Historical IR,evie^w-

The State Historical Society of

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI BOARD OF EDITORS

LAWRENCE 0. CHRISTENSEN SUSAN M. HARTMANN University of Missouri-Rolla Ohio State University, Columbus

WILLIAM E. FOLEY ALAN R. HAVIG Central Missouri State University, Stephens College, Warrensburg Columbia

JEAN TYREE HAMILTON DAVID D. MARCH Marshall Kirksville

ARVARH E. STRICKLAND University of Missouri-Columbia

COVER DESCRIPTION: For over half a century (1903-1963), Charles Trefts, St. Louis pro­ fessional photographer, focused his camera on activities of his generation, capturing a pictorial record of Missouri scenes for pos­ terity. In the early 1930s, Union Electric Company employed Trefts to photograph the Bagnell Dam area. This sunset on the Lake of the Ozarks is part of the Trefts Collection in the State Historical Society of Missouri. MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LYNN WOLF GENTZLER ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LEONA S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT

Copyright © 1991 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201 The Missouri Historical Review (ISSN 0026-6582) is owned by The State Historical Society of Missouri and is published quarterly at 10 South Hitt, Columbia, Missouri 65201. Send communications, business and editorial correspondence and change of address to the State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, MO 65201. Second class postage is paid at Columbia, Missouri.

SOCIETY HOURS: The Society is open to the public from 8:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., Monday through Friday, and Saturday from 9:00 A.M. to 4:30 P.M., except legal holidays. Holiday Schedule: The Society will be closed Saturday during VOLUME LXXXV the Memorial Day, Labor Day, Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Year's weekends. NUMBER 4 On the day of the annual meeting, September 21, 1991, the Society libraries will not be available for research. JULY, 1991 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI The State Historical Society of Missouri, heretofore organized under the laws of the State, shall be the trustee of this State—Laws of Missouri, 1899, R.S. of Mo., 1969, chapter 183, as revised 1978.

OFFICERS 1989-1992 ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia, President AVIS TUCKER, Warrensburg, First Vice President SHERIDAN A. LOGAN, St. Joseph, Second Vice President VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia, Third Vice President NOBLE E. CUNNINGHAM, Columbia, Fourth Vice President R. KENNETH ELLIOTT, City, Fifth Vice President ROBERT G.J. HOESTER, Kirkwood, Sixth Vice President ALBERT M. PRICE, Columbia, Treasurer JAMES W. GOODRICH, Columbia, Executive Director, Secretary and Librarian

TRUSTEES Permanent Trustees, Former Presidents of the Society WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington RUSH H. LIMBAUGH, Cape Girardeau FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood LEO J. ROZIER, Perryville WILLIAM R. DENSLOW, Trenton JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1991 JAMES W. BROWN, Harrisonville BOB PRIDDY, Jefferson City ILUS W. DAVIS, Kansas City DALE REESMAN, Boonville JOHN K. HULSTON, Springfield ARVARH E. STRICKLAND, Columbia JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1992 MRS. SAMUEL A. BURK, Kirksville DOYLE PATTERSON, Kansas City RICHARD DECOSTER, Canton , JR., St. Louis JEAN TYREE HAMILTON, Marshall ROBERT WOLPERS, Poplar Bluff W. ROGERS HEWITT, Shelbyville DALTON C. WRIGHT, Lebanon

Term Expires at Annual Meeting, 1993 HENRIETTA AMBROSE, Webster Groves FREDERICK W. LEHMANN IV, H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Webster Groves LAWRENCE O. CHRISTENSEN, Rolla GEORGE MCCUE, St. Louis ROBERT S. DALE, Carthage WALLACE B. SMITH, Independence

BOARD OF TRUSTEES The Board of Trustees consists of one Trustee from each Congressional District of the State and fourteen Trustees elected at large. In addition to the elected Trustees, the President of the Society, the Vice Presidents of the Society, all former Presidents of the Society, and the ex officio members of the Society constitute the Board of Trustees.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Eight Trustees elected by the Board of Trustees together with the President of the Society constitute the Executive Committee. The Executive Director of the Society serves as an ex officio member. WILLIAM AULL III, Lexington, Chairman ROBERT C. SMITH, Columbia FRANCIS M. BARNES III, Kirkwood BLANCHE M. TOUHILL, St. Louis H. RILEY BOCK, New Madrid Avis TUCKER, Warrensburg JAMES C. OLSON, Kansas City JOSEPH WEBBER, St. Louis VIRGINIA G. YOUNG, Columbia EDITORIAL POLICY The editors of the Missouri Historical Review welcome submission of articles and documents relating to the . Any aspect of Missouri history will be considered for publication in the Review. Genealogical studies, however, are not accepted because of limited appeal to general readers. Manuscripts pertaining to all fields of American history will be considered if the subject matter has significant relevance to the history of Missouri or the West. Authors should submit two double-spaced copies of their manuscripts. The footnotes, prepared according to The Chicago Manual of Style, also should be double-spaced and placed at the end of the text. Authors may submit manu­ scripts on PC/DOS, 360K floppy disk. The disk must be IBM compatible, preferably the WordPerfect 5.1 or Display- write 3 or 4 programs. Otherwise, it must be in ASCII format. Two hard copies still are required, and the print must be letter or near-letter quality. Dot matrix submissions will not be accepted. Originality of subject, general interest of the article, sources used, interpretation and style are criteria for acceptance and publication. Manuscripts should not exceed 7,500 words. Articles that are accepted for publication be­ come the property of The State Historical Society of Missouri and may not be published elsewhere without permission. The Society does not accept responsibility for statements of fact or opinion made by the authors. Articles published in the Review are abstracted and indexed in Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Recently Published Articles, Writings on American History, The Western Historical Quarterly and The Journal of Ameri­ can History. Manuscripts submitted for the Review should be ad­ dressed to: Dr. James W. Goodrich, Editor Missouri Historical Review The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 CONTENTS

HERMANN'S "FREE MEN": 1850S GERMAN-AMERICAN RELIGIOUS

RATIONALISM. By Siegmar Muehl 361

DANIEL MARSH FROST, C.S.A. By Robert E. Miller 381

MOTHER AND TEACHER AS MISSOURI STATE PENITENTIARY INMATES: GOLDMAN AND O'HARE, 1917-1920. By Bonnie Stepenoff 402 DESEGREGATION IN A BORDER STATE: THE EXAMPLE OF JOPLIN, MISSOURI. By Lori Bogle 422

HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

New Binghams Enhance Art Exhibit 441

News in Brief 443

Erratum 445

Local Historical Societies 446

Gifts 456

Missouri History in Newspapers 461

Missouri History in Magazines 467

In Memoriam 474

BOOK REVIEWS 476

BOOK NOTES 482

INDEX TO VOLUME LXXXV 485

NATIONAL REGISTER SITES: BENNETT SPRING STATE PARK DINING LODGE Inside Back Cover State Historical Society of Missouri Hermann, located on the south bank of the Missouri River, was founded in 1837 by the German Settlement Society of Philadelphia.

Hermann's "Free Men": 1850s German-American Religious Rationalism BY SIEGMAR MUEHL* Religious rationalism in the came in at least two major national varieties: English deism and German rationalism. English deism flourished mainly in East Coast centers before, during and after the American Revolution. By the early 1800s, deism had faded while evangelical Protestantism spread and accompanied settlers to the American frontier.1 German religious rationalism, as a large-scale organized movement, appeared in the United States beginning in the early 1840s and 1850s. Its free congregations traced back to similar groups in Germany that had their beginning with the Friends of Light (Lichtfreunde) in Prussia. This Prussian movement arose in 1841 as protest against oppression by the state-controlled Lutheran church.2

*Siegmar Muehl is professor emeritus in the College of Education, University of Iowa, Iowa City. He has the M.A. degree in philosophy from the University of Chicago and the Ph.D. degree in educational psychology from the University of Iowa. 1 Gustav A. Koch, Republican Religion, The American Revolution and the Cult of Reason (New York: Henry Holt, 1933), 238. 2 Robert M. Bigler, The Politics of German Protestantism: The Rise of the Protestant Church Elite in Prussia, 1815-1848 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), 196; Albert B. Faust, The German Element in the United States (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1909), 2: 428.

361 362 Missouri Historical Review

The religious tenets of deists and rationalists derived from the eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosophers.3 In the United States, both groups paid homage to Thomas Paine. Paine set forth his contro­ versial religious views in The Age of Reason, published in 1794. He believed in an indivisible God (not a Trinity), in hope for immortality of the soul and in a morality dedicated to serving human welfare. He rejected Christ's divinity and the Bible as God's revealed word. The followers of German rationalism (Vernunftglaube) went by a variety of names: free men, free thinkers, friends of light, rationalist Christians or friends of religious enlightenment {Aufklaerung). When organized, the groups most frequently called themselves a Society of Free Men (Vereinfreier Maenner) or Free Congregation (Gemeinde). These rationalist organizations increased markedly in the early 1850s. In October 1852, the Hermann, Missouri, newspaper, the Her- manner Wochenblatt, reported the founding of eighteen such societies in large and small towns in New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Louisiana and Wisconsin. The latter state alone had eight groups.4 Most members spoke German, but a group founded in Galena, Illinois, in 1844 had some English-speaking members for whom it was necessary to provide English material in the library.5 Although most units focused on religious freedom and opposition to Christian orthodoxy and the authority of established churches, one in Milwaukee gave its major purpose as gathering material related to German settlement in Wiscon­ sin.6 In 1852, these societies became so numerous that a Boston-based committee called for a national organization for groups working for "the humanist cause in political, social and religious spheres."7 German-American rationalists were not always unified in their outlook. Although most professed Christianity, some were anti-Chris­ tian, even atheistic. Samuel Ludvigh, editor of the New York City paper, the Fackel, was radically outspoken in his anti-Christian views. To celebrate the centennial of Thomas Paine's birth in 1745, the paper sponsored a New York party that featured a "holy communion" in which participants were invited "to eat the bread and drink the wine of the anti-Christ."8 During the same year, the Fackel called for a "con­ vention of infidels," cosponsored by the Beacon paper in New York and the Investigator in Boston.9

3 Carl L. Becker, The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1932). 4 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 22 October 1852. 5 Hermann Licht-Freund, 4 December 1844. 6 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 17 September 1852. 7 Ibid., 12 March, 2 May, 23 July 1852. 8 Hermann Licht-Freund, 12 February 1845. 9 Ibid., 26 February 1845. Hermann's "Free Men": 1850s German-American Religious Rationalism 363

Hermann-area rationalists took strong exception to such extreme views. Friedrich Munch, a well-known grape grower and essayist living in nearby Marthasville, wrote several articles arguing against Ludvigh's views for the Hermann paper.10 In the first of these, Munch stated: "The rationalist view is so little opposed to Christianity that rationalists acknowledge in the original teaching of Christianity nothing other than the purest and most perfect reason." Eduard Muhl, editor of the Hermann paper, accused Ludvigh of "carrying rationalism to a French sansculottistic extreme that could only bring shame to the movement."11 So far as is known, the earliest call for a formal rationalist organization in the Hermann area appeared April 23, 1843, in the opening issue of Hermann's first newspaper, the Licht-Freund. The paper's editor, Muhl, had moved the paper to Hermann from Cincin­ nati, where, during the previous three years, he had used it to propagate religious rationalism and to oppose the creeds of orthodox churches. In his foreword to the first Hermann issue, Muhl noted that during the previous months of its publication in Cincinnati, most of the paper's subscribers lived "in the State of Missouri, in St. Louis, and Hermann." He expressed hope that the rationalist cause would find greater support among German-Americans in the West, as yet "unspoiled" by the traditional religious views of the East Coast with its "Protestant revivals, excitements, and blind beliefs." He concluded his foreword by stating

Ibid., 24 January, 24 July, 7 August, 4 December 1844; 12 February, 12 March 1845. Ibid., 7 May 1845. Diet. ofAmer. Ports.

Thomas Paine's Age of Reason in­ fluenced nineteenth-century German- American rationalists. 364 Missouri Historical Review the guiding rationalist principle for accepting or rejecting a religious belief: "One can only believe what answers to the claims of reason and advances the highest purpose of religion, which is morality."12 This Missouri call to rally rationalists found immediate allies in Friedrich Munch in Marthasville and Paul Follenius in St. Louis. Earlier, both these men had been involved in founding the Giessen Emigration Society in Germany.13 In October 1843, Munch called for a meeting of Friends of Light to take place somewhere between Hermann and St. Charles.14 Follenius followed with two essays, adding his support and proposing that the Hermann paper, "whose editor was known for his zeal for the holy cause of rational religion," should serve as the official organ for area rationalists.15 Meanwhile, to further the rationalist cause, both Muhl and Miinch organized free Sunday schools in Hermann and Marthasville. They wanted local youth to receive "instruction in religious and moral ideals."16 In his November 1843 announcement, Muhl not only invited "mature" young people, but also their parents, to come to the school to observe his teaching. Other area residents responded to the call for an organization through letters submitted to the Hermann paper expressing rationalists' concerns. A shoemaker in Cape Girardeau wrote: "Rationalism stands in confusion here. Some are on the fence and others disagree. One can learn nothing. By coming together we would learn and encourage one another."17 Another writer stressed the need to make the rationalist view more understandable to a larger audience. He suggested the publication of an abbreviated history of the Bible with the traditionalists' and rationalists' views contrasted in the simplest possible language. For further mass appeal, he suggested a collection of appropriate songs, set to well- known melodies, for use in meetings.18 Miinch also addressed himself to the "too intellectual" approach in rationalist writing that could only be understood by the educated few.

12 For further information on Eduard Muni's life, see Siegmar Muehl, "Eduard Muhl: 1800-1854, Missouri Editor, Free-Thinker and Fighter for Human Rights," Missouri Historical Review 81 (October 1986): 18-36. 13 Gerd A. Petermann, "Friends of Light (Lichtfreunde), Friedrich Miinch, Paul Follenius, and the Rise of German-American Rationalism on the Missouri Frontier," Yearbook of German-American Studies 23 (1988): 120. 14 Hermann Licht-Freund, 25 October 1843. 15 Ibid., 8, 29 November 1843; 7 February 1844. 16 Ibid., 10 January 1844. 17 Ibid., 20 March 1844. 18 Ibid., 10 January 1844. Hermann's "Free Men": 1850s German-American Religious Rationalism 365

Friedrich Miinch, who immigrated in 1834, was an early supporter of rational­ ism among the living in rural Missouri.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Then Munch modeled an essay on the Bible in simple language as "an attempt of this sort."19 The announcement setting a meeting date for Missouri-area ra­ tionalists specified not Hermann, but Augusta in St. Charles County, as the meeting site. The call by Munch's committee addressed Friends of Light living in St. Charles and the contiguous counties of Franklin and Warren.20 Undoubtedly, convenience of location for the large number of German settlers in the area just west of St. Louis dictated the more eastern choice. Hermann lay about forty farther west than Augusta, on the frontier of this area.21 Held on April 9, 1844, this meeting attracted thirty-eight participants, who elected Miinch as chair. Initially, the group chose the name, Society of Rationalists (Verein Vernunft-glaeubigeri), but later in the same meeting voted to change the name to Society of Rationalist Christians. Resolutions which emerged from this meeting characterized the

19 Ibid. 20 March 1844. 20 Ibid.. 6 March 1844. 21 Carl E. Schneider, The German Church on the American Frontier, A Study in the Rise of Religion among Germans of the West (St. Louis: Eden Publishing House, 1939). See pages 20-22 for an account of settling the Missouri River valley just west of St. Louis. 366 Missouri Historical Review rationalist-religious views of these Missouri-area residents. They pro­ fessed: reason as the sole authority for judging truth; hope for the immortal life of the soul; spiritual and moral striving as means of achieving human destiny; and acknowledgment of the original and uncorrupted teachings of Christianity. In an anti-orthodox vein, other resolutions adjured members "to work against superstition in every form, to draw people's attention to priestly arrogance, to eliminate hypocrisy and enthusiasm (Schwaermerei), and to seek a conciliatory spirit among all."22 The first contact Hermann rationalists had with the Augusta group seemed to be at the society's second meeting, October 26, 1844. Two men, J. Leupold and H. Burckhardt, identified as officers of a group called the "Hermann Rationalists," and Muhl, the Licht-Freund editor, attended.23 This is the first and only mention of such an organization in Hermann prior to the later founding of Hermann's own Society of Free Men. Following the Augusta meeting, Leupold and Burckhardt pub­ lished in the Hermann paper two resolutions from the meeting which they felt deserved "wider promulgation." The content of these resolu­ tions foreshadowed the strong anticlerical and anti-orthodox view that tended to characterize rationalist outlook in Hermann. The first resolu­ tion rejected the use of clerical titles like "reverend, right reverend, and most reverend, because they suggested unwarranted privilege and

22 Hermann Licht-Freund, 1 May 1844. 23 Ibid., 6 November 1844.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Eduard Muhl established Hermann's first newspaper, the Licht-Freund, in 1843. Hermann's "Free Men": 1850s German-American Religious Rationalism 367 authority in a Republic." The second warned against recent proselytizing activities in the area by the conservative Pennsylvania Lutheran Synod, which sought to bring independent Lutheran congregations under synod authority.24 At the time, Hermann had such a congregation in St. Paul's Evangelical Church.25 Although Miihl called for the formation of more rationalist so­ cieties when he addressed the Augusta meeting and the Hermann paper published the meeting's resolutions, no Hermann society came into existence immediately. Perhaps the "Hermann Rationalists" continued to serve the cause in Hermann. Nothing is known of that group's subsequent activities because contemporary local news sources have disappeared. In the fall of 1845, Miihl and his Licht-Freund copublisher, Carl Strehly, brought out a new paper, the Hermanner Wochenblatt. A weekly, it was devoted to a secular and local news format—albeit still a watchdog for rationalist causes. Only four issues of this paper between 1845 and 1851 survive. The Licht-Freund continued publication as a rationalist paper, with Friedrich Miinch acting as coeditor. No issues of the paper for this period survive, although other papers referred to it as late as 1851.26 Finally in February 1852, the Hermanner Wochenblatt announced that a group of local citizens had called for the formation of a rationalist society whose motto would be "Progress" (Vorwaerts). Ac­ cording to the organizers, Hermann needed such a society "because the Catholics as well as the Protestants exhibit an unenlightened and narrow-minded mystical religiosity."27 Perhaps to account for such a long, nine-year delay in founding a society in Hermann, the editor observed with something less than full candor or recall: "We have never intentionally suggested the founding of such a society, because we think that such action must come from the inhabitants themselves." A member of the St. Louis rationalist group organized in 1851 wrote a letter of congratulations to these Hermann organizers, but then chided them for their delay: "It is surprising that your exceptional German people are so late in expressing this wish, while elsewhere, Germans in small and large cities who live mixed with Americans have already formed such progressive societies."28 The writer cited Dubuque,

24 Ibid. 25 Jubilaeums-Schrift und die Geschichte der Evangelischen St. Pauls-Gemeinde zu Hermann, Mo., 1844-1919 (St. Louis: Eden Publishing House, 1919). 2* Petermann, "Friends of Light," 125 nn. 27, 29. 27 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 6 February 1852. 28 Ibid., 27 February 1852. See footnote 57 for St. Louis group founding. 368 Missouri Historical Review

Iowa, as an example. He further noted that the Hermann group fortunately had a building available for meetings. Most individuals involved in the new Hermann group also belonged to the Recreation (Erholung) Society, which had its own building.29 Perhaps this St. Louis writer provides a clue to the tardy founding of the Hermann group. Hermann citizens did not live or mix with many Americans. Since its settlement in 1837, Hermann had been predomi­ nantly German. Out of a total population of 943, the 1850 census showed that 459 adults came from the various German states in . Another 124 were Swiss-Germans. Only 14 adults noted birth in the United States.30 Given this relatively homogeneous group, there had been no need in Hermann to counter anti-German sentiments among native-born residents, a concern for the St. Louis Free Men Society. In one of its founding resolutions, the latter group protested the manner in which the St. Louis Republican newspaper characterized local Germans "as quarrelsome and riotous."31 Hermann's call for a rationalist society drew a letter of support signed by a man identifying himself as a "small farmer in the Weinthal," a rural area west of Hermann. He wrote: "After consulting with many of my like-minded friends among the groups of farmers around Her­ mann, the society will find suitable participants." He went on to comment on his own religious views: "Since coming here I have come into contact with the works of Thomas Paine. I have so radically changed that I have deep shame that formerly my reason was so misled by superstition." He had rejected his German-schooled view of the Trinity as "blasphemous" and accepted in its place Paine's view of God as indivisible. The farmer concluded: "I was born a Protestant. . . but I no longer claim anymore to have faith in the Protestant orthodox church."32 Thomas Paine's link with German-American rationalism—even on the western frontier of Missouri—appeared also in a notice in the Wochenblatt, addressed to all "Free Congregations in the United States." To celebrate Paine's February birthday, the publisher of Paine's works in Philadelphia "offered to send as a gift to each free congrega-

29 The Hermann Recreation Society, founded in 1847, put on plays and musical and holiday entertainments. The society's building still stands on the northeast corner of Market and West Second streets in Hermann. See Anna Hesse, Centenarians of Brick, Wood and Stone, Hermann, Missouri (Hermann: Privately published, 1969). 30 Seventh Census of the United States, 1850. See also, Siegmar Muehl, The Hermann, Missouri 1850 Census: An Alphabetic List (Iowa City, la.: Privately pub­ lished, 1982). 31 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 6 April 1851. 32 Ibid., 27 February 1852. Hermann's "Free Men": 1850s German-American Religious Rationalism 369 tion a copy (Exemplar) of Thomas Paine's theological works as well as a masterful portrait."33 Probably a December 1851 confrontation between Hermann lib­ erals and Catholics contributed to the rationalists' call for a formal organization. In that month, Lajos Kossuth, the Hungarian hero of the 1848 Revolution in Europe, landed in New York to begin an honorary visit to the United States. To mark the occasion in Hermann, a group mounted a parade and culminating ceremony on the town's courthouse hill. After a twenty-one-gun salute and a speech by Hermann citizen Joseph Lessel, the group fired off an old cannon dragged to the hill for the purpose.34 Within that same week, the local Catholics, led by a monk named Weinigner, a visiting Austrian mission preacher, assembled on the same courthouse hill. Here, on a bitterly cold day, Weinigner conducted a religious service. At its conclusion, the Catholic group raised a wooden, beribboned and silver-lettered "Jesuit mission cross." As the group broke up, some Catholic adherents charged and fired off the cannon left from the Kossuth celebration. They also stuck a sign bearing the words, "The Church," into the barrel. When the Kossuth faction (or "Hermann radicals" as a Catholic letter writer later characterized them) discovered the cross and sign, one or more persons vented their anger, under cover of darkness, by cutting down the cross. Catholics retaliated by seizing one of the suspected vandals, one C. Baehr, roughing him up and turning him over to the

33 Ibid., 20 February 1852. 34 Ibid., 19 December 1851.

State Historical Society of Missouri

The courthouse, built in 1842, marked the move of the Gascon­ ade county seat from Mount Sterling to Hermann. 370 Missouri Historical Review justice of the peace. Another Kossuth fan's home suffered a broken window.35 Attempting to calm community strife, the Hermann paper ad­ dressed an editorial to the Catholics, explaining why the Jesuit cross had so angered the non-Catholic group. The article pointed out the frequent alliances between princes ruling the German states and mem­ bers of the Jesuit order, which resulted in religious oppression. The Jesuit cross symbolized this oppression, which many Germans had come to America to escape. Thus, the editor admonished: "Do not again raise the hated Jesuit cross on our free hill giving offense to the republican freemen in our German settlement." He concluded with a plea for understanding and "a return to the deep peace of former times."36 Despite this plea for understanding and forbearance by the Catholics, the rationalist-inspired editor continued, unabated, his own editorial assaults on the church and the Jesuits in subsequent issues of the paper. As a result, by April, the paper announced: "We no longer have a single Catholic subscriber, since they cannot go along with our view of the Church."37 All these events served as prelude to the organization of the new Hermann rationalist group, which held its first meeting, Sunday, March 7, 1852. Twenty-six persons attended and affixed their signatures to the constitution. This document named the group the Society of Free Men (Verein freier Maenner). To accomplish the society's goals of "striving after freedom, truth and justice in religion and politics . . . [and] to recognise all authori­ tarian beliefs as unworthy fetters on the human spirit," the constitution called for weekly meetings for the purpose of "mutual instruction." The latter would be based on contemplating nature, human reason and morality as creations of a Supreme Being, and human destiny as revealed in history. Moreover, the society would form a suitable library and provide education for youth in reason and morality.38 Bylaws drawn up at the following meeting, chaired by acting president Carl Strehly, included: anyone twenty-one years old could join; meetings would be conducted in German with exceptions allowed by the chair; ten cents monthly dues; and weekly meetings to be held Sundays 9-12 in the Recreation building.39 35 Ibid., 19 December 1851; 2 January 1852. The latter issue reported the Hermann Catholics letter written to the St. Louis Sheperd [sic] of the Valley newspaper. 36 Ibid., 26 December 1851. 37 Ibid., 30 April 1852. 38 Ibid., 12 March 1852. 39 Ibid., 2 April 1852. Hermann's "Free Men": 1850s German-American Religious Rationalism 371

On Sunday, April 4, 1852, Hermann's Free Men held their in­ augural meeting, with fifty-one members present. For the occasion, editor Miihl had written a poem expressing at length the familiar rationalist ideals and religious anathemas relating to freedom, reason and putting aside blind faith. Wilhelm Krech, the society's first secre­ tary, led the newly formed choir in singing Muni's lyrics set to a popular melody. The editor then gave the invited address.40 Now officially launched as part of the organized Hermann social scene, the society and some of its members contributed frequently to stirring up social and cultural life in the community in the following two years. The weekly meetings, rather conspicuously scheduled to coincide with the hours of traditional church services, provided mem­ bers with a variety of speakers and topics for consideration and debate. These became a source of intellectual stimulation probably unusual in such a small frontier town. One and sometimes two persons addressed each meeting, with topic and speaker announced in the previous Friday's paper. Usually, speeches focused on rationalist concerns. A sampling of these subjects shows something of the considerable cultural level and education of the speakers, and presumably of the audience as well. In subsequent weeks, members heard Joseph Feldmann, obste­ trician, speak on "Nature, Science and Religion"; Otto Brix, lime- maker and artist, on "Moses"; Joseph Lessel, carpenter, on "The Inalienable Rights of Man"; Wilhelm Krech, German School teacher, Ibid., 9 April 1852. Courtesy Gasconade County Historical Society

Carl Strehly, co-editor of the Light- Freund and the Hermanner Wochen­ blatt, immigrated to the United States in 1840. 372 Missouri Historical Review on "The New Research on Life in Nature and the Resulting Hypotheses Concerning Creation"; Miihl on "The Superstitious Basis of the Church's Teaching on Baptism"; A. Behr on "Morality in the Bible"; etc. Another talk by Joseph Feldmann on "Religious Truth" so im­ pressed the audience that members requested the speech be reproduced in full in the newspaper.41 Occasionally, follow-up meetings provided time to debate issues raised by the past week's speaker. On at least one occasion, Joseph Lessel presented a talk "in opposition" to one given by Wilhelm Krech, the society's sometimes-contentious secretary.42 Because of Hermann's isolation, with access only by steamboat when the Missouri River was navigable, most society speakers had to be local citizens.43 Occasional exceptions occurred. On separate Sun­ days, Karl Heinzen, a New York newspaper publisher, Friedrich Miinch from Marthasville, and a Catholic priest from Cincinnati spoke to the group.44 Unfortunately, the newspaper carried no comment on what brought the priest to Hermann or reaction to his talk on "Freedom." By far, the most frequent speaker at the society's Sunday meetings was Wilhelm Krech, a man of many talents—choir director, composer, teacher and polemicist—whose aggressive verbal style matched editor Miihl's. Krech could and often did provoke controversy. He propelled himself into Hermann's public eye shortly after the founding of the Free Men when he made a heated attack on Friedrich Birkner, the new pastor of the local Lutheran Evangelical church. The Hermann paper ran a June 1852 editorial entitled, "Some Questions to Strict Bible Believers." The editor observed: 41 Ibid., 30 July 1852. 42 Ibid., 5 November 1852. Krech titled one of his Sunday talks, "The House of David: The False Genealogy of Christ and Proof of Its Purpose" (Hermanner Wochen­ blatt, 4 June 1852). This view links Krech with the biblical criticism contained in David F. Strauss's The Life of Jesus 4th ed., trans. George Eliot (London: Allen, 1913). Strauss rejected, as unhistoric, the Davidic genealogy in Matthew and Mark, a lineage introduced to justify the claims of Jesus' Messiahship. Strauss was in the line of German biblical scholars who attempted to account for the supernatural and miraculous in the life of Jesus by naturalistic, historical or mythical explanations. Strauss himself stressed the mythical interpretation frequently based on Old Testament traditions. Probably much of the biblical criticism by Hermann rationalists came from familiarity with Strauss's work. In 1844 and 1845, the Hermann Licht-Freund printed five extended excerpts from Strauss's Life (See Licht-Freund, 29 May, 12 June 1844; 9, 23 April and 7 May 1845). The editor defended Strauss when a Cincinnati Catholic newspaper criticised the Licht-Freuntfs publication of Strauss's views (21 August 1844). 43 The Pacific Railroad from St. Louis reached Hermann in 1854. See Hermanner Wochenblatt, 25 March 1853, for preparations in Hermann to cope with drunken workers. Improvements on the all-but-impassable post road from Washington, Missouri, began in 1852. See ibid., 28 May 1852. 44 Ibid., 9 July, 27 August, 19 November 1852, respectively. Hermann's "Free Men": 1850s German-American Religious Rationalism 373

Erected in 1844, the St. Paul Evan­ gelical Church was the first church building in Hermann.

State Historical Society of Missouri In our neighborhood, there are not a few who take offense at the views and principles which the Society of Free Men openly acknowl­ edge. These views hold that the Bible is an ordinary human book which brings together many things that in themselves are beautiful, good, and true, along with much ignorance, contradictions and immorality. The editor then posed a series of questions based on the Bible and requested that the opposition in the Protestant and Catholic churches respond "to persuade us of our errors."45 A sampling of these questions reveals much about the contrariness of religious views which these nineteenth-century rationalists and orthodox Christians held—at least from the rationalist perspective. One question cited Genesis 4: 14-17. Here, the Lord puts a mark on Cain so that others might not kill him. Cain then leaves for the land of Nod where he takes a wife, has a son and builds a city named after his son Enoch. Given a literal interpretation of the creation story in the Bible, the editor asked: Who were the men whom Cain feared and where did they come from? From what family did Cain's wife descend? With whose help and for whom did Cain build a city? With no reply to the questions forthcoming, Wilhelm Krech entered the lists with a long letter in the paper personally addressed to Pastor Birkner. Krech demanded that Birkner prove "that the Bible in all its parts was inspired by God and contained only the truth." Krech then

45 Ibid., 4 June 1852. 374 Missouri Historical Review supplied some Bible questions of his own for Birkner to justify.46 When Birkner failed to respond, Krech launched an attack on the pastor's religious views and on his personal conduct in allegedly making counter­ charges against Krech from the pulpit instead of defending himself publicly.47 Birkner's conservative religious background fueled Krech's ani­ mosity. Coming to Hermann from the conservative Evangelical Semi­ nary at Marthasville, Birkner conducted the St. Paul's Evangelical congregation in Hermann by the "old protocol." During his tenure as pastor, he tried to bring the independent church under the authority of the ultra-conservative Lutheran Evangelical Synod, a proposed move the congregation resisted.48 Krech's last letter seemed so strident, negative public reaction followed. Krech reported in a third letter: "Some well-meaning people have expressed their views against me that my letter was too harsh and would only make for greater anger." Nevertheless, he continued to assail Birkner. Among the preponderance of negatives, Krech pointed out at least one area of common religious ground between them: God is the God of truth. Recognising him teaches us to acknowledge in Christ the human ideal, a Godly man (Gottmensch), set among us as a model. . . . These are the principles of "pure Christianity," which the most rational rationalist like the blindest fundamentalist must recognise.49

46 Ibid., 11 June 1852. 47 Ibid., 25 June 1852. 48 Jubilaeums-Schrift St. Pauls-Gemeinde, 1. 49 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 2 July 1852. In Krech's June 25 letter, he acknowledged his friendship with Fred Hundhausen, the pastor of St. Paul's who preceded Birkner. Krech had been present at Hundhausen's confirmation and spoke to the gathering; even though some there disagreed with his views, "no one objected." Later Krech reported he had been asked to address the congregation on a Sunday after Hundhausen had left the church. The American Home Missionary Correspondence file (Chicago Theological Semi­ nary) provides some perspective on the Krech/Birkner controversy. In a letter written in 1853, Birkner reported hearing a man (Krech?) preach "who was a wolf in sheep's clothing. . . . The man asserted openly that even the blackest of were only the unsuccessful attempts of human nature to struggle for liberty. ... I abhor to repeat the blasphemies of a still worse kind, which the man uttered in church." Of his predecessor, Hundhausen, Birkner observed: "He was a great admirer of the ill-famed David Strauss . . . and his whole care for the souls of his flock consisted of playing cards and drinking wine with them." Birkner's 1853 letter also referred to the opposition within the church which began shortly after he arrived in Hermann. "A succession of offenses began which are not ended yet. ... All those Freemasons, Odd Fellows, store-keepers and others that had become members in order to prevent my election, could not quietly behold the light of truth invading the darkness and joined those of the old congregation who were averse to hearing the truth." (Schneider, The German Church on the American Frontier, 196 n. 6). Hermann's "Free Men": 1850s German-American Religious Rationalism 375

Adverse public reaction to Krech's unrelenting assault on Birkner finally boiled over in a petition to the German School trustees. A group of Hermann citizens wanted Krech dismissed from his teaching position at the school. Although prompted by Krech's letters in the paper, the petitioners merely cited Krech's shortcomings as a teacher as reason for his dismissal. When the trustees refused to respond immediately at the meetings to the request, the newspaper alleged that the petitioners "threatened to take things into their own hands."50 Although the trustees eventually rejected the grounds of the petition, Krech resigned of his own volition in the early summer of 1852.51 July 4, 1852, provided the occasion for a community-wide celebra­ tion sponsored by the Hermann Society of Free Men. The paper announced: "It would be unworthy of the name and principles of the Society to follow the puritanical view of many and postpone the celebration because it falls on a Sunday." The society extended an invitation to all local citizens and their families "who were not limited by the petty prejudices in relation to celebrating this great day in world history." The opening ceremony would take place in front of the Recreation building at 8 A.M.52 On the 4th, as the paper subsequently reported, flags flew not only in front of the Recreation building, but "even before the Evangelical

50 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 30 July 1852. 51 Ibid., 6 August 1852. 52 Ibid., 2 July 1852. State Historical Society of Missouri

Hermann Catholics began building their first church in 1845 and com­ pleted it in 1850. 376 Missouri Historical Review church." After the crowd assembled and sang verses of the "Marseil­ laise" translated into German with the backing of the choir, the group formed in parade order and marched to a nearby farm. A day full of speeches, singing, picnicking and games followed. The day ended back at the Recreation building with still more speeches and another rendi­ tion of the French anthem.53 In September, the Wochenblatt editor targeted once again the Catholic church. The new priest in Hermann, Father George Tiirk, wanted to establish a separate Catholic cemetery and had already set up a Catholic school. For these actions the editor accused him of "sepa­ ratist views." He noted: "We have here a common cemetery, because we believe the earth is God's earth made sacred by rain and sun which falls from heaven." As for the Catholic school, its purpose was, according to the editor's rationalist lights, "to protect the Catholics from the wolf of Enlightenment."54 In the final months of 1852, Wilhelm Krech dominated the lectern in the society's Sunday meetings. Despite his recent controversial role in the larger community, he spoke at six of the eight meetings. In addition, Krech announced in October the beginning of a children's Sunday school to meet in the afternoon for the purpose of teaching rational and logical thinking. Sunday mornings, during the last hour of the regular society meetings, he offered a class for adults.55 Probably in accordance with the editor's rationalist scruples, the December 24 issue of the paper made no editorial acknowledgment of the Christmas holiday. Instead, the editor's column on the second page reported that an engraved copy of Gilbert Stuart's portrait of George Washington, on view in the newspaper office, could be ordered for $5.00. The announcement ended: "There should be no public building in which one should not be able to find this portrait of this great American people's man." On Sunday following Christmas Day, 1852, Krech spoke on "The Meaning of the Holiday." His remarks are not preserved. Fewer than half the Hermanner Wochenblatt issues survive for the year 1853. Announcements for the society's weekly meetings continued to appear, with Krech's name most often given as speaker. Toward the year's end, notices simply announced a meeting would take place, with no speaker or topic indicated. The March 11, 1853 issue reported that Hermann's Free Men had celebrated their first anniversary in two sessions on March 7. At a 53 Ibid., 9 July 1852. 54 Ibid., 3 September 1852. 55 Ibid., 6 October 1852. Hermann's "Free Men": 1850s German-American Religious Rationalism 377 morning meeting, after reading the society's constitution, President Strehly announced that of the original fifty-one members, three had withdrawn and two had died. He made no mention of new members, if any, nor did he say how many were in attendance. After the choral group sang a suitable song set to the stirring melody from Bach's "A Mighty Fortress is Our God," Wochenblatt editor Miihl gave the invited address, as he had done a year earlier. His talk stressed the need for members increasingly to be aware of the society's purposes and bring them to bear in the world. The meeting closed with the chorus singing an original composition by Krech. A gala evening gathering for members and their families concluded the observance. With abundant food supplied by the wives, there occurred much "music, jesting, and friendly exchange such as Germans enjoy." For this occasion, Otto Brix, the local artist, and Carl Strehly had combined their skills to construct an elaborate display on the Recreation building stage. According to the newspaper account, in the course of the evening, the stage curtain suddenly parted, accompanied by a musical flourish. Revealed was a trio of armed female figures rising from dark clouds with a dragon at their feet. Above their heads, in silver letters, appeared the society's motto: "Freedom, Truth and Justice." Below the display, a sign in colored letters announced, "To the Anniversary of the Founding of the Society of Free Men in Hermann." Otto Brix then came onstage and gave a long, rhymed explanation of the symbolism. In case there could be any doubt, he elaborated: The three figures you see stepping out of the dark clouds and dark night, weapons held in their hands, terrify the dragon of the abyss. The dragon lies writhing, for this horror can only fly in the dark of the night. These figures trample down falsehood and despotism. When the applause for Brix's declamation finally subsided, Presi­ dent Strehly gave a toast that concluded with the crowd giving three cheers for the society. A free flow of Catawba wine and dancing "went on through the night and into the day."56 Exactly when the Hermann Society of Free Men ceased to exist is unknown. The bylaws called for its dissolution if membership dropped below ten.57

56 Ibid., 11 March 1853. 57 The Augusta rationalist group carried on at least through 1853. A missionary report of that year stated that the members used the town's Union church for meetings. Petermann, "Friends of Light," 132. The Society of Free Men in St. Louis, founded in March 1851 (see Hermanner Wochenblatt, 6 April 1851), dissolved sometime in late 1852 or 1853 as a result of disputes among members relating to finances and purpose of the organization. See 378 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri Carl Strehly's home served as the office for the Licht-Freund and the Hermanner Wochenblatt.

