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Universidad Carlos Iii De Madrid Escuela Politécnica Superior Departamento De Mecánica De Medios Continuos Y Teoría De Estructuras UNIVERSIDAD CARLOS III DE MADRID ESCUELA POLITÉCNICA SUPERIOR DEPARTAMENTO DE MECÁNICA DE MEDIOS CONTINUOS Y TEORÍA DE ESTRUCTURAS DISEÑO SIMPLIFICADO DE LA SECCIÓN TRANSVERSAL DEL ALA DE UNA AERONAVE COMERCIAL PROYECTO FIN DE CARRERA INGENIERÍA TÉ CNICA INDUSTRIAL MECÁNICA Autor: Álvaro Rodríguez Ortiz Tutor: Carlos Santiuste Romero Diciembre 2014 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Álvaro Rodríguez Ortiz AGRADECIMIENTOS Agradecimientos A mis padres y hermano por el apoyo, paciencia y comprensión incondicionales que han tenido a lo largo de todo este tiempo. A mi novia Irene por todo el ánimo, el apoyo y la ayuda brindada de forma incondicional desde que la conozco sin importar las circunstancias. A mis amigos Jorge, Victor, Juan, Fernando, Jose, Dani y Raquel por ayudarme en todo momento, estar cuando se les hacía falt a y no perder la fe en mí. A mi tutor Carlos Santiuste por su actitud siempre positiva, una disponibilidad absoluta y por supuesto su guía y conocimientos sin los cuales no hubiera sido posible la realización de este proyecto. 2 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Álvaro Rodríguez Ortiz ÍNDICE ÍNDICE 1. IN TRODUCCIÓN 10 1.1. MOTIVACIÓN 10 1.2. OBJETIVO 15 1.3. RESUMEN 16 2. ANTECEDENTES 17 2.1. MÉTODO DE ELEMENTOS FINITOS (MEF) 17 2.2. ALAS 20 2.2.1. FUNCIONES DEL ALA 20 2.2.2. PARTES GEOMÉTRICAS MÓVILES DEL ALA 21 2.2.3. PERFIL NACA 23 2.3. TEORÍA DE VIGAS DE PARED DELGADA 27 3. PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA 30 3.1. DIMENSIONES Y FORMA 31 3.2. CARGA APLICADA 34 3.3. MODELOS MEF 38 4. MODELOS SIMPLIFICADOS 39 4.1. MODELO 1 40 4.1.1. CÁLCULO DEL ESPESOR 40 4.1.2. FLECHA Y TENSIÓN NO RMAL 41 4.1.3. CORTANTES 45 4.1.4. DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS DEL MODELO 1 52 4.2. MODELO 2 53 4.2.1. CÁLCULO DEL ESPESOR 53 4.2.2. FLECHA Y TENSIÓN NORMAL 54 4.2.3. CORTANTES 58 4.2.4. DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS DEL MODELO 2 66 4.3. MODELO 3 67 4.3.1. CÁLCULO DEL ES PESOR 67 4.3.2. FLECHA Y TENSIÓN NORMAL 68 4.3.3. CORTANTES 71 4.3.4. DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS DEL MODELO 3 86 3 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Álvaro Rodríguez Ortiz ÍNDICE 4.4. MODELO 4 87 4.4.1. CÁLCULO DEL ESPESOR 87 4.4.2. FLECHA Y TENSIÓN NORMAL 88 4.4.3. CORTANTES 91 4.4.4. DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS DEL MODELO 4 110 4.5. DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS 111 5. MODELOS EN DETALLE 113 5.1. ESPECIFICACIONES GEOMÉTRICAS 113 5.2. DISTRIBUCIÓN DE PRESIONES 120 5.2.1. MODELO CFD DEL PERFIL NACA 2415 120 5.2.2. CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE PRESIONES 124 5.3. RESULTADOS 137 5.3.1. MODELO 5 137 5.3.2. MODELO 6 141 5.3.3. DISCUSIÓN DE RESULTADOS 146 6. CONCLUSIONES Y TRABAJOS FUTUROS 147 6.1. CONCLUSIONES 147 6.2. TRABAJOS FUTUROS 149 7. REFERENCIAS 150 4 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Álvaro Rodríguez Ortiz LISTA DE TALBAS LISTA DE TABLAS 4.1. Datos del modelo 1 52 4.2. Datos del modelo 2 66 4.3. Datos del modelo 3 86 4.4. Datos del modelo 4 110 4.5. Datos de los modelos 1, 2, 3 y 4 112 5.1. Datos del modelo 5 141 5.2. Datos del modelo 6 145 5.3. Datos de los modelos 5 y 6 146 5 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Álvaro Rodríguez Ortiz LISTA DE FIGURAS LISTA DE FIGURAS 1.1. Hermanos Wright haciendo volar el Flyer. 10 1.2. Ilustración de un combate aéreo entre un Fokker Dr.1 (El barón rojo) y varios Spad. 11 1.3. Operario de tierra realizando funciones de mantenimien to a un Me - 262 . 12 1.4. Airbus A320 . 13 1.5. Distribución de materiales compuestos en el Airbus A380 . 14 2.1. Partes geométricas móviles del ala . 22 2.2. Partes de un perfil aerodinámico . 24 2.3. Ejemplo de secciones para la teoría de pared delgada . 29 3.1. Sección modelo 1. 31 3.2. Sección modelo 2. 31 3.3. Sección modelo 3. 32 3.4. Sección modelo 4. 32 3.5. Sección modelo 5 (perfil NACA 2415). 33 3.6. Sección modelo 6 en el encastre (izquierd a) y en la punta del ala (derecha). 33 3.7. Fuerzas sobre un av ión en un viraje coordinado. 34 3.8. Factor de carga e increment o de la velocidad de pérdida. 35 3.9. Factor de carga en func ión de los ángulos de alabeo. 