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South of Yazd) Arid Regions Geography Studies; Volume 9; Number 33; Autumn 2018 The Effects of Climate and Lithology on the Formation of Sand Ramps around Ernan Plain (South of Yazd) Mohamad Sharifi Paichoon* Assistant Professor of geomorphology, Yazd University, Iran. Gholam Reza Tajbakhsh Assistant Professor of petrology, Yazd University, Iran. Extended Abstract Introduction Sand ramp is a kind of sand dune located on or at the foot of some mountains slopes of arid and semi-arid regions. Although these types of landforms do not differ in appearance from other types of sand dunes in these areas, But the slope, size of sedimentary grains, morphology, sediment homogeneity, stratification, lamination, constituent minerals, environmental conditions of formation and evolution, location of sedimentation and their processes are very different from other hills of desert and coastal sand. Unlike wind sand dunes, which are only transported and deposited by the wind, alluvial and mountainous sediments are also visible within the mountain ranges. Because this type of landform is much less scattered than desert and coastal sand dunes across the globe, it is less well studied. Also, in some areas under clastic sediments the slopes are buried and are not visible. In Iran, this complication is only limited in the areas of central Iran and in the provinces of Yazd and more narrowly in Kerman. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the preparation of mountain sediments located around the Ernan Plain in the eastern slopes of Shirkouh Mountain in the south of Yazd city. The sand ramps were created in past climatic conditions and are currently inactive. Materials and Methods To study mountain ranges around the plain of Arnan and their sediment sources, 1: 50000 topographic maps, 1: 100,000 geological maps, satellite imagery, digital elevation maps, Google Earth imagery, as well as field observations and surveys have also been used. In the first three consecutive years, the sand ramps geographical area was visited more than 5 times. Then, some sedimentary samples were taken from the granite rocks of the area as well as from the mountain peaks and analyzed in the laboratory using XRD method. In order to better see the granite rocks and sediments of the sand ramps, thin sections were made and magnified 60 times using an electron microscope and different angles were taken using a camera mounted on them. Thus, the minerals of sand ramps sediments and also granite stone and their properties were defined and analyzed. After it was found that the minerals that form the sand ramp sediments are in relatively complete agreement with the granite (monzogranite) of the study area, Degradation and weathering of granites as the main stone for the preparation of sand ramp sediments was investigated. From this point of view, the climatic characteristics of the study area, including the present temperature and humidity, were studied to investigate the environmental conditions. Since most of the sand ramps have been formed in the past and in different climatic conditions, so the past weather (temperature) has been rebuilt. Thus, the maps of simultaneous rainfall and temperature of present time and the maps of simultaneous temperature were prepared and plotted. Discussion and Results The study area is located in the desert area of Central Iran with altitude variations of about 1700 to 3800 m. Accordingly, it has a very specific climate with high temperature fluctuations and humidity. These fluctuations have been the main cause of weathering and destruction of rocks and consequently the formation of unique landforms throughout geological history. The present * Email: [email protected] Arid Regions Geography Studies; Volume 9; Number 33; Autumn 2018 temperature data show that the study area has two distinct warm and cold seasons. So that the cold season is accompanied by severe temperature drop and about 3 months of December, January and February, the average temperature is around 2 to 3 degrees Celsius. However, the temperature at altitudes above 3000 meters for a cold period reaches to below zero degree and the average number of frost days is more than one month a year, and in some years it is more than 40 days. Because it is a relatively high area, it has more than 200 mm of rainfall per year. As such, the region still enjoys weak and short-lived transgressive climatic conditions, and ice and thawing are characteristic of the region, especially during the cold season. Reconstruction of past temperatures in the region indicates that the area was 13 degrees colder than it was in the Pleistocene cold period. Sand ramp sedimentological findings showed that plagioclases, alkaline feldspar, quartz, biotite, muscovite, and apatite and amphibole sub-minerals are the major constituents of the sand ramp