The rationalist editor of the Hermanner Wochenblatt, who had been one of the key figures in the society since its inception, died of cholera in the summer epidemic of 1854. The few issues of the paper extant from late 1854 reveal that the society met monthly in the courthouse.58 Bek's history of Hermann reported that with Miihl's death, "there was no one to assume the mantle of leadership, and the Society soon disbanded." Friedrich Miinch, a strong advocate of such movements, lived too far away to keep the society together.59 The Hermanner Volksblatt, which replaced the Wochenblatt early in 1855, has no extant issues until 1860. The latter contain no mention of the Free Men. Factors other than just lack of leadership may have influenced the disbanding of the Hermann society. The early rationalist fervor prob- Steven Rowan, "Franz Schmidt and the Freie Blaetter of St. Louis, 1851-1853" (unpub­ lished paper, University of Missouri-St. Louis, 1989). Another rationalist group existed in St. Louis called the "German School Society and Free Congregation of St. Louis and Bremen" (Deutscher Schulverein und Freie Gemeinde). Located in the Bremen section of north St. Louis, this group, founded in December 1850, survived at least into the 1870s when its school became part of the public school system. See E. D. Kargau, St. Louis in frueheren Jahren (St. Louis: Aug. Wiebusch and Son, 1893), 286-293. 58 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 4 November 1854. 59 William G. Bek, The German Settlement Society of Philadelphia and Its Colony, Hermann, Missouri, ed. Dorothy Heckmann Shrader and trans. Elmer Danuser (Her­ mann, Mo.: American Press, Inc., 1984), 263. Hermann's "Free Men": 1850s German-American Religious Rationalism 379 ably faded over time. Repeated appearance of the same speaker, and later, the absence of preannounced speakers altogether, could have been signs of waning enthusiasm. Miinch cited another reason for lack of support: the modification of opposing orthodox views. Munch wrote to Krech at the time of the Birkner controversy: I am still prepared to speak out publicly on every proposition of the orthodox theology of our opponents. . . . Yet, nothing will come of it and for good reasons. . . . Since the orthodox system of the greatest thinkers among us now and in the most recent times has become more enlightened, that same orthodoxy must be viewed, scientifically, as completely defeated with all its arbitrary tenets totally disproved.60 If Miinch perceived Christian orthodoxy becoming more reason­ able, some of his fellow rationalists seemed to be turning more tradi­ tional in their views. Thus, the Augusta rationalists changed their meeting format to provide "services with prayer, singing, and sermon" before the regular meeting.61 Even the Hermann group early began a collection of "suitable songs" for the men's chorus to use at the beginnings and ends of meetings "in order to enliven and wake up its members."62 These changes seem to substantiate the concern expressed by critics within and without the rationalist camp that rationalism appeared too intellectual to meet deeper spiritual needs. Miinch himself had felt the need to defend rationalism against this charge.63 Among German-Americans, increasing concern with the pressing issues of slavery and secession undoubtedly contributed to a shift away from an ideological preoccupation with religion. The Anzeiger des Westens in St. Louis, an ardent newspaper champion of rationalist causes, became a voice for antislavery views as the 1850s progressed.64 The Hermanner Wochenblatt also reflected this new emphasis, even while the editor carried on his advocacy of rationalist causes. The presidential campaign of 1852 provided impetus for this concern. The paper reported on the cruelties of slavery, the German-American al­ legiance to Free-Soil Democrats and criticism of major party candidates as too involved with slave interests.65

60 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 16 July 1852. 61 Petermann, "Friends of Light," 128-129. 62 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 28 May 1852. 63 Hermann Licht-Freund, 10 January 1844. 64 See Steven W. Rowan, The Radical Press in St. Louis, Germans for a Free Missouri, 1857-1862 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1983). 65 Hermanner Wochenblatt, 29 October 1852. 380 Missouri Historical Review

A history of St. Paul's Evangelical congregation in Hermann, written in 1919 on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the church's founding, provides perspective on its old rationalist adversary. The account mentioned the role of the Licht-Freund editor, Miihl, with "his hate for all Biblical, Christian and churchly terminology" and his advocacy of a religious ideal "without Redeemer, without priests, and without a church." The history observed: "These teachings found much fertile ground, chiefly among the '48er' element that came to Hermann from Germany and whose views one still finds represented today in our community."66 These nineteenth-century rationalists seemed to have conjured up the best of all possible worlds. They forthrightly posited a Supreme Being whose creations were not only benevolent in purpose, but also continued under his stewardship. They believed that the God-given capacities of human reason and moral sensibility, when nurtured by education, freed of superstition and coupled with earnest striving, would eventually bring freedom, truth and justice in the world.

66 Jubilaeums-Schrift St. Pauls-Gemeinde, 1.

Fish Stories This Time Weekly Chillicothe Crisis, September 26, 1878. The Liars' Club had another session down near Pittsburg. The business under discussion was fishing, and .... Before the debate was fairly opened, Marscus Forse's boy Ed came in with a string of sunfish and perch, and thus gave it a turn but little expected: "Ah!" said Brother A , "you have good fishing here. How long were you catching these?" "All the afternoon," replied the boy. "That's not very good fishing," responded Brother A . "When I was a boy, there used to be a creek about three miles from my father's house that did afford good fishing. Sometimes the fish would get so plenty in it that they would crowd the water out of the banks. Many a time I have started over the creek at 1 o'clock in the afternoon, caught 300 bass that would average three pounds each, and got back home with them in time for supper. And it wouldn't be an extra day for bass, either." Ed borrowed a pencil from one of the boarders, and figured out that Brother A must have been a remarkably strong lad to be able to carry 900 pounds of fish at a single load for a distance of three miles. State Historical Society of Missouri

Daniel Marsh Frost, C.S.A. BY ROBERT E. MILLER* Daniel Marsh Frost's military career began with expectations of great promise. He graduated fourth in his class at West Point and served with gallantry in the Mexican War. He successfully directed the Southwest Expedition to Missouri's western border in 1860. He achieved added distinction as a commanding officer in the Missouri state militia. In his pre-Civil War career, General Frost demonstrated many neces­ sary qualities for military command—administrative skill and diligence, strategic initiative, logistical sense and personal qualities of leadership and discipline. When his great chance came in the Civil War, he failed to fulfill expectations. His performance as a Confederate general officer was adequate but never outstanding. His opportunities to influence the course of action were not numerous, and he did not show progress.

•Robert E. Miller is a retired chemist. He received the B.A. degree from Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York; the Ph.D. in chemistry from Fordham University, New York, New York; and the M.A. in history from the University of Missouri-St. Louis.

381 382 Missouri Historical Review

Daniel Frost vanishes from the Confederate scene except for a brief controversy with Jefferson Davis in 1886. He left unanswered the question whether he would fully realize his potential as a soldier. Frost's dedication to the Southern cause was not without its price. His role in the Camp Jackson affair subjected him to suspicion and hostility by friend and foe alike. An unfounded charge of desertion cheated him of his reputation. The stigma attached to the fact of his northern birth excluded him from further service in the Confederate military. Frost's English ancestors arrived in New England in 1625. Born in the village of Mariaville, New York, on August 9, 1823, he began studies at Albany Academy, Albany, New York, at the age of fourteen. He entered the United States Military Academy in 1840 and graduated fourth in the class of 1844. Initially assigned with the 1st Regiment Artillery stationed at Fort Adams, Newport, Rhode Island, he also served with the regiment at Fort Kent, Maine, and Forts Brooke and Pickens, Florida. In July 1846, he transferred to the 1st Regiment Mounted Rifles at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri.1 Frost served on the staff of General Winfield Scott in the Mexican War. During the invasion of Vera Cruz he saw action at the siege of Castle San Juan d'Ulloa and took part in all the campaigns of Scott's army leading to the fall of Mexico City. Second Lieutenant Frost received a brevet for gallant conduct at the battle of Cerro Gordo.2 On August 1, 1850, new orders posted Lieutenant Frost to Fort , Oregon Territory, where he was wounded in action against the Indians. In February of the following year, Colonel Phillip St. George Cooke ordered Frost back to St. Louis to recruit for the cavalry service.3 Two months later, he married Eliza (Lily) Brown Graham, the

1 Thomas G. and Edward Frost, The Frost Family in England and America (Buffalo: Russell Print Company, 1909); Daniel M. Frost, "Memoirs," in Daniel M. Frost Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; Mrs. Dana D. Jansen, ed., "The Memoirs of Daniel M. Frost," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin 26 (October 1969): 3-23; ibid. (January 1970): 89-117; Joseph Boyce, "General Daniel M. Frost," a paper read before the Missouri Historical Society, 13 December 1900, Frost Papers; Jefferson Barracks Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. A second Daniel M. Frost figures prominently in Kansas history in this same period. Judge D. M. Frost edited the Dodge City Globe between 1878 and 1885. D. M. Frost to Abraham Hagaman, 10 May, 1 June 1878, 19 April 1879, Hagaman Collection, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; Robert R. Dykstra, The Cattle Towns (New York: Atheneum, 1978), 215-224, 265-266, 332; Odie B. Faulk, Dodge City (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 98, 127, 157. 2 Frost, "Memoirs"; Howard S. Conard, Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri, 6 vols. (St. Louis: The Southern History Company, 1901), 2: 528-529; Jansen, ed., "Memoirs of Frost," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin 26 (April 1970): 205-206. 3 Richard Graham Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. Daniel Marsh Frost, C.S.A. 383 daughter of Major Richard Graham, Thomas Jefferson's Indian agent for the Louisiana Territory, and the granddaughter of John Mullanphy, a wealthy St. Louis businessman.4 The marriage provided Frost with economic security and social position in the community. In the summer of 1851, General Scott recommended Frost for an assignment in Europe to study cavalry tactics. He rejoined his regiment in September 1852 and served at Fort Ewell, Texas, until the summer of 1853. On May 31, 1853, First Lieutenant Frost resigned his commission in the United States Army. He returned to the family estate at "Hazel- wood" in Florissant, St. Louis County, where he pursued interests in the fur trade and a lumber mill.5 At the time of his appointment to the board of visitors to the Military Academy at West Point in 1853, Frost engaged in the practice of law.6 That same year, Father Pierre DeSmet baptized him into the Roman Catholic church. This event marked the beginning of a long relationship between the Frost family and the Catholic church.7 In 1854, Frost successfully campaigned as a Benton Democrat for a senate seat in the 18th Missouri General Assembly. In his single term, he authored a bill to regulate and discipline the militia forces of the state.8 In 1855, Frost served as a second for B. Gratz Brown in a duel with Thomas C. Reynolds, who would later become one of his staunch- est defenders in a controversy related to his service in the Confederate army.9

4 Jansen, ed., "Memoirs of Frost," 3-4. 5 Frost to wife, 30 January, 29 August, 30 December 1852, Kennett Family Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; S. Cooper to D. M. Frost, 21 May 1853, Graham Papers; George W. McCullum, Biographical Register of Officers and Graduates of the United States Military Academy (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1868), 2: 101, #1209. "Hazelwood," the first brick house constructed west of the , was built by David Musick in 1807 and sold to Major Graham after the War of 1812. Frost employed forty-one slaves on the "Hazelwood" farm. Joseph G. Knapp, S.J., Presence of the Past (St. Louis: St. Louis University Press, 1979), 1, 20, 25, 33. General Frost's daughter, Harriet (Mrs. Samuel Fordyce), donated the mansion to St. Louis University in 1952. The mansion was torn down in 1964. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 11 March 1933, 25 July 1963. 6 Charles van Ravenswaay, "Years of Turmoil, Years of Growth: St. Louis in the 1850's," Missouri Historical Society Bulletin 23 (July 1967): 323; Mark M. Boatner, The Civil War Dictionary (New York: David McKay Company, Inc., 1959), 318. There is no record of Frost's formal training as a lawyer. On August 7 and 19, 1886, he also was described as an attorney. Fordyce Family Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. 7 Knapp, Presence of the Past, 10, 13, 35. In January 1952, Mrs. Fordyce contributed a gift of $1.05 million to refurbish the Frost campus of St. Louis University. 8 Joseph A. Mudd, "The Cabell Descendants in Missouri," Missouri Historical Review 9 (January 1915): 84; Journal of the Missouri Legislature, 21st General As­ sembly, 1860-1861, House, Appendix, 10-13. 9 Glimpses of the Past 10 (January-June 1943): 30; McCune Gill, "St. Louis Duels," Duels Collection, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. Frost engaged in a duel with Edward Sayers in 1860. 384 Missouri Historical Review

The next year, "Captain" Frost traveled to South Dakota to conduct an oversight of the family investments in the Indian trade. By this time, he had accumulated considerable real estate holdings in Yankton, Dakota Territory, and Sioux City, Iowa.10 Following the organization of the state militia in 1858, Governor Robert M. Stewart appointed Frost brigadier general in command of the First (St. Louis) Military District.11 In the winter of 1860, Kansas Jayhawkers under the leadership of James Montgomery and Dr. Charles Jennison threatened to invade southwestern Missouri and eliminate all vestiges of slavery in the state. When officials of Bates and Vernon counties demanded protection, Governor Stewart ordered Frost to proceed to the border with the Missouri Volunteer Militia and restore the peace. The St. Louis detachment entrained on the Pacific Railroad on November 25, and the troops debarked at the rail terminus at Smithton and marched via Clinton to Fort Scott, Kansas. On Decem­ ber 4, Frost met with General William S. Harney in command of the regulars at the fort, and Harney and Frost agreed to unite their forces if the marauders showed any inclination to give battle. The joint show of force induced the Jayhawkers to disperse.12 Frost believed it was no longer necessary to retain his entire force on the border. Instead, he recommended that the citizens of Bates and Vernon counties raise a force to patrol the area. This Southwestern Battalion served under the command of Colonel John S. Bowen. The remainder of Frost's command returned to St. Louis, where they were discharged from active service on December 15, I860.13 In his inaugural address, the new governor of Missouri, , praised

10 Lily Frost to Captain Frost, 1856; D. M. Frost to wife, 13 February, 14 June 1856; Col. A. D. Stewart to D. M. Frost, 14 February 1856; Henry Cabot to Captain D. M. Frost, 17 April 1856, Fordyce Family Papers. The reference to a captaincy appears to be derived from Frost's appointment as a captain of the Washington Guards, a St. Louis militia unit. S. Price to D. M. Frost, 12 December 1853, Fordyce Family Papers. McCullum, Register of U. S. Military Academy, gives Frost's highest rank as brevet first lieutenant. There is no record of his commission as a captain or of military service at Forts Pierre or Lookout, South Dakota. 11 R. M. Stewart to D. M. Frost, 23 August 1858, Fordyce Family Papers. 12 Brig. Gen. D. M. Frost to Governor Stewart, 27 November and 5 December 1860, reproduced in "Documents Illustrating the Troubles on the Border, 1860: The Southwest Expedition," Missouri Historical Review 2 (October 1907): 62-64, 69-72; Governor Robert M. Stewart, House Journal, 21st General Assembly, 1st session, 3 January 1861, 27. 13 Brig. Gen. D. M. Frost to Governor Stewart, 8 December 1860, in "Documents . . . Southwest Expedition," 71-72; Hildegard R. Herklotz, "Jayhawkers in Missouri, 1858- 1863," Missouri Historical Review 17 (July 1923): 505-510; J. B. Brown, ed., The History of Vernon County (Chicago: Goodspeed Publishing Company, 1911), 244-254. Daniel Marsh Frost, C.S.A. 385

Gen. William S. Harney

State Historical Society of Missouri the St. Louis contingent for its prompt and efficient service in the border campaign.14 In the charged atmosphere of the late 1850s, the slavery issue polarized politics in St. Louis. The activities of the pro-Southerners in the city caused concern among Union men. Southern adherents estab­ lished a headquarters in the Berthold mansion in the heart of the city on March 4, 1861, and flew the rebel flag. Basil Duke, later to achieve fame as one of Morgan's raiders, organized a quasi-military group, the Minute Men, who marched openly in the city streets. The Minute Men had their eyes on the federal arsenal located in the southern part of the city on the banks of the Mississippi River. This arsenal, commanded by Major William H. Bell, a native of North Carolina, contained ammunition stores and sixty thousand rifles. As late as November 1860, John B. Floyd, the secretary of war, ordered

14 Claiborne Fox Jackson's Inaugural Address, 3 January 1861, House Journal, 21st General Assembly, 1st session, 51. 386 Missouri Historical Review

Major Bell to "issue to Gen'l Frost such ammunition as he may apply for under a requisition of the Gov't of Missouri."15 Frost had no doubts about Major Bell's loyalty. On January 24, 1861, he wrote to Governor Jackson: "I found the Major everything that you or I could desire. . . . [He] is with us." Bell assured Frost that he recognized the right of Missouri to seize the arsenal "as being on her soil." He told Frost that he would not attempt any defense of the arsenal against the proper state authorities.16 Events moved rapidly. Unconditional Unionists in the city, led by Frank Blair, worked to keep the arsenal out of secessionist control. Blair used his considerable political influence to insure that affairs at the arsenal came firmly under the control of officers of Unionist persuasion. The arrival of Company D, 2nd United States Infantry, under the command of Captain Nathaniel Lyon, strengthened the Union hand in St. Louis. In the middle of March, Harney, command­ ing officer of the Department of the West, assigned defense of the arsenal to Lyon. The overzealous Lyon exceeded his authority by stationing troops in the city streets adjacent to the arsenal. When the Board of Police Commissioners, who were loyal to Governor Jackson, protested the action as a violation of city ordinances, Harney ordered Lyon to remove the troops.17 The situation in St. Louis remained extremely volatile. Frost sought to gain the advantage through an aggressive plan of action. On April 15, his memorandum to Governor Jackson pointed out the strategic importance of St. Louis to the Southern cause. "I fully appreciate the very delicate position occupied by your Excellency, and do not expect you to take any action, or do anything that is not legal or proper." Nevertheless, Frost suggested that Jackson convene the state assembly at once, that an agent be sent to the South to procure mortars and siege guns and that additional Federal troops be prevented from garrisoning the arsenal. He urged the governor to warn the people of Missouri to "prepare themselves to maintain their rights as citizens" of the state. Frost concluded with the suggestion that he be ordered to "form a military camp of instruction at or near the city of St. Louis . . .

15 John B. Floyd to Col. — Drinkard, 25 November 1860, Civil War Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis; Thomas L. Snead, The Fight for Missouri (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1886), 108-111; Harold E. Iverson, "The History of the St. Louis Arsenal" (Master's thesis, Washington University, St. Louis, 1963), 362-369. 16 D. M. Frost to C. F. Jackson, 24 January 1861, Civil War Papers; Snead, Fight for Mo., 115. 17 Snead, Fight for Mo., 124, 155-157; James W. Covington, "The Camp Jackson Affair, 1861," Missouri Historical Review 55 (April 1961): 200-208. Daniel Marsh Frost, C.S.A. 387 to do all things necessary and proper ... to maintain peace, dignity, and the sovereignty of the State."18 Jackson valued Frost as an accomplished soldier, organizer and officer true to the interests of Missouri. He acted promptly on Frost's proposal to place Missouri on the side of the South. On April 18, he sent Captains Colton Greene and Basil Duke and Judge William M. Cooke to Virginia with a request for weapons. Five days later, Presi­ dent Jefferson Davis approved the transfer of four artillery pieces to aid the Missourians.19 On May 2, Governor Jackson summoned the general assembly to meet in special session at Jefferson City "for the purpose of enacting such measures as might be deemed necessary and proper for the more perfect organization and equipment of the militia." He also ordered the commanding officers of each of the state's military districts to assemble their respective commands for a six-day period of drill. This order authorized Frost to establish the camp of the First Military District at any point within the city or county limits. At the same time, the order directed Colonel Bowen to disband the Southwest Battalion and report to Frost with all of the officers and men from the St. Louis district.20

18 Frank Moore, Rebellion Record (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1861), 2: 494; "Oration of Charles Drake," 11 May 1863, in Drake "Autobiography," Western His­ torical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia. 19 Snead, Fight for Mo., 167-168. 20 Ibid., 152, 172-173. The Arsenal at St. Louis, 1861 State Historical Society of Missouri 388 Missouri Historical Review

Thomas L. Snead claimed that Frost also mustered five companies of the Minute Men into state service on February 13, 1861.21 Frost, however, denied this assertion. "No such organization, in whole or part, was ever mustered into the State service by me or by any order or assent, nor did any such organization ever enter Camp Jackson."22 The pace quickened when Lyon assumed charge of the department on the recall of Harney to Washington. On the night of April 26, Lyon seized the arsenal and ordered the arms and ammunition stored there to be moved to Illinois. This transfer frustrated Governor Jackson's plans to hold the encampment of Frost's troops on the hills within easy range of the arsenal. Frost therefore selected a wooded valley near the intersection of Grand and Olive Avenues in the western part of the city. Here, at Lindell Grove (now the site of St. Louis University), he assembled seven hundred men on May 6.23 Frost's activity did not escape the attention of Blair and Lyon. Acting on a directive from Secretary of War Simon Cameron, Lyon promptly mustered five well-equipped regiments of infantry into Fed­ eral service and reinforced the arsenal with artillery. When, on May 8, he became aware that arms and ammunition had arrived at Camp Jackson from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Lyon believed that he had sufficient cause for immediate action. In his view, these materials rightfully belonged to the Federal government. He proposed "to capture the camp, and the men in it." On May 10, Lyon demanded the immediate surrender of Frost's militia command, claiming that it consisted of "secessionists who . . . have been plotting the seizure of [government] property and the overthrow of its authority."24 Frost issued a prompt protest: "What could justify you in attacking citizens of the United States who are in the lawful performance of their duties ... in organizing and instructing the militia of the State in obedience to her laws?" The next day, Frost assured General Harney that he had assembled the state militia "for the purpose of instructing [it] in accordance with the laws of the United States and of this State. "2*

21 Ibid., 110-111. At that time, Thomas L. Snead served as Acting Adjutant General of the . 22 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 1 June 1882. 23 Snead, Fight for Mo., 157, 163; D. M. Frost, General Orders #4, 1st Military District, 8 January 1861, Civil War Papers. 24 Snead, Fight for Mo., 165, 169-170; U. S. War Department, War of the Re­ bellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies 4 ser. 128 vols. (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1880-1900), 3: 6-7. Hereafter cited as O. R.; unless specified all references are to series 1. 25 O. R., 3: 5-7; ibid., ser. 2, vol. 1: 109, 113. Daniel Marsh Frost, C.S.A. 389

Outnumbered at least ten to one, Frost's command was not strong enough to resist "this unwarranted attack." Surrender appeared the only alternative. The Southern militiamen turned in their arms and marched down Olive Street for internment in the arsenal. Federal officials released the prisoners that night on condition they not bear arms against the United States. Frost, however, did not receive his parole until October 26, 1861, when he was exchanged for Colonel James Mulligan, the Union commander at the siege of Lexington, Missouri.26 In the aftermath of Camp Jackson, Frost returned to "Hazel- wood." As a paroled prisoner of war, his life became unpleasant. "The suspicion and hostility that exist against me on the part of spying neighbors and zealous homeguards cause a great uneasiness and con­ cern."27 In addition, Daniel Frost was one of those assessed when General Henry W. Halleck, the new commander of the Department of the West, ordered rebel sympathizers to provide funds for Southern refugees crowding into the city.28 Frost now determined to offer his services to the Confederacy. Leaving Lily and the children at "Hazelwood," he traveled to Pitman's Ferry, Arkansas, in the late summer of 1861. There he had a lengthy exchange of views with General William J. Hardee concerning Con­ federate affairs west of the Mississippi. Hardee had become concerned that the number of independent commands subject to remote authority made unified action in the trans-Mississippi impossible. He desired to 26 Ibid., ser. 2, vol. 1: 553-554; Snead, Fight for Mo., 171-172. Several historians have questioned General Frost's plan of action at Camp Jackson. Bruce Catton, The Coming Fury (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1961), 377, and John C. Moore, "Missouri," Confederate Military History (Atlanta, Ga.: Confederate Publish­ ing Company, 1899), 9: 33, have suggested Frost might have attacked and fortified the arsenal before the Union prepared to fight, fortified Camp Jackson or retreated either across the Meramec River or to St. Charles, Missouri. In view of the overwhelming Federal strength eventually developed in the region (General John C. Fremont com­ manded 40,000 Union troops in July 1861), these alternatives appear to constitute a "death wish." Catton points out that Frost became entangled in legalistic issues—"it was not legal for the United States army to attack state militia." Yet, as Catton notes, Frost then prepared "to do an extra-legal thing—seize a United States arsenal by force of arms— and he relied for protection on the very legalities that were being disregarded." General Frost erred by relying on a narrow interpretation of the legal principles and by failing to estimate the results of "a worst case" scenario—a Union attack on Camp Jackson. Frost had drilled the Missouri State Militia in July 1860 on the fairgrounds at Grand Avenue and Walnut Street without incident. See Missouri Historical Society Bulletin 12 (October 1955): 48. 27 Harriet L. C. Hardaway, "The Adventures of General Frost and His Wife Lily During the Civil War," Florissant Valley Historical Society Quarterly 14 (July 1972): 3. 28 James Neal Primm, Lion of the Valley (Boulder, Colo.: Pruett Publishing Com­ pany, 1981), 261. 390 Missouri Historical Review move into Missouri to assist General , but had no authority to do so. Hardee urged Frost to proceed to Richmond and apprise the president of the state of affairs in the region. In particular, Hardee proposed the appointment of one general to command all Confederate troops west of the river.29 Frost journeyed to Memphis, where he furnished Colonel E. C. Cabell, Missouri's commissioner to Richmond, a complete assessment of Federal strength in St. Louis.30 When he learned that General Albert Sidney Johnston had just been appointed to command the Western Department, with full powers to manage "everything confederate west of the Alleghany mountains," Frost proceeded to Columbus, Kentucky, to meet with him. At the first meeting, Frost stated the views given to him by Hardee. He then turned to the subject of Missouri and urged the immediate concentration of Confederate troops under Hardee and General Ben McCulloch at Sedalia, Missouri. Frost contended that Price, far from his support in the southwestern part of the state, would be unable to hold on at Lexington. Johnston showed "marked resistance" to this proposal.31 A second interview continued to develop the same theme. Johnston held that since Missouri had not yet seceded, it was not entitled to the aid of Confederate troops. Frost reminded Johnston that Missouri and the Confederacy were both fighting a common enemy and "the success of the one was necessarily equally beneficial to the other." Johnston felt bound, however, to respect government policy; any hope of Confed­ erate troops being ordered into Missouri would have to wait until the state seceded. The question of Missouri's role in the conflict was not a new one. Speaking before the Southern Convention in Washington on February 4, 1861, William A. Hall of Missouri cautioned the delegates: "The geographical position of Missouri makes her essential to the North, and ... it will never consent to the secession of Missouri."32 On September 27, 1861, General Braxton Bragg wrote to General Albert Sidney Johnston calling for an aggressive defense in Missouri and Kentucky.33 Three months later, Confederate Secretary of War Judah Benjamin

29 Daniel M. Frost, "That State Secret," St. Louis Missouri Republican, 19 March 1886. 30 O. R., 8: 706. 31 Frost, "That State Secret." 32 Snead, Fight for Mo., 62-63. 33 St. Louis Missouri Republican, 19 March 1886. Daniel Marsh Frost, C.S.A. 391

Gen. A. Sidney Johnston

State Historical Society of Missouri warned: "Obtaining possession of the latter state [Missouri] is of supreme importance. . . . Missouri must not be lost to us."34 At a third conference with Johnston, Frost raised questions about Confederate policy toward Kentucky, particularly to the strategic ports of Paducah and Columbus. At this early stage of the war, both the Union and the Confederacy announced intentions to respect the state's neutrality, despite the great strategic importance of her geographical position. However, in September 1861, the Confederates had prepared a fortified position at Columbus to blockade the Mississippi. And a small Union force had camped at Paducah to deny the Confederates control of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers. Federal control of the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers would pose formidable problems for the South. Only the poorly situated and defended Forts Henry and Donelson blockaded these two great arteries, which led into the very heart of the Confederacy. These waterways provided an excellent route for the movement of men and supplies and unmasked Nashville, the major industrial city in Confederate Depart­ ment Number Two. In the event of a Federal advance into the Tennes­ see Valley, Union superiority in gunboats and transports would facili­ tate the attempt to drive a wedge between the Confederate positions at Bowling Green and Columbus.

34 J. P. Benjamin to Braxton Bragg, 27 December 1861, Civil War Papers. 392 Missouri Historical Review

Moreover, an extensive railroad network provided an alternative logistical system connecting Kentucky and Tennessee with the lower South. President Lincoln recognized another considerable strategic aspect of the region. He wrote to a friend in September 1861: "Ken­ tucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri."35 Frost therefore proposed to Johnston that a force under General Leonidas Polk be sent to occupy and fortify Paducah. Again Johnston demurred: "We must respect the neutrality of Kentucky." General Frost pointed out that the neutrality of Kentucky had already been violated by the Confederate occupation of Columbus and the Union encamp­ ment at Paducah. At this point, General Polk, who was present at the interview, said: "General Johnston, I must say that I think we ought to make the movement suggested by Gen. Frost." However, the movement never occurred. Frost apparently impressed Polk; on December 7, 1861, he nominated Frost for an appointment as a brigadier general in the Confederate army.36 Although the Camp Jackson affair dominated Frost's Civil War military career, he also served with the Southern forces in Arkansas in 1862-1863. Unfortunately, the lack of substantive detail obscures the elements of personal spirit and character of his performance as a Confederate general officer. An appreciation of his soldierly qualities suffers from his failure to file action reports. Only a bare outline of his Confederate military career survives. In February 1862, Frost assumed command of the 7th division of the Missouri State Guard stationed near Pocahontas, Arkansas.37 He led this division in the battle of Pea Ridge on March 6-8.38 On March 17, General Earl Van Dorn selected Frost as commanding officer of the artillery brigade, 1st Division, Army of the West. When the army moved east of the river to Corinth, Mississippi, Frost acted for a short time as Inspector General of the Army of the Mississippi.39 In the summer of that year, Union reports placed Frost's brigade back in Arkansas in the vicinity of Salem.40

35 A. Lincoln to Orville H. Browning, 22 September 1861, in Roy P. Basler, ed., The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1953-1955), 4:532. 36 O. R.,1: 741. 37 Ibid., 8: 553, 755, 714. A Missouri State Guard division did not indicate the size of the unit. Rather, it meant a force consisting of men recruited from one of the state's military districts. 38 Ibid., 8: 323. 39 Ibid., 10, pt. 2: 503, 547-548; ibid., 8: 788; ibid., 53: 796. 40 Ibid., 13:481. Daniel Marsh Frost, C.S.A. 393

On October 11, 1862, Frost received orders to report to Little Rock, Arkansas, for duty in the Trans-Mississippi Department under General Theophilus H. Holmes. Holmes assigned Frost to General Thomas C. Hindman's division, noting: "He is, I think, a good dis­ ciplinarian."41 Hindman cited Frost for his performance at the battle of Prairie Grove, December 7, 1862. Following the Confederate defeat in this action, Frost's brigade wintered near Van Buren and Lewisburg, Arkansas.42 On March 2, 1863, Frost assumed temporary command of Hindman's division when that officer was relieved from duty in the trans-Mississippi.43 Frost's last field command came during the Confederate defense of Little Rock. In September 1863, he commanded Southern forces en­ trenched north of the Arkansas River opposite the city. When he supported Price's decision to abandon the defense, he incurred the displeasure of General Mosby M. Parsons and other officers in Price's army.44 For the remainder of the year, Frost's troops concentrated at Woodlawn and Pine Bluff, Arkansas.45 41 Ibid., 887, 913. 42 Ibid., 22, pt. 1: 141-143, 170, 172. Frost did not file an action report of the Prairie Grove battle. 43 Ibid., pt. 2: 808. 44 Ibid., 468, 969, 1027; ibid., pt. 1: 472, 544; Leo E. Huff, "The Union Expedition Against Little Rock, August-September 1863," Arkansas Historical Quarterly 12 (Fall 1963): 215-222; Thomas C. Reynolds, "Sterling Price and the Confederacy," 128, in Thomas C. Reynolds Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. 45 O. R., 22, pt. 1: 520-521, 776; ibid., pt. 2: 1051. Frost led the 7th division of Missouri State Guard in the battle of Pea Ridge, March 1862. State Historical Society of Missouri

*.>.:,i*f >»

ff^^|3 •MM 394 Missouri Historical Review

While Frost served in Arkansas, his wife remained in St. Louis. Union officials in the city subjected her to constant harassment. They detained her, along with the wives of Missouri secessionists Trusten Polk, Dr. John S. McPheeters and William M. Cooke, in the McClure mansion on Chestnut Street. Lily Frost often used the celebrated mail runner, Absalom Grimes, to transmit her letters. The St. Louis Daily Union published one of her letters, found on Grimes at the time of his imprisonment in Gratiot Street prison.46 Lieutenant Colonel F. A. Dick, the Union provost marshal of St. Louis, became aware of "the business of collecting and distributing rebel letters," but he lacked sufficient evidence to convict the women of spying. He requested permission to send these "disloyal, avowed and abusive enemies of the Govt." through the lines to join their Southern friends.47 On April 23, 1863, an order from the secretary of war banished Mrs. Frost from the city. Eleven women and eight men left St. Louis for Memphis aboard the steamer Belle Memphis on May 13. From that city, they went by rail to Okalona, Mississippi. Mrs. Frost and Mrs. Trusten Polk pushed on to Arkadelphia, Arkansas, where Lily Frost rejoined her husband. The experience had severely damaged her health.48 Frost now interrupted his military duties to care for his wife. On September 24, 1863, he requested a sixty-day leave of absence, which Price approved in Special Orders #159 on October 9. Holmes, now commanding the District of Arkansas, protested. He revoked Frost's orders and "ordered me to return at once to my brigade." When Frost did not return at the end of his leave, the War Department published his name as a deserter. "You know [I was] stung to the quick by this outrageous treatment, and declared to you my determination never to serve another day under such an officer."49 Mosby M. Parsons, known for his unfriendly feeling toward Frost, reportedly had his name read out as a deserter following the battle of Mansfield, Louisiana, in April 1864.50 After Frost moved his family to Matamoros, Mexico, he resigned from the army on November 30, 1863. It had become apparent the term 46 Hardaway, "Adventures of Frost," 3. Grimes does not mention this incident in his autobiography. M. M. Quaife, ed., Absalom Grimes. Confederate Mail Runner (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1926). 47 O. R., ser. 2, vol. 5: 320; Hardaway, "Adventures of Frost," 4. 48 Ibid., 5-6; Knapp, Presence of the Past, 8. 49 Daniel M. Frost, A Letter to General Sterling Price (St. Louis: privately printed, 1979), 6-10. Neither Holmes's revocation order nor the publication of Frost's name as a deserter was found in O. R. 50 Thomas C. Reynolds to D. M. Frost, 11 January 1882, Graham Papers. Daniel Marsh Frost, C.S.A. 395

Confederate President Jefferson Davis

State Historical Society of Missouri of his leave would force him to abandon his wife to uncertain condi­ tions in that country. The family secured passage from Bagdad, Texas, to Havana, Cuba, arriving there in the latter part of January 1864. The general and his family then made their way to via New York City and St. Johns, New Brunswick.51 With his family safely in Montreal, Frost attempted to secure a post in the eastern theater of war, where he hoped "to find less prejudice against me in the army on account of my northern birth." He said: "I could no longer serve under that officer [General Holmes]. ... I was persuaded I could never do . . . much benefit in the Trans- Mississippi Department, because of the hatred and distrust existing in the minds of the community against officers of Northern birth; that I had been stigmatized as a traitor all through the Department at the outset of the war, for not beating [General Lyon] at Camp Jackson."52 While Frost's surrender at Camp Jackson may have biased Con­ federate officials against him, his northern birth became a greater impediment in his search for a new command. He learned that the

51 D. M. Frost to Col. S. S. Anderson, 30 November 1863, Graham Papers; Frost, A tetter to Price, 9-10. 52 Ibid., 6-7; D. M. Frost to A. M. McLean, 30 November 1863, Graham Papers. 396 Missouri Historical Review troops in General Joseph E. Johnston's department were "very hostile to officers of northern birth." Johnston told President Davis on June 9, 1863, that the appointment of officers of northern birth for duty in his department "would weaken the army." "It is important to avoid any cause for further discontent," he said.53 Thirty-five men of northern birth, eighteen of whom had graduated from West Point, became general officers in the Confederate army. Samuel Cooper, adjutant general, and Josiah Gorgas, chief of ordnance, achieved prominence as administrators. However, Northern-born field commanders had not gained notable success. John C. Pemberton, Franklin Gardner and Mansfield Lovell surrendered strategic posts at Vicksburg, Baton Rouge and New Orleans, respectively. Albert Pike and William Steele demonstrated ineffective leadership of Confederate forces in Indian Territory. And seven divisional commanders born in the North fashioned undistinguished combat records.54 When Frost realized the depth of negative attitudes toward officers of northern birth serving in high places in the Confederate army, he advised the adjutant general on March 28, 1864, that his return to military duty would be unwise. "I was constantly harassed by hearing the President censured by prominent men for putting 'Northern traitors' in the army."55 Ex-governor Reynolds approved Frost's decision not to return to the army since "among ignorant or prejudiced people, . . . there existed in the South, a blind unreasoning distrust of Confederate officers of Northern birth, . . . and as the war progressed, this prejudice . . . extended quickly up to persons better informed and ordinarily impartial."56 Frost remained in Montreal until the close of the war. In Quebec on August 7, 1865, he took an oath of allegiance to support the Constitution of the United States. The next day, he asked Father Pierre DeSmet to use his influence with President Andrew Johnson to allow his return to the states. General U. S. Grant also interceded with the president to permit Frost to return home.57 Frost received a pardon

53 O. R., 24, pt. 1: 195; Samuel G. French, Two Wars. An Autobiography (Nash­ ville: Confederate Veteran, 1901), 180-182. 54 Ezra Warner, Generals in Gray (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959), xxiii; Charles C. Cummings, Yankee Quaker, Confederate General (Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1971), 9-10. However, see Herman Hattaway and Archer Jones, How the North Won (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1933), 20-21 n. 7. 55 Frost, A Letter to Price, 8. The Confederate War Department apparently never received this correspondence. 56 Reynolds to Frost, ibid. 57 Fordyce Family Papers; Knapp, Presence of the Past, 10-11; DeSmetiania, Roll 2828, Jesuit Library, St. Louis University; D. M. Frost to Father DeSmet, 8 August 1865, Father Pierre Jean DeSmet Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis. Daniel Marsh Frost, C.S.A. 397 from President Johnson on October 23, 1865, and moved his family back to St. Louis.58 In the 1870s, Frost purchased an imposing home in St. Louis at 1711 Wash Street (formerly Carr Place). Following Lily's death in 1874, he married Harriet M. Chenie LaMotte, the widow of a Mullanphy grandson. When the second Mrs. Frost passed away in 1878, he married a Mullanphy granddaughter, the widow Catherine Jane Clem­ ens Cates.59 Now active in civic and political affairs, in 1876 he endorsed the candidacy of Democrat Don C. Buell for president. Buell, however, chose not to .60 The following year, Governor John Phelps ap-

58 Fordyce Family Papers. 59 Jansen, ed., "Memoirs of Frost," 3-4; J. S. Ankeney, "A Century of Missouri Art," Missouri Historical Review 16 (July 1922): 499. Built in 1858 by C. B. Carr, the house was torn down in 1933. 60 Between 1879 and 1886, Frost occupied an office in St. Louis at 513 North 6th Street. He moved his office to 1111 Chestnut Street in 1893. St. Louis Directory (St. Louis: Southern Publishing Company, 1879-1893). Don C. Buell to D. M. Frost, 26 March 1876; Frost to General William Preston, 25 April 1876, Graham Papers.

