TFIE ARCHAEOLOGY OF GREECE
WILLIAM R. BIERS
SECOND EDITION
View of ancient Corinth and the Temple of Apoilo from the southwest. Photo: William R. Biers. Cornell University Press
ITHACA AND LONDON The Dark Ages
period, about6ón)lhe.Mye$aqan By rrrn ENp oF the Sub-Mycenaean or }vilization@SometimeSaccomPaniedbyevidence Iía"rt lÃn, as at the settlement at Miletos, in present-day Turkey, but more IIIC had opened with -\r-Lttll1 1,,.1". C characteristically in ab¡ndo¡4gr{_and_dec4y, LH lerge- =) LqT.< f-l / A *.u1s destructions and Ponulation movements and had been a sort of sunset for i_=l¿Vé¡aean_nm¿re; the succeeding years mark the total collapse of the This chapter ilconcemed with the approximately r5o years that "l-uilirãtiotl. r.lu"u""''termed,h"@fcreece,aperiodthathasyieIdedfewfinds and of which we therêfore know little. A civilization can perhaps be said to have fallen when the characteristics that as to be are peculiar to it either no longer exist or have been altered so radically of / all but unrecognizable. In the case of the Mycenaean civilization, this Process collapse and dispersal can be seen to have begun with the destr 16. Ground floor of the Stoa of Attalos. Photo: American School of Classical Studies at Athens: Agora Excavations. end of LH IIIB and to have continued thr
the Mediterranean-Asia Minor, Cyprus, Crete-probably as a result of the
thing happened to large-scale architecture and representational art.
'l*L Ay s increase in pastoralism.Llism. It was only 4t3!lhe lhq sndend of the period that things began to J c@G*ñffiè@e f'"' rt) beginning of a general upsl{ing_g! civilization, which is clearly seen in the P*]-&u'*lu''' suceeedl@-i poverty momentous changes took place, many of which served as foundations of later Greek society. In the present state of our knowledge it is extremely difficult to date these changes, to see where they came from, and to judge their significance. Many of them are visible only in later times, and the date and manner of their introduction are usually dis- puted by scholars. The gladual adoption of cremation is a case in point. AII that can be said about it is that it was an innovative feature of the early Dark Ages that was accepted in the eleventh century by Athens and partially elsewhere. Its significance as a possible indication of intrusive elements in the population hasbeenendlesslydiscussedanddisputed.'Ts@
I The works listed in the Suggestions for Further Reading for this chapter are the basic studies that deal with this period; they treat this particular problem at great length.
97 17. North wall of the tomb of Lyson and Kallikles. Photo courtesy of Stella Miìler-Collett PELI.A A HE55ALONIKIsr<>
Þ
ot¡
ê\!', A PERGAMON
@^ fY
"&¿ and ¡ SICYoN and there is almost always a time lapse between the last Mycenaean finds ocoRrNTH s4llog :'fo:.'"'.,,^ Age ones, even when later shrines have been established on or OLYMPIA f the first Iron A PRIÊNE ARoost 6 problem be considered again later, ^ MILETOS reaÍ BÍonze Age settlements. This will tttec in the context of the new beginnings of art and architecture. Al-thqqgh-it "^êo, ûìr"l&il .8 \"NË: ^.€.3-,n ",s 'ås be seen. TEJER,{ D-ire_43ytdg!çq Sftbe potiticat and soc ructure of Greece in the twelfth is lacking. *o.tld uPp"ut th. and eleventh centuries _It "u. turgáofns gave-Þlãce to smaller groups rgþg !y basileis, or pett ll agìicul eveloPment, ruled bY li-ings of greater or lesser power, s r to náG fraa little or no contact @rhaps all one can î"L L ' "'( say with conviction, although a certain number of shadowy figures could be ' , L^ 1' called up from myth or legend to populate the bleak landscape. IL4ggt;cC^ Map 3. Greece and Asia Minor in the Iron clear ing Age. Map by John Huffstot. @,".tra, t. U" ."ptr f the nobles. ( ART It is perhaps not quite accurate to say that there is no art to be found in the Dark that a tional art is almost nonexistent, being confined to a few figurines and an @aVaSe.Ifartisaleisureactivity,itwouldaPPear that the people of the Dark Ages were generally too busy surviving to produce artistic works. Facile explanations are likely to be contradicted by the spade, however, and the centaur from Lefkandi, perhaps the earliest certain myth- ological representation (see Fig. 4.9), is a warning of the difficulties inherent in sweeping generalizations.
98 99 ARCHITECTURE
( lr \ l T\ twelfth century a group_gþqop-le of a made 1_. the long and diffilult climb, presuma ns on the plain below. They established a sprawling town of some j,5oo people. {
loó o Iingering connection with earlier building practices can be discerned. within the village itself there are çarcfulhpayed roads and a broad open area near the largest house, which is called the Great House by the excavators. This-builãñg, consisting of a large square room to which another room was subsequently added at the front, originally had two columns along its axis (evidence of their bases has been found) and a stone jar stand against one wall. Associated with lex the to postulate that it was the residence of the ruler of Karphi. The most northern building of the town served as a cult center, entered from the east, with a ",1 number of subsidiary rooms. In one of these rooms terra cotta idols were found; one is reminded of similar arrangements in the cult areas of Kea and Mycenae. The main room, according to the excavators, was probably open to the sky. A ledge against its south wall probably held the idols. Karphi, then, exhibits a fusion of Minoan and Mycenaean ch"racteristics in /l straitened circumstances. Whatever the conditions that caused this small settle- ment to be established, they apparently moderated and it was abandoned, probably at the beginning of the tenth century. Other Cretan refugee settle- 93 ments existed, but apparently at an even lower level of development than b/ b Karphi, and their sites are not so well preserved. Mt/REs While the Creto-Mycenaean refugees were huddling together up in the and Plan of the central portion of KarphiP' Nos. 8 that t9@3 It consisted of a single room wìth mud-brick 4.r and great house; no. r, cult center. From J. D. S. walls set on a low course of stones to keep them out of puddles, and enough 9, settlements existed there by the tenth century; the initial arrival is usually Pendlebury et al., "Excavations in the Plain of La- was (Fig' This littlp hntrss 15 els h preserved to allow a reconstruction 4.2). frimitivp sithi, IIL Karphi: A City of Refuge of the Early Iron the s Age in Crete," Anntml of the British School at Athens qYel 38 (tq9): 57-t45, Pla\e I By permission of the British School at Athens.
