DOCSLIB.ORG

Archaeology of Greece

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Archaeology of Greece TFIE ARCHAEOLOGY OF GREECE WILLIAM R. BIERS SECOND EDITION View of ancient Corinth and the Temple of Apoilo from the southwest. Photo: William R. Biers. Cornell University Press ITHACA AND LONDON The Dark Ages period, about6ón)lhe.Mye$aqan By rrrn ENp oF the Sub-Mycenaean or }vilization@SometimeSaccomPaniedbyevidence Iía"rt lÃn, as at the settlement at Miletos, in present-day Turkey, but more IIIC had opened with -\r-Lttll1 1,,.1". C characteristically in ab¡ndo¡4gr{_and_dec4y, LH lerge- =) LqT.< f-l / A *.u1s destructions and Ponulation movements and had been a sort of sunset for i_=l¿Vé¡aean_nm¿re; the succeeding years mark the total collapse of the This chapter ilconcemed with the approximately r5o years that "l-uilirãtiotl. r.lu"u""''termed,h"@fcreece,aperiodthathasyieIdedfewfinds and of which we therêfore know little. A civilization can perhaps be said to have fallen when the characteristics that as to be are peculiar to it either no longer exist or have been altered so radically of / all but unrecognizable. In the case of the Mycenaean civilization, this Process collapse and dispersal can be seen to have begun with the destr 16. Ground floor of the Stoa of Attalos. Photo: American School of Classical Studies at Athens: Agora Excavations. end of LH IIIB and to have continued thr the Mediterranean-Asia Minor, Cyprus, Crete-probably as a result of the thing happened to large-scale architecture and representational art. 'l*L Ay s increase in pastoralism.Llism. It was only 4t3!lhe lhq sndend of the period that things began to J c@G*ñffiè@e f'"' rt) beginning of a general upsl{ing_g! civilization, which is clearly seen in the P*]-&u'*lu''' suceeedl@-i poverty momentous changes took place, many of which served as foundations of later Greek society. In the present state of our knowledge it is extremely difficult to date these changes, to see where they came from, and to judge their significance. Many of them are visible only in later times, and the date and manner of their introduction are usually dis- puted by scholars. The gladual adoption of cremation is a case in point. AII that can be said about it is that it was an innovative feature of the early Dark Ages that was accepted in the eleventh century by Athens and partially elsewhere. Its significance as a possible indication of intrusive elements in the population hasbeenendlesslydiscussedanddisputed.'Ts@ I The works listed in the Suggestions for Further Reading for this chapter are the basic studies that deal with this period; they treat this particular problem at great length. 97 17. North wall of the tomb of Lyson and Kallikles. Photo courtesy of Stella Miìler-Collett PELI.A A HE55ALONIKIsr<> Þ ot¡ ê\!', A PERGAMON @^ fY "&¿ and ¡ SICYoN and there is almost always a time lapse between the last Mycenaean finds ocoRrNTH s4llog :'fo:.'"'.,,^ Age ones, even when later shrines have been established on or OLYMPIA f the first Iron A PRIÊNE ARoost 6 problem be considered again later, ^ MILETOS reaÍ BÍonze Age settlements. This will tttec in the context of the new beginnings of art and architecture. Al-thqqgh-it "^êo, ûìr"l&il .8 \"NË: ^.€.3-,n ",s 'ås be seen. TEJER,{ D-ire_43ytdg!