After the war, Frost purchased this imposing home on Wash Street in St. Louis. State Historical Society of Missouri 398 Missouri Historical Review pointed Frost captain of the Carr Place Guards, a local militia unit.61 Frost's interest in veterans affairs culminated in the establishment of the Confederate Veterans Home at Higginsville, Missouri.62 In 1888, Gov­ ernor A. P. Morehouse appointed Frost to the committee on the Centennial Celebration of the Inauguration of George Washington as President of the United States.63 Frost never had been granted an official government inquiry into the charges of desertion, and he wanted to clear his name. In November 1865, he had summarized the facts in a privately printed letter to Sterling Price. He observed that the necessity for providing care for his wife's failing health precipitated his resignation from the army. He recalled a conversation with Price at his Arkadelphia, Arkansas, head­ quarters in which he presented the alternatives—unconditional resigna­ tion or a leave of absence. He noted that Price advised him to seek a sixty-day leave of absence. When General E. Kirby Smith, the com­ mander of the Trans-Mississippi Department, arrived at Price's head­ quarters, Frost asked whether "it would be better for the cause as well as myself to accept my resignation." Kirby Smith concurred with Price and suggested the leave of absence.64 In the 1880s, Frost's continuing efforts to clear his name received support from several former officers and officials of the Confederacy. Kirby Smith exonerated Frost of any guilt. On December 9, 1881, he expressed the opinion that "had you been brought before a competent tribunal you would have been fully exonerated." General John S. Marmaduke and Waldo P. Johnson also offered expressions of sup­ port.65 Colonel R. H. Musser, in a speech before the Ex-Confederates Association of Missouri, reported he had "no knowledge of anyone who censured him [Frost]" for leaving the army because of his wife's health.66 On January 11, 1882, Governor Reynolds wrote Frost a long letter carefully assessing the facts of the case. "I am decidedly inclined to conclude that no such charges [desertion] was ever made at all, either by Gen. E. K. Smith, or by that Department." He added: "General E. Kirby Smith never issued any order, or other official paper, characteriz-

61 20 December 1877, Fordyce Family Papers. 62 Boyce, "General Daniel M. Frost." 63 A. P. Morehouse to D. M. Frost, 4 December 1888, Fordyce Family Papers. 64 Frost, A Letter to Price, 7-9. 65 Thomas C. Reynolds to E. Kirby Smith, 18 November 1881; J. S. Marmaduke to E. K. Smith, 15 November 1881; Waldo P. Johnson to E. K. Smith, 30 November 1881; E. K. Smith to D. M. Frost, 9 December 1881, Graham Papers. 66 W. P. Barlow to D. M. Frost, 12 December 1890, ibid. Daniel Marsh Frost, C.S.A. 399

Gen. E. Kirby Smith

^«i%|

State Historical Society of Missouri ing you as a deserter."67 However, eight years later, Musser recalled that Kirby Smith told him he had received an order which charged Frost with desertion.68 The question of Confederate aid to Missouri embroiled Frost in a short controversy with Jefferson Davis in 1886. On February 19, at a meeting of the Southern Historical Society in St. Louis, he charged that the government at Richmond failed to support movements in Missouri. The society invited Frost to present a full discussion of the matter at a later meeting. On March 19, the Missouri Republican published his exposition, "That State Secret - The Attitude of the Confederate Gov­ ernment Toward Missouri During the Late War." In this presentation, Frost charged that General Ben McCulloch's failure to cooperate with Price after the battle of Wilson's Creek "was very likely due to orders from the Confederate government." He claimed General Albert Sidney Johnston had informed him "as a sort of state secret, that it was not the policy of the confederate government to so complicate itself with the

67 T. C. Reynolds to D. M. Frost, 11 January 1882, ibid. 68 W. P. Barlow to Frost, 12 December 1890, ibid. 400 Missouri Historical Review affairs of Missouri as to make it a sine qua non that they should survive or perish together."69 On March 2, Return I. Holcombe, an editor and Civil War his­ torian, apprised Jefferson Davis of the brewing controversy. On March 20, he submitted Davis's reply of March 8 to the paper. "I desired both Missouri and Kentucky ... to join us in organizing a separate government."70 In support of Davis's record, Holcombe cited from Thomas L. Snead's book, The Fight for Missouri. On April 23, 1861, the president said: "We look anxiously and hopefully for the day when the star of Missouri shall be added to the constellation of the con­ federate states of America."71 Holcombe offered the president's letter to Colonel E. C. Cabell, which expressed "the sympathy I feel for Mis­ souri" and quoted from a letter of the secretary of war, Leroy P. Walker, which set forth movements to unshackle the state.72 He re­ minded the readers the Confederate government had appropriated one million dollars on August 1, 1861, for the defense of Missouri.73 And,

69 St. Louis Missouri Republican, 19 February, 19 March 1886. 70 Jefferson Davis to R. I. Holcombe, 8 March 1886, in ibid., 20 March 1886. 71 Ibid.; Snead, Fight for Mo., 1.68. 72 Jefferson Davis to Hon. E. C. Cabell, 8 July 1861, O.R., 3: 605-606; Leroy P. Walker to C. F. Jackson, 25 May 1861, ibid., 584. 73 Walker to Jackson, 13 August 1861, ibid., 646.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Daniel M. Frost As He Appeared In LMter Years Daniel Marsh Frost, C.S.A. 401 he concluded, all these acts had preceded the adoption of the Missouri ordinance of secession at Neosho on October 28, 1861. On March 22, Frost sought to correct the false impression Hol- combe's letter may have created. He sent a copy of his speech to President Davis. "I thought it proper that you should know just what I have said, and why I have said it."74 A week later, Davis acknowledged Frost's letter. He stated that General A. S. Johnston had not been "trammelled by instructions from Richmond which prevented him from carrying out, in regard to Missouri, the views which you convinced him were essential to the welfare of the Confederacy." Nor did the adminis­ tration have a policy "adverse to the union of Missouri with the States of the Confederacy." The president made it clear the policy of the Confederate States of America respected the sovereignty of every state. If the people of Missouri had expressed a desire to unite with their sister states of the South, the administration would have been willing to "aid in resisting the effort to coerce her will." Davis added: "I had no policy, no fear of the future that could have led me to close the gate against [Missouri's] admission to the Confederacy." The president reminded Frost that his published correspondence clearly supported this position.75 In February 1896, the United Confederate Veterans of Fulton, Missouri, named their post in the general's honor.76 Daniel Frost died at "Hazelwood" on October 29, 1900, and was buried in Calvary Cemetery, St. Louis, following a Catholic funeral service.77

74 D. M. Frost to Jefferson Davis, 22 March 1886, in Jefferson Davis, Constitu­ tionalist, ed. Dunbar Rowland (Jackson, Miss.: State Department of Archives and History, 1923), 9: 409. 75 Ibid., 453-455. 76 H. A. Neuman to W. P. Barlow, 4 February, 1 April 1896, Graham Papers; John H. Morgan to D. M. Frost, 22 February 1896, Frost Papers. 77 St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 30-31 October 1900.

Please Don't Raise My Pay Canton Press, August 11, 1870. The ministers in our day rarely object to an increase in salary, but we find in an exchange a capital story of an old Connecticut pastor, who declined it for very substantial reasons: His country parish raised his salary from three to four hundred dollars. The good old man objected for three reasons: "First," said he, "because you can't afford to pay me more than three hundred. Second, because my preaching isn't worth more than that. Third, because I have to collect my salary, which heretofore has been the hardest part of my labors among you. If I have to collect an additional hundred, it will kill me." State Historical Society of Missouri Mother and Teacher as Missouri State Penitentiary Inmates: Goldman and O'Hare, 1917-1920 BY BONNIE STEPENOFF* The girls love me too, but never as they loved Emma Goldman. To them I am the dispenser of chewing gum and peppermint drops, a perambulating spelling book, dictionary and compendium of all known wisdom, I am lawyer, priest and physician, I am an authority on everything from crochet stitches to the meaning of dreams; but I do not and never can fill Emma's place in their hearts. — Kate Richards O'Hare to her family January 31, 19201 Complex circumstances placed a famous anarchist and a well- known socialist inside the walls of the Missouri State Penitentiary during and just after World War I and thereby cast a glaring light on one of the darkest recesses of America's soul. Emma Goldman and Kate Richards O'Hare learned exactly what it meant to be a woman

•Bonnie Stepenoff, a Ph.D. candidate in history at the University of Missouri- Columbia, is librarian/archivist for the Missouri Division of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation and adjunct instructor in the School of Library and Informational Science, UMC.

1 Kate Richards O'Hare, Selected Writings and Speeches, ed. Philip S. Foner and Sally M. Miller (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 268.

402 Mother and Teacher as Missouri State Penitentiary Inmates 403 confined in the United States' largest and arguably most inhumane modern penal institution, described by one reformer as the "worst plague spot in the state."2 In prison letters and published writings, Goldman and O'Hare vividly described their experiences as members of a female population of less than ninety in a prison that housed over 2,000 men. Both women expressed generous compassion for their fellow sufferers in a situation that personally devastated each of them. Gold­ man faced probable deportation on her release from prison. O'Hare endured a wrenching separation from a husband and four children. Yet each of them lavished attention and emotion on the plight of the other women inmates, who were rejected and ignored by a society that Goldman and O'Hare sought to transform. Both Goldman and O'Hare described the social distance between themselves and the other female prisoners. Goldman expressed the anguish of a compassionate mother who somehow failed to touch her children: My heart goes out to all of them. My deep regret is that I can do nothing to alleviate their hard lot. They are like children so eager for every little act of kindness and affection, hungry all the time for the things prison cannot give. . . . But deeply as I feel with them and for them, there is no intellectual or spiritual kinship the strong tie which always brings human beings together when they are souls in pain.3 O'Hare compared her feelings to those of a clergyman held at a formal distance from the visceral truths of his parishioners' lives: I want to come close to these women, I want to serve them, but I am conscious of the fact that they feel that I am one apart from them. Quite often I feel that I am reaching a human soul, uncovering a rich vein of underdog philosophy, and then some cynical soul says, "Aw cut it—she's a lady." And I am baffled and shut out and realize that "ladies" and "clergymen" are purely ornamental, and can have no relation to real life.4 These passages reveal that Goldman's strongest impulse was to comfort her fellow inmates, while O'Hare longed to learn about them, to penetrate the mystery of their blighted lives. Both O'Hare and Goldman had experienced poverty, rejection and persecution. But both possessed advantages of intellect and education that erected social barriers be-

2 Charles A. Ellwood, "Missouri Prison Problem," Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology 7 (January 1917): 649. 3 Emma Goldman, "To All My Dear Ones, Jefferson State Prison, Sunday, May 24th, 1918," Mother Earth Bulletin 1 (April 1918): 1. 4 O'Hare, Selected Writings and Speeches, 207. 404 Missouri Historical Review tween them and the poor outcast female inmates in Missouri's peni­ tentiary. Russian-born Goldman and Kansas-born O'Hare followed very different paths to the gates of the prison. State persecution of Russian Jews awakened Goldman's passionate sympathy for the victims of injustice and convinced her, as a young and impressionable girl, that all states were corrupt and all forms of coercion evil. When she emigrated to America in 1885 at the age of sixteen, she hoped to find a paradise of human dignity and unfettered intellectual freedom. Instead, she found the regimentation, boredom and onerous discipline of work in the garment industry. Sensitized by her own disillusionment, Goldman reacted with fury to the executions of Chicago anarchists after the Haymarket bombing of 1886. This fury, combined with unusual physi­ cal energy and a restless intelligence, drew her to New York City, the heady company of anarchists such as Johann Most and Alexander Berkman, and a youthful involvement in Berkman's fanatical attempt to assassinate the robber baron Henry Clay Frick. This desperate episode led to Goldman's well-publicized horse-whipping of her former mentor Most and subsequently to her more mature consideration of the subject of violence. Personally, she renounced violence, but she con­ tinually enraged public opinion by defending assassins, would-be as­ sassins and those she considered wrongfully accused of political crimes. Her great compassion for the outcasts of society led her to study and practice nursing, defend prostitutes as victims of a diseased social order, and risk arrest for disseminating birth control information in poor immigrant neighborhoods. In 1906, with Berkman, she began publish­ ing Mother Earth, a journal of literature and protest. Never cowed by criticism, hostility or even hatred, she finally chose prison over silence on issues such as women's reproductive freedom and world peace.5 Born on a 160-acre farm in Ottawa County, Kansas, O'Hare grew up in a devout but liberal Disciples of Christ home. She attended a sod-walled, one-room school and absorbed a deep-rooted patriotism, faith in democratic institutions, and belief in the possibility of human progress from her father, Andrew Richards. The drought of 1887 forced her father into bankruptcy and spurred him into radical unionism. Unable to keep his farm, Richards moved his wife and five children, including the adolescent Kate, to the West Bottom slums of Kansas City, Missouri, where he obtained work as a machinist. After graduat­ ing from Central High School and obtaining a teaching certificate from 5 For biographical information on Emma Goldman, see Richard Drinnon, Rebel in Paradise: A Biography of Emma Goldman (Boston: Beacon Press, 1961) and Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman: An Inmate Life (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984). Mother and Teacher as Missouri State Penitentiary Inmates 405

tighty Locals Arranging Stirring Meetings for Kate Richards O'Hare EVERY KATE O'HARE) MEETING IS A GRAND SUCCESS

Ka.l> iwbstrd1* <>H.»r<' starts c>:

> tt>»- f *t»g May H Bottineau. V l>. May 1* WiliistftB. >. l». M*T 17 kali*jH>!l, Mont. •»»j l*~-<.re*t tstJK H»»t. May 2* Tiir** terk», lost. State Historical Society of Missouri May 21 XHtoula. *<»«t MJ*J ti Spokane, Wash. After high school graduation, O'Hare worked in a Kansas •M»> *S V lakima. Wash. May »,tm* H»»b. City West Bottom machine shop with her father. In 1901, she May ft Koweiivrc. **rt. %%j Us FortUad, Or*. joined the Socialist party and began spreading the socialist May $i -r*»i« »»»*, Idaho, Juae t *>ato lak* < i« t Iktea, t l«.

la i^d Pawnee City Academy in Pawnee City, Nebraska, Kate returned home to work with her father in the machinist shop. Participation in the International Association of Machinists prepared her to embrace the socialist mes­ sage delivered by labor organizer Mary Harris (Mother)

Jones in a speech in Kansas City in 1895. Kate joined lUui >*. the Socialist Party of America in 1901 and married IT wio aad Frank P. O'Hare the next year. She began carrying the fe* •» li socialist message to anthracite miners in Pennsylvania, is pa.

The National Rip-Saw, ran for Congress and the Senate, and presided as chairwoman of the War and Militarism Committee at the St. Louis Emergency Convention of April 1917.6 Eloquence, energy and personal magnetism brought Goldman and O'Hare to the forefront of radical movements in the early twentieth century. Journalists and detractors applied the epithet "red" to both women. However, they remained poles apart in their political thinking, with neither primarily a theorist. Both popularized ideas. In general, O'Hare remained a moderate socialist, convinced of the ability of clean government and good laws to change society, avoid war, redistribute wealth and provide a decent life for all citizens. Goldman, by contrast, had little faith in collective action, even less faith in governments and a passionate belief in the creative power of the individual. She frequently lectured on poets and dramatists, particularly Walt Whitman and Henrik Ibsen, who glorified personal freedom, individual acts of defi­ ance, and the liberation of men and women from the stultifying restrictions imposed by society and the state. America's entry into World War I fired both women to angry protests that resulted in arrest, prosecution under the Espionage Act and imprisonment. Goldman, who regarded the war as an unmitigated disaster and the draft as an unthinkable incursion on individual free­ dom, helped to organize a No-Conscription League in New York City in the spring of 1917. Within a few months the league had held numerous meetings and distributed 100,000 anti-conscription mani­ festos. Soldiers and sailors nearly caused a riot at one meeting in June, and on June 15, federal marshals entered the Mother Earth offices to arrest both Goldman and Berkman. Indictment, , appeal to the Supreme Court and a constitutional test of the draft law ended in her conviction and a sentence of two years in prison.7 While Goldman fought for her freedom in court, O'Hare continued to tour the country giving a series of antiwar speeches that eventually led to her arrest in Bowman, North Dakota, on July 17, 1917. Indictment, trial and appeal resulted in a prison sentence of five years for the forty-two-year-old mother of four.8 With no federal penitentiary for women, the two female political prisoners were farmed out to the Missouri State Peni­ tentiary, the lowest bidder for their confinement and maintenance.9 6 For considerations of the life and career of Kate O'Hare, see Neil K. Basen, "Kate Richards O'Hare: The First Lady of American Socialism," Labor History 21 (Spring 1980): 165-199, and Sally M. Miller, "Kate Richards O'Hare: Progression Toward Feminism," Kansas History 1 (Winter 1984/1985): 263-279. 7 Drinnon, Rebel in Paradise, 186-199. 8 Miller, "Progression," 267. 9 Kate Richards O'Hare, In Prison (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1923), 100-101. Mother and Teacher as Missouri State Penitentiary Inmates 407

-\ JUBILEE BIRTHDAY EDITION

YEAR 50c CLUB OF FOUR THE NATIONAL 1IP*SAW SINGLE 25c EACH mm® O YEARS OLD THIS ISSUE 5c

ST. LOm% 1WQ„ MAitCH, 1914, Whole Number 121

State Historical Society of Missouri 408 Missouri Historical Review

On entering prison, they found a world in which women consti­ tuted a tiny, neglected minority. From its origins in Jacksonian Amer­ ica through the early twentieth century, the penitentiary remained a male-dominated institution, built and staffed by men to punish, control and reform other men. Throughout the nineteenth century, women prisoners represented only a tiny fraction of total inmate populations. Their status as "fallen" women made them absolute social outcasts, beyond hope of redemption. Between 1870 and 1900, a few determined reformers, aided by popular fiction that elicited sympathy for fallen women, pressured the state governments to establish separate women's prisons. Their efforts succeeded in a number of states, notably New York, Massachusetts and Indiana.10 Other states, including Missouri, erected separate cell houses for women in the main penitentiaries.11 Women in these male penitentiaries, however, continued to endure a malignant neglect that made their position even more wretched than that of their male counterparts. An 1890 expose portrayed life in the Missouri penitentiary as one of humiliation, monotony and enforced silence. Prisoners "soaked" alone in a dungeon-like cell for the first day and night of confinement. On release from this chamber, they bathed and dressed in the striped garments and caps that marked them as convicts. Food, adequate in quantity, lacked variety and nutritional value. For breakfast every day, they ate hash; for dinner, boiled meat, cornbread, potatoes and water; and for supper, bread, molasses and coffee. This menu never varied, except on a few holidays or when outside friends and relatives sent food inside. Prisoners marched in lockstep to and from work, meals and their cells. As in most nineteenth-century penitentiaries, rules of silence prevailed, except during special recreational periods. Chances for par­ don or parole under the three-fourths rule (after three-fourths of the full sentence had been served) helped to forestall prison breaks or riots. Author John N. Reynolds noted that in 1887 and 1888, a total of 1,523 prisoners entered the penitentiary. Among these were 1,082 white males, 398 colored males, 17 white females and 26 colored females. The author remarked: "These figure show that the women of Missouri are a great deal better than the men, or they do not get their share of justice." He left the judgment to the reader.12

10 Estelle B. Freedman, Their Sisters' Keepers: Women's Prison Reform in America, 1830-1930 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1981), 67. 11 Blake McKelvey, American Prisons: A History of Good Intentions (Montclair, N.J.: Patterson Smith, 1977), 100. 12 John N. Reynolds, Twin Hells: A Thrilling Narrative of Life in the Kansas and Missouri Penitentiaries (Atchison, Kans.: The Bee Publishing Company, 1890), 262-277. Mother and Teacher as Missouri State Penitentiary Inmates 409

During the Progressive Era, in the early twentieth century, re­ formers addressed the problems of and punishment. Progressive thinkers debated the relative importance of heredity and environment and joined in a lively discourse on the cause and prevention of crime. Frances Kellor, a sociologist, attacked the concept of a recognizable physiological criminal type. Other women, such as Goldman and O'Hare themselves, identified the economic and social causes of prostitution and other offenses. These women participated in a larger movement that fostered the ideas of rehabilitation, reformatories for first offen­ ders, juvenile courts and modern systems of parole. Nevertheless, the goal of establishing a truly humane penal system remained largely unfulfilled due to problems of overcrowding, underfunding and the intermingling of youthful and hard-core offenders.13 Between 1909 and 1919, Missouri's progressive governors initiated a number of reforms in the prison system. Faced with nationally publicized revelations, Governor Herbert S. Hadley took action to correct some of the more flagrant abuses. During his first six months in office, he wrestled with the problem of corporal punishment and issued orders against cruel and brutal treatment of prisoners. In 1913, after special "punishment cells" had been constructed, he instructed the warden to suspend corporal punishment for ninety days as an experi­ ment.14 However, Hadley himself doubted that such disciplinary mea­ sures were unnecessary. Without reservation, he ordered the warden to substitute a military double file for the old shuffling lockstep.15 He incurred criticism for paroling a large number of youthful offenders serving in the penitentiary. Placing the prisoners' welfare above profit, he also supported the end of the contract labor system, a source of many abuses by private firms who bought convict labor. By 1920, Hadley, his successors and the Missouri legislature offi­ cially had replaced the contract system with state-run prison industries, created a bipartisan State Prison Board to oversee all penal institutions, and added several facilities, including a reformatory for young, male offenders, an Industrial Home for White Girls and an Industrial Home for Negro Girls, but no female reformatory.16 Because the state had no orphanage, the industrial homes for girls became shelters for aban­ doned, neglected and parentless children, whether or not they had 13 Freedman, Their Sisters' Keepers, 138. 14 Herbert S. Hadley to Colonel Andrae, Warden, Missouri State Penitentiary, 6 January 1913, Herbert S. Hadley Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Columbia. !5 Ibid. 16 George B. Mangold, "Social Reform in Missouri, 1820-1920," Missouri Historical Review 15 (October 1920): 195-196. 410 Missouri Historical Review

Governor Herbert S. Hadley

State Historical Society of Missouri committed any crime.17 The lack of a female reformatory meant that, unlike their male counterparts, young female first offenders, convicted of nonviolent crimes, served their time in the penitentiary. On entering the penitentiary, Goldman discovered that women prisoners suffered the same grueling work and harsh discipline as the men, but were deprived of some of the benefits of reform. Like the other female convicts, the forty-nine-year-old Goldman assembled work clothes in a sewing shop, where a twenty-one-year-old foreman ter­ rorized the prisoners with threats of punishment. Insolence or failure to make the quota could result in deprivation of recreation, confinement to a cell on a diet of bread and water, or severe deprivation in the "blind" cell. As Goldman described it: "The latter measured about four feet by eight and was entirely dark; only one blanket was permitted and the daily food allowance consisted of two slices of bread and two cups

17 Missouri General Assembly, Appendix to the House and Senate Journals of the 51st General Assembly, vol. 1, Report of the State Prison Board (Jefferson City, Mo., 1921), 77. Mother and Teacher as Missouri State Penitentiary Inmates 411 of water. In that cell prisoners were kept from three to twenty-two days."18 The acting warden also occasionally hung up a problem prisoner by her wrists. When Goldman became ill during her first month in the penitentiary, she learned that the female department had no dispensary. The doctor, apparently a responsible and compassionate man, visited ailing women in their cells. Another benefit denied to women prisoners was the use of the library. Having no library in the female wing and fearing flirtation, the matron would not allow the women to take out books from the men's wing. Prison officials required women, but not men, to attend church services on Sundays, and this resulted in punishment for the atheistic Goldman. Her absence from chapel meant exclusion from precious outdoor recreation on Sunday afternoons.19 Goldman established a warm relationship with her sisters in suffer­ ing. Perhaps inmates trusted her because they sensed her deep convic­ tion they were not criminals but "poor wretches of the world of poverty and drabness." She absolved them immediately from any responsibility for their predicament: Coloured or white, most of them had been driven to crime by conditions that had greeted them at birth. My first impression was

Emma Goldman, Living My Life, 2 vols. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1931), 2: 654. 19 Ibid., 655, 656,660, 661. Female prisoners had limited chances to enjoy the penitentiary courtyard. State Historical Society of Missouri 412 Missouri Historical Review

strengthened by daily contact with the inmates during a period of twenty-one months. The contentions of criminal psychologists not­ withstanding, I found no criminals among them, but only unfor­ tunates, broken, hapless, and hopeless human beings.20 Whatever their character and motives, these women repaid compassion with kindness. On Goldman's fiftieth birthday on June 27, 1918, several of the black female inmates completed her full sewing quota, relieving her from burdensome work in the noisy shop for that one day.21 Most of the women who entered the Missouri penitentiary in 1919 were young white domestic workers, serving short (one- to three-year) sentences for nonviolent crimes. Of the forty-five women who can be identified in official prison lists, 69 percent were white; 31 percent black. Most cited as their occupation some sort of domestic service, such as housework, laundry or cooking. Less than 20 percent listed other occupations, including a variety of jobs such as waitressing, factory work, farming, nursing, grocery sales and writing. Ages ranged from sixteen to forty-six, including more than 10 percent under twenty- one years of age and more than 25 percent between twenty-two and twenty-five. The largest number (48.8 percent) were between the ages of twenty-six and forty. Four of the women had been convicted of murder, with two serving life sentences for first-degree murder, and two serving ten-year sentences for second-degree murder. Six had participated in other violent crimes, including robbery and arson. Twelve had been jailed for larceny; one woman from Ozark County, serving two years, had stolen a hog. Nine had violated alcohol and narcotics laws. The others had been imprisoned for fraud, forgery or violation of various federal statutes. Thirty-seven of the women (87.7 percent) were serving one to three years; six (13.3 percent), four to ten years, and two had received life sentences.22 The new arrivals in 1919 included O'Hare, a forty-two-year-old writer, sentenced to five years for obstructing enlistment. She had waged and lost an energetic court battle against the law under which she had been convicted, her exceptionally long sentence and her assign­ ment to the notorious Missouri penitentiary. Goldman movingly de­ scribed O'Hare's first appearance in the women's wing: When I came upon her dressed in the penitentiary uniform of striped gingham, waiting to fall in line with us as we were marching to the dining-room, I felt sorry indeed that her expectations [of winning the

20 Ibid., 652-653. 21 Ibid., 662-663. 22 Report of the State Prison Board, 116-158. Mother and Teacher as Missouri State Penitentiary Inmates 413

Compassionate Emma Goldman sought to comfort her fellow inmates during her imprisonment in the penitentiary.

Courtesy Univ. of Michigan, Diet, of Amer. Ports.

court fight] had miscarried. I wanted to take her by the hand and say something that would ease her first and most trying prison hours, but talking or demonstration of feeling was strictly tabooed. Moreover, Mrs. O'Hare looked rather forbidding. Of tall stature, she carried herself with hauteur, her expression appearing more rigid because of her steel-grey hair.23 The above passage reveals much about O'Hare, Goldman and the supposedly "reformed" Missouri penitentiary. The plump, diminutive Goldman felt a strong impulse to comfort and "mother" the tall, "forbidding" O'Hare. Prison rules prevented such contact. Even in the prison yard, where speech was allowed, Goldman felt some reticence.24 Grey-haired, Kansas-bred O'Hare projected a coolness and pride that kept people—even the naturally warm and sensitive Goldman—at a distance. The striped gingham garment remained a humiliating survival of nineteenth-century prison life, and the old rules of silence apparently still held sway. O'Hare, the prisoner, was anything but silent. By vigorous com­ plaint, exhortation and letter-writing, she made her plight and that of her fellow inmates known to the matron, the warden, state officials, her

23 Goldman, Living My Life, 2: 677. 24 Ibid. 414 Missouri Historical Review socialist comrades and federal bureaucrats. Her husband, living in St. Louis, copied and circulated her eloquent letters, publishing many of them in Frank O'Hare's Bulletin and others in the St. Louis Post- Dispatch. With her on the inside and Frank on the outside, the couple waged an effective campaign to improve conditions in the prison. Determined to turn a possible tragedy into a valuable human experi­ ence, she ceaselessly investigated conditions and worked, as she always had done, for reform. Initially unimpressed by her mild socialism and her apparent haughtiness, Goldman came to admire her fellow inmate's valor, stam­ ina, commitment and ability to make her point and get results. O'Hare, for her part, learned to appreciate Goldman's generous, loving, brave and profoundly maternal personality and even to defend her apparently wild and impractical political philosophy. When socialist friends ex­ pressed skepticism, O'Hare retorted with humor and fondness that Emma's views were less wild and ridiculous than the opinions of many members of the Democratic party.25 As Goldman noted with respect, O'Hare's dynamic presence did inspire changes in the women's wing. O'Hare's protests brought almost immediate improvement in the food service. No longer did the women's meals cool for two hours; food was served hot. Shortly after O'Hare's letters began appearing in the St. Louis newspapers, the matron an­ nounced that women prisoners would have library privileges; they would be permitted to borrow books from the men's department.26 Improvements in cleanliness quickly followed O'Hare's advent in the prison. One month after her arrival, convict plumbers began installing shower baths. Laborers later whitewashed the walls in the women's wing. White tablecloths appeared in the new women's dining room. O'Hare still wished for paper napkins, but she rejoiced in plans to establish and equip a new hospital.27 Communicable disease threatened the life of every prisoner in the vast institution. Tuberculosis appeared rampant. O'Hare wrote in one of her letters that a woman in her cell block who had tuberculosis and coughed all night worked in the dining room, handling food and dishes. As the mother of four growing children, O'Hare felt the threat of infection keenly and complained vociferously. She seemed to have a particular horror of syphilis, which appeared in all possible stages, including the most pathetic, among her fellow women prisoners. One 25 O'Hare, Selected Writings and Speeches, 264. 26 Goldman, Living My Life, 2: 678. 27 O'Hare, Selected Writings and Speeches, 237-238; Goldman, Living My Life, 2: 685. Mother and Teacher as Missouri State Penitentiary Inmates 415 jPKate O'Hare's Wew Year Greeting To You

Kate O'Hare Number For February Containing a personal narrative of her her speech before the court; Judge Wade's remark* before passing sentence; his instruction* to the , etc. Comment* on her sentence by many prominent Socialist*, and many other big features. A great piece of propaganda literature. ORDER A BUNDLE TODAY-3c PER COPY

State Historical Society of Missouri The cover of Social Revolution (formerly the National Rip-SawJ illustrates the publicity O'Hare received during her confinement in the Missouri State Penitentiary. 416 Missouri Historical Review woman, whom she described as an Indian from Alaska, had open sores on her neck. The presence of these women had a psychological effect on the younger prisoners that went beyond the risk of possible contagion, and O'Hare protested against the mingling of healthy young girls with the obviously infected. On this issue, she contacted all manner of prominent friends and acquaintances, including lawyers and federal officials. In particular, she hoped to win protection for the federal prisoners, despairing of improvement for state convicts: "I doubt if anything can be done for the state prisoners. Missouri is so backward that I have little hope of anything being done to bring its institutions up to anything humane and modern. 'Poor old Missouri.' "^ Working conditions in the prison shops remained abysmal. To her credit, O'Hare had opportunities to be excused from labor, but she refused. In fact, she attempted to work harder and more cheerfully than anyone in order to set an example for the other women. But the shop atmosphere tested even her formidable will. Goldman reported that, in spite of extraordinary spirit and energy, O'Hare suffered a breakdown about two months after arriving at the prison. O'Hare confirmed this in a letter of June 15, 1919, when she wrote of the "enervating effect of lack of heat and air" in the shop. She described the poorly lit, poorly ventilated work place in the heat of a Missouri June: "There are sixty women in the shop and seven half-windows, and they are placed at least ten feet above the floor and therefore useless as a means of ventilation. There are three very antiquated fans whose ancient and creaking joints sing an everlasting wailing song of protest, but they are all bunched over the matron's desk and the lower end of the room is absolutely without the means of ventilation."29 After her release from prison, freed from institutional censorship, she would write stridently of the abuses she saw in the convict labor system. Despite the supposed abolition of the contract system, prison seamstresses sewed a variety of labels into the work clothes they made—labels indicating that the items had been manufactured by private firms. Buyers of these garments would never realize they had been sewn by captive workers in dirty, noisy, fetid shops, where supervisors kept production moving by the use of intimidation, threats and punishment. O'Hare characterized the prison labor system as a modern form of chattel slavery. In the case of female federal convicts, state institutions submitted bids to confine and maintain the prisoners. The Missouri State Penitentiary, the low bidder in O'Hare's case, then demanded the 28 O'Hare, Selected Writings and Speeches, 211, 252. Quote in ibid., 212. 29 Ibid., 221-222. Mother and Teacher as Missouri State Penitentiary Inmates 417 prisoner's labor to cover the costs of her upkeep. To O'Hare, this was an outrage, which she castigated in her book In Prison: "I know from actual experience that the only difference between a woman federal prisoner and Cassie on the plantation of Simon Legree before the Civil War, were [sic] that Cassie was sold to the highest bidder, whereas we were sold to the lowest."30 A significant change in the treatment of female federal offenders occurred in 1927 with the establishment of the first federal women's prison.31 O'Hare's protests brought two investigators to the Missouri peni­ tentiary. The first, Winthrop D. Lane, a prison reformer and writer, effectively criticized the treatment of (male) political prisoners in federal institutions. Less thorough in his investigation of conditions in Jeffer­ son City, he failed even to visit the prison shop, and his series of exposes in The Survey omitted the stories of the women prisoners. A federal prison inspector, Joseph Fishman, visited Jefferson City in August 1919 and conducted a lengthy interview with O'Hare. After questioning her on the issues of her possible pardon or transfer to another institution, he requested her views on "the whole subject of crime, criminals, prisons, prison officials and prison management." His questions caused her to reflect deeply on the means and even the possibility of effecting change in the prison system.32 How much real, significant improvement resulted from O'Hare's tireless crusading? She herself wondered if one human being could have a decisive effect on an institution as entrenched and troubled as the penitentiary. It is difficult and perhaps impossible to establish cause and effect. A stumbling process of reform had begun before her arrival in prison and would continue after she left. The report of the Missouri State Prison Board for 1921, covering the years 1919 and 1920—the period of her incarceration—indicated that some important improve­ ments had occurred. A new hospital facility treated inmates with tuberculosis. With assistance from the federal government, the prison physician had tested most of the inmates for venereal disease. The men and women (32 percent and 41 percent respectively) who tested positive had received Salvarsan and mercury treatments. Probably O'Hare's vehement protests had goaded officials to take action on these matters. On more than one occasion, O'Hare had asked to conduct night classes for women inmates. Administrators denied her request. But the 1921 report noted a night school in operation and 250 students attending classes. The report also called attention to additional, desperately 30 O'Hare, In Prison, 102. 31 Freedman, Their Sisters' Keeper, 146. 32 Goldman, Living My Life, 2: 685; O'Hare, Selected Writings and Speeches, 233. 418 Missouri Historical Review

needed reforms. The penitentiary hospital lacked X-ray machines and blood pressure apparatus. An urgent need existed for separate facilities to treat the insane and to isolate hardened criminals. The report also called for creation of a separate women's prison facility, a development that would not come about until I960.33 In Missouri, as in the rest of the nation in the 1920s, the reform impulse gave way to militarism, jingoism and the cult of prosperity. Prison reforms, begun in the state by progressives such as Joe Folk and Herbert Hadley, faltered and failed to achieve the desired goal of creating a truly humane penal system. At the end of the nineteenth century, according to historian Blake McKelvey, Missouri had been cursed with the largest and possibly the most hellish penitentiary in the United States. During the first two decades of the twentieth century, progressive politicians, despite good intentions, "proved unable to carry out the Herculean reforms they recognized as necessary in Missouri," with the result that "Missouri, like many other states, waited until a destructive riot at the prison in Jefferson City in September 1954 forced action."34 On leaving prison, Goldman and O'Hare followed divergent paths. Goldman's hopes for freedom and resumption of her interrupted life

33 Report of the State Prison Board, 6-27; Freedman, Their Sisters' Keepers, 146; State of Missouri Official Manual 1961-1962 (Jefferson City, Mo.: n.p., 1961), 375. 34 McKelvey, American Prisons, 326.