sediments, respectively. These minerals form the monzogranite rock that forms the basin of the Tang Chenar catchment in the eastern slopes of Shirkouh. Conclusions The results of this study showed that the Kohrigi sediments were obtained from the destruction of monzogranites of the eastern slopes of Shirkouh Mountain. Developing sand ramp study showed that it is forming at altitudes above 2400 meters. Where monzogranites are outcrops and morphoclimatic conditions dominated by glaciers. These morphoclimatic conditions have led to the destruction and disintegration of granites. The results show that in the last cold period the temperature was 13 degrees colder than the present. In these conditions, the slopes above 2500 m were under glacier dominance and below that were influenced by glacial morphoclimatic conditions. These conditions were favorable for the destruction and weathering of granites. The presence of moisture destroys biotite and feldspars minerals and causes to separate other minerals, such as quartz, from each other. Temperature also has a great effect on the destruction of granites. Because the minerals that form it have different temperature expansion points. The thermal volume expansion of quartz is three times that of feldspar. Therefore, temperature changes create pressures inside and between mineral grains that cause them to be separated. However, low temperatures with minimal humidity (ie, the conditions of the glacier) are the most important factors affecting the weathering of granite. As a result, granite degradation provided large volumes of fine-grained sedimentary material and was transported downstream of the basin by water or ice tab. The winds transported these sediments up the slopes and created the sand ramps. Keywords: Sand ramp, Shirkouh Mountain, Ernan Plain, desert, preglacier. Arid Regions Geography Studies; Volume 9; Number 33; Autumn 2018 References 1- Amini, S., Kalantari, M. R., (1996) Study of petrology and geochemistry of granitoid’s batolith of Shirkouh- Yazd ,The first annual scientific conference of the Iran Geological Society, Pp. 61-64. 2- Banfield, J.F. & Eggleton, R.A., 1984. Aspects of granite weathering. In: Binns, R.A. (convener), Geoscience in the development of natural resources. 7th Australian Geological Convention, Sydney, Australia, 51-52. 3- Bertram, S., 2003. Late Quaternary sand ramps in south -western Namibia: nature, originand palaeoclimatological significance. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Universität Würzburg . Available online at, http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte//617/2003pdf/ Dissertation_Silke Bertram .pdfaccessed .04.05.11 4- Bateman, M., D.; Bryant, R., G.; Foster, I.; Livingstone, I., And Parsons, A., J.(2012) on the formation of sand ramps: A case study from the Mojave Desert, Geomorphology, vol 161- 162, pp. 93-109 5- Braga, M.A. S., Paquet H., Begonha, A. (2002) Weathering of granites in a temperate climate (NW Portugal): granitic saprolites and arenization, Catena, Volume 49, Pp. 41-56 6- Bustin, R.M. & Matthews, W.H., 1979. Selective weathering of granitic clasts. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 16, 216-223. 7- Campbell, S., Gerrard, A. J., and Green, C. P. (1998). ‘Granite landforms and weathering products’, in S. Campbell, C. O. Hunt, J. D. Scourse, and D. H. Keen (eds.),Quaternary of South-West England, London: Chapman and Hall, 73–90. 8- Durgin, P. B. (1977) Landslides and the weathering of granitic rocks, Geological Society of America Reviews in Engineering Geology, Volume II 9- Ghorbani, Gh., Hasannejad, A. A., (2008) An Introduction to Mineralogy and Granite Genesis of Shirkooh –Yazd, Twenty-sixth Earth Science Conference, Tehran, Geology Organisation, https://www.civilica.com/Paper-GSI26-GSI26_076.html 10- Goldich, S .S ., 1938. A study in rock weathering. Journal of Geology, 46, 17-58. 11- Goudie, A. S., 1989, “Weathering processes”, In: Thomas, D. S. G. (Ed.), Arid Zone Geomorphology: Halsted Press, New York: 11-24 12- Hill, S. M. (1996) The differential weathering of granitic rocks in Victoria, Australia, AGSO Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics. 16 (3).271-276. 13- Isherwood, D. & Street, A., 1976. Biotite-induced grus•sification of the Boulder Creek Granodiorite, Boulder County, Colorado. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 87, 366- 370 14- Kanamaru, T., Suganuma, Y., Oiwane, H., Miura, H., Miura, M., Okuno, J., Hayakawa, H., (2018) The weathering of granitic rocks in a hyper-arid and hypothermal environment: A case study from the Sør-Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica, Geomorphology, 317, 62-74 15- Lancaster, N., and Tchakerian, V., P. (1996) Geomorphology and sediments of sand ramps in the Mojave Desert, Geomorphology, 17(1): 151-165 16- Kumar, A.; Srivastava,
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