çq Sftbe potiticat and soc ructure of Greece in the twelfth is lacking. *o.tld uPp"ut th. and eleventh centuries _It "u. turgáofns gave-Þlãce to smaller groups rgþg !y basileis, or pett ll agìicul eveloPment, ruled bY li-ings of greater or lesser power, s r to náG fraa little or no contact @rhaps all one can î"L L ' "'( say with conviction, although a certain number of shadowy figures could be ' , L^ 1' called up from myth or legend to populate the bleak landscape. IL4ggt;cC^ Map 3. Greece and Asia Minor in the Iron clear ing Age. Map by John Huffstot. @,".tra, t. U" ."ptr f the nobles. ( ART It is perhaps not quite accurate to say that there is no art to be found in the Dark that a tional art is almost nonexistent, being confined to a few figurines and an @aVaSe.Ifartisaleisureactivity,itwouldaPPear that the people of the Dark Ages were generally too busy surviving to produce artistic works. Facile explanations are likely to be contradicted by the spade, however, and the centaur from Lefkandi, perhaps the earliest certain myth- ological representation (see Fig. 4.9), is a warning of the difficulties inherent in sweeping generalizations. 98 99 ARCHITECTURE ( lr \ l T\ twelfth century a group_gþqop-le of a made 1_. the long and diffilult climb, presuma ns on the plain below. They established a sprawling town of some j,5oo people. { loó o Iingering connection with earlier building practices can be discerned. within the village itself there are çarcfulhpayed roads and a broad open area near the largest house, which is called the Great House by the excavators. This-builãñg, consisting of a large square room to which another room was subsequently added at the front, originally had two columns along its axis (evidence of their bases has been found) and a stone jar stand against one wall. Associated with lex the to postulate that it was the residence of the ruler of Karphi. The most northern building of the town served as a cult center, entered from the east, with a ",1 number of subsidiary rooms. In one of these rooms terra cotta idols were found; one is reminded of similar arrangements in the cult areas of Kea and Mycenae. The main room, according to the excavators, was probably open to the sky. A ledge against its south wall probably held the idols. Karphi, then, exhibits a fusion of Minoan and Mycenaean ch"racteristics in /l straitened circumstances. Whatever the conditions that caused this small settle- ment to be established, they apparently moderated and it was abandoned, probably at the beginning of the tenth century. Other Cretan refugee settle- 93 ments existed, but apparently at an even lower level of development than b/ b Karphi, and their sites are not so well preserved. Mt/REs While the Creto-Mycenaean refugees were huddling together up in the and Plan of the central portion of KarphiP' Nos. 8 that t9@3 It consisted of a single room wìth mud-brick 4.r and great house; no. r, cult center. From J. D. S. walls set on a low course of stones to keep them out of puddles, and enough 9, settlements existed there by the tenth century; the initial arrival is usually Pendlebury et al., "Excavations in the Plain of La- was (Fig' This littlp hntrss 15 els h preserved to allow a reconstruction 4.2). frimitivp sithi, IIL Karphi: A City of Refuge of the Early Iron the s Age in Crete," Anntml of the British School at Athens qYel 38 (tq9): 57-t45, Pla\e I By permission of the British School at Athens. 2 The basic excavation report by J. D. S. Pendlebu¡y and others can be found in "Karphi: A City of 3 The principal excavation report for Smyrna is J. M. Cook and others, "Old Smyrna," BSA Sl / S+ Refuge of the Early Iron Age in BSA (rg17-r98): Crete," 38 57-145. (r958-r959). r-r52. 4.2 Plan and reconstruction of oval house at Smyr_ N .-:l:- na.r'Drawing by R. V. Nicholls, f¡om A. M. Snod_ grass, The Dnrk Age of Greece (Edinburgh: Edin_ burgh University Press, r97t). By permission of Edinburgh University Press and the British School at Athens. SCALI IN Af TÀfs 4.3 An apsidal building at Nichoria. From William A. McDonald, William D. E. Coulson, and John Rosser, eds., Excnuations at Nichotia in Southuest Greece, vol. 3: Dnrk Age and Byzantine Occupation, p.jZ,FiB. z-23. Copyright O r9B3 by the Univer- sity of Minnesota. Reproduced by permission. rectangular plan ñt.hJili; ü; __ :___-i ¡¡.q¡¡!