35 3.10. Distribución de la fuerza en los modelos 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5A. 37 3.11. Distribución de pres iones en los modelos 5B y 6. 37 3.12. Ejemplo de distribución y tamaño de la malla para el modelo 4. 38 4.1. Sección acotada y distribución de la carga del modelo 4. 40 4 .2. Deformada del modelo 1A MEF. 42 4.3. Distribución de tensiones normales sobre la mitad del modelo 1A MEF. 43 6 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Álvaro Rodríguez Ortiz LISTA DE FIGURAS 4.4. Deformada del modelo 1B MEF. 44 4.5. Distribución de tensiones normales sobre la mitad del modelo 1B MEF. 45 4.6. Distribuc ión de los tramos en la sección del modelo 4. 46 4.7. Diagrama de esfuerzos cortantes de la se cción abierta del modelo 1A. 48 4.8. Diagrama de esfuerzos cortantes debido a la c arga vertical del modelo 1A. 49 4.9. Esfuerzos cortantes en la mitad del mo delo 1A MEF. 50 4.10. Esfuerzos cortantes en la mitad del modelo 1B MEF. 52 4.11. Sección acotada y distribución de la carga del modelo 2. 53 4.12. Deformada del modelo 2A MEF. 55 4.13. Distribución de tensiones normales sobre la mitad del m odelo 2A MEF. 55 4.14. Deformada modelo 2B MEF. 57 4.15. Distribución de tensiones normales sobre la mitad del modelo 2B MEF. 57 4.16. Distribución de los tramos en la sección del modelo 2. 58 4.17. Diagrama de esfuerzos cortantes de la se cción abierta del modelo 2A. 62 4.18. Diagrama de esfuerzos cortantes debido a la carga vertical del modelo 2A. 63 4.19. Esfuerzos cortantes en la mitad del modelo 2A MEF. 64 4.20. Esfuerzos cortantes en la mitad del modelo 2B MEF. 66 4.21. Sección acotad a y distribución de la carga del modelo 3. 67 4.22. Deformada del modelo 3A MEF. 69 4.23. Tensión normal del modelo 3A MEF. 69 4.24. Deformada modelo 3B MEF. 70 4.25. Tensión normal del modelo 3B MEF. 71 4.26. Distribución de los t ramos en la sección del modelo 3. 71 4.27. Distribución secciones cerradas del modelo 3. 74 4.28. Distribución y sentido de los mome ntos torsores del modelo 3. 78 4.29. Diagrama de cortantes de la sec ción abierta del modelo 3A. 82 7 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Álvaro Rodríguez Ortiz LISTA DE FIGURAS 4.30. Diagrama de cortantes para la carga vertical del m odelo 3A. 82 4.31. Esfuerzos cortantes del modelo 3A MEF. 83 4.32. Esfuerzos cortantes del modelo 3B MEF. 85 4.33. Sección acotada y distribución de la carga del modelo 4. 87 4.34. Deformada del mode lo 4A MEF. 89 4.35. Distribución de tensiones normales en el modelo 4A MEF. 89 4.36. Deformada modelo 4B MEF. 90 4.37. Distribución de la tensión normal en el modelo 4B MEF. 91 4.38. Distribución de los tramos de la secció n abierta para e l modelo 4. 91 4.39. Distribución de las secciones cerradas para el modelo 4. 93 4.40. Distribución y sentido de los mome ntos torsores del modelo 4. 100 4.41. Diagrama de cortantes de la sec ción abierta del modelo 4A. 106 4.42. Diagrama de cortant es para la c arga vertical del modelo 4A. 106 4.43. Esfuerzos cortantes del modelo 4A MEF. 107 4.44. Esfuerzos cortantes del modelo 4B MEF. 110 5.1. Perfil NACA 2415. 113 5.2. Modelo 5 MEF acotado. 114 5.3. Vista de la sección tra nsversal del modelo 5. 115 5.4. Vista de la sección horizontal del modelo 5. 115 5.5. Distribución de espesores en el modelo 5. 116 5.6. Vista en planta del ala del Airbus A320. 116 5.7. Vista acotada en planta del ala del Airbus A320. 117 5.8. Vista transparente del modelo 6. 117 5.9. Distribución de espesores en el modelo 6A. 118 5.10. Distribución de espesores en el modelo 6B. 119 5.11. Modelo CFD del perfil NACA 2415. 120 8 Universidad Carlos III de Madrid Álvaro Rodríguez Ortiz LISTA DE FIGURAS 5.12. Distribución de presiones perfil N ACA 2415 con ángulo de ataque de 0º. 121 5.13. Distribución de presiones perfil NACA 2415 con ángulo de ataque de 4º. 122 5.14. Distribución de presiones perfil NACA 2415 c on ángulo de ataque de 10º. 122 5.15. Distribución de presiones perfil NACA 2415 c on ángulo de ataque de 15º. 123 5.15. Distribución de presiones perfil NACA 2415 con ángulo de ataque de 20º. 123 5.16. Distribución de presiones adimens ionalizada en el extradós. 125 5.17. Distribución de presiones adimens ionalizada en el intradós. 125 5.18. Secciones del extradós (izquierda) e intradós (derecha). 127 5.19. Secciones del extradós para el cálculo de la distribución de presiones.
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