Kampen Om Israels Sjæl Martin Krasnik

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Kampen Om Israels Sjæl Martin Krasnik View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Tidsskrift.dk (Det Kongelige Bibliotek) Kampen om Israels sjæl Martin Krasnik Er Israel skabt som et refugium for alverdens jøder, der skulle gøre jøder til herrer over egen skæbne, eller er det en jødisk stat, hvor jødiske love og normer flyder sammen med staten? Lige før nytår skete et lille mirakel i jøder med orientalsk baggrund. Jerusalem. Det gør der sikkert hele Men det har bevæget sig stadig tiden i Den Hellige Stad, men netop længere mod højre i civile religiøse denne begivenhed burde have fået spørgsmål for ikke at tale om de bred international opmærksomhed. uforsonlige holdninger til palæsti- Hør bare: I det israelske parlament nenserne. Partiet symboliserer mere Knesset sidder det lille politiske par- end noget andet den stærkt religiø- ti Shas. Normalt er partiets parla- se del af Israels voksende indflydelse mentsmedlemmer enige om alting, i på hele det israelske samfund. hvert fald udadtil. Hierarkiet er Men så skete der noget. Partiet støbt i beton, og man refererer med har to rabbinere blandt sine 11 par- stor disciplin til ledelsen, ikke mindst lamentsmedlemmer. En af dem hed- den ældgamle ‘åndelige leder’ Ova- der Haim Amsalem, en from mand, dia Yosef og hans nærmeste folk. I der er født i Algeriet og kom til Isra- hvert fald udadtil. el som 11-årig i en af de mange im- Shas er det måske mest indflydel- migrationsbølger fra arabiske lande. sesrige parti i Israel, fordi det de sid- Han gik til frontalangreb på sit eget ste mange år har været udslagsgiven- parti. Partiets ledelse har groft svig- de, når en ny regering skulle sam- tet den autentiske jødedom, skrev mensættes. Det har deltaget i rege- rabbiner Amsalem. Med dets funda- ringer, der har været ledet af både mentalistiske tolkning af halakha – Likud, Kadima og Arbejderpartiet. den jødiske lov fra Biblen til Talmud Partiet er mest opsat på at sikre pen- til alskens rabbineres fortolkninger ge til det ultra-ortodokse sefardiske – er partiet ved at undergrave vigti- samfund, det vil sige stærkt religiøse ge dele af Israels base, mente denne 64 udenrigs 1 · 2011 Kampen om Israels sjæl modige rabbiner. I en række afgø- ud af parlamentet, hvilket han sta- rende spørgsmål om konverteringer, dig nægter. I et interview i januar ægteskab, værnepligt og uddannel- sagde han, at han står ved alle sine se, skrev Amsalem, har det ortodok- argumenter, og at han grundlægger se Israels lederskab besluttet sig for en ny social bevægelse, der skal ska- ikke at bidrage til Israels velbefin- be sammenhæng mellem de orto- dende. dokse jøder og resten af det israel- ske samfund. De lederløse sekulære Vi hører sjældent om den slags de- batter, fordi omverdenen er så opta- Haim Amsalems mod til at stå frem get af forholdet mellem Israel og pa- er en meget stor sjældenhed. Han læstinenserne. Men i Israel fylder de sagde det, som man normalt kun stadig mere i offentligheden. Histo - hører fra det stadig svagere og poli- rien om Haim Amsalem handler tisk lederløse sekulære, humanisti- grundlæggende om, hvad Israel skal ske Israel: At der er ved at ske en af- være for en stat, og hvilken rolle re- gørende skade på Israels demokrati- ligionen skal spille i det israelske ske og liberale fundament. Det skyl- samfund. Og det har i sidste ende des ikke forholdet til palæstinenser- stor betydning for muligheden for ne, men derimod at det ultra-orto- fred i regionen. dokse Israel i en alliance med højre- For at forstå den eksistentielle fløjen har taget magten over store dybde af dette, må man se nærmere dele af landets civilsamfund og truer på substansen i rabbinerens kritik. demokratiet på livet. Det første skud var rettet mod det At partiledelsen tog det alvorligt, ortodokse Israels holdning til kon- fik han straks at mærke. Haim Amsa- vertering, altså omvendelse til jøde- lem blev hurtigt ekskommunikeret dommen. Det er i sagens natur et af- fra Shas. I ultra-ortodokse områder i gørende spørgsmål i Israel. Jerusalem og Bnei Brak blev der op- De ortodokse partier har været sat plakater mod gudsbespotteren stærkt betænkelige ved den lille mil- Amsalem. Parti-ayatollah Ovadia Yo- lion jøder, der i de sidste 20 år er an- sefs søn erklærede, at Amsalem med kommet fra det tidligere Sovjetunio- sine udtalelser bærer ansvaret for nen. Er de nu også jøder i halakhisk vinterens lange tørke i Israel. Og i forstand; kan man kort sagt være sik- Shas-avien Yom leYom blev den fra- re på, at deres mor er jøde? Det er faldne rabbiner sammenlignet med velkendt, at mange af de russiske im- Amalek, jødernes bibelske ærkefjen- migranter har haft en – skal vi sige – de (hvis folk blev udslettet af Kong mere liberal definition af jødisk op- David i hellig krig). hav, nogenlunde som den israelske Amsalem blev beordret at træde stat: Er en enkelt bedsteforælder jø- udenrigs 1 · 2011 65 TEMA: RELIGION I INTERNATIONAL POLITIK disk, er det nemlig tilstrækkeligt til fundet. Amsalems andet skud rette- israelsk statsborgerskab. de