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Major Hal Sayr's Diary of the Sand Creek Campaign

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Major Hal Sayr's Diary of the Sand Creek Campaign THE COLORADO MAGAZINE Published bl-monthly by The State Hlstorlcal Society of Colorado Vol.XV Denver, Colo., March, 1938 No.2 Major Hal Sayr's Diary of the Sand Creek Campaign LYNN I. PERRIGO. During the decade following the gold rush of 1859 the pio­ neers in the Territory of Colorado had to contend with many problems and controversies. They faced the normal hardships of frontier life and in addition the problems peculiar to the de­ velopment of mining in the Rockies during years when the people of the nation were absorbed in civil strife. Because Union senti­ ment prevailed in this mining region, secession advocates were promptly hushed.1 Then Colorado volunteers served in Kansas and Missouri and also checked the Confederate advance into New Mexico.2 Meanwhile the twenty thousand people at home were experiencing a shortage of provisions, mining supplies and labor, accompanied by extremely high prices and speculation in mining 8 properties. Colorado Territory was not self-sufficient; its very life de­ pended upon the development and maintenance of the communica­ tion facilities needed to exchange its products for the wares and produce of eastern States. This urgent need along with the prevalent loyalty to the Union inspired a premature statehood campaign. In 1864, while the advocates of statehood were vigor­ ously preparing for the submission of that issue to a popular vote in Colorado, the Indians on the plains launched an attack on the stage and freight lines and threatened to sever the lifeline con­ necting this territory with the northern States.4 In this way political, military, and economic issues became interrelated, and the people of the territory, in their effort to determine a course of action, split into two major political camps, the champions of statehood and the ''Antis.' '5 •Dr. Perrigo, who took his Ph.D. degree at the University of Colorado, Is now Instructor in History at the University of Kansas City. He has contributed to previous issues of this magazlne.-Ed. 'Wi11iam C. Whitford, Colorado Volunteers in the Civil War: The New Mexico Campaign in 1862 (Denver: State Hist. and Nat. Hist. Soc., 1906), 36-42. •Ibid., 82-90; .Tohn H. Nanklvell, History of the Military OrganizatiOns of the State of Colorado.,,._1860-1935 (Denver: Kistler, 1935); Blanche V. Adams, Colorado in the atvil war (Boulder: thesis. 1930). •Ibid.; Frank Fossett, Colorado: Its Gold and Stiver Mines-Tourists' Guide (N. Y.: Crawford, 1879), 219; Samuel Cushman and .T. F. Waterman, The Gold llfines of Gilpin County, Historical, Descriptive and Statistical Work (Denver: Tribune, 1876), 30 et passim. •Frank Hall, History of Colorado (Chicago: Blakely, 1889-95), I, 324-6. •Ibid., II, 268-80 · E. C. Dyer, Statehood Movement in Colorado (Boulder: thesis, 1913), 9-18; Elmer EU!s. "Colorado's First Fight for Statehood, 1865- 1868," Colorado Magazine, VIII, 23-7. 42 COLORADO MAGAZINE MAJOR HAL SAYR'S DIARY OF THE SAND CREEK CAMPAIGN 43 Some of the Antis maintained that the Indians, mistreated early in 1864 they began to hear rumors and read reports of and provoked into revolt, should be accorded fairer treatment, Indian depredations. The ''savages'' clashed with troops on the while the statehood leaders wanted to exterminate these aboriginal Arkansas, attacked freighters southeast of Denver, pillaged supply "pests" that stood in the way of the expansion of Colorado. At trains at Beaver Creek and Cedar Canon, killed two immigrants a highly critical time in this complex and serious state of affairs, a near Fort Lyon, and murdered the Hungate family at their ranch regiment of volunteers was enlisted and sent to Sand Creek on the on Running Creek.12 Since most of Colorado's military units plains to crush the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians and thus end had been sent outside the Territory to serve with the Union army, their depredations. the populace became terrified as the toll of Indian depredations mounted. Once a false rumor of approaching Indians threw all Just as the broader issues of the day were involved and con­ 13 fused, so were the relations of the settlers with the Indians prior of Denver into a panic. to the Sand Creek campaign. As the westward movement had Decisive, reassuring action was then in order, but even if approached the territory beyond the Missouri River, agents of Colorado had had a military reserve available to send on a puni­ the United States had negotiated treaties with the tribes on the tive expedition, there would have been no sure way of distinguish­ plains in an effort to segregate them in restricted areas. In 1851 ing the hostile Indians from the friendly ones. In May, 1864, the Cheyennes and Arapahoes had been promised a share in an Governor Evans assigned the few available militia companies to annuity of $50,000 if they would accept as their permanent hunt­ escort supply trains and appealed to the commander of the De­ ing ground the region between the Arkansas and Platte rivers.6 partment of Kansas to hold the Colorado troops near the border 14 Although approved by these Indians, that agreement soon became of the Territory. Late in the next month he dispatched a circular a technical obstacle in the path of the gold rush and the trans­ letter addressed "To the Friendly Indians of the Plains" asking continental railways. 