this unit, the currently are the habitat components provided by: (1) The sides of ridges and gulches in known primary constituent elements of (1) Gentle south-facing slopes in dry to mesic forests and containing one critical habitat are the habitat lowland dry to mesic forest and or more of the following associated components provided by: containing one or more of the following native plant species: Erythrina (1) Aa lava with pockets of soil in associated species: Pleomele sandwicensis, Dodonea viscosa, Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele auwahiensis, Dodonea viscosa, Nestegis Hibiscus arnottianus, Pipturus albidus, auwahiensis-Dodonaea viscosa lowland sandwicensis, Pouteria sandwicensis, Urera glabra, Chamaesyce sp., mesic forest or open dry forest and Antidesma pulvinatum, Streblus Psychotria sp., Hedyotis sp., Melicope containing one or more of the following pendulinus, or Melicope hawaiensis; sp., Nestegis sandwicensis, Bidens sp., associated native plant species: and Carex meyenii, or Diospyros Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia (2) Elevations between 625 and 1,331 sandwicensis; and ponderosa, Chamaesyce celastroides m (2,050 and 4,367 ft). (2) Elevations between 155 and 1,326 var. lorifolia, Santalum ellipticum, m (509 and 4,350 ft). Pouteria sandwicensis, Styphelia Family Rutaceae: Melicope ovalis (alani) Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis coriacea tameiameiae or Xylosma hawaiiensis; (kioele) and Maui K, identified in the legal (2) Elevations between 761 and 1,209 description in paragraph paragraph Maui D, identified in the legal m (2,497 and 3,967 ft). (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes description in paragraph paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes Family Rutaceae: Melicope balloui critical habitat for Melicope ovalis on critical habitat for Hedyotis coriacea on (alani) Maui. Within this unit, the currently known primary constituent elements of Maui. Within this unit, the currently Maui K and L, identified in the legal known primary constituent elements of critical habitat are the habitat descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of components provided by: critical habitat are the habitat this section, constitute critical habitat components provided by: (1) Acacia koa and Metrosideros for Melicope balloui on Maui. Within polymorpha-dominated montane wet (1) Steep, rocky, slopes in dry these units, the currently known lowland Dodonaea viscosa dominated forests along streams and containing one primary constituent elements of critical or more of the following associated shrublands and containing one or more habitat are the habitat components of the following associated native plant species: Dicranopteris linearis, provided by: species: Sida fallax, Gouania Machaerina angustifolia, Labordia (1) Mesic to wet forest and containing hillebrandii, Bidens menziesii, hedyosmifolia, Wikstroemia oahuensis, one or more of the following associated Lipochaeta lavarum, Myoporum Dubautia plantaginea, Hedyotis native plant species: Acacia koa, sandwicense, or Schiedea menziesii; hillebrandii, Broussaisia arguta, Cibotium chamissoi, Cibotium glaucum, and Cheirodendron trigynum, or Perrottetia (2) Elevations between 110 and 937 m Diplazium sandwichianum, Melicope sandwicensis; and (361 and 3,074 ft). clusiifolia, Metrosideros polymorpha, or (2) Elevations between 753 and 1,537 Sadleria pallida; and m (2,469 and 5,042 ft). Family Rubiaceae: Hedyotis mannii (2) Elevations between 781 and 1,596 (pilo) m (2,561 and 5,235 ft). Family Rutaceae: Zanthoxylum hawaiiense (ae) Maui A and D, identified in the legal Family Rutaceae: Melicope knudsenii Maui H and L, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of (alani) this section, constitute critical habitat descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of for Hedyotis mannii on Maui. Within Maui H, identified in the legal this section, constitute critical habitat these units, the currently known description in paragraph paragraph for Zanthoxylum hawaiiense on Maui. primary constituent elements of critical (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitutes Within these units, the currently known habitat are the habitat components critical habitat for Melicope knudsenii primary constituent elements of critical provided by: on Maui. Within this unit, the currently habitat are the