2 The basic excavation report by J. D. S. Pendlebu¡y and others can be found in "Karphi: A City of 3 The principal excavation report for Smyrna is J. M. Cook and others, "Old Smyrna," BSA Sl / S+ Refuge of the Early Iron Age in BSA (rg17-r98): Crete," 38 57-145. (r958-r959). r-r52. 4.2 Plan and reconstruction of oval house at Smyr_ N .-:l:- na.r'Drawing by R. V. Nicholls, f¡om A. M. Snod_ grass, The Dnrk Age of Greece (Edinburgh: Edin_ burgh University Press, r97t). By permission of Edinburgh University Press and the British School at Athens.
SCALI IN Af TÀfs
4.3 An apsidal building at Nichoria. From William A. McDonald, William D. E. Coulson, and John Rosser, eds., Excnuations at Nichotia in Southuest Greece, vol. 3: Dnrk Age and Byzantine Occupation, p.jZ,FiB. z-23. Copyright O r9B3 by the Univer- sity of Minnesota. Reproduced by permission.
rectangular plan ñt.hJili; ü; __ :___-i ¡¡.q¡¡!¡qrru/,,.urCatesï.:l
its final phase in the n g r5.go meters in length"by 8.o meters in width and óf mud brick reinfcrced with wooden posts, this build had some importance in the village in which it was built.a ig. +.q) were excavated between of is n- structed 'likp of mud brick on a stone socle- smallpr hnrrcoo or.-".r-,'- ^-+:^*^,.r- led the excavators to sides and _J' bronz ilding, located very close to a -Jl_, cemetery¡tery alreadyalrqad)¡ in uìè,use, apparentyj"u,apparentlv wa. i";;ffi@r"j:itS:lintentionally demolished a n d f ineã wi tñffi iø""affit* r;;;;;;"*.iñléirnpnfq rnd ¿ builaUUII4 in its4f,crr/ elfr_te_r er!þq{þtng ce Plan of an apsidal building at Lefkandi.P From t- 4.4 for him. Reports (1988-89): rz9, Fig. 28. Re- The richness or the burlals (which incruded objects in precious metals), Arclneologicnl 15 produced by permission.
A. McDonald, William D. E. Cou- s edited bY M' R' Grecce, vol. j: Dork Age ønd Byzan' lwo of the , q nt Toumba, t: of the excavation evidence is pro- Popham, P. G. Pt' xcortntiott, Architec- Peloponnese: Units IV-r and IV-5 Thò trottenl,by turc, stitute in Athens) ry þggz):75-84. ond Fittds, L02 103 4.6 Shapes of sixth- and fifth-century Attic vases. From G. M. A. Richte¡, Greek Art, zd ed. (London: Phaidon Press, 1959), p. 3rr, Fig. 428. Reproduced by permission.
(,a t1- ¡'u!!'< ; "') 5-\ /-\'¿ ({ o(s'-t" ''") W flL( ¿ L"\
',Ll' I VLoulrophoror
C.lI¡ ltôter Colum¡ Xr¿ter Bell Kr¿te¡ w
QBlkter t\ 4 \ \ro\:. \. ü 4.5 Details of the apsidal building at Lefkandi as reconstructed. Drawing by J. J. Coulton from M. R. üö X K¿¡th¡ro¡ Popham, P. G. Kalligas, and L. H. Sackett, Leftøndi \uot Leh¡lhos Il: The Protogeometric Building nt Touxtba, pt. z: The Excnuøtiott, Architecture, ond Finds (Athens, 1993), Plate 28. Reproduced by permission. =:\:7/ U Õ ü* Stcmlo:s Kylrr 5t¡phor Á.),ôôllor Alobsst¡on
each shape is associated with a specific frnctinn: the amphora, pelike, and stamnos were used for storage; the krater and lebes for the storage and mixing Bronze ma of the old Mycenaean of wine and water; the hydria for carrying water; the oinochoe for pouring; the r, the small am hora, an kantharos, kylix, skyphos for drinking; and the lekythos, aryballos, and ala- bastron for holding oil. Specialty vases include the psykter, a wine cooler that ston floats in a krater full of cold water; the lebes gamikos, the marriage bowl; and term_that_ç4¡>tures 4.7 Common Sub-Mycenaean pottery shapes. Top the loutrophoros, used to hold water for a ritual bath before marriage and often to bottom: stirrup jar, lekythos, small amphora, as a funeral monument for unmarried women.6 may overlap with the style calted late L-H IIIC elsewhere, but everywhere this cup. After Wilhelm Kraiker and Karl Kubler, Di¿ The earliest part of fhe period is eharacterized lry-.a--declini¡g-Mycenaean early Dark Ages pottery is the lingering end of an earlier tradition. Nekropolen des tz bis rc lnhrhtmderts, Kerameikos, vol. r (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1939), Plates ro, Abogllbe_middle of the d eleve rz, 16, and zz. By permission of the l)eutsches Ar- 6 The shapes Sparkes, Greek rapldfy_ of Greek pottery have been well discussed most recently in Brian A. swept