7 The Indians naturally resented the influx those that desired to remain at peace with the whites to keep away of white trespassers after 1859, so the Government concluded from the war parties and congregate at certain designated places 15 another treaty with the Cheyennes and Arapahoes in an effort to of safety. The southern bands of Cheyennes and Arapahoes segregate them south of the Arkansas between the Sandy and were directed to assemble at Fort Lyon in southeastern Colorado. Purgatory rivers.8 But that was in 1861 and the outbreak of the He authorized the commander there to feed these Indians, and Civil War prevented the carrying of this treaty into effect. 9 with the aid of Interpreter Smith to segregate the friendly ones from intercourse with hostile bands.16 Thenceforth, through the Civil War period, neither Indians Nevertheless, Indian attacks at widely separated points con­ nor whites were satisfied with their unsettled relationship. The tinued to occur during July and August, but the troops on guard Indians considered the settlers transgressors and no doubt re­ duty seldom caught sight of any of the war parties.17 According garded the Civil War as their opportunity to strike an effective to most accounts, stage and mail service with the East was inter­ blow in retaliation.10 The whites were naturally afraid that the rupted for a while in August and September, 1864,1 8 but the letter Indians would attack them and wanted the red men removed from books of the postmaster at Arapaho City, some two miles east of the lands claimed by both, so they would make capital of Indian Golden, reveal that he corresponded with the Postmaster General depredations as justification for forcible removal of these un­ welcome neighbors.11 This tense situation makes it difficult to 12"Early Colorado Days," Colo. Mag., I, 253-5; Edith Parker Low "History of the Twenty-Mile House on Cherry Creek," ibid., XII, 142 · Elmer R Burkey determine now when and by whom the first provocative act was "The Site of the Murder of the Hungate Family by Indians in 1864," ibid., xn: 139; Hall, Colo.~ I, 325, 326, 327, 332; D.R.M. News, April 14 15 May 4 :July committed; but that is immaterial, for clashes were bound to occur. 23, 1£.ug: 1, 9, 1~64; D.M. Register, April 13, 14, May 5, 8, Aug. 12. 1864.' Ibid., June 16, 1864; Hall, Colo., I, 326. In 1863 the settlers heard rumblings of Indian discontent, and "Adams, Colo. in Civil War 102; Nanklvell, Hist. of Milit. Org., 29; ed., D.M. Registetr, May 5, 1864; Wm. N. Byers, Encyclopedia of Biography of 8C. :I. Kappler, ed., Indian Affairs Laws and Treaties (U S 1903) II 614 • Colorado (Chi: Century, 1901), I, 297-9. L!lllan B. Shields, "Relations with the Cheyennes a nd Arapa hoos In 'coiorado lllRebellion Records, Serles I, Vol. XLI, Part 1, 964. to 1861," Colo. Mag. IV, 145-8. ••Ibid., 963-4. •Ibid., 149 150; Hall, Coloracfo, I, 323 17Adams, Colo. in Civil War, 103; D .M. Register, Aug. 12, 1864; D.R.M. 8Shlelds, 'Relations1 with Cheyennes and Arapahoes" 150-4 News Aug. 1, 9, 13, 15, 25, 1864; Rebellion Records, S. I, Vol. XLI, Part 1 810 •Ibid. 154. ' . ~46, S96. An Interesting report Is that of Isaac Gray who wrote Colonel Chiv~ 10Half, Colorado I,. 323-5. See the defense or the Indians by Major Down­ mgton on Aug. 21, 1864, that he had moved his company farther up the ing, In Portrait and Biographical Record of D enver and Vicinity (Chi: Chap­ Arkansas because It was unhealthy at Camp Fillmore and, besides the ranchers man, 1898), 1239. here were glad to have protection but also to charge 75c a dozen for roasting 11Locals Daily Miners Register (Centra l City), April 13, 1864; ed., ibid., ears and 25c a pound for pumpkin. He had not seen any Indians but found :Jan. 5, 1865'; locals, D.aily Rocky MountGin Newa ( D enver) Aug 26 1864 · C that they were "all around committing depredations." Ibid., 797. B. Goodykoontz, "Colorado as Seen by a H ome Missionary, i863°-8," Colo: '~J:?:M.R. News, Aug. Jl, 15, Sept. 3, 10 1864; D.M. Register, Aug. 13, 19, Mag. XII, 65; A.
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