¡qrru/,,.urCatesï.:l its final phase in the n g r5.go meters in length"by 8.o meters in width and óf mud brick reinfcrced with wooden posts, this build had some importance in the village in which it was built.a ig. +.q) were excavated between of is n- structed 'likp of mud brick on a stone socle- smallpr hnrrcoo or.-".r-,'- ^-+:^*^,.r- led the excavators to sides and _J' bronz ilding, located very close to a -Jl_, cemetery¡tery alreadyalrqad)¡ in uìè,use, apparentyj"u,apparentlv wa. i";;ffi@r"j:itS:lintentionally demolished a n d f ineã wi tñffi iø""affit* r;;;;;;"*.iñléirnpnfq rnd ¿ builaUUII4 in its4f,crr/ elfr_te_r er!þq{þtng ce Plan of an apsidal building at Lefkandi.P From t- 4.4 for him. Reports (1988-89): rz9, Fig. 28. Re- The richness or the burlals (which incruded objects in precious metals), Arclneologicnl 15 produced by permission. A. McDonald, William D. E. Cou- s edited bY M' R' Grecce, vol. j: Dork Age ønd Byzan' lwo of the , q nt Toumba, t: of the excavation evidence is pro- Popham, P. G. Pt' xcortntiott, Architec- Peloponnese: Units IV-r and IV-5 Thò trottenl,by turc, stitute in Athens) ry þggz):75-84. ond Fittds, L02 103 4.6 Shapes of sixth- and fifth-century Attic vases. From G. M. A. Richte¡, Greek Art, zd ed. (London: Phaidon Press, 1959), p. 3rr, Fig. 428. Reproduced by permission. (,a t1- ¡'u!!'< ; "') 5-\ /-\'¿ ({ o(s'-t" ''") W flL( ¿ L"\ ',Ll' I VLoulrophoror C.lI¡ ltôter Colum¡ Xr¿ter Bell Kr¿te¡ w QBlkter t\ 4 \ \ro\:. \. ü 4.5 Details of the apsidal building at Lefkandi as reconstructed.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kretan Cult and Customs, Especially in the Classical and Hellenistic Periods: a Religious, Social, and Political Study
    i Kretan cult and customs, especially in the Classical and Hellenistic periods: a religious, social, and political study Thesis submitted for degree of MPhil Carolyn Schofield University College London ii Declaration I, Carolyn Schofield, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been acknowledged in the thesis. iii Abstract Ancient Krete perceived itself, and was perceived from outside, as rather different from the rest of Greece, particularly with respect to religion, social structure, and laws. The purpose of the thesis is to explore the bases for these perceptions and their accuracy. Krete’s self-perception is examined in the light of the account of Diodoros Siculus (Book 5, 64-80, allegedly based on Kretan sources), backed up by inscriptions and archaeology, while outside perceptions are derived mainly from other literary sources, including, inter alia, Homer, Strabo, Plato and Aristotle, Herodotos and Polybios; in both cases making reference also to the fragments and testimonia of ancient historians of Krete. While the main cult-epithets of Zeus on Krete – Diktaios, associated with pre-Greek inhabitants of eastern Krete, Idatas, associated with Dorian settlers, and Kretagenes, the symbol of the Hellenistic koinon - are almost unique to the island, those of Apollo are not, but there is good reason to believe that both Delphinios and Pythios originated on Krete, and evidence too that the Eleusinian Mysteries and Orphic and Dionysiac rites had much in common with early Kretan practice. The early institutionalization of pederasty, and the abduction of boys described by Ephoros, are unique to Krete, but the latter is distinct from rites of initiation to manhood, which continued later on Krete than elsewhere, and were associated with different gods.
