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Article 537876 41665E0038491 ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 1 ، ﺳﺎل 1396، (76-51) ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣ ﺪ اراك ﺷﺎﭘﺎ 4668- 2008 (ﻋﻠﻤﻲ - ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ) http://jer.iau-arak.ac.ir ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 1 ، ﺳﺎل 1396 ، (76-51) ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده اﻓﺸﺎن ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Megachilidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻳﺰد * ﻟﻴﺪا دﻫﻘﺎن دﻫﻨﻮي1 ، ﻋﻠﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻲ2 ، ﺷﻴﻼ ﮔﻠﺪﺳﺘﻪ3 ، رﺿﺎ وﻓﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻮﺷﺘﺮي3 -1 ﺑﺎﺷﮕﺎه ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﮕﺮان ﺟﻮان و ﻧﺨﺒ ﮕﺎن، واﺣﺪ ﻳﺰد، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، ﻳﺰد -2 داﻧﺸﻴﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﺪرس ﺗﻬﺮان -3 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ واﺣﺪ اراك ﭼﻜ ﻴﺪه ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Megachilidae ﺑﺎ ﺑ ﻴﺶ از 4000 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻴﻒ ﺷﺪه در ﺳﺮﺗﺎﺳﺮ ﺟﻬﺎن، ﺳﻮﻣ ﻴﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮا ده ﺑﺰرگ از زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده اﻓﺸﺎن اﺳﺖ. ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻳﺰد، ﻣﻬﺮﻳﺰ و ﺗﻔﺖ، درﺻﺪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮد ﻳﺪ. ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮاواﻧ ﻲ، ﺗﻨﻮع، ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ و ﻏﻨﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي و ﻫﻤﭽﻨ ﻴﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ز ﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي 48 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه در اﻳ ﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن در ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 1391 و 1392 ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪ. در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻳﺰد در ﺳﺎل 1391 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Megachile rubripes ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ 48%، در ﺳﺎل 1392 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Anthidium florentinum ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ /5 %22، در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﻬﺮﻳﺰ در ﺳﺎل 1391 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ M. pilicrus ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ 3/ 26 %، در ﺳﺎل 1392 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ A. florentinum ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ 3/ 19 %، در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﻔﺖ در ﺳﺎل 1391 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Lithurgus chrysurus ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ /8 23 % و در ﺳﺎل 1392 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Osmia caerulescens ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ 29% داراي ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ در ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻮد ﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي آﻟﻔﺎ، ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﺮﻳﺰ و ﺗﻔﺖ در ﺳﺎل 1392 ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮي دارﻧﺪ. ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻘﺎ ﻳﺴﻪ آﻣﺎري ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪه ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻳﺰد، ﻣﻬﺮ ﻳﺰ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻔﺖ در دو ﺳﺎل 1391 و 1392 ﻧﻴﺰ از ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﺴﺎن ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺑﻮد ﻧﺪ، اﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﺮﻳﺰ و ﺗﻔﺖ از ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻳﺰد ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﻮد. ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﺮﻳﺰ و ﺗﻔﺖ در دو ﺳﺎل 1391 و 1392 ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻮد . روش ر ﻳﺮﻓﻜﺸﻦ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺗﻔﺖ در ﺳﺎل 1392 از ﻏﻨﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﺘﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺎل- ﻫﺎي 1391 و 1392 ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي ﻣﻬﺮﻳﺰ و ﺗﻔﺖ ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ را ﺑﻪ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ دا ﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ. واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠ ﻴﺪي: ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ، ﻏﻨﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي، ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ز ﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎ * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه راﺑﻂ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ: [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ /4/7 94 - ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ /3 11/ 95 ٥١ دﻫﻘﺎن دﻫﻨﻮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ يا زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده اﻓﺸﺎن ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده اﻓﺸﺎن ﺑﺎﻻ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Apoidea ﺑﺎ ﺣﺪود 20000 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻴﻒ ﺷﺪه، ﮔﺮوه ﺑﺰرﮔﻲ از ﺣﺸﺮات راﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﺎل ﻏﺸﺎ ﻳﻴﺎن را ﺗﺸﻜ ﻴﻞ ﻲﻣ دﻫﻨﺪ. ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت اﻧﺪﻛﻲ در ﺧﺼﻮص ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎ ﻳﻲ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Megachilidae در ا ﻳﺮان اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه و ﺗﺮﻛ ﻴﺐ ﻓﻮﻧﺴﺘ ﻴﻚ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ا ﻳﻦ ﺧ ﺎﻧﻮاده، ﺗﻨﻮع و ﻏﻨﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي آن ﻫﺎ در اﻛﻮﺳ ﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ا ﻳﺮان ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺨﺺ اﺳﺖ. ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ از ﺗﻨﻮع ز ﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﮔﺮوه ﻫﺎي ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣ ﻴﻜﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫ ﻴﭻ اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ در ﺧﺼﻮص وﺟﻮد ﻳﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ آن ﻫﺎ در اﻛﻮﺳ ﻴﺴﺘﻢ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد ﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻬﻢ و اوﻟﻮ ﻳﺖ دار اﺳﺖ (Gaston, 1991). ﺗﻨﻮع آﻟﻔﺎ (α) ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﻮع درون زﻳ ﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ و ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﺘﺎ (β) ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑﻴﻦ زﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ اﺳﺖ . ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي اﺻﻠﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻨﻮع آﻟﻔﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد و ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ آن ﻫﺎ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار آن ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد، اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ. ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﻳﻜﻲ از روش ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . اﻧﻮاع ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي آﻟﻔﺎ (Alpha Diversity) ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺷﺎﻧﻮن- وﻳﻨﺮ (Shannon-Wiener Index) اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ، ﻣﺘﺪاوﻟﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺎل 1949 ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪ. ﻣﻘﺪار اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﺮاي داده ﻫﺎي اﻛ ﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﺑﻴﻦ 1/5 3/5و و ﻧﺪرﺗﺎ 4/5 ﻗﺮار دارد. ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ا ﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ (Shannon-Wiener, 1949). Sobs )$ H = − p log p ͤ͝ Ɣ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ ( )i e 1 ∑ i−1 H : ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺷﺎﻧﻮن Pi: ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ اﻓﺮاد ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻞ اﻓﺮاد آن ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ S : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻏﻨﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي (Species richness) ni : ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻓﺮاد در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ i ام. N : ﻛﻞ اﻓﺮاد در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ. ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻴﻤﭙﺴﻮن (Simpson's Index) اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ در واﻗﻊ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﻓﺮد دوم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪه از ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺎن ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اول ﺑﺎﺷﺪ را ﺑﻴﺎن ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ. در اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻓﺮض ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﺣﻀﻮر دارﻧﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪه ﺧﻮﺑﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻓﺮ اوان ﺗﺮ ﺣﺴﺎس اﺳﺖ. ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺷﺎﻧﻮن، ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه ا ﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ يا ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ (Simpson,1949) . ﺷﺎﺧﺺ Simpson ﻳﻜﻲ از ﻣﻌﻨﻲ دارﺗﺮﻳﻦ و ﻗﻮي ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ يا يا اﺳﺖ (ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ .)2 Sobs 2 ni (ni −1) (Magurran, 1998) ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (C = ∑ pi pi = ( 2 i N()N −1 ٥٢ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 1 ، ﺳﺎل 1396، (76-51) S : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﺷﺪه ni : ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻓﺮاد در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ i ام. N : ﻛﻞ اﻓﺮاد در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ. ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦﻛﻪ از ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺳﻴﻤﭙﺴﻮن ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻲ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺰرگ ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪن ﺷﺎﺧﺺ، ﺗﻨﻮع ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﻮد از ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم D اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺎ دﻟﻪ آن ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺷﻜﻞ اﺳﺖ: 1 D = C D : ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺳﻴﻤﭙﺴﻮن ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﺎرﮔﺎﻟﻒ (Margalef) اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ را ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻞ اﻓﺮاد در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ، ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎ ﻳﺴﻪ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑﻴﻦ دو ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد: (S − 1) ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (D = ( 3 ln N S : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ N: ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻞ اﻓﺮاد ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ln : ﻟﮕﺎرﻳﺘﻢ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ(Clifford & Stephenson,1975) . ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﻜﻴﻨﺘﺎش (McIntosh) اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻮﺳ ﻂ ( McIntosh (1967 اراﻳ ﻪ ﺷﺪ، ﻣﻘﺪار اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﻴﻦ 0-1 ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻧﺰد ﻳﻚ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ از ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﻛﻤﺘﺮي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ. N −U ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (D= ( 4 N − N 2 U = ∑ ni N : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻞ اﻓﺮاد در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ni : ﺗ ﻌﺪاد اﻓﺮاد در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ i ام U : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻞ اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﺮﻳﻠﻮﺋﻴﻦ (Brillouin) ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﻴﺪه ﭘﻴﻠﻮ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺷﺪه از اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎت را ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﻧﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺼﺎدﻓﻲ از اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎت ﺑﺰرگ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. در ﻣﻮاردي ﻛﻪ داده ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺪودي ﻣﺮﺑﻮ ط ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ، ﺑﺮاي اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﻨﻮع از ﻓﺮﻣﻮل ﺑﺮﻳﻠﻮﺋﻴﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺷﺎﻧﻮن – وﻳﻨﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎدر در اﺟﺘﻤﺎع ﺣﺴﺎس ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻘﺪار اﻳﻦ ٥٣ دﻫﻘﺎن دﻫﻨﻮي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران: ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﮔﺮده اﻓﺸﺎن ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ... ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺷﺎﻧﻮن ﺧﻴﻠﻲ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ ﻧﺪرت از 4/5 ﺗﺠﺎوز ﺧﻮاﻫﺪ ﻛﺮد. ﺷﺎﺧﺺ Brillouin ﺗﻨﻮع ﻳﻚ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ (Peet, 1974) ﻧﻤ ﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري را اﻧﺪازهﮔ ﻴﺮي ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ، وﻟﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺷﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻨﻮع ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري را اﻧﺪازهﮔ ﻴﺮي ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . Sobs ln N!−∑ln ni! ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (HB = i−1 ( 5 N N : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻞ اﻓﺮاد در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ni : ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻓﺮاد ﮔﻮﻧﻪ i . HB : ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﺮﻳﻠﻮﺋﻴﻦ ﻫﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺪه اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻧﺸﺎن دﻫﻨﺪه ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ (Peet, 1974) . ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ (Species Evenness) ﭼﻬﺎرده روش اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي Equitability ﻳﺎ Evenness ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ SDR اراﻳ ﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . در ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ، ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ اﻓﺮاد را ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲ دﻫﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرت د ﻳﮕﺮ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﺑ ﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﻣ ﻴﺰان ﺗﻌﺎدل در ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ اﺳﺖ. در ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻮاﻣﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ داراي ﻏﻨﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪاي ﻳﻜﺴﺎن ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪاي ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺖ ﺗﺮ (ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻳﻜﺴﺎن اﻓﺮاد ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ) ﺑﺎﺷﺪ از ﻫ ﻮﻣﻮ ژﻧ ﻴﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻨﻮع ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار اﺳﺖ و ﺟﻮاﻣﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻫ ﺘﺮو ژن (ﺗ ﻮزﻳﻊ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻓﺮاوﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ) ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ از ﺗﻨﻮع ﭘﺎ ﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردارﻧﺪ. ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﭘﻴﻠﻮ (Pielou (All Sample در ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ از ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺷﺎﻧﻮن- وﻳﻨﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد. ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻣﺴﺎوي ﺑﺎ (log ( S اﺳﺖ. ﻣﻘﺪار اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﻴﻦ 0-1 ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺰد ﻳﻚ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ زﻳﺎد ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ (Pielou, 1969). ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (J = H / log (S) ( 6 J : ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﭘﻴﻠﻮ H : ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي Shannon-wiener S : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻞ ﮔﻮ ﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻜﻴﻨﺘﺎش (McIntosh) اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﻜﻴﻨﺘﺎش (McIntosh dominance index) ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ: N −U ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (D = ( 7 N − N S N : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻞ اﻓﺮاد در ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ S : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ni : ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻓﺮاد در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ i ام. ٥٤ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 9 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 1 ، ﺳﺎل 1396، (76-51) ﻣﻘﺪار اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﻴﻦ 0-1 اﺳﺖ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻧﺰد ﻳﻚ ﺷﻮد ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ زﻳﺎد دارﻧﺪ و ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺑ ﻴﺸﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ (Heip & Engels, 1974) . ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﻫﻴﭗ (Heip) اﻳ ﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ (Heip (1974 ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد: (eH −1) ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﻪ (E = ( 8 ()S −1 H : ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺗﻨﻮع ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي Shannon S : ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ e : ﻋﺪد ﻧﭙﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﻴﻦ 0-1 ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻧﺰد ﻳﻚ ﺷﻮد ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ در ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻤﺘﺮ اﺳﺖ و ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻳﻜﻨﻮاﺧﺘﻲ ﻛﻤﺘﺮي دارد.
