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Ideologies and Narratives of Statehood in Pakistan and Israel

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Ideologies and Narratives of Statehood in Pakistan and Israel Religious-Nationalist Security States: Ideologies and Narratives of Statehood in Pakistan and Israel Dissertation Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Erfurt vorgelegt von Malte Gaier aus Ludwigsburg Erfurt 2013 Erstes Gutachten: Prof. Dr. Jamal Malik (Lehrstuhl für Islamwissenschaft, Universität Er­ furt) Zweites Gutachten: Prof. Dr. Andreas Gotzmann (Lehrstuhl für Judaistik, Universität Er­ furt) Datum der Promotion: 15.05.2013 urn:nbn:de:gbv:547-201300367 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde durch ein Promotionsstipendium der Deutschen Graduier­ tenförderung der Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung e.V. gefördert. Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Hiermit erkläre ich, daß gegen mich wegen eines Verbrechens oder eines vorsätzlichen Vergehens kein Ermittlungs- oder Strafverfahren anhängig ist, und daß ich auch nicht we­ gen einer solchen Tat rechtskräftig verurteilt bin. Ich erkläre hiermit ehrenwörtlich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit ohne unzulässige Hilfe Dritter und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe; die aus fremden Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken sind als solche kennt­ lich gemacht. Bei der Auswahl und Auswertung des Materials sowie bei der Herstellung des Manuskripts habe ich keinerlei Unterstützungsleistungen erhalten. Auch an der geistigen Herstellung der vorliegenden Arbeit waren keine weiteren Personen beteiligt. Insbesondere habe ich nicht die Hilfe eines Promotionsberaters in Anspruch gen­ ommen. Dritte haben von mir weder unmittelbar noch mittelbar geldwerte Leistungen für Arbeiten erhalten, die im Zusammenhang mit dem Inhalt der vorgelegten Dissertation stehen. Ferner wurde die Arbeit bisher weder im Inland noch im Ausland in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form einer anderen Prüfungsbehörde als Dissertation vorgelegt. Neu-Delhi, 2013 Malte Gaier Table of Content Abbreviations......................................................................................................................................6 1 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................9 1.1 The State, integrative Ideologies and Statism...........................................................................12 1.2 Religious Representation and Self-Expression in the Political Culture.................................15 1.3 Threats, Security Cultures and the External Dimension of State Ideology.........................21 1.4 Methodology..................................................................................................................................24 1.4.1 Comparative Dimension: Some Notes on Pakistani-Israeli Relations..................26 1.4.2 Field Research, Critical Literature and Language ....................................................28 1.5 Content............................................................................................................................................30 Part I: BIRTH AND CONSOLIDATION OF RELIGIOUS-NATIONALIST STATE IDEOLOGY.................................................................................................................................34 2 The Theoretical Nexus of Religion, Nationalism and Politics.............................................35 2.1 Religion and Politics......................................................................................................................36 2.2 Religious Imaginations of the Nation .......................................................................................42 2.2.1 Islam and the Umma.....................................................................................................42 2.2.1.1 Indian Muslim Nationalism......................................................................44 2.2.2 Judaism and the Jewish People....................................................................................49 2.2.2.1 Zionism.......................................................................................................50 2.3 Nationalism and National Identities ..........................................................................................55 2.3.1 Religious Nationalism ..................................................................................................57 2.3.2 Authenticity and Indigenousness................................................................................59 2.3.3 Citizenship, Ethnicity and Demography....................................................................60 2.3.4 The Role of Languages ...............................................................................................63 2.3.4.1 Urdu ............................................................................................................64 2.3.4.2 Ivrith............................................................................................................66 3 National History and Self-perception: Legitimizing Themes................................................68 3.1 The Role of Historiography........................................................................................................68 3.1.1 Pakistan ..........................................................................................................................69 3.1.1.1 Selectivity towards Muslim History on the Subcontinent...................70 3.1.1.2 Foundation of State and Concepts of Collectivity .............................73 3.1.1.3 Sacralization of the State..........................................................................80 3.1.2 Israel ...............................................................................................................................84 3.1.2.1 Refusal and Selectivity towards the Jewish Past ...................................86 3.1.2.2 Foundation of State and Concepts of Collectivity..............................90 3.1.2.3 Sacralization of the State..........................................................................92 Part II: FRAGMENTATION, CLEAVAGES AND THE IDEOLOGICAL DILEMMA .......................................................................................................................................................103 4 Constitutional and Legal Framework: The Issues of Religion and Citizenship..............104 4.1 Legal Traditions and Basic Institutional Determinants.........................................................105 4.1.1 Pakistan ........................................................................................................................108 4.1.1.1 Constitutional Genesis............................................................................108 4.1.1.2 Legal Religious Identities and Citizenship...........................................115 4.1.2 Israel..............................................................................................................................121 4.1.2.1 Constitutional Genesis............................................................................121 4.1.2.2 Legal Religious Identities and Citizenship...........................................123 5 Sociopolitical Framework I: Pakistan's Religious-Political Groups and the State...........131 5.1 Sunna.............................................................................................................................................133 5.1.1 Barelwis.........................................................................................................................133 5.1.2 Deobandis....................................................................................................................140 5.2 Shīʿ a ..............................................................................................................................................146 5.3 Jama'at-i-Islami (JI)......................................................................................................................151 5.4 Ahl-i-Hadith / Salafiyya ............................................................................................................154 5.5 Radicalization, Ghairat Conservatism and the Religious Right............................................157 5.6 Informal Networks of Power, Folk Islam and Pirism .........................................................159 6 Sociopolitical Framework II: Israel's Religious-Political Groups and the State...............164 6.1 Israel's Religious Right................................................................................................................164 6.1.1 National-Religious Bloc and Religious Zionism.....................................................166 6.1.1.1 Disengagement........................................................................................174 6.2 Ultra-Orthodox Movements / Haredim.................................................................................177 6.2.1 Ashkenazim..................................................................................................................180 6.2.2 Sephardim.....................................................................................................................182 6.3 Hassidism......................................................................................................................................183 Part III: REPRESENTATION AND EXTERNALIZATION OF STATE IDEOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................................192
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