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National Sport Policy in a Developing Country: the Case of Jamaica's

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National Sport Policy in a Developing Country: The Case of Jamaica’s Elite Sport Development in Selected Sports Richard Toomer A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Human Kinetics School of Human Kinetics Faculty of Health Sciences University of Ottawa May 2019 © Richard Toomer, Ottawa, Canada, 2019 NATIONAL SPORT POLICY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY ii Abstract The purpose of this thesis was to explore the development of elite sport through national sport policy within a developing country, Jamaica. Taking a qualitative approach, the thesis drew on the SPLISS framework (De Bosscher et al., 2006, 2015) to understand government influence in the development of elite sport, through policy, and to investigate other contributing factors for elite sporting success. A logic model illustrated the input-throughput-output pillars of the SPLISS framework, and aided in the interpretation of both a theoretical and rival proposition (Yin, 2018). This thesis purpose, accomplished in part by exploring the most successful elite sport in Jamaica, athletics (track and field), incorporated three interconnected studies on that developing country’s national sport system, a sport system that produced its first Olympic success in 1948, forty-six years before the introduction of national sport policy. Three interconnected studies allowed for findings that highlighted the roots of Jamaica’s sport development, beginning with the introduction of a school and community sport system by the former colonial British government, and retained and expanded by the Jamaican government from 1962. The findings also highlighted that the school and community sport systems facilitated a local approach to the development and training for athletics. It included factors outside of the influence of government, such as the impact of coaches and role models that assisted in creating a fraternity in the sport through tradition, culture and passion, and established an environment for elite sport. This environment involved a collaboration between educational institutions and the professional local club system, and represents the critical elements in the success of athletics, indicating that the influence of government policies for sport development was not impacting international sporting success up to 2017. The interconnected studies also provided support for gaps identified in the SPLISS framework and the literature on elite sport policy. For SPLISS, the findings provided evidence in NATIONAL SPORT POLICY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY iii understanding what happens when input factors are processed (the ‘black box’) leading to outputs, and national outcomes. For the literature, the thesis found that an historical context is important in understanding the coalescing of micro-, macro-, and meso-level factors for elite sporting success. NATIONAL SPORT POLICY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY iv Acknowledgements This journey has been long and filled with many hurdles, but along the way several wonderful people that I can call my friends, colleagues, mentors, and family have supported me, emotionally, spiritually, and financially. First, I want to thank my family, for allowing me to put them through these years of undue hardship while I pursue this dream and personal achievement. My family in Jamaica, especially my daughters Shantana and Shalae, and Canada, especially Ammanie and my daughter Jade, my sincere thanks and appreciation for enduring, and I will be forever thankful. To my family in the USA, especially those in Florida, words cannot express my appreciation for your love and support, and I will never forget your kindness, and many words of encouragement towards the end, especially the final night – Thank You! Second, to my supervisor and mentor, Professor Milena Parent, I will be forever grateful and thankful for your guidance and knowledge throughout my journey, especially for the final months. You went beyond what I knew was the norm for an advisor, and you taught me, and molded me into the academic I am currently, and I will be forever grateful to have been your student, and look forward to learning more from you. You took over from my first supervisor, Professor Jean Harvey, who retired, and I have appreciated all our time spent together as a committee. Third, to my colleagues and friends in Ottawa and the USA, I know that, without your support I would not have made it this far on my journey. Special appreciation goes to my friend Dan Richardson, as you were the rock that kept me together through many of life’s hurdles. To my friend Abiy, you, your family, and the entire team that you lead, have had an impact on my life that I will take with me forever; your kindness and support is appreciated