sig mod de ortodokses eget bi- Når de russiske immigranter og drag til samfundet. Lige siden lan- deres børn har skullet tjene i forsva- dets oprettelse har ortodokse israe- ret, har militæret tilbudt korte kur- lere været undtaget fra den ellers ser i jødedom og jødisk historie, der obligatoriske værnepligt. Årsagen afsluttes med en formel konverte- har været, at de skulle studere Tal- ring under opsyn af forsvarets egne mud; det højeste bidrag til jødedom- rabbinere. Så vidt så godt. Proble- men. met opstår, når disse soldater bliver Af samme grund er tusinder og at- færdige med værnepligten og gerne ter tusinder ortodokse mænd undta- vil giftes. Så foregår det nemlig hos get de almindelige regler på arbejds- de ortodokse rabbinere, idet man markedet. De får nemlig en livslang ikke kan indgå civilt ægteskab i Is - ydelse fra staten for at kunne stude- rael. Og her har det ortodokse re på landets yeshivaer, de religiøse establishment hen over vinteren seminarer. Pengene udbetales ofte krævet en lov vedtaget, som giver gennem disse yeshivaer, der får pen- dem mere kontrol over forsvarets ge af staten. mange konverteringer af folk med Der snydes og bedrages ofte med ‘tvivlsom’ jødisk baggrund. pengene, men selv hvis alt altid gik efter bogen, ville ordningen allige- Hæren mod rabbinerne vel være en stadig tungere økono- misk byrde for Israel. Og for de ul- Hæren mod rabbinerne; i sin kerne tra-ortodokse selv: Ydelsen er så lav, en modsætning mellem det sekulæ- at disse stærkt religiøse familier med re og religiøse Israel. Og Haim Am- deres mange børn ofte lever i sørge- salems argument var det simple: lig fattigdom uden kontakt til resten Hvor dan kan indflydelsesrige parti- af samfundet. er i Israel i dén grad undergrave lan- Dermed fastholder deres politiske dets sikkerhed ved at stille spørgs- ledere op mod en tredjedel af Isra- målstegn ved mennesker, der ikke els indbyggere i et egentligt parallel- blot kommer for at bo i landet, men samfund. Men de bør og skal bidra- sågar også for at forsvare det? Her ge og tage et værdigt ansvar, sagde har det ortodokse Israel fjernet sig rabbineren. Samme logik gælder grundlæggende fra landets interes- hans tredje kritikpunkt: Uddannel- ser, sagde han. Senest har han un- sen af unge ultra-ortodokse i priva- derstreget, at han støtter indførsel af te, statsstøttede skoler. Deres partier civile ægteskaber, hvilket vil være et og institutioner har arbejdet for at stort slag mod det ortodokse leder- lade bibelstudierne fylde så meget skabs indflydelse på resten af sam- som muligt på bekostning af bred 66 udenrigs 1 · 2011 Kampen om Israels sjæl undervisning i matematik, naturvi- form af Shas-partiet – i høj grad un- denskab og sprog – endnu en kata- derlagt sig holdningerne hos deres strofe, både for de unge selv og hele ashkenaziske trosfæller, ofte kaldet samfundet. de ‘litauiske’ rabbinere, som allere- Debatten om Haim Amsalems de var etableret i Israel, da de orien- synspunkter går egentlig tilbage til talske jøder kom til landet i 1950’- grundlæggelsen af Israel. I 1947 blev erne og 1960’erne. Debatten om der indgået en deal – kaldet Status Amsalem skyldes også, at mange se- Quo-aftalen – mellem den første fardiske jøder er trætte af ashkenazi- premierminister, David Ben-Gurion, ernes indflydelse. Sefardiske jøder, og de ultra-ortodokse jøder i form af mener mange, har slet ikke samme partiet Agudat Israel. Hvis de støtte- tradition og historie (ikke mindst de opbygningen af staten, fik de til pga. århundredes antisemitisk tvang gengæld uindskrænket indflydelse i Europa) for adskillelse fra resten af på en række civile spørgsmål: Ægte- samfundet. skab og skilsmisser, konverteringer De mest kritiske røster vil sige, at og sabbattens ‘ukrænkelighed’. den ultra-ortodokse ledelse i virke- Sekulære zionister og politikere ligheden ønsker denne adskillelse: som David Ben-Gurion mente utvivl- Kontakt med resten af samfundet somt, at disse ekstremt religiøse gennem arbejde og værnepligt risi- mennesker ville forsvinde i takt med kerer netop at gøre de unge kritiske moderniteten og udviklingen. Der over for deres eget lederskab og dets tog han fejl, som så mange andre. ufravigelige rabbiner-hierarki. Det ultra-ortodokse Israel er vokset Alt dette handler om et funda- og vokset og har forsvaret Status mentalt spørgsmål med store konse- Quo-aftalen med hud og hår. kvenser: Er Israel en stat for jøder eller en jødisk stat? Altså: Er Israel ‘Litauiske’ rabbinere skabt som et refugium for alverdens jøder, en dyb historisk nødvendig- Den opmærksomme læser vil for hed, der skulle gøre jøder til herrer længst have spurgt sig selv, om der over deres egen skæbne? Eller er Is- da ikke er holdningsforskelle i det rael snarere en jødisk stat, hvor jødi- ultra-ortodokse Israel? Som bekendt ske regler og love og normer flyder er den jødiske befolkning opdelt i sammen med staten? sefardiske og askenaziske jøder, altså Man kan argumentere for, at Is - dem med henholdsvis orientalsk og rael er begge dele, og at modsætnin- europæisk baggrund.
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