    [Show full text]
  • Contacts: Crete, Egypt, and the Near East Circa 2000 B.C
    Malcolm H. Wiener major Akkadian site at Tell Leilan and many of its neighboring sites were abandoned ca. 2200 B.C.7 Many other Syrian sites were abandoned early in Early Bronze (EB) IVB, with the final wave of destruction and aban- donment coming at the end of EB IVB, Contacts: Crete, Egypt, about the end of the third millennium B.c. 8 In Canaan there was a precipitous decline in the number of inhabited sites in EB III— and the Near East circa IVB,9 including a hiatus posited at Ugarit. In Cyprus, the Philia phase of the Early 2000 B.C. Bronze Age, "characterised by a uniformity of material culture indicating close connec- tions between different parts of the island"10 and linked to a broader eastern Mediterra- This essay examines the interaction between nean interaction sphere, broke down, per- Minoan Crete, Egypt, the Levant, and Ana- haps because of a general collapse of tolia in the twenty-first and twentieth cen- overseas systems and a reduced demand for turies B.c. and briefly thereafter.' Cypriot copper." With respect to Egypt, Of course contacts began much earlier. Donald Redford states that "[t]he incidence The appearance en masse of pottery of Ana- of famine increases in the late 6th Dynasty tolian derivation in Crete at the beginning and early First Intermediate Period, and a of Early Minoan (EM) I, around 3000 B.C.,2 reduction in rainfall and the annual flooding together with some evidence of destructions of the Nile seems to have afflicted northeast and the occupation of refuge sites at the time, Africa with progressive desiccation as the suggests the arrival of settlers from Anatolia.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaic Eretria
    ARCHAIC ERETRIA This book presents for the first time a history of Eretria during the Archaic Era, the city’s most notable period of political importance. Keith Walker examines all the major elements of the city’s success. One of the key factors explored is Eretria’s role as a pioneer coloniser in both the Levant and the West— its early Aegean ‘island empire’ anticipates that of Athens by more than a century, and Eretrian shipping and trade was similarly widespread. We are shown how the strength of the navy conferred thalassocratic status on the city between 506 and 490 BC, and that the importance of its rowers (Eretria means ‘the rowing city’) probably explains the appearance of its democratic constitution. Walker dates this to the last decade of the sixth century; given the presence of Athenian political exiles there, this may well have provided a model for the later reforms of Kleisthenes in Athens. Eretria’s major, indeed dominant, role in the events of central Greece in the last half of the sixth century, and in the events of the Ionian Revolt to 490, is clearly demonstrated, and the tyranny of Diagoras (c. 538–509), perhaps the golden age of the city, is fully examined. Full documentation of literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources (most of which have previously been inaccessible to an English-speaking audience) is provided, creating a fascinating history and a valuable resource for the Greek historian. Keith Walker is a Research Associate in the Department of Classics, History and Religion at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins of the Kouros
    THE ORIGINS OF THE KOUROS By REBECCA ANN DUNHAM A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by Rebecca Ann Dunham This document is dedicated to my mom. TABLE OF CONTENTS page LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 DEFINITION OF THE KOUROS TYPE ....................................................................1 Pose...............................................................................................................................2 Size and material...........................................................................................................2 Nudity ...........................................................................................................................3 Body Shape and Treatment of Musculature .................................................................3 Execution ......................................................................................................................4 Function ........................................................................................................................5 Provenances ..................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Sculpture and the Four Elements Art
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Greek Sculpture and the Four Elements Art 7-1-2000 Greek Sculpture and the Four Elements [full text, not including figures] J.L. Benson University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/art_jbgs Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Benson, J.L., "Greek Sculpture and the Four Elements [full text, not including figures]" (2000). Greek Sculpture and the Four Elements. 1. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/art_jbgs/1 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Art at ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Greek Sculpture and the Four Elements by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Cover design by Jeff Belizaire About this book This is one part of the first comprehensive study of the development of Greek sculpture and painting with the aim of enriching the usual stylistic-sociological approaches through a serious, disciplined consideration of the basic Greek scientific orientation to the world. This world view, known as the Four Elements Theory, came to specific formulation at the same time as the perfected contrapposto of Polykleitos and a concern with the four root colors in painting (Polygnotos). All these factors are found to be intimately intertwined, for, at this stage of human culture, the spheres of science and art were not so drastically differentiated as in our era. The world of the four elements involved the concepts of polarity and complementarism at every level.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Carved Ambers in the J. Paul Getty Museum
    Ancient Carved Ambers in the J. Paul Getty Museum Ancient Carved Ambers in the J. Paul Getty Museum Faya Causey With technical analysis by Jeff Maish, Herant Khanjian, and Michael R. Schilling THE J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM, LOS ANGELES This catalogue was first published in 2012 at http: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data //museumcatalogues.getty.edu/amber. The present online version Names: Causey, Faya, author. | Maish, Jeffrey, contributor. | was migrated in 2019 to https://www.getty.edu/publications Khanjian, Herant, contributor. | Schilling, Michael (Michael Roy), /ambers; it features zoomable high-resolution photography; free contributor. | J. Paul Getty Museum, issuing body. PDF, EPUB, and MOBI downloads; and JPG downloads of the Title: Ancient carved ambers in the J. Paul Getty Museum / Faya catalogue images. Causey ; with technical analysis by Jeff Maish, Herant Khanjian, and Michael Schilling. © 2012, 2019 J. Paul Getty Trust Description: Los Angeles : The J. Paul Getty Museum, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references. | Summary: “This catalogue provides a general introduction to amber in the ancient world followed by detailed catalogue entries for fifty-six Etruscan, Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Greek, and Italic carved ambers from the J. Paul Getty Museum. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a The volume concludes with technical notes about scientific copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4 investigations of these objects and Baltic amber”—Provided by .0/. Figures 3, 9–17, 22–24, 28, 32, 33, 36, 38, 40, 51, and 54 are publisher. reproduced with the permission of the rights holders Identifiers: LCCN 2019016671 (print) | LCCN 2019981057 (ebook) | acknowledged in captions and are expressly excluded from the CC ISBN 9781606066348 (paperback) | ISBN 9781606066355 (epub) BY license covering the rest of this publication.