through Greece, beginning almost simultaneously in Thessaly chäologisches institut, Berlin. Drawing by John Pottery: An Introcluction (Manchester, pp. 6o-92. rygr), and other places as well. Growing out of SUÞ_Vtyçg!u"u",lb" style is called Huffstot. Scale r:_5. To4 105 /ofo - JÇ-a 6i, name that inclicates #ryg]la its relationship to the succeeding style.z Although most of the fourteen shapes current in this style are continuatio;;;f Mycenaean forms, important changes occur. A few of the older shapes pear,suchasthestirrupjarandtheremaining."m|: disa^ s[: màñ@rtnea . ¡ L'ur rvpe(ll ot@rrrqaàre known, all derived from Mycenaean prototypes and .turríriua o-" basis th: of the placement of the handles: from shouláe. to neck, trà-¡i shoulder to lip, on the shoulder, on the belly, They were usqd to hold ashes"¡i g{gyjs, fgl çfemation had taken a þv this time. A ."-p"ñr".;; the þglly¡Cndled_4l4pìA4Jhç m_osr common forr,n, wtth tne ,-uli SuU_VJ_ cenaean amphora in Figure reveals 4.7 the thinning of the contour. Next ln popularity among the closed shapes were the t¡efq¡.l t:!g:i, anoq[hed oinoch.,rì ""4 !y4fe1-J,mong the open shapes, auep uãltr;"d d.t Èt"g ci;; on high feet were popular. The cups are unique to the protogeometric purioã. Figure 4.8 shows some of the most common shapes of this period. eÞg fast wheel _*lqlLq g,{Elriolqf-the Cq¡1qlh" U!9,sfth9Jj_pass_and a (."., multrple brush, a Ju_:_> combilation !h_at produced more even semicircles and gave q ,rgtñtr"d T9a" l""k ,r tt* d"."r"ti""i'*. ,yrt"-, of d".àìation w-ere -HANDLED AMPHORA "rr"rull HANDLED AMPHORA NECK - HANDLED AMPHORA SHOULDER (le1- usedõñ=Prot%eometrrc pots : a clay-gto_qtd techniq ue, ¡gf!_{"rip, BELLY- 7, ) 11_y!iç¡ "^ were painted o-n_a light clay body, and -a dark-gryg!4jeçh1Liqu-rñr¡1-chil. vase was covered *it J. -in reserved uanas. Tñe-tatter c"hñE,re ñs m"re rrputar toward theì;ã-doi the period l, aîd is.easily distinguishåbt" i.r Figure rn" motifs used, generally on l. " .t (t"L) a.ri. the d,," 1" ". shoulder or belly of clay-ground vases, were commonly circles, semicircles, and wavy lines derived from the earlier period. AJqry-srnpþ rectilinear motifs w e re d a n t ic a p." _41q91$1o qçgq.e$g{ln ip tion rlthglg9gggg_Llg . Vþ Jh" t" _ geometric is a sober style sh lhãpotter and the painter: th_e pg_lnlgryþays strove to emphasize the shape of the pot. euite simple in form and content, it @iñÈij the@what harsher a1d stifþ 9gg-"try rlyþ_eþgÉ9gg
TERRA COTTA FIGURINES
LIP - HANDLED TREFOIL - MOUTHED TEKYTHOS FOOTËD CUP AMPHORA ot NocHoE
they Common Protogeometric shapes. After Wilh- ship to similar examples their wheel-made bell skirts, upraised hancls, and elaborate headdresses, 4.8 from the Late Bronze Age. A recent find from the elm Kraiker and Karl Kubler, Dl¿ Nekropolen des n bear a strong resemblance to earlier Minoan figures' An unusual feature is their cemetery at Lefkandi is the earliest representation of a centaur and is more or bis rc Kerameikos, vol. r (Berlin: Wal- and attached. lalrhtuúerús, less contemporary prominently displayed feet, which were made separately John r%9), Plates and Karl with the Athenian deer (Fig. 4.9). standing some 36 centime- ter de Gruyter, 43 57; Pencllebury has remarked that these Karphi goddesses certainly needed their Kubler, Neu Funde nus der Nektopole des tt und to ters in length and z6 in height, it has a wheel-made body and is truly a Kerameikos, vol (Berlin: Walter de remarkable work of art from the tenth century. feet to get up to their remote shrine. lnhrunderts, 4 Gruyter, r943), Plates, 8, 'tz, t5, r8, and 23. By per- oÍ mission of the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, urn METALWORK Berlin. Drawing by John Huffstot. Scale r:6
7 Although e This stylc has been exhaustively studied by V, Iì.. d'4. Desborough See his Protogeoncttic Pllterll (Oxford, r95z). was still q Y 8 Some mysterious handmade dolls with flaring skirts and detachable legs are exceptions and are rIìore common in not included here. They are discussed in R. A. Higgins's basic handboo-k , Greck Terrncottøs (Lon- sJraigñrLPins oÍ Dark don, ry67), pp. 2c.-27.