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    Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d’Història Natural, 82: 157-162. 2018 ISSN 2013-3987 (online edition): ISSN: 1133-6889 (print edition)157 GEA, FLORA ET fauna GEA, FLORA ET FAUNA Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Apoidea: Megachilidae): a new exotic species in the Iberian Peninsula, and some notes about its biology Oscar Aguado1, Carlos Hernández-Castellano2, Emili Bassols3, Marta Miralles4, David Navarro5, Constantí Stefanescu2,6 & Narcís Vicens7 1 Andrena Iniciativas y Estudios Medioambientales. 47007 Valladolid. Spain. 2 CREAF. 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès. Spain. 3 Parc Natural de la Zona Volcànica de la Garrotxa. 17800 Olot. Spain. 4 Ajuntament de Sant Celoni. Bruc, 26. 08470 Sant Celoni. Spain. 5 Unitat de Botànica. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès. Spain. 6 Museu de Ciències Naturals de Granollers. 08402 Granollers. Spain. 7 Servei de Medi Ambient. Diputació de Girona. 17004 Girona. Spain. Corresponding author: Oscar Aguado. A/e: [email protected] Rebut: 20.09.2018; Acceptat: 26.09.2018; Publicat: 30.09.2018 Abstract The exotic bee Megachile sculpturalis has colonized the European continent in the last decade, including some Mediterranean countries such as France and Italy. In summer 2018 it was recorded for the first time in Spain, from several sites in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula). Here we give details on these first records and provide data on its biology, particularly of nesting and floral resources, mating behaviour and interactions with other species. Key words: Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Megachile sculpturalis, exotic species, biology, Iberian Peninsula. Resum Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Apoidea: Megachilidae): una nova espècie exòtica a la península Ibèrica, amb notes sobre la seva biologia L’abella exòtica Megachile sculpturalis ha colonitzat el continent europeu en l’última dècada, incloent alguns països mediterranis com França i Itàlia.
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  • Torix Rickettsia Are Widespread in Arthropods and Reflect a Neglected Symbiosis
    GigaScience, 10, 2021, 1–19 doi: 10.1093/gigascience/giab021 RESEARCH RESEARCH Torix Rickettsia are widespread in arthropods and Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gigascience/article/10/3/giab021/6187866 by guest on 05 August 2021 reflect a neglected symbiosis Jack Pilgrim 1,*, Panupong Thongprem 1, Helen R. Davison 1, Stefanos Siozios 1, Matthew Baylis1,2, Evgeny V. Zakharov3, Sujeevan Ratnasingham 3, Jeremy R. deWaard3, Craig R. Macadam4,M. Alex Smith5 and Gregory D. D. Hurst 1 1Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK; 2Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, 8 West Derby Street, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; 3Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada; 4Buglife – The Invertebrate Conservation Trust, Balallan House, 24 Allan Park, Stirling FK8 2QG, UK and 5Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Summerlee Science Complex, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada ∗Correspondence address. Jack Pilgrim, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. E-mail: [email protected] http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2941-1482 Abstract Background: Rickettsia are intracellular bacteria best known as the causative agents of human and animal diseases. Although these medically important Rickettsia are often transmitted via haematophagous arthropods, other Rickettsia, such as those in the Torix group, appear to reside exclusively in invertebrates and protists with no secondary vertebrate host. Importantly, little is known about the diversity or host range of Torix group Rickettsia.
