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Potential of Photovoltaic Generation in the Putumayo Department of Colombia

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Potential of Photovoltaic Generation in the Putumayo Department of Colombia applied sciences Article Potential of Photovoltaic Generation in the Putumayo Department of Colombia Carlos Fernando Luna Carlosama 1,2, Ricardo Moreno Chuquen 3 , Luis Fernando Mulcue Nieto 1,4 and Francy Nelly Jiménez García 1,4,* 1 Departamento de Física y Matemática, Universidad Autónoma de Manizales, Manizales 170002, Colombia; carlosfl[email protected] (C.F.L.C.); [email protected] (L.F.M.N.) 2 Centro Agroforestal y Acuícola Arapaima, Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje SENA, Puerto Asis 861020, Colombia 3 Departamento de Energética, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali 760043, Colombia; [email protected] 4 Departamento de Física y Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Manizales, Manizales 170003, Colombia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The potential for generating electricity with photovoltaic systems is high in Colombia given its geographical position in the tropic. Some departments in Colombia have low electricity coverage and high rates. In the department of Putumayo there is a low coverage rate and high energy costs, while the solar radiation potential is high. Due to the geographical differences of the Putumayo subregions, the radiation potential for electricity generation is unknown. In addition, in this department the energy tariffs are above the national average. The objective of this paper is to determine the effective potential for solar photovoltaic power generation in the Putumayo department with a detailed methodology considering the information of different remote database Citation: Luna Carlosama, C.F.; and meteorological stations and some technical conditions. It was found that the highest effective Moreno Chuquen, R.; Mulcue Nieto, solar potential occurs in the Amazon region, and the lowest in the Andean region in the Putumayo. L.F.; Jiménez García, F.N. Potential of On the other hand, when evaluating electricity consumption and tariffs in the regions, it is concluded Photovoltaic Generation in the that consumption can be satisfied with photovoltaic systems by producing self-generating electricity Putumayo Department of Colombia. and distributed generation. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5528. https:// doi.org/10.3390/app11125528 Keywords: Angstrom; sunshine; irradiation; effective potential; Colombia; Putumayo Academic Editor: Radu Godina Received: 9 April 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 7 May 2021 Published: 15 June 2021 Energy resources are vital elements for sustainable development, and despite the importance of electric energy as a resource, as reported by the World Bank in 2018, approxi- Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral mately one billion people in the world are living without electricity [1]. According to the with regard to jurisdictional claims in Institute for Planning and Promotion of Energy Solutions (IPSE) for non-interconnected published maps and institutional affil- zones (ZNI) in Colombia and the Single Information System for Residential Public Utilities iations. (SUI), Colombia’s ZNI represent 52% of the country’s territory [2]. In the case of the de- partment of Putumayo there is a low coverage rate of 48.38% for rural areas [3]. The first auction of non-conventional renewable energy in Colombia was held in 2019; however, renewable sources will be connected to the main grid without providing energy solutions to the ZNI [4]. Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Fossil fuel energy production has been one of the main contributors to greenhouse This article is an open access article gas emissions, the highest in history this last decade. Therefore, complementing the energy distributed under the terms and matrix with renewable energies (RE) is a necessity, especially considering the energy conditions of the Creative Commons vulnerability of Colombia to the uncertainty presented by the phenomena of climatic Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// variability such as El Niño [5]. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ To take advantage of RE resources, the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology, and En- 4.0/). vironmental Studies (IDEAM) publishes climatological data for Colombia, which shows Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5528. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125528 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5528 2 of 20 that Putumayo’s irradiation is in the range of 3 to 3.5 KWh/m2day [6]. On the other hand, some researchers have conducted work to determine the solar energy potential in different regions of the country. Some studies have focused on the energy potential and the technical and economic viability of solar power plants in different regions of the country [7–9]. In addition, the performance of different solar panel technologies was evaluated [10–17]. It is important to note that the factors of losses due to shading orientation and incli- nation of systems close to the Earth’s equator play an important role in the performance of solar systems [18]. Additionally, there are reported studies on the variation of solar brightness and the characterization of solar radiation using the Angstrom model [18–23]. In addition to the lack of electricity coverage, in the department of Putumayo there is low service quality and a high level of nonconformity due to the cost of electricity. Likewise, no RE studies have been done in the area, and the local solar energy potential is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this research is to determine the effective potential for solar photovoltaic power generation in Putumayo department with a detailed methodology considering the information of different remote database and meteorological stations and technical conditions. In this work it was estimates the effective generation potential through the consideration of some technical and geographic conditions. The methodology developed for this research allows for calculating the potential of effective solar photovoltaic energy that can be generated in a certain place, taking into account the characteristics of the technology, the installation of the technology and losses generated, the usable percentage of the area of roofs of houses to install solar panels, the data on sunshine and temperatures taken by a weather station, and irradiance data taken by remote sensors. This methodology can be used globally. The results allow for evaluating the energy potential that can be generated in a populated area just using a portion of the roofs of private homes. 2. Materials and Methods This work was carried out in one of the departments of Colombia, the department of Putumayo, which has the characteristics of two natural regions of Colombia, the Andean and the Amazon, as well as a transitional zone between the two called the Andean-Amazon region. The Andean region is characterized by the variety of natural geographic formations of the Andean mountain range. The Amazon region is characterized by a tropical forest in the extensive plain of the Amazon river basin. The Andean-Amazon region is characterized by a transition zone between the base of the mountain range and the beginning of the plain. Figure1 shows the location of the department of Putumayo. The colors indicate the different regions. The Andean region is highlighted in blue, the Andean-Amazon region in yellow, and the Andean region in orange. The coordinates of the IDEAM weather stations were located for each of the regions, to be able to request data series of solar brightness (n) and ambient temperature (Ta). In addition, for the same stations coordinates, data series were collected from remote sensors such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [24], and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [25] which publish irradiance values. With the above data, monthly average daily irradiation values were calculated on the horizontal surface of each of the stations, to make statistical comparisons and identify errors in the remote sensor data. With the monthly solar irradiation data on the horizontal surface, and the irradiation on inclined surface, the effective energy that can be generated by a photovoltaic system could then be obtained. Finally, with the energy values that can be generated in each municipality, a comparison with the energy consumption reported by the SUI in each municipality was made. Figure2 summarizes the methodology used in this work, followed by a more detailed description of each point. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 20 Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5528 3 of 20 Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 20 Figure 1. Location of the department of Putumayo and the Andean, Andean-Amazon, and Amazon regions. The coordinates of the IDEAM weather stations were located for each of the regions, to be able to request data series of solar brightness (n) and ambient temperature (Ta). In addition, for the same stations coordinates, data series were collected from remote sensors such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [24], and the Na- tional Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) [25] which publish irradiance values. With the above data, monthly average daily irradiation values were calculated on the horizon- tal surface of each of the stations, to make statistical comparisons and identify errors in the remote sensor data. With the monthly solar irradiation data on the horizontal surface, and the irradiation on inclined surface, the effective energy that can be generated by a photovoltaic system could then be obtained. Finally, with the energy values that can be generated in each municipality, a comparison with the energy consumption
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