The Penitentiary Hospital As It Appeared In The 1910s State Historical Society of Missouri Mother and Teacher as Missouri State Penitentiary Inmates 419 soon collapsed in legal battles with the immigration authorities. Attor­ ney General A. Mitchell Palmer considered her one of the most dangerous of all the thousands of "reds" actively subverting the United States government. J. Edgar Hoover conducted a peculiarly frantic investigation, linking her with numerous acts of violence. He served as one of the officials presiding at her deportation hearing. Louis F. Post, who later apologized for his act, signed her deportation order on November 29, 1919. Goldman initiated an appeal but later gave up and elected to sail to Russia with her old friend Berkman. With the victorious Bolsheviki in control, Goldman hoped to begin a new and useful life in her mother country. Her hopes quickly dissolved in the face of a new manifestation of the old evil, inhuman, repressive state. Goldman spent the rest of her life traveling from one country to another, giving moral support to anarchist movements and lecturing and writing on freedom of thought and expression. During a 1934 lecture tour of the United States, she criticized the New Deal but praised President Franklin D. Roosevelt for liberalizing American politics and inspiring a deeper social awareness. Still in exile, she died, May 1940, in . Immigration authorities permitted friends to bring her body into the United States to be buried in Chicago near the graves of the Haymarket anarchists.35 O'Hare left prison in May 1920, after President Woodrow Wilson commuted her sentence. She clung to her socialist ideals but found the Socialist party in disarray. In 1922, she organized a Children's Crusade to free political prisoners. With the sons and daughters of more than one hundred people serving time for violation of wartime antisubver- sion acts, she marched from St. Louis to Washington, D.C, and picketed the White House. While President Warren G. Harding did not react publicly to the demonstration, federal officials reviewed many of the prisoners' cases. Prison reform became the dominant cause of O'Hare's later life. In 1923, she published a memoir entitled In Prison, in which she unflinchingly attacked conditions and policies of the Missouri State Penitentiary. In June 1928, she divorced Frank O'Hare, and in November 1929, she married Charles C. Cunningham, a former San Francisco engineer and wealthy Alabama landowner. She con­ tinued her commitment to education by founding Commonwealth College, an experimental school for liberal arts, in Mena, Arkansas. Later she moved to California, where she became assistant state direc­ tor of penology and helped to make San Quentin a model penitentiary. She died at the age of seventy in Benecia, California, in January 1948.36 3* Drinnon, Rebel in Paradise, 212-213, 217, 220, 286, 313. 36 Miller, "Progression," 278-279; New York Times, 29 March 1922 and 12 January 1948; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 12 January 1948. 420 Missouri Historical Review

Both O'Hare and Goldman had faced the challenge of prison in mid-life, and both had survived it with dignity and grace. Confinement in the Missouri penitentiary had forced them to measure their ideals against society's crudest realities, and their ideals had triumphed. Their prison letters remind readers of their courage, cheerfulness and un­ selfish concern for their fellow prisoners. Contact in prison had en­ riched each of them with a greater understanding of one another's character and beliefs. Their post-prison careers demonstrated that they never gave up hope of changing the world. But, clearly, each of them had learned something from the prison experience. Goldman, the champion of the individual spirit, had seen vivid examples of the constriction and virtual obliteration of human con­ sciousness by poverty, disease, confinement and the denial of hope. Her letters from prison revealed a desire to communicate and find common cause with her fellow inmates. But these women were separated from

Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis

This portrait of Kate Richards O'Hare was taken in the mid- 1910s. Mother and Teacher as Missouri State Penitentiary Inmates 421

her by layers of repression, poverty and ignorance that she could not penetrate. She commiserated with them, but she could not make them understand her perception of their plight: My companions in misery while most kind to me, indeed more generous and human than the average lot outside, are yet separated by worlds from me. They are victims of a cruel social arrangment, but they have no social vision. They consider their trouble a misfortune imposed upon them by fate, or God, or some cruel judge, or their own wickedness. They do not know that they are each and all cogs in the machine of social injustice.37 Goldman desired to release the individual from social bondage. How was this possible if the individual could not even see her chains? O'Hare, the believer in institutional reform, had learned that institutions could be all-too-human even when they remained most inhumane. In considering the problem of improving the penal system, she bumped up against the intractable fact that prisons exacted pun­ ishment. Punishment satisfied the human desire for vengeance. In an uncharacteristicly despairing mood, she wrote: "For a thousand years society has pinned its faith on vengeance, and the world is full of prisons, burdened by courts, hampered and cursed by the blind stu­ pidity of legal procedure, harassed by the ignorance and willfulness and maliciousness of judges, and bedeviled by the odious tribe of parasites called lawyers."38 These perceptions, strengthened by the deadening routine of prison life, caused her to wonder whether any human being, no matter how intelligent and dedicated, could really do anything to make the penal system better. The prison experience tested the ideologies of these two crusaders. In their essential qualities and beliefs, however, each of these women appeared unchanged by her ordeal. Emma Goldman remained the creative force, the energizing and life-giving spirit suggested by the title of her journal, Mother Earth. Kate O'Hare continued as the prairie- bred exhorter, the teacher by precept and example, the proud and upright believer in the improvement of human institutions. For future reformers, they left a legacy of joyful perseverance, a personal testa­ ment that transcended dogma and triumphed over repression. For the student of history, the coincidence of their mutual confinement in one of the country's worst prison facilities illuminated their personalities and threw precious light on one of the dark places of American society. The dark places remain. But hopefully so does the light.

37 Mother Earth Bulletin 1 (April 1918): 1. 38 O'Hare, Selected Writings and Speeches, 215. 'NM >WK :S :JS •«* . 'j

State Historical Society of Missouri Lincoln served as the school for Joplin's black population from 1908 to 1955.

Desegregation in a Border State: The Example of Joplin, Missouri BY LORI BOGLE* The 1954 United States Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka sent shock waves through the nation.1 The court determined Plessy vs. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doc­ trine to be unconstitutional; education was not equitable in a segregated system. Because Missouri represented one of the seventeen states still maintaining a segregated school system, the decision held special sig­ nificance. Yet, in this former slave state with strong southern senti­ ments, desegregation occurred with little opposition. Joplin, in the southwest corner of the state, typifies Missouri's integration experience. Despite earlier instances of racism, school administrators in Joplin

*Lori Bogle is a graduate student at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. She has the B.A. degree in history from Missouri Southern State College, Joplin.

1 For information on the national effect of the Brown decision, see Richard Klueger's Simple Justice: The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America's Struggle for Equality (New York: Knopf, 1976). For the effect of Brown on Missouri, see Thomas Baker's "Human Rights in Missouri: The Legislative, Judicial, and Administrative Development of Black Liberties" (Ph.D. diss., University of Mis­ souri-Columbia, 1975). The most thorough investigation of desegregation in Missouri is Lorenzo Greene and Rev. Lee F. Soxman in "Report to the United States Commission on Civil Rights on Desegregation of Schools in Missouri by the Missouri Advisory Committee," 1959.

422 Desegregation in a Border State: The Example of Joplin, Missouri 423 insist they had no problems complying with the ruling. Joplin and the rest of Missouri escaped the pain much of the nation experienced with desegregation. Several factors brought about this relative ease in inte­ gration: Missouri's citizens generally remained law-abiding, the state's own desegregation cases prepared it for Brown and most importantly, state and local leadership responded appropriately to the challenge of desegregation. Julius Hunter states in the foreword to Missouri's Black Heritage: "Missouri has been a mirror reflection of the nation as it displayed its confusion, indifference, guilt, cruelty, pride, subterfuge, embarrassment, benevolence, and sympathy in handling the issue of how blacks should and would be treated."2 Confusion well describes Missouri's attitude toward race relations. The state has not always responded to national issues in a traditional southern way. The "Show Me" state maintains an identity distinct from her southern sisters. Because most masters in the state owned only a few slaves, a closer relationship between black and white often existed. Although slavery appeared relatively less harsh in Missouri than in the deep South, it was still slavery and protected by territorial and state law. Yet those laws exhibit Missouri's ambivalence toward the institution of slavery. Unlike southern black codes, Missouri law did not differentiate between black and white crimes, and after 1824, a black slave could sue for freedom.3 In 1857, black Missourians took a large step backward when the Supreme Court handed down the Dred Scott decision. This case reflects the ambiguous racial attitudes in the state at the time. In the first trial, the St. Louis Circuit Court ruled that Scott was a slave, but the retrial verdict granted him freedom. On appeal, the Missouri Supreme Court said that he was indeed a slave. When Scott's case came before the U.S. Supreme Court, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that slave or free, blacks were not citizens: We think that they are not, and that they are not included, and were not intended to be included, under the word "citizens" in the Consti­ tution, and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides and secures for citizens of the United States. . . . Whether emancipated or not . . . [they] had no rights or privileges but such as those who held the power and the government might choose to grant them.4

2 Lorenzo J. Greene, Gary R. Kremer and Anthony F. Holland, Missouri's Black Heritage (St. Louis: Forum Press, 1980), Foreword. 3 Ibid. 4 Chief Justice Roger B. Taney in Dred Scott vs. John F. A. Sandford, Howard 393 in Stanley I. Kutler, The Dred Scott Decision: Law or Politics (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 11. 424 Missouri Historical Review

The mixture of southern, northern and western attitudes within Missouri's borders caused a devastating Civil War period within the state. The population of Jasper County, where Joplin later was located, virtually disappeared due to violent guerrilla (or bushwhacker) attacks. Remarkably, the county recovered quickly. The abundance of available land and the rapid growth of area mines led to a doubling of the population. Joplin, considered the capital of the tri-state mining dis­ trict, was founded in 1873, with the union of Joplin City and Murphys- burg.5 The mines in the area remained small-scale operations run by independent entrepreneurs, usually worked in partnerships. Blacks have played an insignificant role in the industry and formed a small per­ centage of the population throughout Joplin's history. In 1860, 350 blacks and 6,533 whites resided in Jasper County. By 1870 the black population had dropped to 138, while the white population grew to 14,790. The 1880 census revealed an overall growth to 767 blacks and 31,241 whites, and by 1890 the black population numbered 913, and whites, 49,571.6 During the last decades of the nineteenth century, some integration in public facilities evidently existed; however, two events changed the treatment of blacks. After a 1901 lynching and race riot in nearby

5 Gail Renner, Joplin: From Mining Town to Urban Center (Northridge, Calif.: Windsor Pub. Inc., 1985), 19, 27. 6 Compendium of the Tenth Census, June 1, 1880, Part I (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1885), 359 and Compendium of the Eleventh Census: 1890, Part I: Population (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, 1892), 495.

State Historical Society of Missouri

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney handed down the decision in the Dred Scott case in 1857. Desegregation in a Border State: The Example of Joplin, Missouri 425

Pierce City, Joplin received an influx of blacks. The event indicated that a black accused of a violent crime had little hope of surviving until his trial. A similar incident occurred in Joplin in 1903, when citizens lynched an itinerant black. The lynching inspired a white mob to launch a violent rampage against blacks. Reportedly, around one hundred black families left Joplin because of this incident.7 Joel Livingston reflected positively on the event in his 1912 History of Jasper County. The element among the colored population who had previously lived in the Kansas City Bottom either gave Joplin a wide berth or, in returning, became "like little Willie the week before Christmas," just as good as could be. As an aftermath to the mob scenes, the colored people of Jasper County met at Carthage, April 28, organized a law and order league and pledged their cooperation with the officers to drive from the state all bad characters.8 The Joplin lynching reflected the deepening segregation through­ out the nation. In 1908, Joplin opened Lincoln, a segregated school. Ewert Park was established for blacks in 1924.9 The next year, Mrs. C.W. Cuther, a leader in the black community, became general super­ visor of the park.10 Near Lincoln and Ewert Park, the city established the "colored" Parkway Cemetery in 1933.u These segregated facilities insured that white parks, cemeteries and schools remained off-limits to blacks. Neither the city of Joplin nor the state of Missouri had written segregation laws for public accommodations, but members of the black community knew what they could and could not do. As Minnie Hackney recalled, "It was just understood that you can't go, so the blacks didn't go."12 The local branch of the NAACP, described as a "quiet organization, a powerless organization in Joplin," did not ac­ tively campaign for desegregation.13 In 1938, Long-Bell Lumber Company moved employees from their

7 Renner, Joplin, 43-44. 8 Joel Livingston, A History of Jasper County, Missouri and Its People, 2 vols. (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1912), 2: 502. 9 Jean A. Blackwood, "A Saturnalia of Crime," unpublished article (1987), 24, in Joplin Public Library, Joplin, Missouri. 10 "Mrs. Cuther's Fifth Year as General Supervisor of Beautiful Ewert Park," Joplin-Springfield Uplift, No. 15, 11 April 1930, clipping in Black History Archives, Joplin Public Library. 11 Joplin City Council Bill No. 17206, Ordinance No. 16206, 22 August 1933. 12 Minnie Hackney, interview with author, Joplin, Mo., 28 June 1989. 13 Kit Brothers, "Some Discrimination Still Evident, Blacks Say," Joplin Globe, 19 May 1980. 426 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri In 1924, Joplin set aside Ewert Park for use by blacks and erected a shelter house I dance pavilion. creosote plant in Ringgold, Louisiana, to their Joplin facility.14 Mrs. Rosie Smith, who left a sharecropper farm in Ringgold with the rest of her family to seek better work in Joplin, believed segregation had been stricter in Ringgold. In Ringgold, blacks could not use anything in­ tended for white use. Black cooks had to wait until white employers had finished their meal before they could eat in the kitchen. In Joplin the black servants sat and ate with the white family. Smith's remarks on racism are indicative of attitudes in much of Joplin's black community; she displayed no anger: That's the way they [whites] had been taught that they were above, they would have power. And I feel sorry for them, than I do me, because I am strong enough I come through it and I can tolerate most anything. It made me strong. But they have to worry about going to the Lord and try and get forgiveness for that the way they mistreated people their own selves.15 During World War II, the United Service Organization (U.S.O.) operated "services for negro soldiers" in Joplin to provide for the military facilities at Camp Crowder in Neosho. After the transfer of black soldiers from the area, the city's black population turned the U.S.O. into the Negro Service Center.16 The center, at 100 Main, served the black community well. When Minnie Johnson Hackney arrived in Joplin in 1947 to direct the Negro Service Center, she found segregated conditions different from those in St. Louis, her former residence. "The

14 Kit Brothers, "Joplin's Blacks—Segregation Is Their Heritage," Joplin Globe, 17 May 1980. 15 Rosie Smith, interview with author, Joplin, Mo., 28 June 1989. 16 United Service Organizations Inc. Newsletter, 12 September 1942, in possession of Minnie Hackney. Desegregation in a Border State: The Example of Joplin, Missouri 427 thing that surprised me most when I came to Joplin was that you had blacks and whites living in the same neighborhood, possibly next door to each other, but still the public places were segregated. That I couldn't understand."17 Mrs. Hackney's job included finding accommodations for traveling blacks by either renting a room at one of two boarding houses that accepted blacks, or having them stay with local families. The Cuther boarding house had as guests such renowned people as Ella Fitzgerald, Duke Ellington, Cab Calloway and Bo Jangles.18 Mrs. C.W. Cuther founded the George Washington Carver Nursery School in 1952. Years ahead of its time, it provided an integrated preschool facility for the children of working mothers. Cuther made an important step in desegregation when she purposely hired employees from both races. In a 1952 leaflet, an introductory statement written by Cuther gave the school's purpose: The Carver Memorial School is more than a day nursery to keep children, whose mothers are employed, or for any other cause are unable to give the care and attention gained in group participation. It is a "Laboratory project" of democracy, where races and creeds practice working together; train daily in Christian living and organize for supervised play.19 Mrs. Cuther also served as chairwoman of the Missouri Association of Colored Women's George Washington Carver Birthplace Project, which helped found the George Washington Carver Memorial in nearby Diamond, Missouri, in 1953.20 Missouri made progress desegregating higher education prior to the Brown decision. In 1921 the state had acquired Lincoln University to provide college education for blacks.21 Blacks then legally were denied admission to "white only" universities on the grounds that Lincoln offered separate but equal facilities. Problems later arose when black students wanted to enroll in graduate programs unavailable at Lincoln. In the 1938 case, Missouri ex rel Gaines vs. Canada, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Lloyd Gaines, who had attempted to enroll in the University of Missouri Law School. Gaines argued that the state's segregation laws did not apply to graduate schooling; the state

17 Minnie Hackney interview. 18 Charlene Anderson, telephone interview with author, August 1989. 19 C. W. Cuther, "An Introductory Statement," in the mimeographed dedication program for the George Washington Carver Nursery School, 1952. Records of the George Washington Carver Nursery School, Joplin, Mo. 20 Department of the Interior, National Park Service, "The Dedication of George Washington Carver National Monument," 14 July 1953. 21 Greene and Soxman, "Report on Civil Rights," 21. 428 Missouri Historical Review contended it would fulfill its legal obligation if it paid the difference in fees for Gaines to attend law school in another state. The Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional the state plan, which forced blacks out of state when there were appropriate graduate programs within. The Court ordered Missouri to admit Gaines to the University of Missouri Law School or to provide equal facilities for him in the state.22 This ruling set the precedent for Supreme Court integration decisions in later years. In 1939, Lucile Bluford, the present editor of the Kansas City Call, brought suit for admission to the graduate school of journalism at the University of Missouri. With the financial resources of the national NAACP office backing Bluford, the U.S. Supreme Court ordered her admission to the school, if journalism courses were not offered at Lincoln University. Bluford believed such cases aided the acceptance of desegregation after Brown.23 Missouri House Bill 182, calling for integration at the college level, was introduced in 1949.24 As citizens began to see more clearly the evils of segregation, support for this measure grew in the state. Warren L. Briggs of Columbia, Missouri, wrote Governor on May 30, 1949, urging the governor's support on this bill: As a native, Missourian I look to you for that leadership. What some of our politicians do not realize is that Missouri is becoming more

22 Missouri ex rel Gaines vs. Canada 305 U.S. 337. 23 Roland Bernard Johnson, "Integration of Higher Education in Missouri Implica­ tions of the Lucile Bluford Case Background and Results 1847-1954" (Ph.D. diss.. Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Mo., 1975), 56. 24 Greene and Soxman, "Report on Civil Rights," 22.

Courtesy National Park Service

This bust of George Washington Carver was unveiled during the dedication ceremonies for the Car­ ver National Monument, July 14, 1953. Desegregation in a Border State: The Example of Joplin, Missouri 429

democratic and more Christian with reference to racial issues. ... As a Missourian interested in the internal welfare and external reputa­ tion of my state, and as a Christian who believes that God is both the Father of all men and the Judge of those who deny this, I believe that this issue ought to be acted upon favorably NOW.25 Several organizations in Joplin urged passage of this legislation. When the bill was defeated, letters from the Guardian Reader's Club and the Joplin League of Women Voters urged the governor to call a special session of the legislature.26 Though in the minority, many persons still held racist feelings in Missouri. An unsigned letter from St. Louis, delivered to Governor Smith on June 2, 1950, stated: "Please let them go to seperate [sic] schools and there will be more friendship and understanding. Black is black and white is white. God would of mix us long ago, if he wished it. Please let not spoil our white human race." Another wrote February 11, 1950, to the governor: "The Negroes themselves would not want this, but are pushed on by fool whites. It [admission to white schools] finally result in a mongrel, negroid race, ignorant and half savage. The negro has his place, to increase their power for rascality." A college student in Springfield had this to say on March 23, 1949: "The bill, if passed, will be the first step in a series of steps leading to the complete abolition of the limited segregation which we Missourians have seen fit to retain."27 Despite the failure of House Bill 182 and other measures, Missouri advanced toward desegregation. In a 1950 ruling by the circuit court of Cole County, Judge Sam Blair ordered three Lincoln University stu­ dents enrolled in the previously "whites only" University of Missouri at Columbia and the School of Mines and Metallurgy at Rolla. Judge Blair ruled it improbable that Lincoln University could provide equal instruction.28 In 1949, the Missouri Association for Social Welfare distributed a pamphlet revealing the sad state of civil rights within the state. Entitled Human Rights in Missouri: A Study of Discriminatory Practices, the pamphlet summarized answers to questionnaires returned by the coun­ ties and larger communities. Although Joplin appears to have returned 25 Warren L. Briggs to Governor Forrest S. Smith, 30 May 1949, fol. 2243, Forrest Smith Papers, Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Colum­ bia. Hereafter cited as Smith Papers. 26 Guardian Readers Club (Joplin, Mo.) to Governor Forrest S. Smith, 22 February 1950, and the Joplin League of Women Voters to Governor Smith, 7 February 1950, fol. 2249 and 2251, Smith Papers. 27 Letters to Governor Forrest Smith, 2 June 1950, 11 February 1950, 23 March 1949, fols. 2241-2242, Smith Papers. 28 Greene and Soxman, "Report on Civil Rights," 23. 430 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri Lincoln Institute, founded in Jefferson City in 1866 by black veterans of the Civil War, became Lincoln University in 1921. the questionnaire, the pamphlet attributes no specific responses to the town. Discrimination remained prevalent in many areas, such as em­ ployment, recreational facilities and housing. "Extreme Discrimination" was a subtitle listed in the section on public accommodations, but public education provided the worst cases of discrimination: Two hundred and five towns, large and small, have Negro children of school age. Forty of these have no schools for Negroes. Eighty-five of them have only one-teacher schools for Negro children, this one teacher teaching all grades. Thirty-nine towns have two teachers each in Negro schools. Forty-one towns have three or more teachers for Negro children, but this includes the larger cities and suburban communities.29 The high school situation proved even more deplorable. At the time of the study, the number of black high schools had declined. In 1948, only twenty-two first-class high schools could be considered "equal" to the white schools. Twenty others were classified as black high schools, and the majority of these offered nothing beyond the tenth grade. Joplin appeared progressive, with its class-one Lincoln High School employing eight teachers and one full-time principal in 1954-1955.30

29 The Missouri Association for Social Welfare, Human Rights in Missouri: A Study of Discriminatory Practices (Jefferson City, Mo., 1949), 5, fol. 3234, Missouri Association for Social Welfare Papers, WHMC-Columbia. 30 Joplin School Board Meeting Summaries, 1 July 1954 to 30 June 1955, 60, in Joplin R-VIII School District Administration Building. Desegregation in a Border State: The Example of Joplin, Missouri 431

In 1952-1953, the American Association of University Women of Missouri conducted a study entitled Missouri A A UW Study of Oppor­ tunities for Negro and White Youth. Divided into two parts—social conditions and education—it found little improvement in civil rights since the MASW study. Completion of the AAUW questionnaires had been controversial. A convention report on the findings of the study stated: "It [the questionnaire] has plagued these chairmen and their respective presidents—outraged some, met with cool reception from others, made converts, and found a few real enthusiasts."31 Some of the participants had lost interest when they discovered the study focused on black, not white, children. Although the Joplin form is no longer extant, the Carthage questionnaire showed that blacks had inferior job opportunities, lower wages, unwritten housing restrictions and segre­ gated facilities. Carthage had a black grade school but sent its high school students eighteen miles on a public service bus to Joplin's Lincoln High School.32 While custom and tradition separated the races in public accom­ modations, jobs and housing, the Missouri Constitution of 1865 had given legal sanction to segregated educational facilities. In 1945, a constitutional revision gave the legislature authority to integrate public schools. Between then and 1954, numerous attempts were made to implement the provision. Lorenzo Greene, a leader of civil rights action and professor at Lincoln University, believed these failed attempts helped condition the public to more readily accept the Brown de­ cision.33 Greene stated that Missouri's black schools were not equal to white. Of inferior physical quality, they used cast-off textbooks from the white schools and had limited course offerings and crowded class­ rooms. While Lincoln High School in Joplin fit the norm in some respects, it maintained a high quality for a black school. Betty Robin­ son attended both Lincoln and the integrated Joplin High. She believed she received a better education at Lincoln because the school required students to take more difficult courses than some of the electives offered at the white high school.34 While some of Missouri's black schools had little supervision, this was not the case at Joplin's Lin- 31 Convention report from the White House Conference on Children and Youth Questionnaires, fol. 146, Doris Crump Bradshaw Papers, WHMC-Columbia. Hereafter cited as Bradshaw Papers. 32 "White House Conference as it Pertains to Negro Youth," Missouri AAUW Questionnaire from the Carthage branch of the AAUW as answered by Neva Jones, Carterville, Missouri, 5, fol. 115, Bradshaw Papers. 33 Greene and Soxman, "Report on Civil Rights," 24. 34 Betty Robinson, interview with author, Joplin, Mo., 29 August 1989. 432 Missouri Historical Review coin.35 Current black city councilman Jim West stated, "Lincoln school was top dog for discipline and stuff you know. Teachers beat your butt at school and then called and told your parents and they get your butt beat again."36 Several desegregation cases occurred in Missouri prior to the Brown decision. Black students who had no schools in their area attended ones in neighboring communities at the expense of their school district.37 Within school districts, blacks often walked past nearby white schools to attend their school. In Grundy County in 1890, a black father tried to enroll his children in a white school closer to home. The argument in this case used the same logic that the U.S. Supreme Court accepted to decide Brown: The equal protection clause of the fourteenth amendment made segregation unconstitutional. This court did not agree: Regarding the real issue of inequality as the result of appellant's children being required to travel six miles to school, as compared to a maximum length of one mile required of white children, the court

35 Greene, Kremer and Holland, Missouri's Black Heritage, 133. 36 Jim West, interview with author, Joplin, Mo., 20 June 1989. 37 Some traveled sixty-five miles one way according to the AAUW study. Southwest Missouri also experienced commuter students, with students coming from Carthage and Neosho to Joplin's Lincoln. Western Historical Manuscript Collection-Columbia

Lorenzo Greene, a professor of history at Lincoln University, was an early civil rights leader in Missouri. Desegregation in a Border State: The Example of Joplin, Missouri 433

concluded that the difference in distance to be traveled was the necessity of any system of classification, for the thing guaranteed was equality and not identity.38 In a 1950 case, State ex rel Toliver vs. Board of Education of the City of St. Louis, the court decided that "substantial equality" fulfilled constitutional requirements.39 That same year, a black student at Wash­ ington Technical High School was refused admission to a specialized program at the white Hadley Technical High School. Rather than obey the court order to admit the black student, Hadley cancelled the program.40 The United States Court of Appeals delayed the 1954 Missouri case of Arnold vs. Kirkwood until the Supreme Court could decide on Brown. Like Brown, Arnold did not sue on grounds of inequalities in the segregated school system, but on the fact of separa­ tion.41 On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled segregated education unconstitutional. Chief Justice Earl Warren declared that mere separation created inequalities: To separate them [black children] from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone. . . . We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of "sepa­ rate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.42 Fifteen days after the Brown ruling, the Joplin school board met to consider integration of the public schools. In response to a white board member's statement that Lincoln's students and teachers remained proud of their school, Superintendent Roi Wood said it had not always been that way. Lincoln had been the "lefthanded step-child of the school system." The board ruled in agreement with a letter from school district attorney Haywood Scott that advised integration of Joplin

38 Lehew vs. Brummell, 15 S.W. 765 (Mo. 1891) quoted in Greene and Soxman, "Report on Civil Rights," 20. 39 State ex rel Toliver vs. Board of Education of the City of St. Louis quoted in Greene and Soxman, "Report on Civil Rights," 25. 40 Greene and Soxman, "Report on Civil Rights," 25-26. 4' Ibid., 27. 42 Richard Bardolph, ed., The Civil Rights Record: Black Americans and the Law, 1849-1970 (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1970), 278. 434 Missouri Historical Review

State Historical Society of Missouri Manual Training Class at Joplin's Lincoln School

Junior College. But they decided to wait, along with the majority of Missouri's school districts, to hear from state authorities before de­ segregating the elementary and high schools.43 In the fall of 1954, eight black students enrolled at Joplin Junior College. A few years later the school newspaper, the Chart, reflected upon this event. "In two years of integration, Joplin Junior College has experienced no problems. Such has been the case of every school in this area and, for that matter, in the entire northern United States. Consequently, we ask, 'Why all the trouble in the South? How are they different from us?' "44 A radio program entitled "The Supreme Court Decision on Educa­ tion: What it Means to Missouri" proved instrumental in Missouri's peaceful acceptance of desegregation. The broadcast presented an in­ formal panel discussion among Commissioner of Education Hubert Wheeler, the press, a minister, a businessman, two students (one black and one white) and two mothers (one black and one white). Wheeler, the first speaker, affirmed: "We have the responsibility of living by the decision of the law of the land—of the Supreme Court. . . . They [the State Board of Education] will abide by the law of the land, although I would like to say that we had very little part to play in it."45 Panel member Mrs. C. C. Darnel, a black mother and teacher, quoted from Joplm-born poet Langston Hughes's poem, "I Too, Sing America," in

43 "Approve Negroes Attending JC," Carthage Evening Press, 2 June 1954. 44 "A Humanitarian Problem," The Chart, 20 April 1956. A, ^ Hu^rt Wheeler> "The Supreme Court Decision on Education: What It Means to Missouri, Radio Program Transcript in Midwest Journal 6 (Summer 1954): 55. Desegregation in a Border State: The Example of Joplin, Missouri 435 her comments.46 Throughout the discussion, the message appeared obvious: regardless of personal opinion, desegregation is the law and Missouri will obey it. Responding to a request from the State Commission on Education, Missouri Attorney General John Dalton advised the state of its legal position on segregation. It is the opinion of this office that the provisions of the Missouri Constitution and statutes, relating to separate schools "For white and colored children" ... are superceded by the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States and are, therefore, unenforceable. . . . We do not rule herein as to whether school districts must integrate immediately or as to the method by which or by what date such integration must be completed. For guidance on these questions we must of necessity await the final pronouncement of the Supreme Court.47 In May 1955, the Supreme Court ruled that integration should proceed "with all deliberate speed."48 The Joplin Board of Education desegregated the high schools on June 8, 1955. Children in the tenth through twelfth grades had the choice of attending Lincoln or the white high school. In grades one through nine, black students could attend

4* Ibid., 62. 47 Advisory Opinion, John Dalton, Attorney General of Missouri, 30 June 1954, in Baker, "Human Rights in Missouri," n.p. 48 Greene and Soxman, "Report on Civil Rights," 1.

Courtesy Hammond Studio

John M. Dalton, Missouri's attorney- general during school desegregation, be­ came governor in 1961. 436 Missouri Historical Review

Lincoln or the school in the district in which they resided.49 The bulk of the black population lived in the Lincoln School district, thus little desegregation occurred in the lower grades. Earlier, Superintendent Roi Wood had held meetings at Lincoln School to answer the concerns of black students, parents and teachers. At this meeting a majority of the black community voted to maintain Lincoln.50 According to Betty Robinson, who transferred to the white school the second year of integration, many of the students remained apprehensive about the move: Anxious, scared, not happy. . . . There might have been some people happy. At Lincoln School we were not happy . . . because when you live in a racist society you learn your place. . . . We didn't know what to expect. . . . We were comfortable at Lincoln. . . . We did not know what to expect and we did not expect acceptance, in fact we expected rejection.51 After being reassured that the black teachers would not lose their jobs, many blacks saw the long-term benefits of integration. Minnie Hackney said: Parents certainly wanted for their children what they were not getting at Lincoln and getting at the other schools. The parents wanted that, but we were concerned about what was going to happen to the teachers. See they were talking about integrating the schools, but they didn't say anything about integrating the teachers.52 Unlike some sections of Missouri, minimal dismissals of black teachers occurred.53 During the integration period, all of Joplin's black teachers received reassignment, except for part-time instructor Clem Billingsly. He could not be reassigned in 1956 when Lincoln closed grades seven through twelve because no openings existed in his teaching field. He found employment in the St. Louis area.54 The district gradually phased out Lincoln. October 16, 1956 school board records show that Lincoln would have three classrooms of black children, two classrooms for the orthopedically handicapped and as many classrooms as needed for special education. In August 1958 Lincoln became a special education school.55

49 Joplin School Board Meeting Summaries, 1 July 1954 to 30 June 1955, 263. 50 Roi Wood, telephone interview with author, 27 August 1989. 51 Betty Robinson interview. 52 Minnie Hackney interview. 53 Greene and Soxman, "Report on Civil Rights," 112. 54 Joplin School Board Meeting Summaries, 4 April 1956, 184. 55 Ibid., 16 October 1956, 12 August 1958. Desegregation in a Border State: The Example of Joplin, Missouri 437

No public outcry occurred against integration in Joplin. The school board announced its decision to desegregate, and the community accepted it. According to George S. Burns in The Journal of Negro History, school districts with effective leadership, which did not wait for community reaction to the integration issue, had the fewest prob­ lems desegregating. If leaders waited to see how the people reacted, dissidents could organize.56 In general, Missouri had law-abiding lead­ ership who moved swiftly to begin integration. Joplin had a white and a black leader who exemplified Missouri's leadership. Both races admired Roi Wood, the superintendent of Joplin's schools. Conrad Gubera, who taught under Wood, described him as a combination of Lyndon B. Johnson and Walter Cronkite: a man who knew how to work with people to get what he wanted. "I never knew a man who could get more done without offending anyone."57 Wood developed close ties with blacks, which helped minimize the "us" and "them" mentality. Minnie Hackney also respected Wood: "He was a wonderful man. He was fair and always interested as far as Lincoln's participation was concerned. I'm sure he and Mr. [M. W.] Dial were very close friends. ... I certainly felt he had it in control and I don't think we had too much trouble and that must have been his doing."58 Lincoln principal and black leader M. W. Dial was instrumental in Joplin's school integration. Respected by the black community for making Lincoln excel, Dial sought not to force whites to accept blacks, but to make blacks more acceptable to whites. He also held the respect of the white community, which, in 1954, helped elect him the first black city councilman in the state.59 Dial's lack of aggression also may have contributed to his acceptance. As Minnie Hackney said: "He [Dial] was [an] agreeable sort of person and had the intelligence to know what he could and could not do. ... I considered him one of the leading citizens. He wasn't the type of person who was a go getter. He was more passive."60 The passiveness of Joplin's blacks helped reduce fears in the white community. Cecil Floyd, assistant superintendent of schools during desegregation, described the city's blacks: "We have a different type of colored persons, than we had in the big cities. We don't have that type

56 George S. Burns, "The Second Reconstruction: A Historiographical Essay on Recent Works," The Journal of Negro History 59 (October 1974): 329. 57 Conrad Gubera, interview with author, Joplin, Mo., September 1989. 58 Minnie Hackney interview. 59 "Elected to Joplin City Council," Kansas City Call, 16 April 1954. 60 Minnie Hackney interview. 438 Missouri Historical Review

M. W. Dial, principal of Lincoln School, became Joplin's first black city council­ man in 1954.

Joplin: A Pictorial History, by Kay Kirkman and Roger Stinnett, 1981. Used with permission of The Donning Company/ Publishers. of people. . . . We had a good type of black people."61 Floyd indicated that the local NAACP had run out of town blacks who caused trouble. Roi Wood spoke of a black Joplin police officer turning back a busload of black Kansas City agitators. Black leaders, however, do not remem­ ber these two incidents. Contrary to the opinions of whites and much of the black com­ munity that "no problems" occurred while desegregating, difficulties arose. Betty Robinson experienced isolation when she started at Joplin High: Isolated ... we used to literally pray that we would not be the only black in class. We would walk in and when you found you were the only black it is indescribable the feeling. . . . We never knew how we were going to be accepted. We never knew if the teacher was going to be accepting or not. We never knew whether the classmates would want to sit by us or not. ... It was almost like we were invisible.62 Robinson remembers being forced to share a gym locker with another black girl even though they had gym at different hours. Although school organizations opened to all students, blacks re-

61 Cecil Floyd, interview with author, Joplin, Mo., July 1989. 62 Betty Robinson interview. Desegregation in a Border State: The Example of Joplin, Missouri 439 mained reluctant to join. The black male athletes had an easier adjust­ ment, according to Robinson, because they gained recognition through sports. Some blacks were not happy with the situation, but they remained quiet because "they just had to get through this school."63 The white community in Joplin has misinterpreted the black experience in the city. Passiveness has been equated with approval. Dr. Judy Conboy, sociology professor at Missouri Southern State College in Joplin, contends that Joplin's blacks have responded to prejudice with denial.64 Gordon W. Allport in The Nature of Prejudice explains that threatened minority groups often adopt passive reaction as a survival means. If the minority practices behavior deemed appropriate by his adversary, he will not be noticed and then can live a more active life among his own kind.65 Allport describes how communities see their racial situation. It appears surprisingly close to Joplin's situation: In almost every community where the subject of prejudice or dis­ crimination is brought up the first response is, "Here we have no problem." ... No Problem! It may be, of course, that the citizens think of "problem" in terms of violence only. They may be saying, in effect, "We have no riots here." Or it may be that they are so accustomed to the familiar caste and class lines that they regard them as normal. The assertion is also a device for keeping unwelcome issues successfully repressed. To deny that a problem exists is to

63 Ibid. 64 Judy Conboy, interview with author, Joplin, Mo., 28 June 1989. 65 Gordon W. Allport, The Nature of Prejudice (Reading, Pa.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979), 147.