ro6 to7 Ages, including short pins with simple roll tops and a few with only flatten., 4.rr Pin types of the Dark Ages: n and b from Crete; c and d from Argos; e from Athens; a and b and widened upper shafts.s A simple version of another type, with u buruììï after Sinclair Hood, George Huxley, and Nancy swelling near the top of the shaft and a nail-like head, was found at Karoü Sandars, "A Minoan Cemetery on Upper Gyp- More elaborate types with various moldings both above and below tfru ,w.ì_ sades (Knossos Survey 156)," Annunl of the British ling on the School nt Athens (1958-59): 194-262, Fig. shaft are known from both Crete and the mainland (Fig. 4.rra-6.¡. ¡^ fi / 54 14, general these pins did not last into the later years of the period; tnuy iuì by permission of the British School at Athens; c either holdovers from the end of the Bronze Age or short-lived imports and d after Jean Deshayes, "Argos, les fouilìes de frol la Deiras," Etudes Péloponnésiennes, vol.4, Plate 24, elsewhere. by permission of the Ecole Française d'Arché- The most common type, one that is characteristic of Protogeometric ¡i*u, ologie, Athens; e aÍter Hermann Muller-Karpe, ql_tb rc tt "Die Metallbeigaben der früheisenzeitlichen Ker- (-hi.Lqqy-@qp._q'_ryg1.ry."t:4r"4p!ryg"Le4lle€Lrlgllthe_s_ùrr ameikos Gräber," lahrbuch des Deutschen Archìi- ologischen Fig. t7, by instead of a mere swelling, and is general@ (Fig. andìi6ouu Instituts 77 þ,962): 59-a29, +.rrd permission of the Deutsches Archäologisches In- tÀe gl,cbì tt" shaft.""tinues, sometir"* b"--gËg*ü"a .ingr *d with'ì stitut, Berlin. Drawing by lohn Huffstot. Scale r:r. small head. Ar ti-e goes o", th" hea . With further elaboration, this shape continues on into the ninth centu¡y. Many of these pins have been found in graves. J!_gfr use generally coincides with the introducìion oflre pg_lqÐ_Âfreçg stgrtn_yiggn@Igf-A]S-9Þ. y an-dsecurãd at the
ll tt
s Often they are found made of iron, occa- s € of bronze. 4.9 Terra cotta centaur f¡om Lefkandi, Euboia. FIBULAE Coultesy of L, H. Sackett. By permission of the British School at Athens.
of the_fiddle-bow type) had taken its place (see Fig. 3'42). ûsed and were occasionally made of iron, as were the straight pins' In Athens the form regularly had a thickened bow with a bulb on either side flanked by two rings and a double spiral hinge. This type continued into the Geometric period. Metal was used for other articles as well: rings for the fingers and for the hair, household utensils, weapons. The earliest graves contain a few poorly made metal objects, giving the impression of a scrap-metal industry, but gradu- ally the quantity of metal finds increases and their quality improves'
4.ro Terra cotta idols from Karphi. Heraklion Mu- seum, Crete. Photo: British School at Athens.
e The standard work in English on pins is Paul Jacobsthal, Greck pins (Oxford, 1956), ro8 ao9 The Geometric Period ,:uG,*:¿,-À 't
Partic- them linked to the newly reopened contacts with the outside world. Trrn vr¡ns FROM apProximately to approximately do not really presence fhey 9oo 7oo co.sti- ularly stlikintrþthe of obiects of foreign origin in places where tute a historical period except in the serLse that during these centuries the hact . The introduction of alphabetic (/i |,oo.|u.'9.@,tyIeofartwaspre Cul the rePre- of the god became necessary; earlier a simple enclosure, or temenos/ -^,nrndSentation a sacred spot or an altar was sufficient. The ruins of the earliest sacred aLv -- unless iuildings have little to distinguish them from those of ordinarLhouses, ,'ãtiuqPff"fi¡gq-grllYtYg g-*ttr of sanctuaries produced quantities of votive objects, but often -Th" remains to allow the structures not clearly enough associated with architectural Small models of it",at houáea them to be identified as religious buildings. have been þuildings of various shaPes have been found in votive deposits and dwell- ¡terpreled as representing either a cult building or the dedicator,'s own on the Corinthian ing. Êragments of three models from a deposit at Perachora, Cíff opposite Corinth, show that at least one of them had a horseshoe-shaped. qroqn4-Plan of U"ftt" ttt" ¿-r (Fig.5.2). A wall at õt Reconstruction of a model building found at coññeãteã to a votive deposit and belonging to the ninth 5.2 ifr" r** r*"tuary, Perachora.P Photo: British School at Athens. century, indicates an apsidal temple to Hera, and this building has been a high chimeã as the inspiration for the apsidal model. A rectilinear plan with 5.3 Building model from the Argive Heraion.P oointed roof and ã separately roofed porch supported by posts is r4d4e!9{ by National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Photo: '"-^ther model from the Arsive Heraion in the Arqolid (Fie. 5.3) of the later Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Athens. ãiSitttr centr4ry. Although details of the reconstructed modelel may be lncorfect,incorrect, ffi'ou"ãninterpretedasarepreSentationofthefirsttempleofHeraon the site. It has often been used-perhaps overused-in attempts at restorations of the elevations of other early buildings' that êventually predominated in sacred architecture' Actual r"^ái.rr from the Geometric period are controversial and difficult to 5.1 Reconstructions of a scene on a Geometric date. crete/ with its eonservativê ways, hâs