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  • Bees in the Genus Rhodanthidium. a Review and Identification
    The genus Rhodanthidium is small group of pollinator bees which are found from the Moroccan Atlantic coast to the high mountainous areas of Central Asia. They include both small inconspicuous species, large species with an appearance much like a hornet, and vivid species with rich red colouration. Some of them use empty snail shells for nesting with a fascinating mating and nesting behaviour. This publication gives for the first time a complete Rhodanthidium overview of the genus, with an identification key, the first in the English language. All species are fully illustrated in both sexes with 178 photographs and 60 line drawings. Information is given on flowers visited, taxonomy, and seasonal occurrence; distribution maps are including for all species. This publication summarises our knowledge of this group of bees and aims at stimulating further Supplement 24, 132 Seiten ISSN 0250-4413 Ansfelden, 30. April 2019 research. Kasparek, Bees in the Genus Max Kasparek Bees in the Genus Rhodanthidium A Review and Identification Guide Entomofauna, Supplementum 24 ISSN 0250­4413 © Maximilian Schwarz, Ansfelden, 2019 Edited and Published by Prof. Maximilian Schwarz Konsulent für Wissenschaft der Oberösterreichischen Landesregierung Eibenweg 6 4052 Ansfelden, Austria E­Mail: [email protected] Editorial Board Fritz Gusenleitner, Biologiezentrum, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz Karin Traxler, Biologiezentrum, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz Printed by Plöchl Druck GmbH, 4240 Freistadt, Austria with 100 % renewable energy Cover Picture Rhodanthidium aculeatum, female from Konya province, Turkey Biologiezentrum, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz (Austria) Author’s Address Dr. Max Kasparek Mönchhofstr. 16 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Email: Kasparek@t­online.de Supplement 24, 132 Seiten ISSN 0250-4413 Ansfelden, 30.
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  • Taste of Paradise, 27 April to 04 May 2019, Iran
    1 Taste of Paradise, 27 April to 04 May 2019, Iran th 4 CLAT 2019: Taste Paradise Cultural Landscape Association Workshop & Tour 27 April to 04 May 2019, Iran Until now, 22 Iranian sites have been inscribed on UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Iran’s Persian Garden is one of the sites inscribed on UNESCO’s List in 2011. The property includes nine gardens in as many provinces. They exemplify the diversity of Persian garden designs that evolved and adapted to different climate conditions while retaining principles that have their roots in the times of Cyrus the Great, 6th century BC. Always divided into four sectors, with water playing an important role for both irrigation and ornamentation, the Persian garden was conceived to symbolize Eden and the four Zoroastrian elements of sky, earth, water and plants. These gardens, dating back to different periods since the 6th century BC, also feature buildings, pavilions and walls, as well as sophisticated irrigation systems. They have influenced the art of garden design as far as India and Spain. Persian Garden is a well-known garden style in the world. Besides overcoming the environmental restraints, creators of Persian Gardens have also manifested cultures and beliefs of people living in this land in their work; and that’s the reason orientalists have known Persian Garden a symbol of “Promised Paradise”. Persian Garden is in a great harmony with its natural and cultural surroundings and cannot be identified segregated from Iran’s characteristics and peoples’ culture and belief. Cultural Landscape Association (CLA) is planning to organize a specialized tour and workshop called “Taste Paradise” in an international level for the experts, in order to get a better global recognition for Persian Garden and the elite to know it further.
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  • Iran Map, the Middle East
    THE REGIONAL GUIDE AND MAP OF Bandar-e Anzali Astaneh Lahijan Rasht Rud Sar GILAN Ramsar Manjil Tonekabon ChalusNow Shahr Qareh Tekan Amol Marshun Kojur Kuhin Qazvin MAZANDARAN Gach Sur Baladeh QAZVIN Ziaran Kahak IranHashtjerd Takestan Tairsh Karaj Tehran Nehavand Damavand Eslamshahr ReyEyvanki Robatkarim Zarand Varamin Saveh Manzariyeh Tafresh QOM Qom Weller 09103 WELLER CARTOGRAPHIC SERVICES LTD. is pleased to continue its efforts to provide map information on the internet for free but we are asking you for your support if you have the financial means to do so? With the introduction of Apple's iPhone and iPad using GoodReader you can now make our pdf maps mobile. If enough users can help us, we can update our existing material and create new maps. We have joined PayPal to provide the means for you to make a donation for these maps. We are asking for $5.00 per map used but would be happy with any support. Weller Cartographic is adding this page to all our map products. If you want this file without this request please return to our catalogue and use the html page to purchase the file for the amount requested. click here to return to the html page If you want a file that is print enabled return to the html page and purchase the file for the amount requested. click here to return to the html page We can sell you Adobe Illustrator files as well, on a map by map basis please contact us for details. click here to reach [email protected] Weller Cartographic Services Ltd.