In 1955, black students began attending the formerly all-white Joplin Memorial High School. Joplin: A Pictorial History, by Kay Kirkman and Roger Stinnett, 1981. Used with permission of The Donning Company/Publishers 440 Missouri Historical Review

forestall the turmoil it could cause, both in the community and in the individual, if it were faced.66 After Brown, Missouri did not experience the turmoil that beset most southern states. Although Missouri's legal battles regarding in­ tegration over the years educated the public, whether or not Missouri would have integrated if given a choice remains open for debate. Regardless of the state's preference, local school boards complied with the Supreme Court's decision. In many ways Joplin typified Missouri. However, in the years preceding Brown, Joplin had become more progressive in her race relations—electing a black city councilman and maintaining a first-class black high school. Joplin integrated so smoothly that the general public can recall no problems with desegregation. Desegregation in Missouri and Joplin did not take place because whites saw the evils of segregation. Rather, historical circumstances brought the state and city to a point where integration could occur under the guidance of able leadership. Racism existed, but it was not a strong element of opposition. The apparent passiveness of Joplin's blacks helped ease whites' fears and possibly lent credence to the general supposition of "no problem here." Integration proceeded smoothly in Joplin; the mechanics of the process created no outward disturbance in the community. However, the ramifications of segrega­ tion and the integration process on blacks in Joplin and Missouri remain to be explored.

66 Ibid., 334.

Fresh as a Daisy Indeed Jefferson City People's Tribune, September 7, 1881. A country girl coming from a morning walk, was told she looked as fresh as a daisy kissed by the dew. To which she innocently replied: "You've got my name right—Daisy, but his isn't Dew."

In Other Words Knob Noster Will Carr's Gem, March 15, 1889. First hotel man—Got a good cook now? Second hotel man—No; but I've secured the services of the most talented literary Bohemian in the city to edit the bill of fart—Philadelphia Rural. Historical Notes and Comments 441 HISTORICAL NOTES AND COMMENTS

State Historical Society of Missouri Posing with the recently authenticated landscape by George Caleb Bing­ ham are, from left to right, former University of Missouri president James C. Olson; the Society's executive director, James W. Goodrich; Sidney Larson, curator of the Society's fine art collection; and Nelson A. Rieger, owner of the painting. New Binghams Enhance Art Exhibit On Saturday, March 23, the State Historical Society of Missouri held a private showing of a George Caleb Bingham special exhibit in its fine art gallery. The occasion featured a rediscovered and recently authenticated landscape, View of Pikes Peak from Greenland. Nelson A. Rieger of Colorado Springs, Colorado, owner of the painting who loaned it to the Society, spoke at the gathering and told how he had obtained the landscape and the steps he had taken to prove its authenticity. Sidney Larson, curator of the Society's fine art collec­ tion, an authority and conservator of Bingham's paintings, had vali­ dated the painting's attribution to Bingham. He also spoke, along with former University of Missouri president James C. Olson, of Kansas City, a member of the Society's executive committee, and James W. Goodrich, executive director of the Society. The painting was Bingham's last panorama, one of only fifty landscapes he produced during his lifetime, 1811-1879. The exhibit also included a portrait of Civil War Brig. Gen. Odon Guitar, painted by Bingham about 1860 and recently acquired from Robert A. Brown, Jr., of St. Joseph. Guitar was a native of Richmond, Kentucky, who eventually moved with his family to Columbia, Mis- 442 Missouri Historical Review souri, in 1829. He attended the University of Missouri, served in the Mexican War with the army of Colonel Alexander W. Doniphan and later studied law with his uncle, John B. Gordon of Columbia. Guitar started his own practice in 1848. Elected representative of Boone County, he served in the general assembly in 1854 and 1858. Early in the Civil War, he raised a regiment, the 9th Missouri Cavalry. On December 26, 1865, Guitar married Kate Leonard, daughter of Judge Abiel Leonard of the Missouri Supreme Court. Guitar died in Colum­ bia, May 13, 1908. Guitar Street in Columbia was named for Odon's father, John Guitar. Bingham's first studio in Columbia was located on Guitar Street. The State Historical Society also has received a Bingham portrait of Judge Francis Marion Black, currently displayed in the Bingham exhibit in the fine art gallery. The Black portrait is a gift to the Society from Wilbur C. Black of Kansas City. Bingham probably painted Judge Black in Kansas City about 1878, making it one of his last works. The oil painting was owned by Black family descendants and given to the donor by his uncle, Arthur G. Black, a son of Judge Black. Francis Marion Black was born in Ohio in 1836, graduated from Farmer's College, near Cincinnati, in 1858 and studied law at Urbana, Ohio. He moved to Kansas City in 1864, where he opened a law practice. He became a leading lawyer in that city, and in 1875, served as a member of the constitutional convention in Jefferson City. He married Susan Bartges Geiger on May 22, 1867. Black was elected to the Missouri Supreme Court in 1884 and died in 1902. The State Historical Society now owns more than twenty-five Bingham paintings. Many of these may be viewed in the special Bing­ ham exhibit in the Society's fine art gallery through July 31. Hours are 8:30 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., Monday through Friday, excepting legal holi­ days. Brig. Gen. Odon Guitar Judge Francis Marion Black Historical Notes and Comments 443

NEWS IN BRIEF Kay Pettit and Mark Thomas of the Begun in October 1988, the Missouri State Historical Society's newspaper library Newspaper Project has completed the cata­ made several trips around the state during loging of the State Historical Society's the past few months borrowing newspapers newspaper collection and has started the for microfilming. On February 21-22, they second phase of work. This step will create traveled to Southwest Missouri to retrieve a union list of newspaper titles held by the Monett Times (d), 1911, 1926-1939, Missouri institutions and help preserve them and (w), 1901-1902, from publisher Stephen through microfilm. The team intends to L. Crass; the Springfield Daily News Di­ visit sites in each county to inventory news­ gest, 1951-1954, Leader-Democrat, October- paper holdings and make arrangements December 1894, Advertiser, 1950s, Leader, April-June 1895, and Weekly Republican, for filming them. This phase of the project 1886-1888, from the Springfield-Greene is expected to be completed in March County Library; Pierce City Empire, 1882- 1993. 1883, from the Pierce City Library; Willard Cross Country Times, 1983 to present, and Reporter, 1972-1976, from David Bur­ Blanche M. Touhill, who served as in­ ton of Cross Country Times; and Thayer terim chancellor of the University of Mis- Oregon County Democrat, 1934-1950, from souri-St. Louis, was named to fill the chan­ the Oregon County Genealogical Society. cellor post, effective April 1. UM System On March 27, they visited Warrenton and President C. Peter Magrath made the an­ picked up the first three editions of the nouncement on March 20. Dr. Touhill, a new weekly, Warren County News; and native of St. Louis, is a member of the Montgomery City, where they borrowed State Historical Society's Board of Trustees. over fifty years of the Wellsville Optic She attended St. Louis University where News, 1923-1974, through the courtesy of she received a bachelor's degree in history, publisher Gay Hagen, and John and Marj a master's in geography and a Ph.D. in Miller of the Montgomery County His­ history. She has taught British and Euro­ torical Society. pean history and specializes in Irish and Australian history. President-elect of the American Conference for Irish Studies, Kay Pettit and Mark Thomas of the she will assume the presidency in 1993. Society's newspaper library staff attended She is the author of The Emerging Uni­ the annual meeting of the United States versity: The University of Missouri-St. Newspaper Program in Washington, D.C, Louis, 1963-1983. on April 3-5. Also in attendance were Missouri project manager John Popko of the University of Missouri-Kansas City, Paula L. McNeill, manuscript specialist and catalogers Donnell Ruthenberg and of the State Historical Society, presented Sue Job of the Missouri Newspaper Proj­ two papers in March. At the Missouri Art ect. The group attended meetings at the Education Association in Columbia, March Library of Congress to learn about national 15-16, she presented "A Tribute to Verna standards for cataloging and microfilming. Wulfekammer: Art Educator at the Uni­ Ruthenberg and Job gave a slide presenta­ versity of Missouri, 1928-1968." On March tion, "Project Report III: Missouri-Show 20-24, she presented "Ganado, Arizona me your newspapers! (and I'll show you Revisited: Teaching Art on the Navajo mine)." They described Missouri's extensive Reservation, 1974-1979" at the annual newspaper heritage and the diversity of meeting of the National Art Education the state's population and geography. Association in Atlanta, Georgia. 444 Missouri Historical Review

The Kansas City Area Archivists and pointed to the Missouri Conference on National Archives and Records Adminis­ History Steering Committee. tration sponsored a symposium, April 27 at the Harry S. Truman Library, Indepen­ dence, on "Drawing New Patrons: Princi­ Leona Morris, information specialist, ples and Techniques of Public Program­ and Mary K. Dains, associate director, of ing." Frank H. Mackaman, director of the the State Historical Society, presented the Gerald R. Ford Library and Museum, Ann slide show, "A Visit To Your State His­ Arbor, Michigan, spoke on "Adopting the torical Society," March 12, for a meeting Right Frame of Mind: A Marketing Per­ of King's Daughters, Kate Thompson Cir­ spective on Public Programing." Richard cle, in Candlelight Lodge, Columbia. Norton Smith, director of the Herbert Hoover Library, West Branch, Iowa, pre­ sented "Bread and Circuses: Public Pro­ The Sixth North American Fur Trade grams and the Archival Imperative." Conference will be held September 25-29, 1991, at the Grand Hotel, Mackinac Island, Michigan. Over fifty scholars will present papers on various aspects of the fur trade, William Foley, professor of history at and activities and tours of the area's his­ Central Missouri State University, War­ toric sites also are planned. For a registra­ rensburg, received the Distinguished Book tion packet and further information write: Award for 1989-1990 at the 33rd Annual Sixth North American Fur Trade Confer­ Missouri Conference on History, held ence, Mackinac State Historic Parks, P.O. April 5-6, at Cape Girardeau. His book, Box 370, Mackinac Island, Michigan 49757. The Genesis of Missouri: From Wilder­ ness Outpost to Statehood, was published by the University of Missouri Press. Other The James Jerome Hill Reference Li­ awards included the best article award for brary will award a number of grants of up 1989, which went to Howard S. Miller for to $2,000 to support research in the James "The Politics of Public Bathing in Progres­ J. Hill and Louis W. Hill papers. The sive St. Louis," published in Gateway Heri­ deadline for applications is October 1, and tage, Fall 1989; and the best article award the awards will be announced in early for 1990 to Duane R. Sneddeker for "Regu­ 1992. For more information, contact W. lating Vice: Prostitution and the St. Louis Thomas White, Curator, James Jerome Social Evil Ordinance, 1870-1874," which Hill Reference Library, 80 West Fourth appeared in Gateway Heritage, Fall 1990. Street, St. Paul, MN 55102.

James W. Goodrich, executive director On April 27-28, members of the World of the State Historical Society, spoke to War II Historical Re-enactment Society the History Club at the University of Mis- fought again on the Normandy battlefield souri-Rolla on April 23. He discussed the in Jefferson Barracks Park, St. Louis. The mission of the State Historical Society, its annual reenactment was cosponsored by collections and the types of jobs available the St. Louis County Parks and Recreation at the Society, plus other nonacademic Department and the Armed Forces Museum types of employment for historians. A ques­ of St. Louis. tion and answer period followed his pres­ entation. Dr. Goodrich has been elected to the A program, May 18, at the Scotland Board of Directors of Missouri Mansion County High School Commons, Memphis, Preservation, Inc., and he has been ap- Missouri, featured a two-part talk by Chip Historical Notes and Comments 445

Carlson on Tom Horn, a native of Scotland from Jefferson Junior High School, Colum­ County. Horn was one of the most con­ bia, toured the State Historical Society troversial names in Wyoming history. Carl­ newspaper and reference libraries and the son, an authority on.Horn, told about his fine art gallery on May 1-2. Laurel Boeck­ murder of a fourteen-year-old boy, which man and Marie Concannon of the reference led to his execution in the last legal hanging library, and Mark Thomas and Ara Kaye in Cheyenne in 1903. The Scotland County of the newspaper library conducted the Genealogical Society and the Wyoming tours. Division of Tourism funded the event, and all proceeds went to the Society. The Oral History Association will hold its 1992 annual meeting, October 15-18, The 6th Annual Local Preservation Con­ 1992, at the Stouffer Tower City Hotel in ference was held, April 6-7 in Hannibal. , Ohio. Proposals for papers, With the theme, "Preservation Challenges: panels, media presentations and sessions Protecting, Promoting, Persevering," the should be sent by December 1, 1991, to conference studied preservation of historic Dr. Donna M. DeBlasio, Program Chair, "white elephants," fund raising, lobbying Youngstown Historical Center of Industry for preservation legislation and heritage and Labor, P.O. Box 533, Youngstown, tourism. The Hannibal Chamber of Com­ Ohio 44501. (216) 743-5934. merce hosted the event.

Jackson County Parks and Recreation A new VHS videotape by the Missouri Department has planned numerous activi­ Department of Conservation has been dis­ ties for a busy spring and summer in the tributed to approximately 300 public li­ area. Recent events have included sheep braries and several department facilities shearing and spinning, April 20-21, and around the state. Grandin . . . The Big exhibitions of flint-knapping or the art of Mill & Tall Timber is a 24-minute, stereo- making arrowheads and tools from stone, sound story of an 1880s Ozark boom town May 18-19, both at Fort Osage; and spring and its people. The research, writing and planting day, April 27, at Missouri Town- editing were accomplished by Robert Cun­ 1855. ningham, assistant district forester at West Plains; Tom Troughton, Missouri Depart­ Mary K. Dains, associate director of the ment of Conservation multi-media pro­ State Historical Society, addressed the resi­ ducer; and Lorna Domke, visual aids super­ dents at Terrace Apartments, Columbia, visor. Copies may be borrowed from local on "Missouri Women in History," April 1. libraries, or a copy can be purchased for For the Missouri Conference on History, $11.68, by contacting the Film Librarian, April 5-6, in Cape Girardeau, she presented Missouri Department of Conservation, a paper on "Forty Years in the House: A 2901 West Truman Blvd., Jefferson City, Composite Portrait of Missouri Women MO 65109-0580. Legislators." She gave the "Missouri Wom­ en in History" slide show at the Delta Kappa Gamma meeting, April 20, at the More than 230 students and teachers Royal Fork Cafeteria, Columbia.

ERRATUM H. Riley Bock, author of "Confederate Col. A. C. Riley, His Reports and Letters, Part II," that appeared in the April 1991 issue of the Missouri Historical Review, has noted a correction on page 272. In the photo caption, Colonel Riley's youngest sister's name is Louisiana, not Lucy Ann. 446 Missouri Historical Review

LOCAL HISTORICAL SOCIETIES Bates County Historical Society Boone County Historical Society The Society meets the second Thursday Jane Flink's program on Winston of every month in the Stagecoach Depot Churchill highlighted the bimonthly meet­ at the Museum of Pioneer History Com­ ing held April 14. The Society's meetings plex, Butler. The Museum is open Thurs­ are held at the Walters-Boone County His­ day through Monday, 1 P.M. to 5 P.M. and torical Museum in Columbia. Saturday 10 A.M. to 5 P.M., May through September. Boone-Duden Historical Society At the Society's February 25 meeting, Belton Historical Society held at the Katharine Linnemann Branch Members of the Smoky Hill Railway of the St. Charles County Library in St. and Historical Society spoke at the April Charles, Ann King, assistant branch man­ 28 meeting held at Old City Hall. They ager and local history librarian, described discussed preparations for the first full how to use the historical and genealogical season of excursion rides through Belton. resources available at the library. Blue Springs Historical Society Brush and Palette Club, Inc. The Society held its fifteenth annual The Club awarded its twelfth annual dinner meeting February 5 at the American scholarship to Lela Englert of Berger, a Legion building in Blue Springs. The fol­ 1991 graduate of Gasconade County R-l lowing officers were elected: Maxine Hall, High School, Hermann. Englert will attend president; Martha De Nise, vice president; Central Missouri State University at War­ Dan Geelan, treasurer; Dianna Wrinkle, rensburg. recording secretary; and Pete Schulze, cor­ responding secretary. Members meet on Carondelet Historical Society the first Tuesday of each month at the Society meetings are held at the Caron­ Museum. The Society's March 4 meeting delet Historic Center. Wayne Schell, a featured guest speaker Terri Rider, from musician from Jerseyville, Illinois, enter­ the Blue Springs Police Department, who tained members with "Songs of the River- discussed "Security and Safety." Barbara men," a history of river songs from the Landes spoke about her collection of hearts early 1800s, at the February 17 meeting. at the April 2 meeting. At the May 7 On April 21, Sister Charline Sullivan, meeting, Mark Lidman spoke on historic archivist for the Sisters of St. Joseph of aspects from The Grapes of Wrath. The Carondelet, presented a program about Society held its annual Pancake Day, May the history and progress of the convent. 18, at the Museum. The Society honored twenty-five sites in Bollinger County Historical Society Carondelet for preservation, restoration The Society's Massey Log Cabin was and new construction efforts at the annual one of the focal points for persons visiting Preservation Awards Ceremony held May Southeast Missouri communities as part 11 at the Carondelet Historic Center. of the Mississippi River Valley Scenic Tour, April 27-28. The Massey Log Cabin in Cass County Historical Society Marble Hill is open Saturdays 9 A.M. to 4 At the February 24 meeting in Pearson P.M., and Sundays 1 P.M. to 4 P.M. through Hall, Harrisonville, Bob Lund of Cass October. Men and women who have re­ County Disposal Company gave a program turned from the Persian Gulf were honored on "Recycling in Our County." William at the Society's annual Memorial Day ser­ D. Stilley, president of the Raytown His­ vice at the courthouse in Marble Hill on torical Society, spoke at the April 28 meet­ May 27. ing. Historical Notes and Comments 447

Cedar County Historical Society James M. McPherson, professor of history Polly Shipley presented "The Origin of at Princeton University, spoke at the May the Teddy Bear" at the Society's January 29 meeting. 28 meeting in the Shipley Antique Shop in Jerico Springs. At the February 25 meeting Clark County Historical Society in the community building in El Dorado New officers elected at the March 26 Springs, Luella Phipps told about her trip meeting include: Irene Smith, president; to the Hannibal area and the Mark Twain Doris Walker, vice president; Edith John­ Museum. The Society held its April 1 son, secretary; and Bonnie Sheffler, trea­ meeting in the museum building in Stock­ surer. The Society meets the fourth Tues­ ton; Don Owen showed slides taken in the day of each month at the Museum in Fiji Islands and Australia. Kahoka. Chariton County Historical Society Clinton County Historical Society Michael Fuller, associate professor of Mary Goldberg spoke at the March 9 anthropology, St. Louis Community Col­ meeting in the Plattsburg courthouse com­ lege at Florissant Valley, spoke on "The munity room on techniques she uses to First Americans at the End of the Ice make flags and Civil War-era clothing. Age" at the Society's April 21 meeting, Cole Camp Area Historical Society held in the museum at Salisbury. Officers for 1991 are Roy Donnell, presi­ Christian County Museum dent; Delia Mae Grabau, vice president; and Historical Society Lillie Stelling, secretary; and Ruth Fowler, treasurer. At the February 11 meeting mem­ The Society's Museum in Ozark is open bers watched a videotape on the Civil 1:30 P.M. to 4:30 P.M., Wednesday through War. Fredrich and Delia Mae Grabau Sunday. showed videotapes and spoke about their Civil War Round Table of Kansas City recent trip to Germany at the April 8 At the February 26 meeting in the Home­ meeting. The Society meets in the Cole stead Country Club, Prairie Village, Kan­ Camp High School. sas, Arnold Schofield, historian at Fort Scott National Historic Site, spoke on Cole County Historical Society "Bluebellies and Bushwhackers." Janae After a long period of restoration, in­ Fuller, Battle of Lexington State Historic augural ball gowns from the 1940s and Site administrator, presented "The Prelude other artifacts of the period are being to the Battle of Lexington" at the April 23 shown in the Society's museum in Jefferson meeting. City. Civil War Round Table of St. Louis Cooper County Historical Society At the March 27 meeting in Garavelli's At the Society's February 11 meeting in Restaurant, St. Louis, historian and author Pleasant Green Methodist Church, Richard Wiley Sword spoke on "Spring Hill-Frank­ Fisher spoke on "Memories of the Town lin-Nashville: The Confederacy's 'Last Hur­ of Pleasant Green," and Wayne Lammers rah.' " Terry J. Winschel, National Park showed a videotape and discussed the river- Service, Vicksburg, presented "To Rescue boat excavation at the mouth of the La- Gibraltar, Efforts of the Trans-Mississippi mine River. The March 11 meeting at Confederates to Relieve Fortress Vicks­ Christ Episcopal Church, Boonville, fea­ burg" at the April 24 meeting. On Ladies tured a presentation by Lloyd E. Geiger, Night, held May 10 in the Mercantile Li­ Sr., on "William Becknell, Founder of the brary, St. Louis, members were entertained Santa Fe Trail." Gloria Doty and Mary by the Patchwork Players and discussed Ann Kempf gave a program on "The Osage Civil War aspects of the Mercantile Library. Valley and Southern Kansas Railroad" at 448 Missouri Historical Review the April 8 meeting in the Bunceton Fed­ of history at Northwest Missouri State erated Church. University, Maryville, spoke on "The Wide Missouri." Crawford County Historical Society The Society held its April 18 meeting in Friends of Arrow Rock the basement of the Cuba Presbyterian On January 18, the Friends made final Church. Guest speakers were Percy Pasco payment of $40,000 to Helen McDaniel and Mayor Ray Martimeyer. and received the deed to the Old Post Office Building in Arrow Rock. The high­ Dallas County Historical Society light of the annual meeting, held April 28 At the April 18 meeting in the Museum at the Old Schoolhouse Community Build­ in Buffalo, Marie White Coleman, a native ing in Arrow Rock, was a presentation by of Leadmine, told the "History of the Lead- Roy Stubbs on "Arrow Rock and the mine Community." Santa Fe Trail." DeKalb County Historical Society Friends of Historic Boonville Officers for 1991-1993 are Ruth Owen, The Friends held their twentieth anni­ president; Bill Free, Martha Spiers, Emma versary gala April 20 in Boonville. Guests Newkirk, Martha Goodwin, Lora Lockhart attended pre-dinner receptions at the Hain and Cuma Ellis, vice presidents; Dorothy House and the Old Cooper County Jail Horsman, recording secretary; and Betty and dined and danced in Thespian Hall. Vinson, treasurer.

Dent County Historical Society Friends of Keytesville Society members heard Robert K. Gil­ On May 2, the Friends sponsored their more, Southwest Missouri State University, annual luncheon, fashion show and card Springfield, speak on entertainment in the party at the Keytesville Community Build­ Ozarks at the turn of the century at the ing. May 10 meeting in the Salem Community Friends of Missouri Town-1855 Center. Newly elected officers are Bette Brough- Ferguson Historical Society ton, president; Mavis Simmons, vice presi­ The February 21 meeting, held at the dent; Connie McKay, secretary; and Lee First Presbyterian Church, included a film Walkington, treasurer. Elwyn Cady spoke on the 1904 World's Fair entitled, / Was at the April 7 meeting in Woods Chapel There. In keeping with the theme of the on "The 200th Anniversary of the Bill of World's Fair, ice cream and hot dogs were Rights" and "Benjamin Franklin's Inven­ served. tions." Florissant Valley Historical Society Friends of Old St. Ferdinand Shrine On May 4, the Society held its annual Members held the annual business meet­ Valley of Flowers House Tour. Sites on ing on April 15 in the school building on the tour included the Zykan House, Salem the Shrine grounds. The annual Valley of Evangelical Lutheran Church, the Bogue the Flowers celebration was held May 3-5 Home, Taille De Noyer, the Kienstra at the Shrine in Florissant. House and St. Stanislaus Seminary. All proceeds will help restore the roof on the Gasconade County Historical Society Society's museum. The Society held its quarterly member­ ship meeting on April 28 at the St. John's Franklin County Historical Society United Church of Christ in Bern. Following The Society held its spring meeting, a dinner served by the ladies of the church, April 14, at the First Nationwide Bank in Allen and Carol Sigoloff, present owners Union; Harmon Mothershead, professor of the Niebruegge-Wolking 1850 stone Historical Notes and Comments 449 house near Drake, and craftsman Peter house and yard sale at the Cuddy House Dircks used slides, photographs, docu­ in Bethany. At their May 7 meeting in the ments and some architectural details in a Eastwood Terrace Community Center, Beth­ presentation on the house's history and any, Sidney Larson, professor of art at restoration. Columbia College, gave a presentation on "Bingham and Benton: Missouri Painters." Glendale Historical Society Former Glendale mayor Roger Zimmer- Phoebe Apperson Hearst mann spoke on "Birthing Pains of Glen­ Historical Society, Inc. dale" at the March 14 meeting in Glendale The Society held its annual Arbor Ob­ City Hall. New officers for 1991 are Roger servance at Hearst Friendship Park near Zimmermann, president and Oscar Fuchs, St. Clair on April 7. vice president. Henry County Historical Society Grand River Historical Society The Henry County Museum in Clinton At the quarterly membership meeting reopened April 1. From April 6 through on April 9 in the Coburn Building, Chilli- April 27 the Museum and the Artesian cothe, Roger Robinson spoke on "Soda Arts Council of the Clinton Area Chamber Pop and Pop Bottles." The Society's mu­ of Commerce sponsored an exhibit entitled seum is open Sunday and Tuesday, 1 P.M. "Faces of Destiny: Portraits from the 1898 to 4 P.M., April through October. Indian Congress," which featured forty modern prints made from the original glass Grandview Historical Society negatives. On April 18 members gathered On March 4 the Society held its annual at the museum in Clinton and displayed "Green Dinner" in the Depot Museum "Gadgets from Yesteryear." meeting room. V. G. Johnson, from the genealogical department, Mid-Continent Heritage Seekers Library, Independence, presented "Are You At the February 18 meeting in the Pal­ a Detective?" at the April 1 meeting. The myra State Bank Community Room, Mau- Society held its annual Pancake Breakfast rine Johnson displayed handmade band­ on April 6. In celebration of the Society's boxes and demonstrated techniques used tenth anniversary, past presidents gave in making them. comments on highlights during their terms in office at the May 6 meeting. On May Hickory County Historical Society 18, the Society participated in the parade On May 3-5, the Society participated in during Harry's Hay Days, a celebration of the annual Pomme de Terre Rendezvous Harry Truman's birthday, in Grandview. held at Pomme de Terre Lake. Greene County Historical Society Historic Bethel Colony The Society held its February 28 meeting Through a grant from the Missouri in the Glenstone Heritage Cafeteria, Spring­ Humanities Council and the National En­ field. Mary Ellen Gifford and Rosemary dowment for the Humanities, and support Bane presented vignettes on five Ozark from the Goethe Institute-St. Louis, the women who lived during the Civil War. Colony has recently finished a year-long The Society has republished its walking project to examine the religious beliefs of tour guide of Springfield's historic sites. early Bethel colonists and to document The two-mile tour is designed to acquaint their musical life. The Colony held a wood- participants with Springfield's downtown carving and quilt show, April 20-21, and past. Brochures are available from the an antique show and sale, May 18-19. Springfield Chamber of Commerce. Historic Kansas City Foundation Harrison County Historical Society Members of the Foundation met April On May 4 the Society held an open 11 at the Woman's City Club in Kansas 450 Missouri Historical Review

City for the first in a series of dinner the Society, effective April 1. On April 13, forums addressing the importance of plan­ the Society gave a workshop on "Planning ning the preservation process. George an Herb Garden" at the Wornall House Ehrlich, Bob Claybaugh, Ellen Goheen Museum, Wornall Road and 61st Terrace, and Whitney Kerr participated in a dis­ Kansas City. The Society held its annual cussion moderated by Greg Allen, chair of spring plant sale April 27 at the Museum. the Kansas City Landmarks Commission. The Museum is open Tuesday and Satur­ day, 10 A.M. to 4 P.M. and Sunday, 1 P.M. to Historical Association of 4 P.M. On September 28-29 on the grounds Greater Cape Girardeau of the Wornall House Museum, "The Past During the March 11 meeting at Chateau Preserved: Civil War Scenarios" will occur. Girardeau in Cape Girardeau, Sharon San­ The weekend event will include an au­ ders, staff member of the Southeast Mis­ thentic soldiers' encampment, and special sourian, gave a slide program entitled "A tours with an emphasis on women and the Pictorial History of Cape Girardeau." house's role during the Battle of Westport. Beginning August 1, tickets will go on Historical Association of Greater St. Louis sale, and reservations must be made before Members toured Old French settlements the event. For more information, call (816) in Illinois and Missouri on April 6. Sites 444-1858. visited on the day trip included Fort Chartres, Kaskaskia, the Menard House Jasper County Historical Society and Ste. Genevieve. The Association held At the March 10 meeting, members en­ its annual banquet May 3 at the Salad joyed a guided tour of Kendrick House, Bowl Restaurant in St. Louis. Kendricktown. Michele Newton gave the tour, and Gary Hansford described repro­ Historical Society of Maries County ducing the vintage floor coverings. The Society met April 28 in Vienna. Ray Brassieur, programs coordinator for Jennings Historical Society the Missouri Cultural Heritage Center in At the April 21 meeting in the Jennings Columbia, spoke on "Missouri Tradi­ Civic Center, Society members watched a tions." slide show entitled "Jennings of the Past." It featured the Jennings Fire Department Historical Society of Polk County from the time of the Volunteer Department At the Society's March 28 meeting in until the present. the North Ward Museum, Bolivar, the Pleasant Hope Future Homemakers of Johnson County Historical Society America reported on their restoration of Glenn Stahl presented a program on the old Case Cemetery near Rock Prairie. "Western Johnson County" at the May 5 meeting in the Old Courthouse, Warrens­ Iron County Historical Society burg. The Society held its annual meeting April 21 in the Star of the West Lodge Joplin Historical Society building, Ironton. Edward Boyd presented A spring display at the Dorothea Hoover a historical sketch of the building, and Historical Museum featured "Technology officers were elected. The new officers are of Yesterday, Communications and Me­ Jackie Huffman, president; Carolyn Sheehy, dia." vice president; Brenda Turner, secretary; and Mary Etta Killen, treasurer. Kansas City Fire Brigade The Brigade installed Thomas J. Pol­ Jackson County Historical Society lard, John J. Lynch and Chester McGrury Barbara Potts, former mayor of Inde­ into their Hall of Fame on February 21. pendence, was named executive director of Jerry Adkins has been appointed director Historical Notes and Comments 451 of the Brigade's museum. The Brigade's man. The Society's annual spring banquet new address is 1019 Cherry, Kansas City, was held April 22 at the Wyota Restaurant, MO 64106. Lebanon. Kansas City Westerners Lafayette County Historical Society Carlton Philpot, instructor at the Army Leslie Anders, Warrensburg, author of Command Staff College at Fort Leaven­ "The Confederate Honor Roll: Missouri," worth, discussed "The Legacy of the Buf­ spoke at the Society's annual Founders falo Soldier" at the February 12 meeting Day banquet held April 25 in the Rebekah at the Hereford House, Kansas City. The Lodge Hall at Higginsville. March 12 meeting featured David Widder's presentation on the saga of the Ward fam­ Landmarks Association of ily of Kansas City. Members met on April Greater St. Louis 9 and heard Ross Marshall, Shawnee Mis­ The Association and the St. Louis Chap­ sion, Kansas, discuss "River Crossings on ter of the American Institute of Architects the Oregon Trail." sponsored a bus tour to Frank Lloyd Wright's Dana-Thomas House in Spring­ Kimmswick Historical Society field, Illinois, on March 10. On April 19- Howard C. Litton reviewed his recently 20, members spent a weekend touring Eu­ published book, Tanglefoot, Vol. I, a his­ reka Springs and Fayetteville, Arkansas. tory of Festus, Missouri, at the March 4 The Association and the City Living Pro­ meeting of the Society in Kimmswick Hall. gram: St. Louis Community Development James Swift, writer for Waterways Jour­ Agency sponsored St. Louis Preservation nal, showed slides illustrating the history Week, May 11-19. of boats on the Missouri and Mississippi rivers at the April 1 meeting. Lawrence County Historical Society Rosemary Bain and Mary Ellen Gifford Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society gave the program at the May 19 meeting The Society held its April 14 meeting in in Jones Memorial Chapel, Mount Vernon. Reeves Library, Westminster College, Ful­ ton. Members browsed through old Cal­ Lexington Historical Association laway County newspapers, some dating to The Association's annual membership the 1870s. The Society's museum is open meeting, April 25, at Rivertown Inn, Lex­ 1:00 P.M. to 4:00 P.M., Tuesdays and Thurs­ ington, featured Larry Olpin, Central Mis­ days. souri State University, Warrensburg, speaking on "The Stuff of Legends: John Kirkwood Historical Society Brown and William Quantrill." Society officers are John "Jack" Rutter, president; Joseph "Joe" Godi, vice presi­ Lincoln County Historical Society dent; Marian Phelps, secretary; and Don On March 24, in historic Britton House, Walla, treasurer. William P. Wunderlich Troy, the Society sponsored a display of spoke on "The History of the American paintings by award-winning artist Doris Flag" at the March 12 meeting in the Ferguson, and members toured the restored Parish House of Grace Episcopal Church, structure. James Paulding, professor of Kirkwood. humanities at Northeast Missouri State University, Kirksville, showed a film on Laclede County Historical Society The Life and Times of Daniel Boone at Officers for 1991 are Esther Griffin, presi­ the April 18 meeting at TACOA in Troy. dent; Isabel Long, vice president; Lena Burns, recording secretary; Dorothy Cal- Linn County Historical Society ton, treasurer; Lois Hill, corresponding The Society held its annual dinner meet­ secretary; and Kirk Pearce, publicity chair­ ing April 19 at the Carrousel Restaurant 452 Missouri Historical Review in Brookfield. Mike Brown, site adminis­ artists, musicians and singers gave demon­ trator of the Pershing Boyhood Home in strations and performed folk and ethnic Laclede, gave a program on "The Old music and dances. Covered Bridges in the United States and Their History." Officers also were elected. Montgomery County Historical Society They are Gary Howell, president; Gary The Society held its annual dinner April McCollum, first vice president; Jack Stigall, 25 at the Bellflower Community Center. William Auchly presented a slide program second vice president; John Dinsmore, trea­ titled, "Bellflower Scrapbook." surer; and Audrey Stigall, secretary. Morgan County Historical Society Meramec Station Historical Society Members met April 15 at the Pioneer During May, the Society of Valley Park Restaurant in Versailles. Bill and Dorothy presented displays of river area pictures Williams gave a program on "The History and memorabilia at meetings of the Sacred of Versailles Westminster Presbyterian Heart Church Ladies Club and the Mera­ Church Through its First 100 Years." The mec River Recreational Association. Society's museum in Versailles is open Miller County Historical Society through September 2. The Society elected officers at their April Neelyville Area Historical Society 14 meeting in the museum building in Carl Steele and Mrs. Jerry Cox showed Tuscumbia. Officers for 1991 are Frances their collections of old postcards at the Varner, president; John Dowler, vice presi­ April 11 meeting in the Neelyville school dent; Peggy Hake, secretary; and Helen building. The messages on the cards re­ Gibson, treasurer. Some seventy-five per­ vealed happenings in the area in the early sons attended the pot-luck dinner. David 1900s. After a two-month feasibility study, Spalding of Eldon gave a program on the the Society requested that the school board Civil War era. A member of a reenactment turn the school bus maintenance building group, he displayed artifacts from the war. over to the community to be renovated The grand opening of the Society's new into a Community Center. The structure is museum was held June 2. located on the site of the first Negro school building in Neelyville. Missouri Historical Society The Society and the University of Mis- John G. Neihardt Corral of the Westerners souri-St. Louis are researching the history Ruth Phillippi spoke on "The Trail of of the metropolitan area. The combined Tears" at the February 14 meeting held in effort, to be called the St. Louis Historical the Days Inn, Columbia. At the April 11 Research Center, will operate in the Soci­ meeting, Norman Brown, of the Depart­ ety's library, in the former United Hebrew ment of Natural Resources, Division of Temple on Skinker Boulevard. The re­ Geology and Land Surveys, gave a program search will help provide solutions to cur­ entitled "Early Surveys of the State of rent community problems. Possible topics Missouri." include: black migration after World War I; the effect of World War II on women, Newton County Historical Society minorities, housing, work and industry; The Society held an "I Feel Good About how health issues as diverse as sewers, Neosho" sock hop April 12 in the Neosho pools and prostitution affected politics; Municipal Auditorium. All proceeds will the consequences of the Civil War; and help renovate the one-room schoolhouse analysis of early census data. The Society in Neosho. It is located next to the Soci­ held a cultural heritage fair May 11 on the ety's museum on Washington Street. On South Terrace at the Jefferson Memorial April 13, the Society displayed a replica of Building in Forest Park; master craft the Newton County Historical Park at the Historical Notes and Comments 453