sevefal eafly rectangrrlar sherd from the Athenian agora: a, from Eva Brann, ffeserved one of the best preserved is the temple of Aoollo at s, in "A Figured Geometric Fragment from the Athe- t\ cultG buildines. nian Agora," Antike Kunst z (r.959):35, by permis- wñÍcna suciificial hearth (often found in these early buildings) is flanked by sion of Karl Schefold; b, courtesy of Klaus Fitt- schen. ^ unless something happened to change it. Change it did, as we shall see in the and against the back wall is a construction in which horns of sacrificed goats next chapter. were found; a bench next to it probably held bronze cult figures (Fig. 5.r4). This ARCHITECTURE Despite the increase in population and the improvement in living standards in the eighth century, as þeen found. There are two basic reaso g, the art of hrrilding rvas still in en early staqe of de]elopment after the poverty of the previous centuries, and construction was still carried out in such eìhãm- e$l qgteli4þ3s mudbrick, wood, and thatch. Second, tft" a"*topinsìiti"t'of th"f_g.iod *""t thro"g uring which any traces of the have been left open. The plan (Fig. S.Ð shows an alternate possibility for the a7_2 ra3 , '^\ ^ I Ld rL & uJ (f ot- ô= 1L o. n- 5.4 Plan of the temple of Apollo at Dreros,p C¡ete. Li.i o: From Spyridon Marinatos, ,,Le t. temple geomé- (.. trique de Dréros,l' Bulletin de Correspondance Hellé- ú nique 6o (t936): zr4-z85,Plate 22. Reproduced by z permission of the Ecole Française d,Archéologie, Athens. J [3 .rN east end of the building, with only one post in the door opening. A row of twelve posts STU or columns ran down the cènter of the building to iupport the ridge beams of the roof. The base for the cult sratue WAs plicgd_¡lghtly off tilggf supports for rh faced a preexistingþreexisting 5.5 Restored ground plan of the Temple of Apollo ältar tnat was originally the at Dreros. From Immo Beyer, Die Ternpel aonDreros only cult construction at t},e siá-It *J;;;;lü 0 1ô thought that a peristyle was added to und Prinins A (Freiburg, ry76),Plate 3. ßeproduced lTIi,iil lt h/¡ by permission. eighth century, but recent research has lr t_L the roof first surrounded the cella of the A unique find allows us to visualize what one of these primitive religious buildings looked like in elevation. A!th" rit" of Er"tri. oiu 2 The posts, whose sunken bases were found both inside and outside the walls. new evidence on the earìybuildings at Ephesos is discussed in Anton Bammer, ,,A peripteros of the Geometric Period in the Artemisiãn Evidently the entire superstructure was wood and was covered with some of Èphesus,', Anntolian strdies 4o (r99oj: .37-f,o. of aa4 trs 5.6 Model of the Temple of Apollo at Dreros in the Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri-Columbia. Model and photo by Barbara Smith. Reproduced by permission. 5.8 Model of the earìy temple of Apoìlo Daphnephóros in Eretria.P Photo: Paul Auberson. sort of perishable material, perhaps brushwood or branches. By means of a study of the carpentry involved and with some reference to other evidence, s are very Poorly .5), we know that served to allow a reconstruction but also because it belon seventh century) earliest temple in Delphi @e been made of laurel r width, and had the little building may give us an impression of walls covered with white stucco.3 the way such primitive buildings could have looked. The excavations at the sanctuary of Athena Alea at Teqea have recovered SECULAR ARCHITECTURE evidence for two small apsidal cult buildinqs, one followins the otherinthe Examplesles of earlyearlv dwellidwellings show-a--varietv of form+¡ t idaf G"o*"tti. p"rioa, . Numerous postholes indicate of walls of reed-reinforced clay between wooden posts that supported the roof. oòèã-sìlnaþ-ramblino { Simply built The apses of both buildings were locateel under fhe place where the cult statue ephlmeral'merâl m--ffim-aterials, not seem much different from the oval cottage from Old Smyrna mentioned in Chapter 4. Large'f structures for the wealthy or members of ruling families must have been built, but no examples Altor 3 definitely dated to our period are known.4 The increase in foreign contacts during the eighth century apPears to have Lygos been associated with renewed colonization. A number of small town sites have @,Bor,r, /-- beenfoundontheislalffitilinearhousesgroupedtogetherand of on HekotomÞedos 1 ty or @ Brrnn"n 3 Gullög C. Nordqui Activity beneath the Temple of Athena Alea at Íegea," in Pz hens, forthcoming). ./i a Probably"the long, io on Chios, with a centrai row of inner 5.7 Plan of the first Heraion at Samos.P From Hans reprcsentsrePrcsents onc ofol these large buildings. No i supports and two supports for the porchrch on one end, Walter, Dns Heraion aon Samos, p.42, Fig. 3z; @ R. ou' direct evidence exists for its date, but it should belong at least to the beginning of the seventh Piper & Co. Verlag, Munich, 1976. Reproduced by century, perhaps to the end of the eighth. see John Boardman, "Excavations in Chios, 7952-1955: permrssron. Greek Emporio," /HS, supplementary vol. 6 (Oxford, ry67). 