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  • Estimating Potential Range Shift of Some Wild Bees in Response To
    Rahimi et al. Journal of Ecology and Environment (2021) 45:14 Journal of Ecology https://doi.org/10.1186/s41610-021-00189-8 and Environment RESEARCH Open Access Estimating potential range shift of some wild bees in response to climate change scenarios in northwestern regions of Iran Ehsan Rahimi1* , Shahindokht Barghjelveh1 and Pinliang Dong2 Abstract Background: Climate change is occurring rapidly around the world, and is predicted to have a large impact on biodiversity. Various studies have shown that climate change can alter the geographical distribution of wild bees. As climate change affects the species distribution and causes range shift, the degree of range shift and the quality of the habitats are becoming more important for securing the species diversity. In addition, those pollinator insects are contributing not only to shaping the natural ecosystem but also to increased crop production. The distributional and habitat quality changes of wild bees are of utmost importance in the climate change era. This study aims to investigate the impact of climate change on distributional and habitat quality changes of five wild bees in northwestern regions of Iran under two representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5). We used species distribution models to predict the potential range shift of these species in the year 2070. Result: The effects of climate change on different species are different, and the increase in temperature mainly expands the distribution ranges of wild bees, except for one species that is estimated to have a reduced potential range. Therefore, the increase in temperature would force wild bees to shift to higher latitudes.
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  • Geotourism Attractions in the Bare Nature of Yazd Province
    ADVANCES IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH Geotourism Attractions in the Bare Nature of Yazd Province KAMAL OMIDVAR1, YOUNES KHOSRAVI2 1Department of Geography 2Department of Geography 1 Yazd University 2 Yazd University 1Address: Faculty of Human Science, Yazd University, Yazd Iran 2Address: Faculty of Human Science, Yazd University, Yazd Iran 1E-mail: [email protected] 2E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Climatic conditions governing over Yazd province have caused a situation in which the most areas covered by bare and barren lands. Relief in this province is rooted in the ancient geology history of Iran and the world. From the most ancient structures of the geology in the world (Precambrian) to the newest ones (Holocene) are seen at a distance which is less than 100 km in this province. We can rarely see very various ecotourism attractions such as deserts, salt playas, sand dunes, Qantas, glacial circuses, spring, karstic caves and kalouts in the other areas of the world in a small distance away from each other. Therefore this province can have special status in ecotourism industry because of its attractions and developing this industry will result in socio-economic advancement and an increase in the employment rate in Yazd province.This research attempts to consider ecotourism attractions briefly in Yazd province and introduce available potential abilities in this field. Key-Words: Ecotourism, Sand Dune, Playa, Qanat, Desert, Glacial Circus, Kalout, Yazd Province. 1 Introduction conducted studies on the shapes and relief of the Climatic variety not only in current age, but also in earth in Yazd province confirm the presence of various climatic periods has been very diverse in fossils from Precambrian period (approximate age is Yazd province area.
