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Preparation of Indicators on Biodiversity and Hazardous Substances for Russia

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Preparation of Indicators on Biodiversity and Hazardous Substances for Russia BASE Project - Implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan in Russia Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission Preparation of indicators on biodiversity and hazardous substances for Russia Pilot Activity Preparation of biodiversity and hazardous substances indicators with targets that reflect good environmental status for HELCOM (including the HELCOM CORESET project) and improvement of Russian capacity to participate in operationalization of those indicators. Implemented by (Main Consultant) St. Petersburg State University, Alexander Antsulevich Authors of the report (chapters of Eugeny Abakumov (3.6), Alexander Antsulevich (1; 2; 4.2; 4.14; 4.20 ‐ their contribution): 4.22; 4.24; 5; 6; 8), Natalia Balashova (4.20), Svetlana Basova (5), Nadezhda Berezina (4.4.2), Ulyana Birina (4.10), Julia Boyarinova (4.11), Valentina Bubyreva (4.20), Valery Buzun (4.11; 4.12), Andrey Epiphanov (3.6), Eugeny Daev (4.3), Mikhail Ivanov (4.19), Alexandra Kharazova (4.1), Grigory Kiselev (4.20), Dmitry Laius (4.4.1), Larissa Litvinchuk (4.18), Alexey Maximov (4.19; 4.21; 4.23), Vladimir Nikiforov (3.1 – 3.5; 3.7), Vasily Ptschelinzev (4.9), Alexander Rybalko (3.5; 3.6) , Alexey Starkov (4.19), Sergey Titov (4.16; 4.17), Irina Trukhanova (4.5 – 4.8), Marina Varfolomeeva (5), Mikhail Verevkin (4.5), Elmira Zaynagutdinova (4.11), Andrey Yakovlev (4.13 – 4.15). Report compilation and general Alexander Antsulevich conclusions by For bibliographic purposes this HELCOM 2014, BASE project 2012‐2014: document should be cited as Preparation of biodiversity and hazardous substances indicators with targets that reflect good environmental status for HELCOM (including the HELCOM CORESET project) and improvement of Russian capacity to participate in operationalization of those indicators. Photo credits: Page 63: Eugeny Daev. Page 69: Nadezhda Beresina. Page 74: Nadezhda Beresina. Page 92: Oleg Zyryanov. Page 106: Valery Buzun. Page 111: Ulyana Birina. Page 116: Elmira Zaynagutdinova. Page 118: Valery Buzun. Page 119; 127: Vladimir Fedorov. Page 128; 129: Valery Buzun. Page 131 (Fig. 4.13.1) Alexander Antsulevich. Page 131 (Fig. 4.13.2) Nikiphor Antsulevich. Page 132 (Fig. 4.13.3): Alexander Antsulevich. Page 132 (Fig. 4.13.4), page 142, 158, 159: Andrey Yakovlev. Page 162, 166, 168: Sergey Titov. Page 171: Larissa Litvinchuk. Page 191: Alexander Antsulevich. Page 193: Andrey Sharov. Page 199, 204, 225‐228: Alexander Antsulevich. Covers design Johanna Laurila Implemented in the framework of: Project Implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan in Russia (BASE) Funded by EU Implemented by HELCOM Secretariat and St. Petersburg Public Organisation ‘Ecology and Business’ This report does not necessarily represent the views of HELCOM. HELCOM does not assume responsibility for the content of the report. Information included in this publication or extracts thereof are free for citation on the condition that the complete reference of the publication is given as stated above. Copyright 2014 Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission HELCOM CONTENT 1. Executive summary .....................................................................................................7 2. Indroduction..............................................................................................................10 3. Indicators, based on hazardous substances and their effects......................................12 3.1. Polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDE): BDE‐28, 47, 99, 100, 153 and 154.........................12 3.2. Hexabromocyclododacene (HBCD)........................................................................................17 3.3. Perfluorooctanesulphonate (PFOS)........................................................................................21 3.4. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and dioxins and furans: CB‐28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153 and 180; WHO‐TEQ of dioxins, furans +dl‐PCBs..............................................................24 3.5. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons and their metabolites: US EPA 16 PAHs / selected metabolites.............................................................................................................................30 3.6. Metals (lead, cadmium and mercury)....................................................................................35 3.7. Tributyltin (TBT) and imposex................................................................................................42 4. Indicators, based on biodiversity and food webs.........................................................46 4.1. Lysosomal Membrane Stability – a general stress indicator..................................................46 4.2. Fish diseases– a fish stress indicator.....................................................................................49 4.2.1. Description of the indicator......................................................................................49 4.2.2. General implementation of the indicator.................................................................49 4.2.3. Implementation of the indicator in the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland.............49 4.2.4. State of the indicator in the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland..............................50 4.2.5. Long‐term change of the parasite fauna of perch Perca fluviatilis (L.) and roach Rutilus rutilus (L.) in the Neva Bay........................................................................54 4.2.6. Levels of several heavy metals in tissues of perch Percae fluviatilis (L.), the three‐spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.), and in some of their parasites from the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland.......................................56 4.2.7. Proposal for monitoring of the indicator......................................................58 4.3. Micronuclei test– a genotoxicity indicator............................................................................59 4.3.1. Significance of micronuclei test among other environmental monitoring methods of assessment of genotoxic contaminants................................................59 4.3.2. Brief description of micronucleus test.....................................................................60 4.3.3. Micronuclei test in the evaluation of the genotoxicity in water..............................61 4.3.4. Application of micronuclei test to assess pollution in the Baltic Sea.....................61 4.3.5. Future direction of development of test systems to assess the genotoxicity of pollution in the Baltic Sea........................................................62 4.3.6. Recommendations for conducting micronucleus test in the Russian part of the Gulf of Finland..................................................................................................63 4.4. Reproductive disorders: Malformed eelpout and amphipod embryos..................................64 4.4.1. Malformed eelpout.................................................................................................64 4.4.2. Amphipod embryos.................................................................................................68 4.5. Population growth rates, abundance and distribution of marine mammals.........................81 4.5.1. General remarks on methodology...........................................................................81 4.5.2. Pusa hispida botnica abundance estimation results...............................................81 4.5.3. Pusa hispida botnica distribution...........................................................................84 4.5.4. Halichoerus grypus macrorynchus abundance estimate results.............................90 4.5.5. Halichoerus grypus macrorynchus distribution......................................................91 2 4.5.6. Phocoena phocoena phocoena distribution............................................................93 4.5.7. Population growth rate and GES............................................................................94 4.5.8. Updates on ringed seal population abundance and distribution from 2013 aerial survey....................................................................................................96 4.5.9. Recommendations on monitoring of population growth rates, abundance and distribution of marine mammals in the Gulf of Finland..................................99 4.6. Pregnancy rates of marine mammals..................................................................................101 4.7. Nutritional status of seals....................................................................................................102 4.8. Number of drowned mammals and waterbirds in fishing gears.........................................103 4.8.1. Number of drowned mammals in fishing gears....................................................103 4.8.2. Number of drowned waterbirds in fishing gears...................................................105 4.9. White‐tailed eagle productivity...........................................................................................107 4.10. Abundance of waterbirds in the wintering season............................................................109 4.10.1. History of the study of wintering water birds in the city of St.‐Petersburg.........109 4.10.2. Methods and participants of the previous phase of monitoring of wintering water‐ and shorebirds of St.‐Petersburg region..................................................109 4.10.3. Main changes in the winter avifauna of the water‐ and shorebirds of St.‐Petersburg in the 20th
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