Soroptimist Women's Fair in the Neosho Reynolds spoke on the ship-building in­ City Auditorium. In celebration of Thomas dustry. He had worked for Potts Ship­ Hart Benton's birthday, the Society held a building in St. Louis and Caruthersville, Students' Benton Art Show April 14 at the 1930 to 1966. Marjorie Magee gave a pro­ Historical Museum in Neosho. gram on "Gayoso, Missouri: Lost County Seat of Pemiscot County," at the March Old Mines Area Historical Society 22 meeting. The Society held its annual meeting on February 17 in its Archive Building at Perry County Historical Society Fertile. Members reviewed activities of The Perry County Museum is open May 1990 and discussed prospective activities through October, Wednesdays and week­ for the coming year. They voted to take ends, 1 P.M. to 4 P.M. or by appointment. part in Washington County's Chamber-of- Faherty House tours also are available Commerce-sponsored Moses Austin Days upon request. Both sites are located in in June in Potosi. Perryville. Old Trails Historical Society Perry County Lutheran Historical Society At the meeting on March 20 at the On April 27-28, the Society participated Town and Country Commons, Michael in the Mississippi River Valley Scenic Fuller, anthropologist, gave a program on Drive project sponsored by Southeast Mis­ "The First Missourians." Over fifty quilts souri State University, Cape Girardeau. were displayed at the Society's Quilt Show May 5 at Henry School. On that same day Phelps County Historical Society the Society held its annual Herb and Bake The Society held its annual spring meet­ Sale at Bacon Cabin, Manchester. ing at the Eugene Northern Community Hall in Rolla on April 28. The guest speak­ Oregon-California Trails Association, er, Robert K. Gilmore, Southwest Mis­ Trails Head Chapter souri State University, spoke on "Ozark The Association held its annual meeting Baptisings, Hangings, and Other Diver­ February 21 at the National Frontier Trails sions." Center, Independence. The speaker for the evening was Pauline Fowler, adviser on Pike County Historical Society the Santa Fe Trail Council. Kathleen The Society met April 9 at the VFW Tuohey spoke on "The Cemetery" Hall in Bowling Green. Bob Denney of at the Association's April 18 meeting at Louisiana, Missouri, spoke on "Apples the Trails Center. The cemetery is one of Historically Speaking." the earliest in the Kansas City area. Platte County Historical Society At the April 28 meeting in the Ramada Osage County Historical Society Hotel KCI, members displayed photo­ On February 25, members toured the graphs of the Museum taken during the St. Joseph Catholic Church and the West­ past fourteen years and discussed "Our phalia Historical Society's Museum in Museum Before and After." The Ben Fer­ Westphalia. After lunch, members heard rel Platte County Museum, Platte City, is Charles Mink, Lincoln University, speak open Tuesday through Saturday, noon to on "The Civil War in Missouri." 4 P.M., through October. Pemiscot County Historical Society Pleasant Hill Historical Society On January 25, in the First National At the April 29 meeting in the Pleasant Bank, Caruthersville, Sister Mary Frances Hill Museum, Marie Terry told the Society Reis spoke on the adult "Learning Center," of her experiences reconditioning an old sponsored by the Catholic Church at Steele. downtown building into a bed and break­ At the February 22 meeting George Mc- fast. 454 Missouri Historical Review

Ralls County Historical Society program on "Bingham and Benton: Mis­ The Society met March 18 in the V.F.W. souri Painters." Both programs were at Auxiliary Hall in Center for its monthly the Buckner House, Marshall. The pro­ carry-in supper. Members displayed numer­ grams were made possible through a grant ous items concerning the various American from the Missouri Humanities Council, wars. the National Endowment for the Humani­ ties and the Deer Creek Foundation. Raytown Historical Society The Society held its "Eighth Annual Scott County Historical Society Spaghetti Day" March 23 at Minor Smith Joan Feezor and Margaret Beggs gave a Hall with more than 400 persons in atten­ seminar on "How to preserve old histori­ dance. Members celebrated the Society's cal records and documents" at the May 7 twenty-fifth anniversary on April 24. For meeting in the Benton courthouse. The the program, Sandy Carnahan and Andy new book, The Great New Madrid Earth­ Gerrard showed videotapes concerning the quake Fiasco and Panic of 1990, is now Parks and Recreation Department. available for $5.00, plus $1.00 postage, from Edison Shrum, 509 Ruth Street, St. Charles County Historical Society Scott City, Missouri 63780. At the annual dinner meeting on April 25 at Annie's Country Buffet, St. Charles, Smoky Hill Railway and Society members met "Rebecca Boone" Historical Society, Inc. and voted on changes in the bylaws. The At their February 8 and March 8 social Society held a silent bid auction of the meetings in Dryden's Drug Store and Deli antique furnishings from the historic Mar­ in Belton, Society members viewed video­ ten/Becker home, April 26-27, at the First tapes which included footage of their steam United Methodist Church in St. Charles. excursion trips last summer. Officers for 1991 are Bob McKeighan, president; David St. Joseph Historical Society Lindquist and Dennis Studdard, vice presi­ The Society held its quarterly meeting dents; and Bob Leeka, membership secre­ April 7 at their Robidoux Row Museum. tary. Christopher Leitch of Kansas City pre­ sented a program on "Fabrics Since the Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray Civil War or Threads of History." At the February 17 meeting held at the American Bank in Maryville, Jim Curram St. Louis Browns Fan Club showed two videotapes entitled Photography Chet Lambs, Bob Muncrief and Beau of the Civil War and The Battle of Stones Bell were inducted into the Club's Hall of River. Tom Keaveny spoke on the North­ Fame at the May 23 banquet at Joe ern victory parade after the end of the Hanon's Restaurant. The Hall of Fame is Civil War at the April 21 meeting. The located at Maryville College's Library. May 19 meeting featured a presentation Members of the 1951, 1952 and 1953 on "The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Browns also were honored. and the Capture of John Wilkes Booth" Saline County Historical Society by Orville Kelim. In April, May and June, the Society South East Missouri Civil War and the Marshall Public Library sponsored Round Table a number of programs concerning Mis­ Twelve-year-old Jason Stevenson gave souri history. Adolf Schroeder, Columbia, the program at the March 7 meeting in the presented a program on "History and Ozark Regional Library, Ironton. He told Mystery in Missouri Place Names," on the group why he was interested in the April 7. On May 5, Sidney Larson, pro­ Civil War and showed a videotape entitled fessor of art at Columbia College, gave a Touring Civil War Battlefields. Historical Notes and Comments 455

Stone County Historical Society Wentzville Community Historical Society At the April 7 meeting in Galena City The regular membership dinner meeting Hall, Jack Green showed a plaque the was held at the Crossroads Cafe on March Society will place on the courthouse in 18. Society members elected seven board Galena designating its inclusion on the members. Norm Stuckey, environmental National Register of Historic Places. coordinator for the Missouri Conservation Texas County Missouri Genealogical Commission, gave a slide show on the and Historical Society history of the Missouri River, and he fin­ On March 22, Alice Fourt Crawford, a ished with a rendition of "Shenandoah" forty-two-year veteran teacher, spoke to played on the harmonica. Also on March the Society on "Texas County School Re­ 18, the Society sponsored a fund-raising flections." Gloria Bogart Carter, from the program by the Cannon Dam Opry at the Ozarks Genealogical Society of Spring­ Wentzville High School. field, gave two mini-seminars concerning genealogy on April 27 and May 4. Society Weston Historical Museum meetings are held at the Stained Glass The Museum held its annual spring clean­ Theatre in Houston. Officers for 1991 are up on March 14 for the March 16 opening. Shirley Wenger, president; Mildred Mel­ New items on display include Indian moc­ ton, vice president; Christina Hadley, re­ casins, jewelry, antique clothing, kitchen cording secretary; Velma Adams, corre­ items and early Weston Chronicle news­ sponding secretary; and Alzada Durham, paper equipment. The museum offered ex­ treasurer. tended hours during the Civil War reen­ actment, April 20-21. Union Cemetery Historical Society At the March 23 meeting of the Society Westport Historical Society in the Sexton's Cottage at Union Cemetery, On May 4 and 5, members of the Society Kansas City, Sonny Wells provided the toured covered bridges in Missouri. The program. His slide presentation featured participants visited all four remaining cov­ "Unusual and Large Tombstones of the ered bridges, made a short stop in Ste. Midwest." In addition, Wells showed slides Genevieve and ate supper in the building concerning the sixteen Medal of Honor General U. S. Grant used as his headquar­ recipients buried in Kansas City-area ceme­ teries. ters during the 1862 Belmont campaign. Vernon County Historical Society White River Valley Historical Society Cliff Norris of Nevada presented the The Society met March 10 in the ban­ program at a special meeting of the Soci­ quet room of the Friendship House at the ety, April 21, in the City-County Com­ College of the Ozarks, Point Lookout. munity Center in Nevada. He showed a George Sabo, professor of anthropology, videotape of buildings in Nevada, with a University of Arkansas, gave a program commentary about their history. Members on "Recent Discoveries of Ancient Indian approved a revision of the Society's by­ Life of the Ozarks." laws. Winston Historical Society Washington Historical Society The Society obtained a set of old-fash­ The Society's museum is open Saturday ioned lighting fixtures for its remodeling and Sunday, 1 P.M. to 4 P.M., April through project of the Winston Depot. Members December. held a work day at the depot on April 6.

The Why of Politeness Kansas City Weekly Journal of Commerce, January 13, 1870. Politeness is like an air cushion—there may be nothing in it, but it eases our jolts wonderfully. 456 Missouri Historical Review

GIFTS Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc., St. Louis, donor, through Jesse Aguirre: Annual reports, 1975-1977, 1979, 1981-1986, 1988-1990. (R)* John Bradley Arthaud, Columbia, donor: Books and publications related to genealogical research and family history. (R) Ballantine Books, New York, New York, donor, through Elizabeth Flagler: A Book of Bees, by Sue Hubbell. (R) Deri Barnett, Dunlap, Illinois, donor: Obituaries: A Collection . . . St. Clair Co., Missouri, by donor. (R) Jeanne Barr, Columbia, donor: Columbia Audubon Society publications, loaned for copying. (R) Arlo Dwight Baty, Torrance, California, donor: Items extracted from Unionville Republican, 1915, 1920, 1921, (N); "Lineage Charts Buckallew, Holts and Allied Families," by donor. (R) Robert Baumann, Columbia, donor: Proceedings of annual meetings, membership directories and newsletters of Mis­ souri Political Science Association. (R) Bruce Beckett, Columbia, donor: Missouri Legal Directory, 1989. (R) Trenton Boyd, Columbia, donor: Telephone directories for the St. Louis area. (R) Jane Gray Buchanan, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, donor: Thomas Thompson and Ann Finney . . . Allied Lines of Finney, Mc Allister, Buchanan, and Hart, by donor. (R) Marilyn D. Cain, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, donor: . . . Wright Family Virginia, Kentucky & Missouri, compiled by donor. (R) Clarence M. Carroll, Wichita, Kansas, donor: "Civil War History of 31st Missouri Volunteer Infantry Regiment: Company T' & Private William Carroll," by donor and Robert E. Parkin. (R) Central Missouri Affiliate of Habitat for Humanity, Columbia, donor, through Vernie Blank: Eight issues of Show Me Central Habitat. (R) Daniel Boone Regional Library, Columbia, donor: City directories for Boonville, Columbia, Independence and Moberly. (R) Daniel Boone Regional Library, donor, through LaDonna Justice, Fulton: Over 15 recent Missouri community and regional telephone directories. (R)

•These letters indicate the location of the materials at the Society. (R) refers to Reference Library; (E), Editorial Office; (M), Manuscripts; (RFC), Reference Fitzgerald Collection; (N), Newspaper Library; (B), Bay Room; and (A), Art Room. Historical Notes and Comments 457

Daughters of the American Revolution, Sarah Barton Murphy Chapter, donor, through Mrs. William G. Murdick, Farmington: "Masonic Cemetery Records. Farmington, St. Francois County, Missouri, 1804- 1989," by Irene Hulsey Murdick and Nellie Murphy Best. (R) Damian L. Dietlein, St. Meinrad, Indiana, donor: Two volumes in Heembrock family tree series, by donor. (R) Timothy D. Dollens, Columbia, donor: "Hill-Houke Families Cemetery," Montgomery County. (R) Duke University Library, Durham, North Carolina, donor, through Jane Caserta: A directory of Jasper County, Missouri, circa 1900. (R) Rosemary G. Evans, North Kansas City, donor: Items relating to Donald Long and Loula Long Combs. (R) First Christian Church, Jefferson City, donor, through Tom Drake: Church publications and minutes of official board for 1990. (R) Virginia Lee Fisher, Arrow Rock, on behalf of Ruth Engel Monroe, donor: Ruth Engel Monroe Memoir. (M) Skip Gatermann, St. Louis, donor: Black and white photographs and color slides, taken by donor, of railroad and river related scenes, marathon runners and St. Louis area buildings, historic sites and scenes, (E); Bronco Tribune, school newspaper. (R) German Genealogical Society of America, , California, donor, through Frances Ferrier Hanks: A History of the Schmalhorst, Smallhorst, Smallhurst and Weiberg, Weyberg, Whybark Families in America, by Frances Ferrier Hanks. (R) James W. Goodrich, Columbia, donor: Carving Caricatures from the Missouri Foothills, by Jim Maxwell. (R) Larry A. Hamblen, , California, donor: Our Hamblen Heritage, by donor. (R) Alice Henson, Jefferson City, donor: George: A Puzzling Pedigree, by donor and Mary Burton George James. (R) James Medley Hill, New Boston, donor: "A History of Goldsberry and Tullvania" and "Grandview High School: Drake Township, Macon County, Mo.," by donor. (R) W. B. House, Kansas City, donor: Bell's map of Jackson County, Missouri, 1897, loaned for copying. (R) Larry A. James, Neosho, donor: "Lane Family," by Ormie H. Lane. (R) Kansas State Historical Society, Topeka, Kansas, donor, through Nancy Sherbert: Postcards relating to Kansas City and Missouri sites and two color prints by H. Lewis. (E) 458 Missouri Historical Review

Jack Kennedy, Columbia, donor: Material on old St. Louis Arsenal and Camp Jackson, loaned for copying. (R) Laclede County Genealogical Society, Lebanon, donor, through Wilbert D. Tuck: "Mount Rose Memorial Park, Established 1953," compiled by donor. (R) Mary J. Lang, Columbia, donor: Educational Horizons: The Official Publication of Pi Lambda Theta, volumes 35- 69. (R) Greg Lawson, Edwardsburg, Michigan, donor: Items relating to Winston, Missouri. (R) Howard C. Litton, Festus, donor: Miscellaneous publications, programs and articles relating to Festus, Crystal City, Jefferson County and education, railroads and the donor, (R); photographs of school class at Valles Mines, 1894, and gasoline buggy, built by Dr. J. M. Grensfelder, 1901. (E) June Martin McCoy, Nelson, donor: My Mothers Family, by Noah H. Bradley and Index: Past and Present of Saline County, Missouri, by Napton, 1910, compiled by donor. (R) Byron McDaniel, Leawood, Kansas, donor: School record book for Fortuna, Missouri, grammar school, recorded by Lora Woods Atkeson, 1908-1913. (R) Ruth Minner, Columbia, donor: Information on Valley Springs Cemetery, Boone County. (R) Missouri Department of Conservation, donor, through Joseph S. Ryan, Rolla: Missouri Natural Features Inventory: Howell Co., Texas Co., Wright Co., by Joe Ryan and Timothy E. Smith. (R) Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, donor, through Thomas J. Troughton: Videotape, Grandin . . . The Big Mill & Tall Timber. (E) Missouri Department of Conservation, Natural History Division, Jefferson City, donor, through Michael P. Currier: Twelve volumes in the Missouri Natural Features Inventory series. (R) Missouri East Annual Conference, United Methodist Church, donor, through Robert C. Hemmerla, Bonne Terre: Missouri East Annual Conference Journal, 1961-1990. (R) Missouri Native Plant Society, donor, through Linden Trial, Columbia: Publications of the Society. (R) Montgomery County Historical Society, Montgomery City, donor, through Marjorie M. Miller: Reprint with index of Standard Atlas of Montgomery County Missouri, 1897. (R) Leona S. Morris, Columbia, donor: Miscellaneous publications, newsletters and brochures from a variety of business, church, cultural and charitable groups, Central Methodist College, Fayette and the University of Missouri and promoting tourism, (R); postcards of University of Missouri campus, Columbia. (E) Historical Notes and Comments 459

M. Kathryn Mudd, Versailles, donor: Photographs of Sarah Crow and Mary McRorie Putnam, (E); copies of Putnam family letters. (R) Siegmar Muehl, Iowa City, Iowa, donor: "Rhineland, Missouri Scrapbook: A Quarter Century 1902-1927," by donor and Lois Muehl. (R) William E. Newby, Wilmington, Delaware, donor: "Newby: Missouri Descendants of Henry Newby, of Lancaster County, Virginia," by donor and Mark H. Newby. (R) Orphan Train Heritage Society of America, donor, through Mary Ellen Johnson, Springdale, Arkansas: Society publications, Crossroads, Vols. 1-14, membership directories and reference materials. (R) Beverly H. and Walter L. Pfeffer II, Columbia, donors: Miscellaneous publications, programs, invitations and brochures from a variety of business, educational, civic, conservation, cultural, charitable and political organizations and associations. (R) Peggy Platner, Columbia, donor: Adventure books published by Walt Disney. (RFC) R. L. Polk & Co., Kansas City, donor: City directories for Chillicothe and Lebanon, 1989. (R) Thomas L. Prater, Columbia, donor: "Odon Guitar: Travails of a 19th Century Missouri Conservative," by Mark J. Zimmermann. (R) G. Andy Runge, Mexico, donor: Alva L. McDonald letters, 1899-1901, while stationed in the Philippines. (M) St. Louis Public Library, St. Louis, donor, through Glen E. Holt: Donor's annual reports for 1987-1988 and 1988-1989. (R) Elenore Schewe, Vandalia, donor: Static in 1986: Reunion of the Classes of 1933 Through 1939, Vandalia High School. (R) Donald G. Smith, Santa Barbara, California, donor: Black and white photograph of students at Pleasant Green School, Monroe County, 1910. (E) Olan Leroy Smith, Huntsville, donor: Material on family of Dr. John Jefferson Lowry and Haines, Wescott, Wright, Heath and Hammett families. (R) Scott Standifer, Columbia, donor: Scripts for Missouri History Spots on KBIA radio, by donor. (R) Mrs. William Stephenson, Columbia, donor: Two black and white photographs by Andy Tau. (A) 460 Missouri Historical Review

George T. Trial, Columbia, donor: Yearbooks, Nevada High School, 1920s, and Paseo High School, Kansas City, 1930. (R) Mrs. Homer Twenter, Pilot Grove, donor: Genealogical information on the Bechtold, Lammers and Twenter families. (R) Kathleen Wagy, Quincy, Illinois, donor: Copy of "Annual Catalogue of Labelle Public Schools 1905-1906" and index, compiled by donor. (R) Mrs. James H. Walker, Marble Falls, Texas, donor: Material on the Wooldridge family and Wooldridge, Missouri. (R) Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-Rolla, donor, through Mark Stauter, Rolla: Seventy-Fifth Anniversary and Homecoming at Meta, Missouri, October 1977. (R) Mrs. Howard Willmoth, Ferguson, donor: Biographical sketches of Rev. James Glenn Willmoth and Howard Glenn Willmoth, by Mildred Willmoth. (R) Robert G. and Margie McDaniel Woods, St. Louis, donors: Miscellaneous books and publications related to United Methodist churches in Missouri, Christ Church Cathedral, St. Louis, and the donors, (R); over 400 photo­ graphs relating to donors' families. (M)

The State Historical Society libraries will not be available to researchers on September 21, the day of the Society's annual meeting. Instead, special exhibits of the Society's holdings will be on display and open to the public for viewing during the after­ noon, 2-4 P.M.

No Sheepskins Given Missouri Alumnus, May, 1919. College graduates received no sheepskins this year, according to Thomas O'Shaugh- nessey of Chicago, diploma specialist, who stated recently that graduation certificates are being issued on plain paper, camouflaged to resemble parchment. America relied on Europe for its stock of diploma material, he said, and the supply had been exhausted long ago. None is being shipped in at present. Historical Notes and Comments 461 MISSOURI HISTORY IN NEWSPAPERS Albany Ledger March 27, 1991—Central Christian College "Historic school building remembered," by Jack T. Pitzer. Belle Banner May 1, 1991—"Yesteryears In Bland; Linnenbrink Store." Blue Springs Examiner April 3, 1991—"Victory Gardens teach sharing," by Earl Aronson. Boonville Daily News February 18, 1991—"Boonville featured in preservation article," by Claire F. Black well, reprinted. February 21—"Boonville landmark example of state preservation effort," by Claire F. Blackwell, reprinted. March 29—"20th anniversary, Friends [of Historic Boonville] planning gala cele­ bration." Brookfield Daily News-Bulletin April 2, 1991—George Caleb "Bingham Work Worth Millions." Brunswick Brunswicker February 7, 14, 21, 28, March 7, 14, 28, 1991—A series on Chariton County towns by Blake Sasse featured respectively: Dean Lake, Trade, Monticello, Indian Grove, Chraneville, Musselfork and Rockford. April 25—"Chariton County towns: First mill built in Mussel Fork Township by James Guthridge in 1851," by Blake Sasse. Buffalo Reflex April 17, 1991—"UMC Church [United Methodist Church of Fair Grove] celebrates 100th year." Cape Girardeau Southeast Missourian February 6, 13, 20, 27, March 6, 13, 20, 27, April 3, 1991—"The River City of Cape Girardeau and its environs," a series of historical articles by K. J. H. Cochran. February 10—"Reactivation of 'Mighty Mo' jogs retired fire chiefs memories" of Charles Mills, by Tom Neumeyer. February 24—A series of articles on the decades of the twentieth century by Jay Eastlick, Tom Neumeyer and Julie Bollman. March 4—"Ax-Wielding Carry Nation." April 1—"Immigrants Find Route To Cape Fraught With Problems," by Pat Zellmer. April 7—"Noted historians address state conference held here." Carthage Press February 4, 1991—" Tildy' Reiley was unique link with a colorful past." This and the articles below by Marvin L. VanGilder. February 11—"Old World garden was a unique Esrom landmark." February 18—"Esrom life was dangerous during reconstruction era." February 25—"Essential services provided at Esrom." February 26—"Professional health care a recent arrival, Modern medicine relatively new to area as historians count time." 462 Missouri Historical Review

March 7—"Cadar Coates was popular as Esrom's justice of peace." March 7—"Local man writes magazine article describing the Osage War of 1837." March 13—Elihu Martin, "Saloonkeeper an Esrom personality." March 20—"Mail and music both stirred excitement at Esrom stores." March 28—"Horses important at Esrom." April 2—"Big barns were significant factors in Esrom area life." April 10—"The cowboy and the lady found happiness at Esrom." April 25—Lloyd "Arner told story of rural neighborhood in a book." Cassville Barry County Advertiser February 13, 1991—"Remember 1931? —Clover and Prosperity Meeting." Christian Science Monitor February 8, 1991—"Rescuing the Rich History of Black Baseball," by David Conrads. Colorado Springs Gazette Telegraph April 21, 1991—Colorado "Springs man finds family room art is national treasure, Lost Bingham work authenticated," by Linda Terhune. April 21—"Artist [George Caleb] Bingham helped chronicle frontier life," by David Okamoto. Columbia Daily Tribune February 17, 1991—"Osage chief, early governor gave lesson in diplomacy," by Tom Ladwig. February 24, March 10—"Whatever Happened To . . . ," a series by Francis Pike and Midge Crawford featured respectively: Grasslands Plantation and the Welch Mili­ tary Academy. April 22—"Boonehenge, [railroad] Stonework graces glen," by Tracy L. Barnett. Columbia Missourian March 6, 1991—"Once referred to as a buffalo wallow, Centralia has outgrown the low spot on Allen Street," by Kelly Carll. March 29—"Layers of the past, Peeling Back The Paint Reveals The Missouri Theatre's Former Movie Palace Grandeur," by Heather Roach. March 31—"There's quite a story in birthplace of jazz," by Tom Ladwig. April 3—"A strong sense of history and community makes Boonville the laid-back Missouri River town a great place to live and play," by Ron Graber. April 17—"Ashland, Its residents are city slickers by day and country folk by night. They have the best of both worlds," by Cindy Cottin. May 1—"Fayette, The town square remains timeless, and everybody knows every­ body," by Kay-Chin Tay. Dixon Pilot February 28, 1991—Casimir Pulaski, "County namesake's birthday next Monday," by Joe Welschmeyer. Edina Sentinel March 6, 1991—"Sentinel Family Histories, The Building of the St. Aloysius [Catholic] Church, Baring, Missouri," by John H. Dromey. Ellington Reynolds County Courier April 11, 1991—"Historical Reynolds County, Late 1800s," by Gerald Angel. Historical Notes and Comments 463

Excelsior Springs Daily Standard March 27, 1991—"Painting of Pike's Peak is displayed" at State Historical Society of Missouri. April 4—"Then and Now, Community witnessed lynching in 1925," by Harry Soltysiak. April 30—"How Governor [Charles Henry] Hardin saved state from locust" plague, by Adele Graham, reprinted. Fayette Advertiser April 3, 1991—"Pine Knots Part Of Missouri Rural Lore," by Florence Shinkle, reprinted. Florissant Valley Reporter February 12, 1991—"Were You Married at Old St. Ferdinand Church?" Gallatin North Missourian March 27, 1991—"Brownsdale history told to mark centennial observed this month," by Roger Morrison. Gladstone Sun Chronicle February 20, 1991—"125th anniversary recalls Clay's black sheep," by Milton Perry. Hamilton Advocate February 27, 1991—"Past Peeks—Dr. [Tinsley] Brown's office." March 6—"Past Peeks—Tilley/Jones home." Hermann Advertiser-Courier February 27, 1991—"History of the Advertiser-Courier: Much has changed in 137 years." Hermitage Index March 28, 1991—"New life for old [Hickory County] jail, Commissioners okay tourist center." Higginsville Advance March 22, 1991—"History Day program receives award." Independence Examiner February 11, 1991—"Rotary Club to finance fence for historic site" Bingham- Waggoner Estate, by Michelle Smith. April 4—"Historic sites offer special ticket pack." Kansas City Press-Dispatch February 6, 1991—"125 Years ago ... an event [Jesse James daylight bank robbery] rocked the town of Liberty and changed the course of U.S. history." Kansas City Star February 17, 1991—"Tree Army left growing legacy in the Ozarks," by Brent Frazee. February 20—"The Greening of Kansas City, Beautiful boulevards, parks were designers' answer to urban blight," by Karen Uhlenhuth. Lawson Review March 20, 1991—"Lawson in the 1870's," by Robert J. Clark. 464 Missouri Historical Review

Marceline Press March 14, 1991—Special section commemorating 25 years of the paper's publica­ tion. Milan Standard April 4, 1991—"State Historical Society [of Missouri] Displays Bingham Land­ scape." Mountain Grove News-Journal April 17, 1991—"Canoeing on air . . . Early view of Ozark streams." Neosho Daily News February 5, 1991—"Town marshal knew what was going on," by Mary Louise Davis. April 12—Thomas Hart "Benton painted 'heart and soul' of America according to state art curator" Sidney Larson, by Lois Bush. New Haven Leader March 20, 1991—"Franklin County ... the early days, Clover Bottom in the 19th century," by LeRoy Danz. Perryville Sun Times March 6, 1991—"After shipbuilder's [John Wilkinson] riverboat went down, he built a fortune and 'The White House,' " by Dorene Grebing. Piedmont Journal-Banner February 7, 1991—"Piedmont Tri-County Fair 1913." March 14—"Historical Wayne County, Old Ellinghouse Home In Greenville." March 28—"Historical Wayne County, Old Williamsville Home." April 11—"Historical Wayne County, Ward's Store #20," by Ronald Hixson. April 25—"Historical Wayne County, Gads Hill Depot," by David E. Graham. Platte City Landmark April 5, 1991—"First Christian [Church] centennial will be celebrated." Pleasant Hill Times April 24, 1991—"Missouri Town 1855, A picture of Missouri's pioneer past," by Kirk Powell. Potosi Independent Journal February 7, 1991—"Duclos-DeClue-DeCelles." April 11—"State Historical Society Displays Bingham Landscape." St. Joseph News-Press/Gazette February 22, 1991—"Young at Heart" section featured historical articles on odd jobs. February 22—"Benedictine sisters taught at local [St. James] school," by Norma M arable. March 29—"Young at Heart, Harnessing Horsepower," a section that featured historical articles. April 2—"Pony Express Museum looking for film of 1923 ride." April 10—"Byers once housed 'better mousetrap,' Locally built draft regulators sold worldwide," by Gary Chilcote. April 14—"1951: Lie detector joins police force," by Darrel Huber. Historical Notes and Comments 465

April 14—"Oil's legacy: A curiosity turns ugly, Crude's importance to modern world redefines politics," by Sid Moody. April 26—"Young at Heart" featured historical articles on stockyards. St. Louis Post-Dispatch February 17, 1991—1959 Tornado "The Winds Of Change," by Sue Ann Wood. St. Louis Review March 29, 1991—"Fr. [Joseph] Somos To Leave St. Mary Of Victories." St. Louis South City Journal January 23, 1991—"Now And Then, First Impressions of St. Louis." This and the articles below by Skip Gatermann. January 30—"Now And Then, Soulard Park honors Indian hero" Pontiac. February 6—"Now And Then, Bulging biceps thrill Victorians." St. Louis Suburban Overland/St. Ann Journal March 31, 1991—"Research On City May Find Key To Modern Disputes," by Laura J. Hopper. Salem News February 28, 1991—"History is being uncovered now that one of the oldest houses in Salem is torn down," by Brenda Jessen. Salisbury Press-Spectator February 7, 1991—"Chariton County towns to provide an abundance of interesting reading," by Blake Sasse. February 21, 28, March 14, 21, 28, April 4—A series on Chariton County towns by Blake Sasse featured respectively: Trade, Monticello, Indian Grove, Chraneville, Mussel- fork, Rockford and Guthridge Mills. Sedalia Democrat April 8, 1991—"City had early need for fire protection." This and the article below by Rhonda Sisemore. April 15—"Railroad made Dresden a major shipping point." Senath Dunklin County Press April 4, 1991—"History Of Battery F, 342nd F. A. [Field Artillery] 89th Division A. E. F." American Expeditionary Force. Smithville Lake Democrat-Herald February 6, 1991—"Local quilters collect fabric from around the world." This and the article below by Marilyn Wimp. February 13—"Lucille Taylor an active quilter." Springfield Daily Event February 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 18, 20, 21, 22, 26, 28, March 5, 7, 8, 11, 14, 19, 20, 22, 26, 28, April 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 29, 30, 1991—"Tales of History," a series by Tom Ladwig. April 17—"Autos Have Been Here About A Century," by Tom Ladwig. Springfield News-Leader February 5, 1991—"Schools offered hope, Blacks found opportunity at oft-forgotten institutions," by Al Carlson. 466 Missouri Historical Review

Troy Free Press March 27, 1991—"Koelling School." April 17—"Elsberry and basketball." Vienna Maries County Gazette January 23 and February 6, 1991—A two-part feature on the history of State Highway #133 through western Maries County, by Joe Welschmeyer. Washington Missourian March 6, 1991—"Deutschheim Historic Site Celebrates German Traditions, Cul­ ture," by Suzanne Hill. Waynes ville Daily Ft. Gateway Guide March 9, 1991—"Tiger fans to remember 1951 State Squad," by Rick McMillin. March 9—"Winning Ways, After molding basketball players for seventeen seasons at Waynesville, Coach Joe Walker reached a milestone [300 wins] this year that very few attain." Webb City Sentinel April 26, 1991—"Ancestors, Legends & Time, [Lowell] School was similar to those shown on television program," by Jeanne Newby.

Novel Testimony Cameron Daily Vindicator, June 10, 1881. [A man] testified in court yesterday that water stood on his lot for over two months last November. He repeated the statement three or four times and still insisted upon it when told that November was not two months in duration.—St. Joseph Gazette.

Apothegms of Diogenes St. Louis Missouri Argus, February 22, 1839. Being asked by a student of natural history, what was the worst beast, he replied, "Of the wild, a slanderer; of the tame, a flatterer. ..." Hearing a handsome youth speak foolishly, he exclaimed, "What a shame to see a leaden sword drawn from an ivory scabbard." Seeing an unskilful [sic] archer shooting, he went and sat down by the target, declaring it the only place of safety.