1,1,6 aa7 5.9 Plan of houses and later temple at Zagora, An- dros. Plan by J. J, Coulton. Photo: Ray Scobe. Cour- tesy of the director of the excavations, Alexander Cambitoglou, and the Athens Archaeological Society. nstruction of a house at oulton. Photo: RaY Scobe' r of the excavations, Aiex- d the Athens Archaeologi- cal Society. SCULPTURE period' We hear Large-scale sculpture as.such doeq ngt exist in the Geometric ofearlycultstatues."u¿"ot*oo¿¡ft"to-calledXoana'whichwerekeptinto have no idea what later times as venerated objects of Sreat antiquity' but we iiPq-its they looked like; they may ilave beðn extremely primitive' Su"ttggry figurines representinß hor," oroduced relatively iarge numbers of bronze Eods d"*t""t of toohit- ufi¿-ff ott"t, of 'outuit-t* (Fig' tication--rhicn *rrst .@ this petiqd 5'rr)' was limited by the These small bronze figñi""r were cast in molds. Their size however' weight of the metal. Some quite large bronze figures are known' A primi- Mañy types exist, their charaåteristics varying from region to.region' in Fig- tive-íook^irlo hrrman fisure. which may not be the earliest' is shown ure 5.12 cessors. iì"t-ãs; they may be either Sods or m necks, t "geo- s were tripod s^Alexander Cambitoglou and others, dedicated in sanctuaries and often w Zngorø I, Australian Academy of Humanities Monograph z dis- (Sydney, r9Tr). caldrons that came into prominence ii't this period. These caldrons are 6 See Chapter note 4, J. cussed below. 118 aa9 huma - ol It *"u.r a round cap, ör polos, which is ornamented with a meander. Átttrougn it is made of a foreign material and imitates known eastern types of naked figurines, it is considered by most scholars to have been carved by a 5.11 Typical horse figurines found at Olympia. Greek. Although the rigid geometric simplicity can still be seen, the natural Olympia Museum. Photo: Deutsches Archäolo- curves of the female body are treated in a naturalistic way that is surprising for gisches lnstitut, Athens. such an early date. Perhaps our surPrise only proves how limited our knowl- edge still is. POTTERY period, but when they reach their full development they result in a style quite diffeient from that of the earlier period. tt d slimmer. lt grows throughout the period (Fig. 5.16). 5.rz Early bronze figurine found at Olympia. Olympia Museum. Photo: Deutsches A¡chäolo- m¿qfrn"pe. Design panels first float in a sea of black glaze that covers the gisches Institut, Athens. entireþot, thus forming a llght-on-dark color scheme. As time goes on, the areas of black glaze are broken up by bands of decoration that widen to cover {E;ç! almost the entire surface, eventually forming a light ground. Figures 5.t7 and 5.r8 show the extremes in decoration and shape on earlier and later Geometric 5.r4 Dreros Apollo. Heraklion Museum, Crete neck amphoras. Photo: Alison Frantz. ti5ly lggur,u. 5.r3 Helmeted male figurine. National Archae- 7 ological Museum, Athens. Photo: Deutsches Ar- The basic work for the pottery of our period is J. N. Coldstream, Greek Geometric Pottery (London, chäologisches Institut, Athens. r968). 7.20 5.a5 Ivory figurine from the Ke¡ameikos cemetery. National Archaeological Museum, Athens. photã: abou(@fi from nature Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Athens. 6fter lÃ-Wutggqlfu*". Hplqes were PoPular from the beginninE, as they no 'ffit'211,u,^,oro in lifeìife for thÀ-cê who\/ho could afford them;them: theythev probablyDrobablv ca-rriedcarried *"r" -thò-se as well as riders. These animals and birds were into -o"or"t.i.locial distinction Pressed shapes in the overall ornament' Human figures soon aPpeared in the conspicuous place, the handle zone. By the middle of the eighth century a 'ng"r"a}ost style had evolved, though the animal files still formed Part of the dãcoration' These the part of the Kerameikos cemetery in Athens they were first found, are often as big as a man (r.75 meters) and are as cemetery (ekphora), and battle scenes both on land and on sea. These scenes are bordered by bands of geometric ornament, which have begun to lose their prominence. The figures themselves are crowded by the filling ornament that iakes up all available space in the figured panels' A detail of one of the mourning scenes shows the main Points of the Geomet- ric painting style (Fig. 5.2o). It is almost as if the artist had been more concerned to convey what he was aware of intellectually than what he saw. \ryith:in-the 5.r7 Ninth-century Geometric neck-handled am- phora from Athens (h. 72.5 cm). Kerameikos Mu- P- seum, Athens. Photo: Deutsches Archäologisches er to form an almost solid silhouette. A man is defined as having a triangular Institut, Athens. ead and only slightly curving thighs and calves. Female figures are defined as having long hair-at first rendered by individual lines sticking out of the head and later by a mass of lines-and -+ * breasts, which appear first as strokes one above the other under the armpit' 22ou A ¡^-, Female figures are also later given hatched skirts, It may be that the conflict '/-)/LÇ Ç*,-*1-.t between geometric principles and human curves Promoted the development of the representation of the body as artists tried to work out the problem' Objects are shown tipped up so that the viewer can understand them, as in Figure 5.2o, in which the corpse is shown on its side and the webbing of the bed is depicted as a zígzag pattern between the sides of the bedframe. Above the corpse is placed a checkered shroud, or perhaps a canoPy. Moumers tear- ing their hair flank the