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Biology and Biological Control of Garlic Mustard

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Biology and Biological Control of Garlic Mustard United States Department of Agriculture TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Biological Control BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF GARLIC MUSTARD Roger Becker, Esther Gerber, Hariet L. Hinz, Elizabeth Katovich, Brendon Panke, Richard Reardon, Mark Renz, and Laura Van Riper Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team FHTET-2012-05 Forest Service Morgantown, WV Reprint August 2015 The Forest Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. This manual was published by FHTET as part of the technology transfer series. http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology/ The use of trade, firm, or corporation names in this publication is for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an official endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture or the Forest Service of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. This publication/database reports research involving pesticides. CAUTION: PESTICIDES It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/ or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife—if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers. Cover photos Background photo: Field of flowering garlic mustard; photo by Steven Katovich Left inset: Adult Ceutorhynchus alliariae; photo by Albert de Wilde Middle inset: Garlic mustard silique; photo by Elizabeth Katovich Right inset: Flowering garlic mustard plant; photo by Elizabeth Katovich In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250- 9410; (2) fax: (202) 690-7442; or (3) email: [email protected]. USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender. Federal Recycling Program Printed on recycled paper BIOLOGY AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF GARLIC MUSTARD Roger Becker Brendon Panke Department of Agronomy Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics University of Wisconsin University of Minnesota Madison, WI St. Paul, MN Richard Reardon Esther Gerber USDA Forest Service CABI Switzerland Forest Health Technology Delémont, Switzerland Enterprise Team Morgantown, WV Hariet L. Hinz CABI Switzerland Mark Renz Delémont, Switzerland Department of Agronomy University of Wisconsin Elizabeth J. Katovich Madison, WI Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics Laura Van Riper University of Minnesota Division of Ecological St. Paul, MN and Water Resources Minnesota Department of Natural Resources St. Paul, MN For additional copies of this publication, please contact: Richard Reardon 180 Canfield Street Morgantown, WV 26505 304-285-1566 [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to acknowledge the authors of preceding issues in this series for contents included in this publication. We would also like to thank all of the photographers for providing such relevant and descriptive images. We would also like to thank Wendy W. Harding for design and layout, and Richard Reardon, U.S. Forest Service, FHTET, for providing funding for the preparation and printing of this publication. CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction .......................................................1 Invasive Plants.............................................................1 Classical Biological Control of Weeds . .1 Host Specificity Testing ......................................................2 Code of Best Practices for Biological Control of Weeds . .3 About this Manual ..........................................................4 References................................................................4 Chapter 2. Getting to Know Garlic Mustard.......................................5 Description and Classification .................................................5 Garlic Mustard Biology.......................................................6 Garlic Mustard Distribution in North America .....................................10 Garlic Mustard Biology and Ecology ...........................................11 References...............................................................13 Chapter 3. Biology of the Garlic Mustard Biological Control Insects .................16 Basic Insect Biology........................................................16 Insects and Garlic Mustard ..................................................17 Garlic Mustard Biological Control Insects .......................................17 Ceutorhynchus scrobicollis . 19 Ceutorhynchus constrictus . 22 Ceutorhynchus alliariae ...................................................25 Ceutorhynchus roberti ....................................................29 References...............................................................31 Chapter 4. The Biological Control Component of an Integrated Garlic Mustard Management Program . 32 Introduction to Integrated Weed Management (IWM) ..............................32 Integrating the Biology of Garlic Mustard into Control Strategies .....................32 Integrating Biological Control Methods .........................................35 Weed Control Methods Used to Manage Garlic Mustard............................36 Education, Prevention and Early Detection, and Rapid Response ..................36 Biological Control........................................................37 Hand-pulling or Cutting and Mowing to Control Garlic Mustard ....................38 Prescribed Fire .........................................................39 Cultural Control . .40 Herbicidal Control .......................................................40 Conclusion ...............................................................44 References...............................................................44 Appendix 1 ................................................................46 Monitoring Garlic Mustard Biocontrol Agents.....................................46 Garlic Mustard Monitoring Protocol ............................................47 Garlic Mustard Biocontrol Monitoring Forms . .50 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1. Garlic mustard invasion of a forested site..................................1 Figure 1-2. Garlic mustard invasion of a forested site..................................1 Figure 1-3. The Centrifugal Phylogenetic Approach for test plant selection provides a framework for host test plant selection. Plant species chosen for inclusion in host specificity testing start with those closely related to the invasive plant and expand to include plants less taxonomically related, such as plants of economic importance. ............3 Figure 2-1. Flowering garlic mustard plant. .5 Figure 2-2. Second year flowering plant and siliques (seed capsules). ....................5 Figure 2-3. Field pennycress, one of two introduced plants in North America in the same tribe as garlic mustard.......................................6 Figure 2-4. Flowering field pennycress. 6 Figure 2-5. Garlic mustard seedling with cotyledon and first true leaves. ..................7 Figure 2-6. Garlic mustard seedling with heart-shaped leaf. 7 Figure 2-7. First year garlic mustard rosette. 7 Figure 2-8. Second year bolting garlic mustard plant with flower buds. ....................7 Figure 2-9. Second year flowering garlic mustard plant with triangular toothed leaves. .......8 Figure 2-10. Second year flowering garlic mustard plant showing alternate leaf arrangement. ....................................8 Figure 2-11. Flowering garlic mustard plant. ........................................8 Figure 2-12. Garlic mustard flowers are white, with
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