habitat components (1) Basalt cliffs along stream banks in known primary constituent elements of provided by: Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris critical habitat are the habitat (1) Open lowland dry or mesic linearis montane wet forest and components provided by: Nestegis sandwicensis-Pleomele containing one or more of the following (1) Forested flats or talus slopes in auwahiensis forests or Acacia koa- associated native plant species: Nestegis-Pleomele mixed open dry Pleomele auwahiensis forest, or Machaerina sp., Carex meyenii, forests and containing one or more of montane dry forest containing one or Phyllostegia sp., Hedyotis acuminata, the following associated native plant more of the following associated native Cyrtandra platyphylla, Cyanea sp., species: Dodonaea viscosa, Osteomeles species: Metrosideros polymorpha, Psychotria sp., Pipturus albidus, anthyllidifolia, Alphitonia ponderosa, Diospyros sandwicensis, Pisonia sp., Boehmeria grandis, Urera glabra, Santalum ellipticum, or Xylosma Xylosma hawaiiensis, Santalum Touchardia latifolia, Cyrtandra grayi, hawaiiensis; and ellipticum, Alphitonia ponderosa, Cyrtandra hawaiensis, or Isachne (2) Elevations between 648 and 1,331 Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Alectryon distichophylla; and m (2,125 and 4,367 ft). macrococcus, Charpentiera sp.,

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Melicope sp., Dodonaea viscosa, sandwichiana, Dodonaea viscosa, or sp., Antidesma sp., Peperomia sp., Streblus pendulinus, Myrsine Myoporum sandwicene; and Dicranopteris linearis, Schiedea lanaiensis, or Sophora chrysophylla; (2) Elevations between 54 and 557 m pubescens var. pubescens, Hibiscus and (177 and 1,827 ft). kokio ssp. kokio, Hedyotis terminalis, (2) Elevations between 882 and 1,540 (B) Ferns and Allies. Pritchardia sp., Remya mauiensis, m (2,894 and 5,051 ft). Family Adiantaceae: Pteris lidgatei Canavalia sp. Myrsine sp., Psychotria Family Sapindaceae: Alectryon (NCN) sp., or Xylosma sp.; and (2) Elevations between 74 and 1,593 macrococcus (mahoe) Maui A, B, and D, identified in the m (243 and 5,226 ft). Maui A, H, K, and L, identified in the legal descriptions in paragraph legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute Family Aspleniaceae: Diellia erecta (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Pteris lidgatei on (NCN) critical habitat for Alectryon Maui. Within these units, the currently Maui D, H, and I, identified in the macrococcus on Maui. Within these known primary constituent elements of legal descriptions in paragraph units, the currently known primary critical habitat are the habitat (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute constituent elements of critical habitat components provided by: critical habitat for Diellia erecta on are the habitat components provided by: (1) Steep stream banks in wet Maui. Within these units, the currently (1) Mesic to wetter mesic and upper Metrosideros polymorpha-Dicranopteris known primary constituent elements of dryland forest containing one or more of linearis montane forest and containing critical habitat are the habitat the following associated native plant one or more of the following native components provided by: species: Alphitonia ponderosa, plant species: Cibotium chamissoi, (1) Steep slopes or gulch sides in deep Antidesma platyphylla, Antidesma Dicranopteris linearis, Elaphoglossum shade in Acacia koa-Metrosideros pulvinatum, Bobea sandwicensis, crassifolium, Sadleria squarrosa, polymorpha low- to mid-elevation Diospyros sandwicensis, Dodonaea Thelypteris cyatheoides, or mesic forest and containing one or more viscosa, Nestegis sandwicensis, Sphenomeris chusana; and of the following associated native plant Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Pittosporum (2) Elevations between 201 and 1,717 species: Styphelia tameiameiae, confertiflorum, Pittosporum glabrum, m (659 and 5,633 ft). Melicope sp., Coprosma sp., Dodonaea Pouteria sandwicensis, Santalum Family Aspleniaceae: Asplenium viscosa, Dryopteris unidentata, Myrsine ellipticum, Streblus pendulinus, fragile var. insulare (NCN) sp., Psychotria sp. or Osteomeles Xylosma spp., and Xylosma anthyllidifolia; and hawaiiensis; and Maui H, I, J, and L, identified in the (2) Elevations between 338 and 1,744 (2) Elevations between 333 and 3,562 legal descriptions in paragraph m (1,109 and 5,722 ft). m (1,092 and 3,337 ft). (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Asplenium fragile Family Aspleniaceae: Diplazium Family Urticaceae: Neraudia sericea var. insulare on Maui. Within these molokaiense (NCN) (NCN) units, the primary constituent elements Maui B, D, H, I, and L, identified in Maui D and H, identified in the legal of critical habitat are the habitat the legal descriptions in paragraph descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of components provided by: (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute this section, constitute critical habitat (1) Streamside hollows and grottos in critical habitat for Diplazium for Neraudia sericea on Maui. Within gulches that occur in mesic to dry molokaiense on Maui. Within these these units, the currently known subalpine shrubland dominated by units, the currently known primary primary constituent elements of critical Styphelia tameiameiae and Sadleria constituent elements of critical habitat habitat are the habitat components cyatheoides, with scattered are the habitat components provided by: provided by: Metrosideros polymorpha and (1) Water courses often in proximity (1) Dry to mesic Metrosideros containing one or more of the following to waterfalls in lowland or montane polymorpha-Dodonaea viscosa- native plant species: , mesic Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia Styphelia tameiameiae shrubland or Grammitis hookeri, or Dryopteris koa forest; and forest or Acacia koa forest containing wallichiana; and (2) Elevations between 273 and 1,917 one or more of the following associated (2) Elevations between 1,682 and m (896 and 6,289 ft). 2,407 m (5,518 and 7,896 ft). native plant species: Urera glabra, Family Lycopodiaceae: Cyrtandra oxybapha, Cyrtandra spp., Family Aspleniaceae: Ctenitis Phlegmariurus mannii (wawaeiole) Sida fallax, Diospyros sp., Bobea sp., squamigera (pauoa) Coprosma sp., or Hedyotis sp.; and Maui A, B, D, H, I, K, and L, identified (2) Elevations between 198 and 1,658 Maui A, B, and D, identified in the in the legal descriptions in paragraph m (650 and 5,439 ft). legal descriptions in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute (a)(1)(i)(C) of this section, constitute critical habitat for Phlegmariurus Family Violaceae: Isodendrion critical habitat for Ctenitis squamigera mannii on Maui. Within these units, the pyrifolium (aupaka) on Maui. Within these units, the currently known primary constituent Maui D, identified in the legal primary constituent elements of critical elements of critical habitat are the description in paragraph (a)(1)(i)(C) of habitat are the habitat components habitat components provided by: this section, constitutes critical habitat provided by: (1) An epiphyte on Metrosideros for Isodendrion pyrifolium on Maui. (1) Forest understory in Metrosideros polymorpha, Dodonaea viscosa, and Within this unit, the currently known polymorpha montane wet forest, mesic Acacia koa trees in moist protected primary constituent elements of critical forest, or diverse mesic forest and gulches or mossy tussocks in mesic to habitat are the habitat components containing one or more of the following wet montane Metrosideros polymorpha- provided by: native plant species: Alyxia oliviformis, Acacia koa forests or wet montane (1) Dry shrubland containing one or Freycinetia arborea, Coprosma sp., Metrosideros polymorpha-Acacia koa more of the following associated native Pleomele sp., Sadleria sp., Doodia sp., forests and containing one or more of plant taxa: Psydrax odorata, Capparis Pittosporum sp., Dryopteris sp., Bobea the following associated native plant

VerDate Mar<13>2002 10:04 Apr 02, 2002 Jkt 197001 PO 00000 Frm 00132 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4702 E:\FR\FM\03APP2.SGM pfrm03 PsN: 03APP2 Federal Register / Vol. 67, No. 64 / Wednesday, April 3, 2002 / Proposed Rules 15987

species: Thelypteris sp., Athyrium sp., Coprosma sp., Cheirodendron trigynum, Dated: March 15, 2002. Styphelia tameiameiae, Cyanea sp., Ilex anomala, or Myrsine sp.; and Craig Manson, Machaerina sp., Cyrtandra sp., Sadleria (2) Elevations from 446 and 1,688 m Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and sp., Vaccinium sp., Astelia menziesii, (1,464 and 5,539 ft). Parks. [FR Doc. 02–6915 Filed 4–2–02; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4310–55–P

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