What Proof Ozark Life Outdoors, August, 1932. He halted in front of an enormous stuffed tarpoon [sic] in a glass case. He stared at it for a minute or two in silence. Then he said: "The fella who caught—hie—that fish is a—hie—liar."—American Mutual. Historical Notes and Comments 467 MISSOURI HISTORY IN MAGAZINES American History Illustrated May/June, 1991: Carl Wimar "An Artist Among the Indians," by Rick Stewart. American Presbyterians Spring, 1991: "Presbyterian Pioneers: The Laity, Salmon Giddings and the Pres­ bytery of Missouri," by Rockne Myers McCarthy and Charles A. Maxfield. Bear Facts, Missouri National Guard February, 1991: "February is Black History Month," by Antonio Holland; "Hender­ son on history, Small cannon almost led to fight in militia," by Orval Henderson. The Bluebird, The Audubon Society of Missouri March, 1991: "Chapter Profile, A Concentrated History of the Midland Empire Audubon Society St. Joseph, Missouri," by Larry B. Lawhon. Boone-Duden Historical Review February, 1991: "Daniel Boone - His Life And Times, A Preliminary Study," by Ken Kamper. The Bulletin, Johnson County Historical Society, Inc. April, 1991: "LaTour - Waiting for Destiny," by Vilas Bielefeldt; "Order Number 11 Remembered," by Mabel Elizabeth Caldwell; "Johnson County's Architecture," by Helen Vogel. The Bushwhacker, Civil War Round Table of St. Louis February 27, 1991: "The War In Missouri." March 27, 1991: "The War In Missouri." April 24, 1991: "The War In Missouri." Chariton County Historical Society Newsletter April, 1991: "Recollections Of Clerking And Soda-Jerking," by Jane Haskin Helander. Christian County Historian Spring, 1991: "Flat Rock School Remembered," by Lola Stewart Madden; "The Bishop Family," by Norma Stewart Maples and Katherine Bishop Maples; "Along Bilyeu Creek," by Marie Day from conversations with Junior House, Lorene Manknhin, Ruby House McCall and Elmer Walker; "Jesse A. Marley - A First Justice of the County Court," by Lawrence C. Davenport; "Recruiting in Dixie," by Lyman G. Bennett. Civil War Times Illustrated March/April, 1991: "The Battle Of Rock Creek," by Michael Gillespie. Collage Of Cape County March, 1991: "New Chapter Begins In Life Of Cape's Old Opera House." Concordia Historical Institute Quarterly Spring, 1991: Concordia Seminary "A Biographical History," of Lambert J. Mehl. The Courier, Missouri Conference of the United Church of Christ April, 1991: "Church of the Month, St. John's UCC [United Church of Christ], Billingsville," by Linda Sehrt. 468 Missouri Historical Review

DeKalb County Heritage April, 1991: ". . . The Busby Clan," by Gene Busby. Florissant Valley Quarterly January, 1991: "Recollections of Sacred Heart," by Father A. R. Schwartz; "Mis­ souri's Civil War," by Andrew J. Theising. April, 1991: "Florissant History by Depression Writers"; "Missouri's Civil War - Epilogue." Friends, Columbia College March, 1991: Sidney Larson "The Artist is Recognized"; "The Preservation of Dorsey Hall." Friends of Arrow Rock Spring, 1991: " 'I Don't Wanna Be Lost,' " blacks in the Arrow Rock community; "Santa Fe Trail Marker is Moved," by Virginia Lee Fisher. Gateway Heritage Spring, 1991: "Carl Wimar, A Muralist of Civic Ambitions," by Angela L. Miller; "Like Family, Kinship Perceptions of Ozarks Radio Entertainers and the Spread of Consumer Culture, 1934-1959," by Edgar D. McKinney; "Orderly City, Orderly Lives, The City Beautiful Movement in St. Louis," by Edward C. Rafferty; "George Edward Kessler," by Edward C. Rafferty; "James Milton Turner and the Reconstruction Struggle for Black Education," by Gary R. Kremer. Gateway Postcard Club News March, 1991: "From St. Patrick (Missouri) To You," by Frances Starr. Glendale Historical Society Bulletin March, 1991: "An Assortment Of Glendale Houses For Sale: 1925-1941," by R. T. Bamber. Grundy Gleanings Spring, 1990: "David And Sarilda (McDaniel) Gose," by Shyla Hamilton. Historic Preservation News March, 1991: Article on Conception Abbey, Nodaway County. Historical and Genealogical Society Journal of Douglas County, Missouri May, 1991: J. L. B. Harnden home "Another Landmark Gone," by Barbara DeVore; "Our Family Heritage (Talley, Gentry, Buchanan, Ruhl, Bishop, Jenkins, Breshears)," by Jean Jenkins Breshears; "Kester Family History," by Buck Kester; "Huffman (Bryant) School #28," by Barbara DeVore; "Ava General Baptist Church, The Oldest Church in Ava," by Tommy Roberts. Interim, The Episcopal Diocese of Missouri February, 1991: "Civil war imperils Missouri church," by Harvel Sanders and Charles Rehkopf. March, 1991: "A sesquicentennial reflection . . . Progress won't slow for political divisions," by Harvel Sanders and Charles Rehkopf. Journal of the West April, 1991: A special issue commemorated agricultural technology in the twentieth century, guest editor R. Douglas Hurt. Historical Notes and Comments 469

Kansas City Genealogist Winter, 1991: "How Did Moses Doty Die?" by Linda Doty Walker; "Charles Edmond Kearney, Overland Freighter & City Developer," by Fred L. Lee; "Missourians in South Dakota, 1924," edited by Gordon Seyffert; Francis Marion Black "Gone But Not Forgotten," by Arnett Anderson. Landmarks Letter March/April, 1991: "Status Report: The State Hospital On Arsenal" in St. Louis. Lawrence County Historical Society Bulletin April, 1991: "Unique Old Burial Site: The Spanish Fort Cemetery"; "Foster Genealogies," by Barbara Bandy Jones; "The Blue And The Gray: Capt. Thomas S. Boyd," by Fred G. Mieswinkel. MPA Heritage, Newsletter of the Missouri Parks Association April 16, 1991: "Grand Gulf State Park, Our 'Little Grand Canyon,'" by Lori Huber, reprinted. The Maries Countian, Newsletter of the Historical Society of Maries County Spring, 1991: "Research Of Mary Ann Kidd," by J. Hoyle Mayfield. Memo, Winston Churchill Memorial And Library Fall/Winter, 1990: "The Church of St. Mary . . . The Phoenix . . . Aldermanbury," by Dr. Christian E. Hauer, Jr. Missouri Alumnus Spring, 1991: "A day in the world of [geography professor] Kit Salter, Dec. 5, 1990." Missouri Folklore Society Journal Volume X, 1988: "George Engelmann, 1809-1884 Early Missouri Botanist," by Patricia P. Timberlake; "Julian Steyermark, 1909-1988," by Kathy Love; "Food Plants Of The Historic Osage Indians," by Leonard Blake; "Living Close To The Land: How The Osage Indians Used Native Plants," by Ginny Wallace, reprinted; "Disjunct Occurrence And Folk Uses Of Medicinal Plants In The Ozarks And In China," by Steven Foster and C. H. Yueh; "Medicinal Plants," by Mike Gruendler, Sharon Matlock and Carole Mushkin; "A German Rural Farm Community's Use Of Edible Greens," by Mary Parrott; "Wild Edibles Of The St. John's Region," by Elaine Andree; "Missouri Plants And Their Historic Uses In Natural Dyeing," by Carol Leigh Brack-Kaiser.

Missouri Partisan Spring, 1991: "For The First Time, Frank James Tells The Story Of The Famous Centralia Massacre," by Walter Williams, reprinted; "Colonel Benjamin Elliott," re­ printed. Missouri Press News February, 1991: "Grant City Weekly [Grant City Times-Tribune] Begins 125th Year of Publication"; "MPA [Missouri Press Association] Board Endorses Newspaper Hall of Fame." Missouri Ruralist February 15, 1991: "Missouri Country Life, [Linus and Loretta Glosemeyer] Fifty Years On the Same Corner," by John Oidtman. 470 Missouri Historical Review

Missouri State Genealogical Association Journal Winter, 1991: "Nancy Angeline Keltner, She Heard the Battle of Wilson['s] Creek," by George Simpson; "Morgan County Beginnings," prepared by Mrs. Royce Moser, reprinted; "The 9th Missouri State Militia, Union." Missouri Wine Country Journal Spring, 1991: "The Vineyards of St. James," by Sandy Barks; "New Haven, Small­ town America is alive and well and living here, where a cup of coffee is still a dime," by Linda Walker Stevens; "Stone Hill Winery Marks Its 25th Anniversary"; "The Stark [Brothers' Nurseries & Orchards Co.] Star Shines Again," by Phyllis Meagher. Mizzou Weekly April 30, 1991: "Made in Missouri, Apparel industry in state produces brand-name goods and provides jobs for 38,000 residents." Model Railroader May, 1990: "The Mississippi River & Bonne Terre, A Missouri line built to serve the world's greatest lead mine," by Steve Kohler and Tom Ray. Muleskinner, Central Missouri State University April 11, 1991: "My Hometown Bess" Truman, by Kathleen B. Dalke. New Madrid Historical Museum Journal Winter, 1991: "The 1st Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi Infantry, C. S. A. At New Madrid," by Lynn N. Bock; "The Howard Home, Circa 1851/55 - 1932." Newsletter, Gasconade County Historical Society Spring, 1991: "Pocohontas-Bland, Mo. Is there a connection?" by Mary D. Smith. Newsletter, Iron County Historical Society April, 1991: "The Stout Family," by Betty Russell; "Warren Alfred Johnson—A Good Neighbor," by Randall Cox. Newsletter, The Kansas City Fire Brigade April, 1991: "Hall of Fame," for George C. Hale. Newton County Saga Spring, 1991: "Fred Fuller's Life Story, Conclusion." Old House Journal March/April, 1991: "Urban Plight" in St. Louis, by Jay Gibbs. Old Mill Run April, 1991: Landers and Barker Lumber Company "The Big Mill," by Noble G. Barker; "More of Dicey's [Shipley] Journal," by Helen Gleaves Craker. Old n Newsletter, Randolph County Historical Society Spring, 1991: "The Lowry Family of Howard and Randolph Counties, Missouri," by Chris Parrish. Ozark Happenings Newsletter, Texas County Missouri Genealogical and Historical Society January/February/March, 1991: "Texas County In The Civil War," by John F. Bradbury. Historical Notes and Comments 471

Ozarks Mountaineer February, 1991: "The Ozarks: Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "Up Fleming's Creek—Chickens and More Chickens," by Mildred Davis Gulledge; "Calling Central," by Fern Nance Shumate; "1920s Ozarks-Style Baseball - When Plowboys Played Like the Big Boys"; "There's an awful lot of 'up' to it [Clarence and Hettie Ghan's barn] - Big Ol' Jessie, Ain't She?" by Mary Jo Anderson; "Death Stalked This Garage Apartment On . . . The Dark Day Bonnie and Clyde Terrorized Joplin," by Larry Wood; "The State of Driving in 1913-See the U.S.A. in your . . . Empire?" by Stella T. Janes. April, 1991: "The Ozarks: Then & Now," by Russell Hively; "The Impact of War-A Recluse [James Monroe Eoff] on Crooked Creek," by Pat Wood; "Sherwood-When a Small Town Became a Casualty of War," by Larry Wood; "When Tom Mix Made His Ozarks Movie," by Georgianna Taylor; "Lil Charley [Mounce] Lives Again," by Phyllis Rossiter; "When There Really Was a 'Poor House,' " by Clarence R. Keathley; "Mein Freunds, Louis and Elsie" Freund, by Fern Nance Shumate; "Haying the White River Bottoms With the 'Ground Hog' Baler," by Doug Mahnkey; "When Coal Oil was King," by Leland May. Patrol News January, 1991: "Patrol History Trivia," by E. M. Raub. February, 1991: "Patrol History Trivia," by E. M. Raub. Pioneer Times January, 1991: "Snelson Family History," submitted by Terry Sontag. Platte County Missouri Historical & Genealogical Society Bulletin January, February, March, 1991: "Belt Commandary #9 In Platte City A Branch Of Masonic Lodge, Minute Book, June 3, 1886 . . . Minute [Book] May 10, 1888," submitted by Jerry Kindred. Pop Flies, St. Louis Browns Fan Club Volume VII, Number 3: "The Browns Redux," by Bob Broeg; "Raisin' Kane, A Connie Mack Memory," by Frank (Bud) Kane. Volume VII, Number 4: "Phone Talk [of Bill Hunter] With Erv," by Erv Fischer; "Duane Pillette #21"; "A Ted Williams Memory," by Frank (Bud) Kane. Preservation Issues March/April, 1991: Laura Ingalls "Wilder House Slated For Landmark Status," by Karen Grace. Reporter Quarterly, Genealogical Society of Central Missouri Winter, 1990: "The Columbia Y Club and Columbia Service Organization, 1942- 1946," by Charles A. O'Dell; "The Story of James R. 'Blind Jim' Sapp," by David Paul Sapp. Resume, Newsletter of the Historical Society of Polk County March, 1991: "The Polk County Rangers." Rural Missouri March, 1991: "Making Music, Learning the violinmakers craft," by Jeff Joiner; "Senator Mom [Pat Danner] & Senator Son" Steve Danner, by Bob McEowen; "Zion In Missouri, The Birth and Destruction of a Morman Empire in Missouri," by Jeff Joiner; "Harry's [Thiltgen] Colorful Caverns," by Jim McCarty. April, 1991: "A Dream Fulfilled [for Eileen Melton]," by Bob McEowen. 472 Missouri Historical Review

May, 1991: Jay Stockman, potter, "Missouri sketchbook, From the Miry Clay," by Heather Berry. St. Charles Heritage April, 1991: "Centennial Jubilee of St. Peters Post Office," by John W. Conoyer; "The Flood of 1973," by Louis J. Launer; "Mail Service in St. Charles County. Part 2. Early Statehood," by Robert G. Schultz. St. Louis April, 1991: "Neighborhoods," an article on Manchester Avenue by Joe Bargmann. May, 1991: "St. Louis History." St. Louis Bar Journal Spring, 1991: "Attorney General Edward Bates, Lincoln's Conservative Counter­ weight," by Marshall D. Hier. St. Louis Commerce February, 1991: "And The Winner Is . . . Hexagon Honeycomb Corporation is the recipient of the 1990 St. Louis Small Business Award." April, 1991: "Gateway to Growth, Efforts to boost St. Louis' hospitality are underway"; "Profile, Anthony R. Behr"; "The Gateway Arch—from Vision to Reality." St. Louis Genealogical Society Quarterly Spring, 1991: "Rest In Peace . . . For Thy Travels Are Over," by Maryhelen Wilson. Seeking N Searching Ancestors April, 1991: "Ancestors," by Peggy Smith Hake. The Semaphore, Winston Historical Society April, 1991: "Going to school in the thirties." Springfield! Magazine March, 1991: "Springfield Public Schools' Proud Heritage Of Music Festivals Will Turn 50 This Year," by Don Burns; "They Married Young, Nancy & Ron Silvius," by Charlene Purvis; "A Young Saxophonist's Memories Of the Boy Scout Band, Part V - Chicago - 1927," by Richard T. Gardner; "Betty West, Making An S & L [Savings and Loan] Tick," by Valerie J. DeCocq; "Cavalcade Of Homes, Part XXII—The Eckas- Darnaby House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Growing Up in the 1940s, Part XXIV— Glass," by Steve Widders; "Lester E. Cox, From Greene County Farm Boy To Queen City Philanthropist, Part VII," by John K. Hulston; "Kathryn Led better 'Miss Kitty' Then And Now," by Mark V. Smith; "When TV Was Young, 1954 Consumer Science Show Introduced A. Clair Brewer to Video." April, 1991: "The Ozark Jubilee Saga (Part I)," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "John Kidd, From Rockaway Beach Dance Band Sax Man To World Leadership In Special Education," by Sherlu Walpole; "Chandler Carson: Springfield's First Lady," by Tamara Tarpley; "Bob and Mary Lou Perryman, Turning Tragedy Into Triumph," by Elizabeth Stanfill; "They Married Young, Shirley & Jim Wilson," by Charlene Purvis; "Elva Hemphill's Blossoming Legacy," by Mary I. West; "Wayne Grisham ... He Was Captain Briny," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Lester E. Cox . . . ," by John K. Hulston; "When TV Was Young, Lincoln High School Bows Out on the Air"; "Cavalcade Of Homes, Part XXIII—The Ferguson-Vincent-Plank House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "A Young Saxophonist's Memories Of the Boy Scout Band, Part VI, John Phillip Historical Notes and Comments 473

Sousa - 1928," by Richard T. Gardner; "Growing Up in the 1940s, XXV—Brown School," by Steve Widders. May, 1991: "Dr. Joe Kuklenski Was Gifted Communicator," by Bob Glazier; "When TV Was Young, Journalists Guests On School TV Show"; "The Ozark Jubilee Saga (Part II)," by Reta Spears-Stewart; "Louis H. Schaeffer: 25 Years of Creative Staging," by Sherlu Walpole; "Springfield Printer and Nurse [Rex and Linda Porter- field] Supply Church's Stained Glass," by Jim Thompson; "Trapped in The Belfry, Memories of a One Room Country Schoolhouse," by Dan Mignard; "John T. Pierpont Following the Dream: In Dad's Footsteps," by Elizabeth Stanfill; "Betty Chase: Evangel Archivist," by Tamara Tarpley; "Lester E. Cox . . . ," by John K. Hulston; "Cavalcade Of Homes Part XXIV—The Jonathan Fairbanks House," by Mabel Carver Taylor; "Growing Up in the 1940s XXVI—TV's End of Innocence," by Steve Widders. Todays Farmer February, 1991: "Fred Heinkel 1897-1990," by Chuck Lay. United Daughters of the Confederacy Magazine March, 1991: "April Program, General Joseph Orville Shelby," by Tommie La- Cavera. United Methodist Reporter, Mid-Missouri Advocate Edition February 22, 1991: "'Buena Vista' of Bourbonton, History of Sturgeon United Methodist Church." March 22, 1991: "Easter in , A History of Paris United Methodist Church." April 19, 1991: "Huntsville United Methodist Church, Growing from kitchen to nursery." University of Missouri System Spectrum April, 1991: "State Historical Society displays long-lost landscape in Bingham exhibit." Washington Historical Society Newsletter March, 1991: "Baseball, A Washington Tradition," by D. H. Borcherding. Waterways Journal February 11, 1991: "New Books Described Hannibal in 1905." This and the articles below by James V. Swift. February 18, 1991: "Captain Fred Way, Jr., Was 90 February 17." February 25, 1991: "Nashville Bridge Built the mv. Sunco A-4." March 25, 1991: "The Choctaw Was a U. S. Engineers Boat." April 1, 1991: "Face Was Found on Arabia Engine Cylinder Head." April 8, 1991: Excursion Boat "The President Popular With the Media." April 15, 1991: "Wreck of Queen City Found on White River." April 22, 1991: "Model of [gunboat] Carondelete Now in River Museum." White River Valley Historical Quarterly Winter, 1991: "The Army of the Frontier at Forsyth, 1863 (Part III)," by John F. Bradbury, Jr.; " 'A Ride on the Cassville & Exeter Railroad, 1935' From the journal of the Rev. Paul Wobus," edited by Dr. Mark C. Stauter; "A Sketch of the Many Ups and Downs in Life of Ben T. Stults As a Boy to a Man As a Hunter (Part II)," edited by Lynn Morrow and Linda Myers-Phinney; "Taney County Diary (Part II)," by Charles E. Boulson. 474 Missouri Historical Review

IN MEMORIAM CLIFTON C. EDOM NORBURY L. WAYMAN Clifton C. Edom, of Forsyth, founder of Norbury L. Wayman of St. Louis, a the photojournalism department in the retired historian, artist and writer, died University of Missouri-Columbia School October 9, 1990. Born August 14, 1912, in of Journalism, died January 31, 1991, in Washington, he attended Hadley Technical Branson, at age 83. A graduate of the School and Washington University, both university, he served on the journalism in St. Louis. He worked as a commercial faculty from 1943 until his retirement in artist and illustrator in the 1930s and 1940s 1972. Edom was considered by many to be and, after 1955, as a planner and historian the father of modern photojournalism. He for the St. Louis City Plan Commission. established the journalism school's Mis­ His art works are included in the perma­ souri Photo Workshop and Pictures of the nent collections of the Boatmens National Year competition; both programs are still Bank and the Missouri Historical Society, active in their fourth decade. His wife, Vi, St. Louis. He is survived by his wife, Amy and a daughter, Verna Mae Edom Smith, Penn Wayman. survive him. ABEKEN, HENRY, Affton: December 30, W. R. "BILL" NUNN 1906-February 13, 1991. W. R. "Bill" Nunn, Folk, founding BELL, ROBERT M., Hannibal: January publisher of Missouri Life, died in Co­ 11, 1901-August4, 1990. lumbia on December 22, 1990. During his career, Nunn, 64, worked for the state in BOWER, VALERIA E., Lake Oswego, Ore­ writing and public relations, taught in the gon: October 4, 1923-January 29, 1991. University of Missouri-Columbia School BREEDING, MRS. E. E., Cape Girardeau: of Journalism and at Westminster College June 14, 1916-April 12, 1990. in Fulton and wrote several books about BURCHAM, BLANCHE M., Lafayette Hill, Missouri. In 1977 he founded the Nunn Pennsylvania: December 1, 1907-January Group, a public relations, advertising and 7, 1991. photography firm. Nunn is survived by his wife, Rebecca; two sons; two daughters; CHRISTIANSEN, MRS. E. JOYCE, Butler: and four grandchildren. December 6, 1908-January 20, 1991.

BRAXTON POLLARD CROWLEY, VERNON, Mexico: December Braxton Pollard, former University of 14, 1931-October 22, 1990. Missouri-Columbia School of Journalism DOOLITTLE, VIRGINIA E., San Diego, faculty member, died March 6, 1991, in California: Died, September 29, 1990. Columbia. Born October 8, 1908, to William and Nancy Robinson Pollard in Hannibal, EBLEN, D. GEORGE, Shell Knob: March he attended Washington University in St. 26, 1918-November 12, 1990. Louis and graduated from the University HARRISON, MRS. B. W., Cape Girardeau: of Missouri. Pollard served as manager of March 9, 1902-October 11, 1990. the international advertising department and then manager of corporate promotion HAVRISCHAK, GERTRUDE LEE, Palmyra: for Monsanto Chemical Co. in St. Louis. December 1, 1910-March 10, 1991. In 1962 he was named International Ad­ HOGAN, MARY B., Hardin: July 9, 1906- vertising Association's "Man of the Year." January29, 1991. He joined the UMC faculty in 1971. Sur­ vivors include a daughter, Elizabeth, and a HORN, JAMES A., St. Louis: January 24, son, Braxton, both of Columbia. 1917-December25, 1990. Historical Notes and Comments 475

JANSSEN, DALE, Columbia: 1921-January PLUMMER, VENTA E., Seneca: July 26, 17, 1991. 1902-December 3, 1990. Author of three JONES, THELMA, Fenton: February 8, books on Seneca. 1902-December 25, 1990. SHELTON, GARY, Overland Park, Kansas: KELLISON, GARLIN, Chesterfield: July 19, October 31, 1943-November 20, 1989. 1907-February 18, 1991. SLAUGHTER, STEPHEN S., Raymore: Oc­ LAWRENCE, JOHN R., Arrow Rock: April tober 14, 1901-February 16, 1991. 20, 1905-January 17, 1991. First Vice Presi­ dent of the Friends of Arrow Rock since TALGE, HENRY J., Overland Park, Kan­ its founding. sas: August 28, 1891-August 20, 1990. MURPHEY, DOUGLAS J., Garden City, TRUITT, PAUL, Washington, D.C: Octo­ Long Island, New York: July 6, 1906- ber 25, 1900-January 17, 1991. November 1, 1990.

PARKER, RALPH HALSTEAD, Columbia: WORMSLEY, ANNA M., Vandalia: April April 21, 1909-July 1, 1990. 13, 1924-October2, 1990. 476 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK REVIEWS Defending a Way of Life: An American Community in the Nineteenth Century. By Michael Cassity (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1989). 259 pp. Notes. Index. $44.50 cloth; $14.95 paperback. Hindsight allows historians of industrialization to assume an air of condescension toward opponents of the process. Because industrializa­ tion, and the social and cultural changes it produced, eventually triumphed, many historians view the transformation as inevitable and dismiss resistance to it as parochial and reactionary. In this study of Pettis County, Missouri, in the nineteenth century, Michael Cassity focuses on opponents of the new order and portrays their ideology as a creative, dynamic attempt to protect the preindustrial value of com­ munity. Pettis County's isolation from the burgeoning market of the early nineteenth century proved to be its major attraction for many settlers. Cassity cites General David Thomson as the best example because, unlike many others, he had alternatives. Already a successful planter in Georgetown, Kentucky, when he moved to Pettis County in 1833, Thomson disliked the growing commercialization of his life in Kentucky and, in moving to Missouri, sought escape from the economy and culture of the market. Early settlers of Pettis County created a culture based on this determination to avoid the market. Economically, production was for use. Socially, mutual obligations, not individual rights, received em­ phasis. In fact, Cassity says, the "supreme accomplishment" of the society proved to be its ability to suppress the tension between the individual and the community. The politics of the society remained paternalistic, creating "an equilibrium between the gentry and the people." The transformation of Pettis County began in the 1850s and accelerated during and immediately after the Civil War. Led by George R. Smith, Thomson's son-in-law, a business class developed which sought to end the county's isolation by bringing in the railroad. Rebuffed by the citizens of Georgetown, the county seat, Smith created Sedalia, which developed as a railroad town. The presence of Union troops during the war, the commercial growth it spawned and the restriction of the franchise during and after the war proved tremendous boons to the growth of Sedalia, which became the county seat in 1864. The railroad destroyed the isolation of Pettis County and introduced an industrial form of work organization. Cassity separately discusses the effects of the new market economy on workers, farmers and women. Historical Notes and Comments 477

The author effectively captures the varied, often contradictory, ways people resisted the new industrial order, which broke down the notion of community based on mutual obligations and replaced it with one built on market relations. But the book suffers from poor organiza­ tion, which causes Cassity to repeat himself, for instance, giving two separate play-by-play accounts of railroad workers' strikes in 1885 and 1886. And though the book largely avoids the cloying romanticization of preindustrial culture that has marred some similar works, Cassity appears uncomfortable with the implications of his own study. Arguing that the triumph of market society was not complete, he concludes that whenever people joined together on the basis of a shared vision of community, they, in fact, created that community. But, as this book shows, such resistance took place within the increasingly narrow parameters allowed by the new market capitalist system. University of Missouri-Columbia David Cochran

The Genesis of Missouri: From Wilderness Outpost to Statehood. By William E. Foley (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1989). 367 pp. Illustrations. Index. Notes. $32.00 cloth; $17.95 paper. Since 1971, when he published the first volume in the Sesquicen­ tennial History of Missouri, William E. Foley has been a prolific and highly regarded chronicler of life in early Missouri. Besides a string of important articles, Foley published The First Chouteaus: River Barons of Early St. Louis in 1983 with C. David Rice. The Genesis of Missouri: From Wilderness Outpost to Statehood will add luster to Foley's reputation. Foley consulted few primary sources beyond those he used in his 1971 volume. In the intervening years, however, he obviously has read a wide range of secondary works on the social, cultural and economic development of Missouri before statehood. Though more comfortable with political and diplomatic history, it is a tribute to Foley's ability as a historian that he could weave this new material into his narrative. The result is a rich comprehensive account of territorial Missouri. Covering the period from the 1673 exploratory mission of Louis Jolliet and Father Jacques Marquette to the entry of the state into the Union in August 1821, the book packs into 300 pages of text information that will instruct specialists as well as general readers. The predictable topics included: the settlement of early towns like Ste. Genevieve, St. Louis and New Madrid; the penury of French and Spanish officials' efforts to develop the territory; the emergence of agriculture, fur trading and lead mining as the territory's leading 478 Missouri Historical Review economic activities; the stages of territorial government during the American regime; and the heated congressional debate on Missouri's admission as a slave state. Foley also provides superb sketches of familiar personalities of the era: the Chouteaus, the Boones, Moses Austin, the mercurial , , and Thomas Hart Benton. Yet, there is much more. The contributions of blacks, both slave and free; the role of women; the development of organized religion; and the chronic problem of solving Spanish land claims all are deftly handled. Particularly impressive is Foley's discussion of the native inhabitants of the territory. Focusing upon the powerful Osage tribe, he describes their lifestyles, their attempts to adapt to the expanding white population, and their ultimate retreat in the face of superior power. Despite the book's obvious strengths, Foley leaves the reader hungering for more. The preface appears particularly tantalizing. There Foley complains that colonial historians had ignored Missouri in their accounts, clearly suggesting that he would correct the imbalance. And to his credit, Foley consistently discusses territorial developments in the context of the larger imperial struggles among the French, British, Spanish and Americans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Yet, given his decision to incorporate more social history into his account, he missed a wonderful opportunity to compare and contrast the lives of the settlers here with those along the east coast. In particular, Foley could have made a significant contribution to the current debate among colonial historians over the mentalite of early Americans. Were they primarily concerned with material gain, or with leisure, or with maintaining their family's economic independence? Foley offers some fragmentary answers. He describes the French Creole settlers as "easy going" and most Anglo-Americans as "hard driving." Yet, he argues that the Anglo-American settlers in the Ozarks "valued leisure over material possessions." We do not learn if territorial Mis­ sourians were unique or whether they demonstrated a diversity present in other early American locales. It would be unfair to end upon one flaw in an otherwise excellent book. The culmination of two decades of work, The Genesis of Mis­ souri remains without question the definitive study of territorial Missouri. University of Missouri-Rolla Larry D. Gragg

Working with Carter G. Woodson, the Father of Black History, A Diary, 1928-1930, Lorenzo J. Greene. Edited by Arvarh E. Strickland (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989). 487 pp. Illustra­ tions. Index. Appendix. $29.95 cloth. Historical Notes and Comments 479

This volume makes one wish that Lorenzo Greene had kept other diaries of his experiences. It reveals Greene as a sensitive and keen observer of those around him. With a foreword written by the late Charles Harris Wesley, a historian of African-American history whom Greene worked with and greatly admired, and an informative introduc­ tion written by Arvarh Strickland that effectively places Greene's career and his diary in historical context, the book presents a wonderful window into the world of an aspiring young man working with the most important early historian of the African-American past. Greene's admiration for and frustration with Carter G. Woodson comes through, and the diary allows the reader to know Woodson as a person. In one place Greene describes Woodson as having a fine mind and continues: "But on the other hand, I cannot say as much for his personality. He is dogmatic, conceited, sarcastic, and less than sagacious in dealing with people—particularly his subordinates." (p. 315) Nevertheless, Greene grew to greatly admire Woodson. The diary provides material on black churches and ministers in Baltimore and Suffolk, Virginia. Woodson assigned Greene to help Wesley study black religion in those cities as one of his first tasks for the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. Among other findings for Baltimore, their work discovered that "most of those interviewed considered the ministers to blame for the bad conditions in the community, ascribing such to their selfishness, hypocrisy, sexual laxness, and greed for money." (p. 86) In Suffolk, Greene discovered that blacks had organized their own bus line, rather than ride in segregated buses. He admired black entrepreneurs, writing: "I believe that if we develop business, we will of necessity develop politicians, who will have interests to be guarded and, in protecting their own, will be securing the rights of their co-entrepreneurs." (p. 76) The position with the association improved Greene's financial status. While an undergraduate attending Howard University, he lived at times on fifty cents a week, eating beans, cabbage, macaroni and bread. He cooked a dime's worth of salt pork with one dish, wiped off the meat and used it to flavor macaroni before eating it, thereby stretching the pork to flavor two dishes. By 1928 when he began his diary, he had worked on graduate degrees at Columbia University in New York, had purchased a tuxedo, and had led an active social life. His diary discloses that his courting of attractive young women con­ tinued while he worked for Woodson. As a historian with the association, Greene came into contact with a number of influential people, including Alain Locke, Kelly Miller and Alrutheus Ambush Taylor. Greene called Locke, who had taught him at Howard, "petite, nervous as usual, and exuding his superfine cul- 480 Missouri Historical Review ure." (p. 336) Locke disappointed Greene because he had every ad­ vantage and produced nothing original. The diarist attended one of Miller's lectures, agreed with his conservative views on some issues, but thought Miller wrong in attributing to blacks "a special genius for religion." Taylor's and Greene's paths crossed when Greene had the opportunity to teach at Fisk University while Taylor went to Harvard to work on his Ph.D. degree. Taylor had worked at the association from 1922 to 1925 and had published his studies of Reconstruction in Virginia and South Carolina through the association. Instead of taking the Fisk position, Greene stayed with Woodson. Most of the book, 324 pages, is devoted to the period from March 15 through November 21 of 1928. The year 1929 is covered in pages 337-435, and the last twenty-nine pages cover January and February, 1930. The appendix includes a list of publications mentioned in the diary and two of Greene's poems. The index is thorough, and footnotes appear at the bottom of the pages. Professor Strickland has produced a volume that would have pleased the late Dr. Greene, who died in January 1988. University of Missouri-Rolla Lawrence O. Christensen

Missouri Folk Heroes of the 19th Century. Edited by F. Mark Mc- Kiernan and Roger D. Launius (Independence, Mo.: Independence Press, 1989). 226 pp. Illustrations. Maps. No index. $11.00 paperback. Editors F. Mark McKiernan and Roger D. Launius believed that little information is now known about many important Missourians of the nineteenth century. To remedy this situation, they decided to publish biographical essays on ten persons they considered important and interesting from that era and asked various historians to write the sketches. Folk heroes featured in this book include William Clark, famed leader of the Lewis and Clark expedition; David Whitmer, an original witness of the Book of Mormon; Alexander W. Doniphan, lawyer and military leader; , a political leader and pro-South supporter; Sterling Price, Missouri governor and Confederate general; famous artist George Caleb Bingham; outlaw and guerrilla fighter Frank James; , German-American journalist and U.S. Senator; black scientist George Washington Carver; and noted writer Mark Twain. The subjects significantly influenced the history of nineteenth- century Missouri. They represent a wide diversity of lifestyles, profes­ sions, origins and geographical backgrounds. Each was famous to his contemporaries and is recognized today, but few know the details of his life. The editors believed each was either loved or hated by nineteenth- Historical Notes and Comments 481 century Missourians, and now are considered folk heroes. They are the subject of several articles, books and sometimes movies. These essays were intended to be interpretive rather than straight­ forward, unstructured, short biographies. But the nature, style and focus of each depended on the individual writer. The selection of authors produced an interesting mix of scholars: John L. Loos, history department, Louisiana State University, a scholar of his subject, Wil­ liam Clark; Richard L. Anderson of Brigham Young University, Provo, a leading Mormon scholar; Roger D. Launius, the book's editor and command historian for the Military Airlift Command; David B. Miller, professor of history, Black Hills State College, South Dakota; Rick Eiserman, a major in the U.S. Army; Mary Kay Ingenthron, consultant for the Kansas City Museum; F. Mark McKiernan, the book's coeditor and president of Fishing River Group consulting firm; Coy F. Cross II, civilian historian with the Military Airlift Command; Thomas H. Bennett, an attorney of Independence; and Albert L. Truesdale, dean, Nazarene Theological Seminary, Kansas City. When writers or editors make selections to include in a book such as this, the question always arises: Why this person and not that one? Some critics may say it is a little heavy on the Kansas City area, home of one of the editors and the publisher. Three biographies have Mormon connections. One might question if David Whitmer could be considered a folk hero in the criteria established by the editors— powerful name recognition among rank and file citizens. And were there no female folk heroes of nineteenth-century Missouri? Some shortcomings detract from the volume. The Civil War battle of Centralia needed more elaboration. Order No. 11 affected more than three counties (p. 157); the spelling of guerrilla is not consistent (see pp. 157 and 158). Gads Mill, Missouri, should have been Gads Hill. (p. 159) Although William Settle's book on Jesse James is considered the most definitive study on the James brothers, it is not cited in the notes. It is included "For Further Reading" and noted as the only reliable source. The Schurz autobiography is not cited or listed for further reading. A map at the beginning of each biography denotes the subject's home county. Their areas of distribution are St. Louis; Clinton, Clay, Ray and Jackson in the Kansas City area; Saline, Howard, Boone, Chariton and Cole counties in mid-Missouri; Newton County in the southwest corner; and Monroe and Ralls counties, in the northeast. The latter should have included Marion County for Mark Twain's home­ town of Hannibal. Despite some weaknesses, the book provides interesting and worth­ while entertainment for the general reader. It contributes little-known information about some of Missouri's historical figures. State Historical Society of Missouri Mary K. Dains 482 Missouri Historical Review

BOOK NOTES A Man of Many Letters: The "Mam" Letters, 1911-1921: Lilburn Adkin Kingsbury, 1884-1983. Edited by Warren Taylor Kingsbury. (Tempe, Ariz.: Roberta Burnett Communications, Inc., 1990). 185 pp. Illustrations. Notes. $10.00, paper, plus $2.00 for shipping. The letters written by Lilburn Kingsbury to his aunt, Ida Smith, vividly describe everyday life in rural central Missouri during the early part of the twentieth century. A life-long resident of Howard County, Kingsbury became well known as a local historian and genealogist. His early letters reveal a humorous outlook on life and a flair for portraying relatives, friends and neighbors at their best and worst. This book will prove enjoyable for anyone interested in rural social history. It can be ordered from Warren T. Kingsbury, 12000 North 90 Street, #1038, Scottsdale, Arizona 85260.

A History of Ethel, 1888-1988. By Warren G. (Jack) Lee et al. (n.p., 1989). 188 pp. Illustrations. Partial index. $30.00, cloth, plus $3.00 for shipping. Ethel, located in western Macon County, celebrated its centennial in 1988. The first half of this volume recounts the history of the town, as found in articles in county newspapers and through oral interviews, scrapbooks and vital statistics records. Family histories, arranged alpha­ betically by surname, compose the second half. This well-documented, illustrated volume can be ordered from Ethel Centennial Committee, P.O. Box 39, Ethel, Missouri 63539.

Community Christian Church: A Centennial History 1890-1990. Edited by Sue Durrett and Fran Rollins (Kansas City: Community Christian Church, 1990). 96 pp. Illustrations. Appendix. $17.50, cloth, plus $2.50 for shipping. This volume traces the history of an urban Kansas City church from its beginnings as a mission church (the Springfield Avenue Christian Church) through its subsequent years as the South Side Christian Church, the Linwood Boulevard Christian Church and finally, in the 1930s, the Community Christian Church. The narrative includes information on ministers, youth programs and church school classes, staff and community outreach programs. The book can be ordered from Community Christian Church, 4601 Main Street, Kansas City, Missouri 64112. Historical Notes and Comments 483

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS AND GIFTS

In a special membership meeting of the State Historical Society of Missouri, May 11, at the Memorial Union Audi­ torium, University of Missouri-Columbia, members voted to increase the individual annual membership dues from $5 to $10. With this increase, the Society's dues still remain one of the lowest in the nation. The State Historical Society will rank forty-eighth of the forty-nine states that have state historical societies charging membership dues. Membership dues are available in the following categories, which reflect the dues increase, effective May 11:

Individual Annual Membership $10.00 Contributing Annual Membership $25.00 Supporting Annual Membership $50.00 Sustaining Annual Membership $100.00 to $499.00 Patron Annual Membership $500.00 or more Life Membership $250.00

Each category of membership is tax deductible. Memberships help the State Historical Society preserve and disseminate the history of Missouri. The Missouri Historical Review is included as a membership benefit of the Society.