    [Show full text]
  • University Microfilms International
    ANCIENT EUBOEA: STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF A GREEK ISLAND FROM EARLIEST TIMES TO 404 B.C. Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Vedder, Richard Glen, 1950- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 11/10/2021 05:15:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290465 INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame.
    [Show full text]
  • RACHEL MAXWELL-HYSLOP Rachel Maxwell-Hyslop 1914–2011
    RACHEL MAXWELL-HYSLOP Rachel Maxwell-Hyslop 1914–2011 RACHEL MAXWELL-HYSLOP, the doyenne of specialists in Ancient Near Eastern jewellery and metalwork, passed away in 2011 at the age of ninety- seven. Her book on Western Asiatic jewellery, published in 1971, remains a standard work of reference after more than forty years. Rachel was born on 27 March 1914 at 11 Tite Street, Chelsea, London. She was the eldest of the three daughters of Sir Charles Travis Clay (1885–1978) and his wife Violet, second daughter of Lord Robson, Lord of Appeal. Charles Clay was appointed assistant librarian to the House of Lords in 1914 and fol- lowing active service in the First World War he was appointed librarian to the House, a post he retained until his retirement in 1956. He became an authority on medieval charters and published widely on this subject. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1950 and was Vice-President of the Society of Antiquaries 1934–8.1 Clay’s father, J. W. Clay, had also been a historian and genealogist, and although her grandfather died in 1918 when Rachel was a small child there was a strong family tradition of antiquarianism which Rachel evidently inherited. Rachel was educated at Downe House School near Newbury in Berkshire and at the Sorbonne in Paris where she studied French. This later stood her in good stead when together with her husband, Bill Maxwell- Hyslop, she translated from French the book by Georges Contenau that appeared in English in 1954 as Everyday Life in Babylonia and Assyria (London).
    [Show full text]
  • "The 11Th Cent. B.C. Was a Century of Great Changes and Profound Social
    CHAPTER III: THE HISTORY OF CENTRAL EUBOIA IN THE DARK AGES AND EARLY IRON AGE (c.1050 TO c.750 B. C.) "The 11th cent. B.C. was a century of great changes and profound social upheavals within the Helladic world." The collapse of the Mycenaean world, probably the result of natural disasters which precipitated internal social disorders and predatory invasions, resulted in the destruction and abandonment of many old habitation centres and the dispersion of their populations. This led to a "temporary economic and cultural recess" 2 over much of Hellas although this was not uniform across the country nor as complete in some regions as is sometimes imagined, for while Thebai and lolkos experienced destruction, nearby Lefkandi may not only have escaped largely unscathed but actually experienced something of a cultural flowering, 3 and some at least of its inhabitants were able to re-establish a degree of settled life and wealth-accumulation that in our admittedly meagre archaeological records appears impressive and a level of sophistication that makes it not entirely unexpected as the place where the "Greek Renaissance of the Eighth Century" would have begun. 4 Unlike many other places "the subsequent Late Helladic IIIC occupants undertook around 1200 an ambitious scheme of rebuilding in the course of which much of the earlier remains (and evidence for destruction, KW) was levelled away.5 An increase in population is certain, and the amount of new building suggests a wholesale take-over, whether or not it was peacefully achieved."6 Major tribal invasions of Euboia come to an end with the arrival of the iones in the 10th century although there might have been minor population movements during the so-called Dark Ages (c.1125 - 900) 7 such as a possible influx of migrants from Elis via Oropos;8 the exodus of the Gephyraioi 9 almost certainly occurred during this time.