central scene. Notice that nearly all of the space between the objects is crowded with filling ornaments-a logical development for an artist who had grown up in the Geometric tradition. the inter reli As the period wore on, the solid black geometricized figures are occasionally seen in contexts A problem of inter- 5.16 New Geometric shapes: a, oinochoe; b, shal_ pretation confronts us here. It is thought that the Homeric Poems had become low cup; c, bowl; d, kantharos. After J, N. Cold_ known throughout Greece by the second half of the eighth century and schol- stream, Greek Geometric pottery (London: Methuen, 1968). By permission of the Deutsches ars are often quick to identify scenes with episodes from, for instance, the Archäl various ways, sometimes covering rhe whole ologisches lnstitut, Berlin. I:.:y:ry:l"d iid.combined-in Trojan The famous Late Geometric scene of a male and female figure and Drawing by John Huff_ ."ry,,ry of design, ."i"rá,á", ir,; ;;il"r";i"" War. stot. Scale r:5. l-lTll ..,,î" a Sparta. decorates:ï:r:::Ti by emphasizing its parts. iäiìì warship (Fig. 5.zr) can be interpreted as Paris taken Helen away from It could also be interpreted as a biographical scene, however, or simply one 7.22 423 5.zo I)ctail of a tttorttuìtrg scqtt¡ fLolrl a Dipylorr from cvcryclay life.8 similar ploblcrls ¿u'isc when^r'rrcr,cc()llsLltt(rrl()lì l'cconstlrrc:tion lsis llcccs:ìilry :rnrplrot'n, Natjonal Atclraullogìcal Mnsctttr, Atlr- as we saw at thc begi..ir-rg af this crrapter., rns l)hoto: L)ctrtschcs Är'chlitllogischcs Ilrstitut, As an essclrtially indigenous style, thc (lcomctric stylc in Attic¿r had its r.o1s Âthcns, in the prcvious period and of coLlrse ultimatcly in Mycerractn pottcr.y. lt wasì fclatively simplc art, clepcnding on the cornbin¿rtion ancl lepctition of a limjtci I ui, \.r allì # i¡ $ I'r'r þl ") I .: Ai) (t1 ) Ì t: 1111¡¡lrçr.of furrns.'l'lre introcluctiorr of the human figure zrnd thc possibilities thttl; rl¡lc'rltlcì rr¡r tlbr,iortsll/ attl.actcd tllc artists, alld it iS irr tlrat dil.e:ctiorr that attcliii¡r was ioctlscd. l,ate (lcolrletric pair.rting irr Attica was a strong local slylt,with intcrcsting and ruliquc figr-rrcd sccl-ìes.'lhe ntrlnber of motifs alrd of fiilirr¡,, or.narncnts gcnerally dwindled whilc the human figures tended to fill orlt ¡ir lfiape alìci occasionally to havc parts of the silhcluctte left in rcservc, that s.r8 Eighth-centuly (ìconretlic ncck-handlecì am. over'. Changc was irì ihc air. lt carnc fil'st not in Attica but in the phola frorn Attica (h. 5r cm) Staatliche Antikcn- is, rurt ¡raiirtccÌ sammlungen trnd Glypbthck, Mulrich Photo: ì:ì;ì city of Cìorirrth, to thc west. Hartwig Koppelmann .:,ì,rl,:i.r.l."1r:iì,¡ ¡.ii:i::l' .,: r:i f l,i$ 5. t9 Klatcl f;'orn Dipylon ccllìetel'y, t\thcls. Na- Lional Âr'chaeological Musctrr-n, Atlrcns Photo: Doutsches Âr'chäologischcs I;tstihrt, Âthelrs I Two. stttc'lics of thc strbjccts t'cprcsc-'rrtcd on (ìcolnctric pots givc iusight into thc society tìr,rl ¿r kr'¿ttcl flom 5 zr l)cpat turc sccnc olì Clct¡lnetric conlmissiollt:d thcnr, ìltt sonrt'of th<,author''s shL,Lrld (lircìrrrn conclL¡siolls bt'trrl.rtcrl n,jth carc: lhebcs I' lìcptoclttcccl b¡' .u,,, t.,tt oI tht' Ttustccs Ahlbctg, l)t.ttlltcsis tnd [:.kplnrn irt Ctctk C¿otttcttit:,4rrr((ìothcnbru'g, r97t), ancl /iç/rlirrl ott I ¡tttl lul of thc lìitish Muscttnr, T-tllrclott San in (lack Caontcttic,;1l/ (Skrckìtolnr, r97r). 425 TRANSPORT AMPHORAS | -^" rrsually horses, were often attached to the handles as decoration, and in ifrt'ir"'r" fromjaklron handles that many of our Geometric horse figurines 'øcll'.üe' a"a %i^r'oltl"*ith figured scenes. The discovery in Lefkandi of molds for the Ïi^Ilurr"i" of caldron legs indicates that bronze tripod caldrons were being its about 9oo or earlier.l0 These caldrons served as prizes in funerary y)\i^aur"aby ntzablq Further ease of identification was games and were common dedications in sanctuaries, where the provided by the use of ;t"-:i u' iest¡val which were pressed into the fabric of the pot while it was stilr sort, usuattf[n -^no"t number of them have been found. ffi. pt"tP"tity tf t the handles. They identified the origin of the wine, guaranteed tne quantiç i".ryqqt"s ". and quality, and sometimes even gave the date of manufacture. etthouàh llxJrv goods that now tu ' Imports are also found again, and mol "^:n16tt^r amphoras have the same basic shape-large, swelling body, small *oùn, metals reapPear. Thin bands of gold foil shaped by being hammered t*i appear in Athens in the ninth century. These narrow strips, vertical handles, and a pointed toe that could be used as a third handle lr, stone molds 3o li long, with holes at each end, were evidently used to decorate carrying and lifting-the shape, fabric, and stamps change enough ove. thì io ¿o centimeters The earliest ones have zigzag or tongue designs. By the second years to give the archaeologist valuable aid in chronology and to provide cluei graie.lotn"s. to trade patterns and distribution of produce in the ancient world.e in Figure 5.22. Standing 74 centimeters high, thi the basic characteristics of shape that we¡e fu 5.zz Corinthian transport amphora found at Gela. centuries. The general progression was toward t Scale r:ro. Photo: Carolyn Koehler. TERRA COTTA FIGURINES As has been said, few terra