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  • Use of Human-Made Nesting Structures by Wild Bees in an Urban Environment
    J Insect Conserv DOI 10.1007/s10841-016-9857-y ORIGINAL PAPER Use of human-made nesting structures by wild bees in an urban environment 1 1,2 1,2 3 Laura Fortel • Mickae¨l Henry • Laurent Guilbaud • Hugues Mouret • Bernard E. Vaissie`re1,2 Received: 25 October 2015 / Accepted: 7 March 2016 Ó The Author(s) 2016. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract Most bees display an array of strategies for O. bicornis showed a preference for some substrates, namely building their nests, and the availability of nesting resources Acer sp. and Catalpa sp. In a context of increasing urban- plays a significant role in organizing bee communities. ization and declining bee populations, much attention has Although urbanization can cause local species extinction, focused upon improving the floral resources available for many bee species persist in urbanized areas. We studied the bees, while little effort has been paid to nesting resources. response of a bee community to winter-installed human- Our results indicate that, in addition to floral availability, made nesting structures (bee hotels and soil squares, i.e. nesting resources should be taken into account in the 0.5 m deep holes filled with soil) in urbanized sites. We development of urban green areas to promote a diverse bee investigated the colonization pattern of these structures over community. two consecutive years to evaluate the effect of age and the type of substrates (e.g. logs, stems) provided on colonization. Keywords Wild bees Á Nesting resource availability Á Overall, we collected 54 species. In the hotels, two gregari- Nest-site fidelity Á Phylopatry Á Nest-site selection Á ous species, Osmia bicornis L.
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  • Two Torymid Species (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) Developing on Artemisia Gall Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
    JOURNAL OF PLANT PROTECTION RESEARCH Vol. 55, No. 4 (2015) DOI: 10.1515/jppr-2015-0046 Two torymid species (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) developing on Artemisia gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Hossein Lotfalizadeh1*, Abbas Mohammadi-Khoramabadi2 1 Department of Plant Protection, East-Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), 5355179854, Tabriz, Iran 2 Department of Plant Production, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Darab, Shiraz University, Darab, 7459117666, Fars, Iran Received: May 3, 2015 Accepted: September 10, 2015 Abstract: Two parasitoid wasps, Torymus artemisiae Mayr and Torymoides violaceus (Nikol’skaya), were reared on Artemisia herba-alba (Asteraceae) galles, in central Iran. Torymus artemisiae and T. violaceus were developed from the gall midges: Rhopalomyia navasi Tavares and R. hispanica Tavares, respectively. The occurrence of these two parasitic wasps in Iran, and their associations with R. navasi and R. hispanica, are new. Data on the wasps’ biological associations and geographical distribution are provided. The parasitoid composi- tions of the genus Rhopalomyia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were also discussed. Key words: distribution, new records, parasitoids, Torymoides, Torymus Introduction March–June 2011. The galls were put separately inside The family Torymidae has about 986 existing species. plastic bags and transported to the laboratory. They were Torymidae usually develop inside galls or developing reared in suitable 500 cc plastic jars, in shade, and at room seeds. The Torymidae larvae may be parasitoids of gall temperature, until the adults of the gall midges and/or makers, phytophagous or even of both (Noyes 2013). their associated parasitoids, emerged. Torymids of Iran are now represented by 48 species in Reared parasitoids were conserved in ethanol 75%.
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  • Machine Learning and Pollination Networks: the Right Flower for Every Bee
    MACHINE LEARNING AND POLLINATION NETWORKS: THE RIGHT FLOWER FOR EVERY BEE Aantal woorden: 31 707 Sarah Vanbesien Studentennummer: 01300049 Promotor: prof. dr. Bernard De Baets Copromotor: prof. dr. ir. Guy Smagghe Tutor(s): dr. ir. Michiel Stock, ir. Niels Piot Masterproef voorgelegd voor het behalen van de graad: master in de richting Bio-ingenieurswetenschappen: Milieutechnologie. Academiejaar: 2017 - 2018 De auteur en promotor geven de toelating deze scriptie voor consultatie beschikbaar te stellen en delen ervan te kopiëren voor persoonlijk gebruik. Elk ander gebruik valt onder de beperkingen van het auteursrecht, in het bijzonder met betrekking tot de verplichting uitdrukkelijk de bron te vermelden bij het aanhalen van resultaten uit deze scriptie. The author and promoter give the permission to use this thesis for consultation and to copy parts of it for personal use. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws, more specifically the source must be extensively specified when using results from this thesis. Ghent, June 8, 2018 The promoter, The copromoter, prof. dr. Bernard De Baets prof. dr. ir. Guy Smagghe The tutor, The tutor, The author, dr. ir. Michiel Stock ir. Niels Piot Sarah Vanbesien 4 DANKWOORD ’Oh, een thesis over bloemetjes en bijtjes?’ Het wekt initieël toch net iets senuelere gedachten op dan nodig. Je zou denken dat er wanneer je dan de minder sexy kant van je onderzoek begint uit te leggen veel mensen afhaken, en wel, dat klopt. Gelukkig zit ik in een vakgroep vol mensen die formules en modelleren even interes- sant vinden als ik. Allereerst mijn tutor Michiel, naar jou gaat zonder twijfel mijn grootste dank uit! Iedere dag stond je klaar om mijn ontelbare vragen te beantwoorden.