forever. To my colleagues in Kingston, Jamaica, especially Denise Wisdom and Paulton Gordon, and those in Dallas, Texas, NATIONAL SPORT POLICY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY v especially Susan Holland, Iris Briscoe, Susan Sifford, Lynn Romejko-Jacobs, and Peter Carton, I thank you for your encouragements and support throughout this journey. Special appreciation to my brother, my friend, my colleague, words cannot express how I appreciate you, and you know that I will be forever in your debt. Finally, to my examiners, I want to thank you for your kind words and direction for this project and I look forward to your comments and feedback. To everyone that I cannot name, and there are many, who has at one time or another, provided me with guidance, support, kind words of encourage and just well wishes, I want to thank you from the bottom of my heart for being wonderful human beings. Your reward awaits. NATIONAL SPORT POLICY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY vi Statement of Author Contributions The author was the principal researcher for this monograph thesis, and was solely responsible for the concept and design of this project on national sport policy in a developing country. While this was a monograph consisting of eight chapters, a previous version of one chapter (chapter 4), was published prior to the completion of the thesis. The author collected all the data, conducted the data analysis, and wrote the article for publication, along with all the other chapters in this thesis, including an updated chapter 4. NATIONAL SPORT POLICY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY vii Table of Contents Page Abstract.……..…………………………………………………………………………… ii Acknowledgements..……………………………………………………………………… iv Statement of Author Contributions…………………………..…………………………… vi List of Tables.…..………………………………………………………………………….. xv List of Figures.…………..…………….…………………………………………………… xvi List of Abbreviations.………………………………………………..…………………… xvii CHAPTER 1: Introduction…………….…………………………………..………….. 1 General Context….……...……….………………………………………..…………… 1 A Brief Overview of Jamaica……………………………………………..…………… 4 Rationale for the Jamaican Case...………………………………………..…………… 7 Purpose and Research Questions…………………..……………..……….…………… 13 Thesis Outline.………….………………………………………..……………………… 19 CHAPTER 2: Literature Review and Conceptual Framework……………………..… 21 National Sport Policy.………………………………....…………….…………..……… 22 Analysis of National Sport Policy…………………………………….………..…. 22 Establishing a definition…….……………...……………………………… 22 Theoretical levels of analysis..……………...……………………………… 26 The politics of sport policy….……………...……………………………… 27 Small states and sport policy..……………...……………………………… 37 National Lottery Funding……….…………………………………….……….…… 50 Elite Sport Policy……………….…………………………………….……….…… 51 Definition and context……….……………...………………………………51 NATIONAL SPORT POLICY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY viii The SPLISS conceptual framework………...……………………………… 53 A rationale for choosing SPLISS…………...……………………………… 65 Environmental factors and elite sport policy.……………………………… 69 The chicken or the egg dilemma….………...……………………………… 71 A critique of SPLISS….…….……………...……………………………… 71 Sport Development…….…..………………..…………….………………………..…… 73 Definition and Features………………………...…….………………………..…… 73 Tensions within sport development………….………………………..…… 75 Precursors to sport development….………….………………………..…… 79 Establishing Success..……………….……………………..…………………………… 82 National Outputs…………………………..………………………….……….…… 82 National Outcomes….……………………………...……………………………… 83 Coalescing of Factors for the Success of Elite Sport......….....……………………………… 84 Logic Model Approach……………………………........….....……………………………… 86 Summary..……………………………………………………………………………… 87 CHAPTER 3: Methodology……………………………………………………………… 90 Theoretical Perspective and Epistemology…………………………………………….. 90 Case Study Research Design…………………….….…….……………………….…… 92 Description of the Case……………..……….…….………………………….…… 93 Defining the case……….…..……….…….………………………….…… 94 Bounding the case…………..……….…….………………………….…… 95 Linking the Data to the Propositions……………………..…….……………..…… 96 Methods.……..…………..…….……………………………………………………..… 97 Case Study as a Research Method…..………………………………………..…… 97 NATIONAL SPORT POLICY IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY ix Data Collection………………………………………………………………..…… 98 Study 1…………..…………..……….…….………………………….…… 99 Archival records and documentation………………………….…… 100 Study 2…………..…………..……….…….………………………….…… 101 Archival records and documentation………………………….…… 102 Interviews…………………………….……………………….…… 102 Study 3…………..…………..……….…….………………………….…… 104 Archival records and documentation………………………….…… 105 Interviews…………………………….……………………….…… 105 Data Analysis………….……………………………...……..……….……..……… 105 Study 1…………..…………..……….…….………………………….…… 106 Study 2…………..…………..……….…….………………………….…… 107 Study 3…………..…………..……….…….………………………….……
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