cotta figurines survive from the Dark Ages, but nume inth century and a The earliest horses (Fig. 5.4) are covered with black glaze, with portions (usually the head or mane) reserved and painted with geometric pattems. These figures are often attached to lids of pyxides (small boxes), and so were made by the potter. They are in generál quite cr , the eighth-century Typical female Geometric figurine. Courtesy, examples perhaps more so than the earlier ones. In the eighth century, in 5.24 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Gift of the National addition to horses, seated female figures (goddesses?) and mourning and Museum, Athens. standing women are occasionally found (Fig, 5.24). Several children's toys have been identified, including chariot groups and wheel-made figurines of cocks and pomegranates. A few clay mules on wheels carrying amphoras were also found, and pull toys of various types are well represented. METALWORK 5.23 Typical Geometric terra cotta horse from Ath- ens, Composite drawing after Karl Kübler, Dle Nekropole des rc bis 8 løhrhunderfs, Kerameikos, vol. (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Plate 74J.By 5 954), bronze whose legs and high handles permission of the Deutsches Archäologisches In- circular were separately cast and then attached stitut, Berlin. Drawing by John Huffstot. Scale r:2. by rivets. The caldron illustrated in Figure 5.25 stands to a total height ì,. of some 65 centimeters and is a typical example of the early form. Solid cast 5.25 Bronze tripod caldron from Olympia. Olym- pia Museum. Photo: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Athens. e An excellent short introduction to this subject is to be found in Virginia Grace, Atttphoros ond the r0 The molds discovered at Lefkandi ale discussed in Mervyn Popham, Excøoations at Leftandi, An.cient WineTrade, Agora Picture Book no.6 (Princeton, ry61. See also Elizabeth Lyding Will, Euboeø, ry64-66 (London, r968). "The Ancient Commercial Amphora," Archoeology 3o (t97): 264-27o. tz6 427 5.26 Gold bands from the Cold jewelry from a grave in the Athenian Athens. National Archaeo 5.27 Athens. Photo: Arnerican ens. Photo: Deutsches Ar agora. Agora Museum, Athens. School of Classical Studies at Athens, Agora Exca- vations. G ffi rfiii 'jit;, .rii:,1 () 1;ii;r ,,ii \-' continued for some distance above it and the head either is a point or ends in a ther wooden objects. series of decorative moldings. In a group of pins classes as Sub-Geometric, the upper shank is formed by a row of beads varying in number and shape c (Fig. These pins are generally shorter than the previous examples and a 5.28fl. the molded portion often terminates with a cube or truncated pyramid. The further example of the skill of these finial is usually simple, either a plain plaque or disk. fing ings, and decorated with fine granules eJþ tiny po^ug.u.,ut"s, make up this centimetåri longî PINS 5.28 Typical Geometric pins. From Greek Pitts by Paul iacobstahl, published by Oxford Universily Press, 1956. n, b, c, and c by permission of Oxford University Press; d by permission of the Ecole Française d'Archéologie, Athens; /by permission of the American School of Classical Studies. Draw- ing by John Huffstot. Scale r:2. r.z9 429 Gold plate fibulae. Reproduced by courtesy 5.29 least, the type continued into the of the Trustees of the British Museutn, London. of the eighth century, but in Boiotia, at elaborate incised decoration.ll seventh century, with increasingly An . Figure 5.3o shows a find of fibulae from the Kerameikos cemetery in Athen sisting of a large plate fibula a grave ín Î 1,n""t:.,.o,"ststtfg to"*t l.n are attached four smaller fibulae with large bows. Although the fibula continues throughout ancient times in simple forms, feature after the Ceometric period. becomes less important as a diagnostic Vries, rr The best summary in Engìish of the Attico-Boiotian fibula is to be found in Keith De zu Berlin) "ln.ir"¿ Fibulae from Boeotìá," Forschungm tutd Bcrichte (Staattiche Museen 4 þg7z): t77-727 ' A great variety of geo¡qg!4çlibglgq_qgrvive but examples of each type are so few that relationships among them are difficult to discern. The type with the thickened bow, common in the tenth century, continues into the ninth with a number of variations. A new type. the olate the The fibula is now mplgleetan€g-la¡, with a cglygq lgly that appears in various shapes- high, low, in sections, and so on-and is decorated with knobs, disks, balls, m9!çlirys--anûtheJike. Most characteristic is the catch plate, which has grown g@,f re.Abstract or figural designs are often incised on the plate. The figural designs are often composed of simple geometric motifs but sometimes represent scenes from nature, war, aird occasionally mythology. Some fibulae were made of precious metals; four gold examples, with simple designs on the catch plates and rela- tively plain bows, are shown in Figure 5.29. This so-called Attico-Boiotian type is at home in these regions, and cognate types are known throughout the Greek world. Both fibulae and pins seem to have disappeared from Athens by the end 5.3o Plate and bow fibulae found together in the \\.'*, ¡-¡!Éùl{Ìa#*F Kerameikos cemetery, Athens Kerameikos Muse- *,^ . ,-;;¡¡tr" um, Athens. Photo: Deutsches Archäologisches In- stitut, Athens 130 a3a