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  • A Faunistic Study on Megachilidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Northern Iran
    Egypt. J. Plant Prot. Res. Inst. (2020), 3 (1): 398 - 408 Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute www.ejppri.eg.net A faunistic study on Megachilidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) of Northern Iran Hamid, Sakenin1; Shaaban, Abd-Rabou2; Nil, Bagriacik3; Majid, Navaeian4; Hassan, Ghahari4 and Siavash, Tirgari5 1Department of Plant Protection, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran, Iran. 2Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Reseach Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. 3 Niğde Omer Halisdemir University, Faculty of Science and Art, Department of Biology, 51100 Niğde Turkey. 4Faculty of Engineering, Yadegar- e- Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 5Department of Entomology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. ARTICLE INFO Abstract: Article History In this faunistic research, totally 24 species of Received: 11/ 2/ 2020 Megachilidae (Hymenoptera) from 8 genera Anthidium Accepted: 20/ 3 /2020 Fabricius, 1805, Chelostoma Latreille, 1809, Coelioxys Keywords Latreille, 1809, Haetosmia Popov, 1952, Hoplitis Klug, 1807, Megachilidae, Apocrita, Lithurgus Berthold, 1827, Megachile Latreille, 1802, Osmia fauna, distribution and Panzer, 1806 were collected and identified from different Iran. regions of Iran. Two species are new records for the fauna of Iran: Coelioxys (Coelioxys) aurolimbata Förster, 1853, and Megachile (Eutricharaea) apicalis Spinola, 1808. Introduction Megachilidae (Hymenoptera) with belonging to the Megachilidae are more than 4000 described species effective pollinators in some plants worldwide (Michener, 2007) is a large (Bosch and Blas, 1994 and Vicens and family of specialized, morphologically Bosch, 2000). These solitary bees are rather uniform bees found in a wide both ecologically and economically diversity of habitats on all continents relevant; they include many pollinators of except Antarctica, ranging from lowland natural, urban and agricultural vegetation tropical rain forests to deserts to alpine (Gonzalez et al., 2012).
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  • Revision of the Taxonomic Status of Rhodanthidium Sticticum Ordonezi (Dusmet, 1915), an Anthidiine Bee Endemic to Morocco (Apoidea: Anthidiini)
    Turkish Journal of Zoology Turk J Zool (2019) 43: 43-51 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/zoo-1809-22 Revision of the taxonomic status of Rhodanthidium sticticum ordonezi (Dusmet, 1915), an anthidiine bee endemic to Morocco (Apoidea: Anthidiini) 1, 2,3 Max KASPAREK *, Patrick LHOMME 1 Mönchhofstr. 16, Heidelberg, Germany 2 International Center of Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Rabat, Morocco 3 Laboratory of Zoology, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium Received: 17.09.2018 Accepted/Published Online: 26.11.2018 Final Version: 11.01.2019 Abstract: Rhodanthidium ordonezi (Dusmet, 1815) is recognized here as a valid species endemic to central and southern Morocco. It has previously been regarded as a subspecies of R. sticticum (Fabricius). The two taxa are in allopatry throughout most of their respective ranges, but probably cooccur in the Middle Atlas Mountains. They are clearly distinguished by their coloration and some aspects of their color patterns. Structural differences are minor, but a multivariate discriminant function analysis of 11 morphometric traits has showed that these are sufficient to assign 82.7% of all specimens correctly. While R. ordonezi has a restricted range in central and southern Morocco (extending over approximately 500 km), R. sticticum is widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin with a range extending over approximately 2500 km from east to west. The distribution areas of these two species are contiguous in the same ecozone of the Middle Atlas mountain range, but sympatric occurrence or a transition zone where intermediate specimens occur is not known. Key words: Anthidium, taxonomy, distribution, allopatry, discriminant analysis, multivariate statistics, morphometry 1.
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