KUNGL. VITTERHETS HISTORIE OCH ANTIKVITETS AKADEMIEN

HANDLINGAR Historisk a serien 19

Perspectives on the Honours Systems

Proceedings of the symposiums Swedish and Russian Orders 1700-2000 & The Honour of Diplomacy

Edited by ANTTI M ATIKKALA & STAFFAN ROSEN

Publisher: The Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities

LW'.'Vr >!! !\ Kit I. - II- RALilt'Li1.1 i: li "l\ - CONTENTS

Antti Matikkala & Staffan Rosen-. Introduction 7

I. THE SWEDISH ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD AND THEIR ORIGINS Antti Matikkala-. Gustaf Adlerfelt, Orders of Knighthood and Charles XII 13 Staffan Rosen-. From the Common History of the Russian and the Swedish Orders of Knighthood 85 Tom C. Bergroth-. The Royal Order of Charles XIII - the Fifth Swedish Order 101

II. ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD AS INSTRUMENTS OF DIPLOMACY Nils G. Bartholdy. Foreign Orders of Knighthood Bestowed on Danish Kings and Citizens until the Napoleonic Era 119 Ronny Andersen. The Orders of the Elephant and of the Dannebrog, and their Role in Diplomacy 139 Tuukka Talvio-. The Diplomatic Orders of Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt .. 155 Sergei S. Levin-. The Russian, Swedish, and Norwegian Orders of the Russian Envoys in Sweden 1721-1917 165

III. MATERIALITY OF HONOURS Sergei S. Levin-. Purveyors to the Chapter of the Russian Orders of Knighthood 1797-1917 177 Liudmila M. Gavrilova-. The Swedish Orders of the Russian Emperors in the Collection of the Kremlin Museums 101 Lidia I. Dobrovolskaya: The System of Orders and Decorations of the Russian Empire Towards the Beginning of the Twentieth Century 207 Elena A. Yarovaya: Heraldic Composition as a Means to Express Personal Merits 115

IV. THE OLD WORLD AND ITS LEGACY DURING THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Lidia I. Dobrovolskaya-. The Russian-Swedish Naval Exchange of Orders in the Early Twentieth Century 135 Erik Norberg-. Honours and Foreign Politics - the Swedish Experience during the First World War 143 Tom C. Bergroth: Mannerheim and the Art of Wearing Orders and Decorations, 1918-1949 257

V. FAR EASTERN PERSPECTIVES Staffan Rosen-. Reward as Punishment - the Use of Orders in International Conflicts: the Case of the Korean Empire 277 OlegN. Rozanov-. The Honours and Awards System as an Instrument of Diplomacy in Japanese-Russian and Japanese- Soviet Relations 285

VI. CURRENT PRACTICES Mikko Jokela: The Diplomatic Use of Orders Today - Some Views from Finland 301 Staffan Rosen: Swedish Orders Today 309 Georgy V. Vilinbakhov. The Award System of the Russian Federation 315

Editors and Contributors 321