    [Show full text]
  • The Growth of Greek Cities in the First Millennium BC
    Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC Version 1.0 December 2005 Ian Morris Stanford University Abstract: In this paper I trace the growth of the largest Greek cities from perhaps 1,000- 2,000 people at the beginning of the first millennium BC to 400,000-500,000 at the millennium’s end. I examine two frameworks for understanding this growth: Roland Fletcher’s discussion of the interaction and communication limits to growth and Max Weber’s ideal types of cities’ economic functions. I argue that while political power was never the only engine of urban growth in classical antiquity, it was always the most important motor. The size of the largest Greek cities was a function of the population they controlled, mechanisms of tax and rent, and transportation technology. © Ian Morris. [email protected] 1 The growth of Greek cities in the first millennium BC Ian Morris (Stanford) 1. Introduction Greece in 1000 BC was a world of villages. Most people lived in communities of just a few dozen souls; even the largest settlement, Athens (Figure 1), was probably just 3,000 to 4,000 strong. But at the millennium’s end, the Greek east Mediterranean boasted some of the largest cities in pre-industrial history. Alexandria, Antioch, and Seleucia-on-the- Tigris probably each had 250,000-500,000 inhabitants. Figure 1. Sites in the Aegean mentioned in this chapter In this chapter I discuss the size of Greek cities and the implications of their growth. I identify three major transitions: 2 Figure 2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Classical Archaeologist's Life: the Story So
    A Classical Archaeologist’s Life: The Story so Far An autobiography John Boardman Archaeopress Archaeological Lives Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG ISBN 978-1-78969-343-0 ISBN 978-1-78969-344-7 (e-Pdf) © John Boardman and Archaeopress 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com A Note to the Reader I started writing this some ten years ago, since I had still vivid recollection of growing up in a London suburb and of school during wartime, and I wanted to share the experience, primarily with my family. But becoming an ‘academic’ and life at university, then in Greece, seemed no less worth recall since so much has changed. The exercise was habit-forming and I continued into closer inspection of experiences overseas, distant travels (more than just Mediterranean cruises) and the many other things that can happen in a longish life. I have not been much helped by diaries since they have been more aides- memoires than deliberate records, and the best, wartime, are missing. I am now nearly 92 and my memory is fading for both the past and even the recent present. So it has seemed desirable to try to ‘finish’. The order of chapters is not strictly logical. Part I deals with family life, travelling, excavation, personalia.
    [Show full text]
  • Excavations at Kommos (Crete)
    EXCAVATIONSAT KOMMOS (CRETE)DURING 1976 (PLATES 49-55) JD URING eight weeks of the summerof 1976 excavationswere initiated at the prehistoric Minoan site of Kommos, situated along the shore of the Messara Plain bordering the Libyan Sea (P1. 49: a).1 The chief archaeological aim of the 1 The excavations at Kommos are being carried out by the University of Toronto and the Royal Ontario Museum under the auspices of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. The cooperation and help of the Greek Antiquities Service, especially that of the late Dr. Nicholaos Kondoleon and of Dr. Dimitrios Lazarides, former and present directors of the Service, is most appreciated. The advice and support of Dr. Stylianos Alexiou, Ephor of Crete and Director of the Archaeological Museum of Herakleion, was especially crucial from the earliest stages of the excavation. Generous financial support for the initial stages of the project has been supplied by the chief sponsoring institutions and the Canada Council (Grants S 74-0460 and 1930), as well as the SCM Corporation of New York. Other corporations (Kodak Canada, Ltd.; Keuffel and Esser of Canada; Olivetti Canada, Ltd.; Polaroid Corporation of America; Staedtler-Mars, Ltd.) provided much-needed drafting, photographic, and office equipment. Individual help and encourage- nment,especially that of Leon Pomerance (in cooperation with the American Institute of Nautical Archaeology), Mrs. Edgar Stone, Luther Replogle, and Rue Shaw, have been most appreciated. The staff for the first season consisted of the director, The University of Toronto and The Royal Ontario Museum; Professor Philip Betancourt, Temple University; Professor L.
    [Show full text]