Gifts of cash and property to the Society are deductible for federal income, estate and gift tax purposes. Inquiries concern­ ing memberships, gifts or bequests to the Society should be addressed to:

James W. Goodrich, Executive Director The State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street Columbia, Missouri 65201 Phone (314) 882-7083 484 Missouri Historical Review

Workshops The State Historical Society of Missouri will offer workshops on Saturday, September 21, 1991, to coincide with the annual meeting. The workshops will feature:

• Grant Writing. Rheba Symeonoglou, assistant director of the Missouri Humanities Council, will focus on the requirements of the Missouri Humanities Council, but they may also apply in a general way to the requirements of other funding sources. (Memorial Union S204)

• Publishing Your Genealogy. Virginia Easley DeMarce, Arling­ ton, Virginia, is the author of a new book, Now Living in Boone County Missouri—Our Family Genealogies. The immediate past presi­ dent of the National Genealogical Society, she will present helpful advice to other genealogists planning to publish their family histories. (Memorial Union S206)

• Preparedness: Reducing a Disaster to an Emergency. Lynn Wolf Gentzler, assistant director of the State Historical Society, will discuss disaster preparedness planning for local historical society museums and libraries—identifying potential hazards, compiling resources and writing a plan, and responding to a disaster. (Memorial Union S207)

• History Day for Classroom Teachers. A special workshop de­ signed for elementary and high school teachers involved in the 1992 National History Day. Presenters will offer an overview on the theme, "Discovery, Encounter, Exchange in History: The Seeds of Change," and individual sessions will concentrate on research and production methods in the various categories: papers, projects, performance and media. This workshop will consist of both morning and afternoon sessions. (Ellis Library Auditorium, University of Missouri, Columbia)

The first three workshops above will be held from 9:00 to 10:30 A.M. in the Memorial Union on the campus of the University of Missouri-Columbia. The registration fee for each of the four workshops is $10.00. Membership in the Society is not required for participation. To reserve a place in a workshop, send a check and choice of workshop to Lynn Wolf Gentzler, State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry, Columbia, Missouri 65201. INDEX TO VOLUME LXXXV COMPILED BY HIROKO SOMERS

Abeken, Henry, obit., 474 Aurora Communal Colony, Oregon, 21, 22, 31-34, An Account of Upper Louisiana by Nicolas de 36-39 Finiels, ed. by Carl J. Ekberg and William E. Ausmus, R. E., Jr., obit., 225 Foley, 357-358 Austin, Moses, 356-357 Adair County Historical Society, 324 Automobiles, 98, 219,465,471 Adams, Henry, 1 Ava General Baptist Church, 468 Adams School, Johnson County, 218 Averill, John E., 170 Affton Historical Society, 73, 195, 324 Avery School, 224 The Age of Reason, by Thomas Paine, 362, 363 Avery, Stoestle P., 92 Agriculture, 229-230, 468,471 Aviation, 343; Springfield, 101, 102 Akins, Virgil, 97 Albany, Mo., 348 B-26 Marauder Historical Society, 322 Alford, R. Lee, 296 Backwoods Jazz in the Twenties, by Raymond F. All-American Girls' League, "Peg" Meyer, 106-107 220 Bacon, Charles, home, Louisiana, 342 All Saints' Episcopal Church, Vernon County, 218 Bacon, Thomas H., 91 Allen, Tom, 95 Baehr, C, 369 Allen, Walter, 247 Baer, Robert J., 350 Allport, Gordon W., 439 Bagnell Dam, 360 Altenburg, Mo., 93; Lutheran churches, 114 Baird, Josiah, 220 Alton Slough, 352 Baker, Allen, obit., 225 American Association of University Women of Baker, Sam E., 46,47,49 Missouri, 431 Baker, William G. and Retha Stone, 100 American Expeditionary Force, 465 Baldwin, William E., 282 American Opera Company, 310-320 Barbe, Muriel Culp, A Union Forever, 1 American Publishing Company, 220 Barch, C, 299 The Amulet, by Hal Borlan, 6 Barham House, Ash Grove, 210 Anderson, "Bloody Bill," 7 Baring, Mo., 90; St. Aloysius Catholic Church, 462 Anderson, Omer, 210 Barker, William Isam, 98 Andrew Ackley (boat), 351 Barnes, Francis M., Ill, 183, 185 Angel With Spurs, by Paul I. Wellman, 8 Barnes, William R., obit., 104 Angelica Company, St. Louis, 350 Barns, 210, 462, 471 Another Spring, by Loula Grace Erdman, 18, 19 Barren Fork School, Ozark County, 349 Antrobus, Thomas, 95 Barrow, Clyde, 471 Appel, George C, The Man Who Shot Quantrill, 7 Barry Christian Church, 95 Arabia (steamboat), 344, 473 Barton County Historical Society, 73, 195, 324 Archaeology, 218, 220, 354 Barton School, 347 Architecture, 221; Johnson County, 467 Barton, Seth M., 282 Arkansas Historical Association, 194 Baseball, 215, 220,462,471, 473 Army of the Frontier, 473 Basketball, 466; Waynesville High School, 466 Arner, Lloyd, 462 Bass, Tom, 342 Arnold, Mo., 348 Bates County, 218; Engelhardt, Herman, barn, 210 Arrow Rock, Mo., 359,468 Bates County Historical Society, 195,446 Arrow Rock Places: The Architecture and Environs Bates, Edward, 472 of Arrow Rock, Missouri A National Historic Bates, George W., 277 Landmark, by Virginia Lee Fisher, James and Battle of Athens State Historic Site, 220 Pat Kennedy and David Perkins, 359 Battlestars & Doughnuts: World War II Clubmobile Artists, Missouri, exhibit, Sedalia, 188 Experiences of Mary Metcalfe Rexford, comp. Ash, Ewart, 219 by Oscar Whitelaw Rexford, 113 Ash Grove, Mo., 88, 210, 217 Bauer, John, 32 Ashcraft, Granville P., 96 Baumstark, Harry Alvin, obit., 104 Ashland, Mo., 462 Beal, Mr. and Mrs. Charles, inside April back cover Ashley, William Henry, 95 Bear Creek, Hannibal, 91 Atchley, John B. and Freeman, inside July back Beard's, Kirksville, 92 cover Beauregard, Pierre G. T., 56-58 Athens, Mo., 220 Beeson, Dorothy Maxine Patton, 347 Atterbury, John C, 142 Behr, A., 372 Atwill, Mattie Susan Thornberry, 217 Behr, Anthony R., 472 Audrain County, 98 Bek, William G., 39, 378 Audrain County Historical Society, 73 Bell, C. Jasper, 141, 149 Augusta, Mo., 365, 379 Bell, Gertrude Aurora Alumni Association, 88 —First Crop, 16

485 486 Index

— Where Runs the River, 16 Boats, 102 Bell, Robert M., obit., 474 Bock, H. Riley, ed., "Confederate Col. A. C. Riley, Bell, William H., 385, 386 His Reports and Letters, Parts I, II," 158-181, , St. Louis, 216 264-287 Belton Historical Society, 73,195, 324,446 Boenker's Hill, 218 Ben Ferrel Platte County Museum, Platte City, Boernstein, Henry, 215 inside April back cover Bogle, Lori, "Desegregation in a Border State: The Benedictine Sisters, 464 Example of Joplin, Missouri," 422-440 Benjamin, Judah, 390 Bolivar, Mo., 210, 340, 348 Bennett, A. M., 299 Bollinger County Historical Society, 73, 324, 446 Bennett, Peter, inside July back cover Bologna, Clemente, 312 Bennett Spring State Park, inside July back cover Bonne Terre, Mo., St. Peter's Episcopal Church, 91 Bennett, William Sherman, inside July back cover Book Notes, 113-115, 235-236, 359-360, 482 Bensberg, Kate, 312, 319 Book Reviews, 105-112, 227-234, 355-358, 476-481 Benson, Amelia Bronaugh, obit., 353 Boone County, 210, 211 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), 464 Boone County Historical Society, 73,195, 324,446 Benton, Thomas Hart (senator), 219 Boone, Daniel, 101,218,219,467 Berger, Jerry, 101 Boone-Duden Historical Society, 73,195, 324,446 Berkman, Alexander, 404,406, 419 Boone Home, Springfield area, 216 Berle, Adolph, 153 Boone's Lick Region, 88 Berlin Royal Opera, 314 Boonslick Historical Society, 195 Bernays, A. C, 299 Boonville, Mo., 210, 461,462 Berry, Wendell, 120, 122-126, 129 Booram, Zachariah B., 98 Bethany United Church of Christ, 222 Bootheel Region, 151, 152, 155, 156 Bethel, Mo., 347; Christmas in, 350 Border: A Missouri Saga, by Dagmar Doneghy, 17 Bethel Camp Church, 96 Borderland: The Exiles, by Greg Hunt, 6 Bethel Communal Colony, 21, 22, 30-39 Borlan, Hal, 77K? Amulet, 6 Bethel Methodist Church, 96 Bothwell School, Sedalia, 95 Bethel United Methodist Church, 351 Bound Girl, by Everett and Olga Webber, 17 Bethlehem Lutheran Church, 90 Bourgmont, Etienne Veniard de, 227-228 Big Spring Park, Neosho, 214 Bourgmont: Explorer of the Missouri, 1698-1724, Bigelow, Jotham, Son, inside October back cover by Frank Norall, 227-228 Billings, James, 223 Bowen, John S., 161-164, 168, 176, 177, 268, 275, Billings, James V., 147 276, 283, 384, 387 Billingsly, Clem, 436 Bower, Valeria E., obit., 474 Billingsville, Mo., 467 Bowles Chapel Methodist Church and Cemetery, 88 Bingham, Eliza, 252 Bowles, John, The Stormy Petrel: An Historical Bingham, George Caleb, 99,101, 219,461,462 Romance, 8, 9 —Colorado Landscape, View of Pikes Peak from Boyce, Joseph, 170, 180,181, 284, 287 Greenland, 237-263, 441, 463, 464, 473, April Boyd, Thomas S., 469 cover Boyles, Kate and Virgil D., Hoosier Volunteer, 14 —Doniphan family portraits by, 66-68 Bragg, Braxton, 285, 390 -exhibit of, 441-442 Brandewyne, Rebecca, The Outlaw Heart, 19, 20 Bingham, Mattie A., 237, 244, 247 Branson, Mo., 350; historic buildings, 221 Bingham, Thomas Cooper, 224 Brashears, Frank, obit., 104 Bingham-Waggoner estate, 463 Bratzler Shoe Shop, Clinton, 89 Birkner, Friedrich, 372-375, 379 Brauer, Leonard, co-ed., Hier Snackt Wi Platt- Black, Francis Marion, 442, 469 dutsch (Here We Speak Low German), 113-114 Black Jack, Mo., 212 Bray, Cadmus, 279 Black, Samuel P. W., obit., 103-104 Bray, E. O., 51 Blacks, 348,422-440,462,465, 468, 478-480 Breeding, Bland, 100 Blackwater United Methodist Church, 90, 95 Breeding, Mrs. E. E., obit., 474 Blair, Francis P., Jr., 215, 386, 388 Brenner, Henry, family, Platte County, 100, 348 Blair, Sam, 429 Brice, Anna and James, inside July back cover Bland, Mo., 343, 345,461, 470 Bridges, 91, 94, 212, 213, 222, 341, 342, 348,473 Bland, Richard Parks, 343 Bridgeton, Mo., 218 Bland, T. L., 290 Bridgeton Historical Society, 324 Blind Girls Home, St. Louis, 343 Briggs, Warren L., 428 Bloch, Maurice, 244 Brinktown, Mo., 217 Bloody Island, 344 Brix, Otto, 371, 377 Bloomdale Club, 342 Brooke-Hoke House, Springfield, 351 Bloomfield, Mo., 90, 340 Brown, B. Gratz, 349, 383 Blue Mound School District No. 122, 97 Brown, John, 7-9 Blue Springs Historical Society, 73, 195, 324,446 Brown, Molly, home, Hannibal, 91 Bluford, Lucile, 428 Brown School, Springfield, 473 Index 487

Brown, Tinsley, 463 Carrollton, Mo., streetcars, 89 Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, 422,423, Carson, Chandler, 472 428,431-433,440 Carthage, Mo., 72, 89,93, 211, 223, 340,431,461 Brownell, John W., 278 Carver, George Washington, 428 Brownsdale, Mo., 463 Carver, George Washington, Nursery School, Jop­ Brumley, Albert E., Jr., co-auth., I'll Fly Away: lin, 427 The Life Story of Albert E. Brumley, 359 Casco, Mo., 214 Brumley Brush Arbor Revival, 347 Cass County Historical Society, 74,196, 324,446 Brunswick, Mo., 88, 210, 218, 340, 350 Cassity, Michael, Defending a Way of Life: An Brush and Palette Club, Inc., 73-74, 195, 446 American Community in the Nineteenth Century, Buchanan County, 194; Crawford School, 90 476-477 Buell, Don C, 397 Cassville, Mo., 89, 211,341,462 Buford, Anthony A., Sr., obit., 104 Cassville & Exeter Railroad, 473 Bugle in the Wilderness, by John Burress, 17,18, 20 Cates, Catherine Jane Clemens, 397 Bullion, Laura, 185 Catron place, Miller County, 220 Burbridge, John Q., 63 Caulfield, Henry S., 133-137,141,143 Burcham, Blanche M., obit., 474 Cave Springs, Mo., Presbyterian Church, 88 Burckhardt, H., 366 Caves, 220 Burckhardt, J. Fred, 31, 37 Cedar County Historical Society, 74,196, 324,447 Burke, Martin, 276-278 Cedar Creek School, 93 Burlington, William, 94 Cemeteries, 88, 213, 216, 221, 347, 350, 425; census, Burnett, W. R., The Dark Command: A Kansas 344 Iliad, 7 Centennial History—First Christian Church (Dis­ Burns, George S., 437 ciples of Christ) Warrensburg, Missouri, 1889- Burress, John, Bugle in the Wilderness, 17, 18, 20 1989, 359-360 Busch, August A., Jr., 348 Central Christian College, 461 Bush, Robert, 282 Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, Bushwhackers, 348, 349 217, 221 Businesses, 89, 97 Centralia, Mo., 462; massacre, 469 —apparel industry, 470 Centralia Historical Society, 196 -banks, 89, 92, 211, 214 Chadwick Canning Factory, 345 -Kirksville, 92 Chalk Bluff Trail, 93 -St. Louis, 101, 222, 350 Chalmers, James Ronald, 179 Butler County Historical Society, 74 Chariton County, 340,465; McHaffie School, 219 Buttermilk Springs, 349 Chariton County Historical Society, 74, 196, 325, By Dim and Flaring Lamps, by Alan LeMay, 6 447 By Love Divided, by Jan McKee, 20 Chase, Betty, 473 By Secret Railway, by Enid LaMonte Meadow- Cherokee Indians, 102 croft, 15 Chicago and Alton Railroad, 295, 296 Byrne, Andrew J., 177, 180,279 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 342 Byrne, Joseph, Fur and Wool Company, 321 Children's Crusade, 419 Byrne, Patrick, 344 Olivers, Herbert C, 99 Byrne, Robert C, 97 Choctaw (boat), 473 Byrnesville, Mo., 344 Chopin, Kate, 98 Byrum, Marie, 210 Chouteau, Pierre, Jr., 223 Chraneville, Mo.,461,465 Cabell, E. C, 390,400 Christensen, Lawrence 0., 343 Caldwell County Historical Society, 74 Christian County, 467; early settlers, 100 California, Mo., 210 Christian County Museum and Historical Society, Callaway County, 345; education, 346 196, 325, 447 Callaway, Nancy Howell, 218 Christiansen, Mrs. E. Joyce, obit., 474 Calloway, De Verne Lee, 52 Christmas, 340, 341, 346, 350 Cameron, Simon, 388 Christy, Elizabeth, inside April back cover Camp Jackson, St. Louis, 388-389, 395 Churches Campbell, Alex W., 175 —All Saints' Episcopal, Vernon County, 218 Campbell, Charles C, 162, 163, 176,177,180, 265 —and Civil War, 468 Campbell, Laura, obit., 225 —Anglican, 346 Campbell, Robert, thesis on, 354 —Ava General Baptist, 468 Campground Christian Church, 212, 222 —Barry Christian, 95 Cape Girardeau, Mo., 88, 89, 211, 340,461,467 —Bethany United Church of Christ, 222 Cappeln, Mo., 352 —Bethel Camp, 96 Carnegie, Andrew, 310 —Bethel Methodist, 96 Carondelet Historical Society, 74,195-196,446 —Bethel United Methodist, 351 Carondelete (gunboat), 473 —Bethlehem Lutheran, 90 Carrington, William C. P., 178, 180, 277 —Blackwater Chapel United Methodist, 90, 95 488 Index

-Bolivar United Methodist, 210 —St. Francis Borgia, Washington, 96 -Bowles Chapel Methodist, 88 —St. Francis Xavier, St. Joseph, 213 -Campground Christian, 212, 222 —St. John's United Church of Christ, Billings- -Catholic, Hermann, 375 ville, 467 -Cave Spring Presbyterian, 88 —St. Mary Aldermanbury, Fulton, 469 -Community Christian, Kansas City, —St. Paul the Apostle Parish, Tarkio, 213 482 —St. Paul's Episcopal, Ironton, 341 -Community United Methodist, Columbia, —St. Paul's Evangelical, Hermann, 367, 372-374, 351 380 -Congregation of the Mother Co-Redemptrix, —St. Peter's Episcopal, Bonne Terre, 91 Carthage, 340 —St. Peter's United Church of Christ, Kansas -Crane Christian, 90 City, 219 -Episcopal, Missouri, 468 —Salem Evangelical Lutheran, 212 -Episcopal, Springfield, 345 —Salem, Miller County, 350 -Evangelical Synod, 217 —Second Presbyterian, St. Louis, 345 -Farmington Parish, 215 —Shelbina, 216 -First Baptist, La Plata, 92 —Sinners Union, 93 -First Baptist, Platte City, 343 —Sturgeon United Methodist, 473 -First Baptist, Springfield, 351 —United Church of Bevier, New Cambria, 219 -First Baptist, Troy, 96 —United Methodist Church, Fair Grove, 461 -First Christian (Disciples of Christ), Warrens­ —Wellington United Methodist, 93 burg, 359-360 —Wellsville United Methodist Presbyterian, 223 -First Christian, Platte City, 464 —Wood's Chapel, 99 -First United Presbyterian, Ironton, 360 —Zion Lutheran, 213 -Gilead Baptist, 89 —Zion United Church of Christ, Bland, 345 -Grace United Methodist, Madison, 223 Churchill, Winston, The Crisis, 11-15, 20 -Hickory Point Baptist, 217 Civil War, 53-65, 88, 89, 96, 98, 99, 102, 158-181, -Hillsboro United Methodist, 212 213, 214, 218, 264-287, 343, 345, 350, 351, 467, -Huntsville United Methodist, 473 468, 470 -Kaseyville Baptist, 214 —Battle of Athens, 213 -Lafayette Park Baptist, St. Louis, 99 —Battle of Baker's Creek (Champion's Hill), -Lutheran, Morgan, 100 275-280 -Lutheran, Perry County, 114 —Battle of Cape Girardeau, 88 -Maple Grove United Methodist, 102 —Battle of Corinth, 269 -Middletown United Methodist, 223 —Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., 99, 393 -Millville, 214 —Battle of Rock Creek, 467 -Mokane United Methodist, 102 —Battle of Wilson's Creek, 470; reenactment, 95 -Morrisville Baptist, 88 -Bloomfield, 90, 340 -Mt. Hermon United Methodist, 95 —Christian County, 467 -Mount Hope Reorganized Church of Latter —guerrillas, 105-106 Day Saints, 98 —gunboats, 351 -Mt. Zion, 89, 211 —Hannibal, 91 -Neosho Methodist, 93 —novels, 1-20 -New Harmony Free Will Baptist, 214 —Texas County, 470 -New Hope, 214 —Vicksburg, Miss, 281-283 -Nodaway Primitive Baptist, 92 Civil War Dragoon, by W. C. Fordyce, Jr., 14 -Orrick Christian, 101 Civil War Round Table of Kansas City, 74, 196, -Our Lady of Sorrows Parish, 213 325, 447 -Paris United Methodist, 473 Civil War Round Table of St. Louis, 74, 196, 325, -Peace Evangelical and Reformed, 88 447 -Presbyterian, Missouri, 467 Civilian Conservation Corps, inside July back -Presbyterian, Webb City, 344 cover, 138,211 -Primitive Baptist, Savannah, 98 Clark, Bennett Champ, 141-142, 145, 146, 149 -Prince of Peace United Church of Christ, St. Clark County Historical Society, 196, 447 Louis, 97 Clarksville, Mo, 222 -Range Line Presbyterian, 95 Claryville, Mo, 221, 349 -Red Rock United Methodist, Harrisburg, 102 Clay County, 219, 347,463 -Redford Baptist, 212 Clay County Museum and Historical Society, 74, -Riggs Union Methodist, 351 196, 325 -Sacred Heart Parish, 97, 468 Clayton Watchman-Advocate (newspaper), 211 -St. Agnes Catholic, 215 Cleve, Albert, 220 -St. Aloysius Catholic, Baring, 462 Clinton, Mo, 89, 211 -St. Alphonsus Liguori Rock, St. Louis, 347 Clinton County Historical Society, 325, 447 -St. Dismas, 343 Cloud, Robert E, 162 -St. Ferdinand, Florissant, 463 Coates, Cadar, 462 Index 489

Coblentz, Don, 239, 244 Dains, Mary K, "Women Pioneers in the Missouri Cockrell, Francis M, 275, 281, 282 Legislature," 40-52 Coker Clan, 102 Dallas County, Crescent School, 210 Cole Camp Area Historical Society, 447 Dallas County Historical Society, 74-75, 326, 448 Cole, Mrs. Charley Tidd, 145 Dalton, John M, 435 Cole County Historical Society, 447 Darnel, Mrs. C. C, 434 Collings, Richard J, co-auth, "The Political Im­ Daniel, Margaret Truman, 322 pact of the Depression on Missouri, 1929-1940," "Daniel Marsh Frost, C.S.A," by Robert E. Miller, 131-157 381-401 Columbia, Mo, 89, 211, 341, 351, 462, 471 Danner, Pat, 471 Colville, Eugene W, 42 Danner, Steve, 471 Committee on Taxation and Governmental Re­ Darby, Ada Claire, Look Away Dixie Land, 15 form, 144 The Dark Command: A Kansas Iliad, by W. R. Community Christian Church: A Centennial His­ Burnett, 7 tory 1890-1990, ed. by Sue Durrett and Fran Dark Grows the Night, by Laurel O. Ringler, 8 Rollins, 482 Darnell, Dave, 212 Community Christian Church, Kansas City, 482 Daughters, James M, 285 Community United Methodist Church, 351 Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War, 323 Conboy, Judy, 439 David, Samuel T, 168 Conception Abbey, Nodaway County, 468 Davis, DeWitt, 162 Concord Hill, Mo, 96 Davis, Jefferson, 55, 57, 59, 61-64, 283, 382, 387, Concordia Area Heritage Society, 74 395, 396, 399401 Concordia Historical Institute, 196, 325, 345 Davis, Lowell, 347 Concordia Seminary, 467 Davis-Playle Funeral Home, Kirksville, 92 "Confederate Col. A. C. Riley, His Reports and Davis, Stephen, "Jeff Thompson's Unsuccessful Letters, Parts I, II," ed. by H. Riley Bock, 158- Quest For a Confederate Generalship," 53-65 181,264-287 Dawson, George Washington, 173 Confederate Veterans Home, Higginsville, 398 De Smet, Pierre Jean, 215, 383, 396 Confederates, 58-65, 158-181, 232-233, 264-287, De Soto, Mo, 211 322,381-401,470 Dean, Joseph, 180 Conklin, William, 176 Dean Lake, Mo, 461 Cooke, Phillip St. George, 382 Defending a Way of Life: An American Com­ Cooke, William M, 387 munity in the Nineteenth Century, by Michael Cooke, Mrs. William M, 394 Cassity, 476477 Cooper County Historical Society, 197, 325,447448 DeKalb County Historical Society, 75, 197, 448 Cooper, Samuel, 396 Denny, Matilda Wisely, house, 91 Cope, John, 215 Dent County Historical Society, 197,448 Cottonwood Point, Mo, 211 Depression, political impact on Missouri, 131-157 Courthouses, 89, 91, 221, 340, 342, 369 "Desegregation in a Border State: The Example of Cox, Lester E, 223, 351, 472, 473 Joplin, Missouri," by Lori Bogle, 422-440 Cox, Matthew and Parthenia, family, 346 Desloge, Mo, Christmas, 341 Crabtree, T. T. and Bennie, 351 Dethloff, Henry C, A History of the American Craig, Eli, 272 Rice Industry, 1685-1985, 109-110 Crane Christian Church, 90 Deutschheim Historic Site, Hermann, 466 Crawford, Mo, early businesses, 90 Dial, M. W, 437, 438 Crawford County Historical Society, 325-326, 448 Dick, F. A, 394 Crawford Township School, Buchanan County, 90 Dick, Trella Damson, The Island on the Border: A Crescent School, Dallas County, 210 Civil War Story, 16 Creve Coeur-Chesterfield Historical Society, 74, 326 Dickmann, Bernard, 144, 146 77K? Crisis, by Winston Churchill, 11-15, 20 Dilla, Mo, 349 Crooked Creek, 471 Dillard, David W, co-auth, "The Political Impact Cross, James S. and Bertha F. Graham, family, 219 of the Depression on Missouri, 1929-1940," Crossley, Wallace, 136, 143, 145 131-157 Dillard, Dottie, 102, 223 Crowder College, Neosho, 221 Dippold, Walter, 349 Crowley, James and John, 101 Disease and Distinctiveness in the American South, Crowley, Vernon, obit, 474 ed. by Todd L. Savitt and James Harvey Young, Crystal City, Mo, 352 111-112 Cuba, Mo, Haskell mansion, 90 Disney, Walt, 348 Cumming, Alfred, 282 Dixon, Mo, Little Flower Catholic School, 341 Cunningham, Charles C, 419 Dobyns, Thomas J, 277 Curtis, Olen B, obit, 353 Doneghy, Dagmar, The Border: A Missouri Saga, Cuther, Mrs. C. W, 425, 427 17 Doniphan, Alexander William, portrait, 66-68 Dade County Historical Society, 197, 326 Doniphan, Alexander William, Jr., portrait, 66-68 490 Index

Doniphan, Elizabeth Jane Thornton, portrait, 66-68 Ewing, George M, obit, 226 Doniphan, John Thornton, portrait, 66-68 Excelsior School, District No. 85, Douglas County, Donnell, Forrest C, 150 98 Doolittle, Virginia E, obit, 474 Excelsior Springs, Mo, 212, 463 Dotti, Louise, 308, 309 Doty, Moses, 469 Fair Grove, Mo, United Methodist Church, 461 Douglas County, 98, 346 Fairbanks, Jonathan, House, Springfield, 473 Douglas, James M, 147 Fairhurst, Thomas, 349 Douglas, John C, 179 Fairview School, Phelps County, 349 Dresden, Mo, 465 Faloon family, mansion, Adrian, 88 Drexel: The First 100 Years, 113 Fanning, J. W, 45 Drury College, Springfield, 102, 351 Farley, James A, 141,145, 146, 149 Dryden, John, 282 Farmers Bank of Maysville, 345 Duerr House, Perryville, 93 Farmer's National Bank, Pleasant Hill, 93 Duggan, Jerry T, obit, 226 Farmington, Mo, 348 Duke, Basil, 385, 387 Farmington Parish, 215 Duncan, Harley, West of Appomattox, 8 Fashions, 95 Dunklin, Martin Toney, 169 Faucett, Mo, 90 Dunlop, Isaac L, 179 Fayette, Mo, 462 Dunn, Byron Archibald, 14 Fayette Advertiser (newspaper), 212, 220 Dunnegan, Ella Carothers, Gallery of Art, 348 Feldmann, Joseph, 371, 372 Dunnica, William, 279 Felix, Su, 242 Durand, Asher Brown, 241, 244 Felix, Tracy, 242, 243 Durrett, Sue, co-ed. Community Christian Church: Fellman, Michael, Inside War: The Guerrilla Con­ A Centennial History 1890-1990, 482 flict in Missouri During the , 105-106 Eads Bridge, St. Louis, 94, 222 Ferguson Historical Society, 197, 448 Earp, Wyatt, 342 Ferguson-Vincent-Plank House, Springfield, 472 Earthquakes, 345, 348; New Madrid, 114-115, 349 Ferrel, Ben, inside April back cover Easter, Alphonso L, 100 Ferryboats, Washington, 96 Easton, Rufus, 350 Findlay, W. W, 257, 261-263 Eblen, D. George, obit, 474 Fine, Camden Riley, 159 Eckas-Darnaby House, Springfield, 472 Finiels, Nicolas de, An Account of Upper Louisi­ Edina, Missouri: A Pictorial History 1839-1989, ana, 357-358 236 Finke, Elmer and Emma, farm, thesis on, 354 Edmondson, Charles S, 279 Finney, Charles Grandison, 22, 23 Edom, Clifton C, obit, 474 First Crop, by Gertrude Bell, 16 Education, 89, 220, 340, 343, 346, 350, 422-440, 468 First District Normal School, Kirksville, 223 Eggert, Robert, The Log House Club, 9, 10 First Missouri Brigade, 218 Egloff, Frank, 248, 250-255 First Security Bank, 92 Egloff, Margaret, 250, 252, 253 First the Blade, by May Miller, 17 Ekberg, Carl J, co-ed. An Account of Upper Fisher, Virginia Lee, co-auth. Arrow Rock Places: Louisiana by Nicolas de Finiels, 357-358 The Architecture and Environs of Arrow Rock, Elim (house), Bethel, 21, 31, 32 Missouri A National Historic Landmark, 359 Elkhead, Mo, Red Oak School, 345 Fishman, Joseph, 417 Elkhorn Tavern, by Douglas C. Jones, 19 Fitzpatrick, Daniel R, 131, 136, 140, 147, 154, 155 Ellinghouse home, Greenville, 464 Flat River, Mo, 212 Elliott, Benjamin, 469 Flat Rock School, 467 Elms Hotel, Excelsior Springs, 212 Fleming's Creek, 471 Elsberry, Mo, 90, 466 Fleogle, Jake, 302 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 121, 129 Fleogle, Ralph, 302 Engelhardt, Herman, Barn, Bates County, 210 Floods, 93, 95, 213, 472 Engelmann, George, 469 Florence, Mo, 98 Eoff, James Monroe, 471 Florissant, Mo, 91, 97, 212, 463, 468 Erdman, Loula Grace Florissant Valley Historical Society, 448 —Another Spring, 18, 19 Floyd, Cecil, 437, 438 —Save Weeping for the Night, 16 Floyd, John B, 385 Esrom, Mo, 340,461,462 Fohstrom, Alma, 306, 308 Estes, Spencer, 95 Foley, William E, 444 Ethel, Mo, 482 —co-ed. An Account of Upper Louisiana by Etter's Bakery, Webb City, 96 Nicolas de Finiels, 357-358 Eudora Springs, Mo, 222 — The Genesis of Missouri: From Wilderness Evangelical Synod, anniv, 217 Outpost to Statehood, 477-478 Evans, C. M, 344 Folk, Joseph W, 222,418 Ewert Park, Joplin, 425, 426 Follenius, Paul, 364 Index 491

Fontaine, Thomas I, 176, 272 Geisy, Henry, 25 Football, University of Missouri, 220 Gemmeke, Joe, 348 Ford, Reuben, 100 Genealogical Society of Liberty, 72 Ford, William, 145 The Genesis of Missouri: From Wilderness Outpost Fordyce, W. C, Jr., Civil War Dragoon, 14 to Statehood, by William E. Foley, 477-478 Foristel, Charline, obit, 353 Gentry, Carl R, painting by, October cover Forsyth, Mo, 193, 212, 224, 352 Gentry County Historical Society, 75 Fort Leonard Wood, 345, 346 Gerard, Sue, 99 Forward in Faith & Freedom: Celebrating 150th Germans, 101,113-114, 361-380,469 Anniversary of the Saxon Lutheran Immigration Ghan, Clarence and Hettie, barn, 471 to Perry County, Missouri, 1839-1989, 114 Gibbs & Ross Woolen Mills, St. Charles, 350 Fowles, Brian Dexter, A Guard in Peace and War: Gibbs, Christopher C, The Great Silent Majority: The History of the Kansas National Guard, 1854- Missouri's Resistance to World War I, 107-109 1987, 236 Giessen Emigration Society, 364 Franklin County, 214, 343,464 Gifts, 83-87, 205-209, 334-339,456-460 Franklin County Historical Society, 75, 197, 326, Gilbreath, Dorothea, obit, 353 448 Gildea, Helen, 244, 247,248, 250-255, 261 Franklin School, St. Louis, 215 Gildea, Patrick, 250 Franzwa, Gregory M, Maps of the Santa Fe Trail, Gilead Baptist Church, 89 230-232 Giles, Gwen B, 52 Fredericktown, Mo, Henry, Peter, House, 91 Gill, Charles, 344 Freedom: A Novel of Abraham Lincoln and the Gittemeier House, Florissant, 91 Civil War, by William Safire, 4 Glasgow Area Historical and Preservation Society, Freeman, Aaron, family, 346 Inc., 75,198 Freeman, Carmen, 168 Glazier Building, Savannah, 95 Fremont, Jessie Benton, 4; The Story of the Guard: Glendale, Mo, 346,468; Warwick place, 98 A Chronicle of the War, 3,4 Glendale Historical Society, 198,449 Fremont, John C, 3,4, 216 Glosemeyer, Linus and Loretta, 469 Fremont Rangers, 100 Godsey, Townsend, 348 Freund, Louis and Elsie, 471 Goebel, Gert, 217 Frick, Henry Clay, 404 Goede, George, Quantrill, 7 Friedenberg Lutheran Historical Society, 326 Golden Eagle River Museum, 75, 198 Friends of Arrow Rock, 75,197, 326,448 Goldman, Emma, 402-421 Friends of Historic Boonville, 75, 197, 326, 448,461 Goldsticker, Carrie, 310, 314 Friends of Jefferson Barracks, 197, 326 Goodrich, James W, 182, 183, 185, 188, 256, 441, Friends of Keytesville, Inc., 326, 448 444 Friends of Light, 361, 364, 365 Goosen, Evelyn, co-ed, Hier Snackt Wi Plattdutsch Friends of Missouri Town-1855, 75, 197-198, 326- (Here We Speak Low German), 113-114 327,448 Gordon C. Greene (boat), 102 Friends of Old St. Ferdinand Shrine, 327,448 Gordon, John, 170 Friends of the Missouri State Archives, 322 Gorgas, Josiah, 396 Frohna, Mo, Lutheran churches, 114 Gorham, R. T, 349 Frost, Daniel Marsh, 381-401; home, St. Louis, 397 Gorham, Thomas, 349 Frost, Lily, 382, 389, 394, 395, 397, 398 Gose, David and Sarilda McDaniel, 468 Frost, Thomas, ferry, 98 Goulding-Chomyk House, Iron County, 98 Fry, Mo, 215 Grace United Methodist Church, Madison, 223 Fuller, Fred, 221, 349,470 Gracy, David B, II, Moses Austin: His Life, Fulton, Mo, 91, 341; Westminster College, 92,193 356-357 Fulton, Kelly, 349 Graduate Theses Relating to Missouri History, 354 Furrow, Charles A, inside July back cover State Park, 218 Furs and fur trade, 92 Graham, Eliza (Lily) Brown, see Frost, Lily Fursch-Madi, Emma, 316-319 Graham Historical Society, 327 Fursman, Henry C. and Mary, 250, 255, 256 Graham, Richard, 383 Granby, Mo, 91 Gads Hill depot, Wayne County, 464 Grand Gulf State Park, 469 Gaines, Lloyd, 427,428 "Grand Opera in St. Louis, 1886: A Championship Gant, Mary L, 52 Season?" by Harlan Jennings, 304-320 Gardner, Franklin, 396 Grand River Historical Society, 327,449 Garland, Hugh A, 279, 281 Grandin, Mo, 445; inside January back cover Garth, Jefferson, 350 Grandin, E. B, inside January back cover Gasconade County Historical Society, 448-449 Grandview, Mo, 220 Gasconade River bridge disaster, 342 Grandview Historical Society, 75,198, 327,449 Gayoso, Mo, 89, 91 Grant City Times-Tribune (newspaper), 469 Geisy, Andrew, 25, 33 Grant, Julia Dent, 94 Geisy, Christian, 25, 33 Grant, Ulysses S, 275,282, 344, 396 492 Index

Grasslands Plantation, Columbia, 462 Harrison, Mrs. B. W, obit, 474 Grau, Herman, 310 Harrison County Historical Society, 76, 198, 449 Gray, Allan S, II, 322 Harwood, Dick, 248 Gray, David E, obit, 104 Haskell Mansion, Cuba, 90 The Great Silent Majority: Missouri's Resistance to Hassrick Peter 243 World War I, by Christopher C. Gibbs, 107-109 Hathway, Amos Riley, 169, 170, 173, 175, 261, 268, Greater St. Louis Archaeological Society, 218 271 Grebing-Duggan, Carol, 351 Hathway, Ellen Riley, 169, 251, 268, 271 Green, Martin E, 268, 271 Hathway, John C, 175 Green, Pat, 344 Hauk, Minnie, 305-309 Greene County, 216 Havig, Alan, 185 Greene County Historical Society, 449 Havrischak, Gertrude Lee, obit, 474 Greene Line, 102 Hawes, Smith N, 178, 180 Greene, Lorenzo, 431; diaries of, 478-480 Hawkes, R. H, 298 Greentop, Mo, 342 Haydon-Kerr House, Springfield, 223 Greenville, Mo, Ellinghouse home, 464 Haynes, Lloyd A, 279 Greenwood, Mo, 92 Hays, Robert C, 170 Grim-Smith Hospital, Kirksville, 92 Hazeltine, Harry, 3 Grimes, Absalom, 394 Hearst, Phoebe Apperson, Historical Society, Inc., Grisham, Wayne, 472 327, 449 Gruber, Frank, Quantrell's Raiders, 7 Hebron Colony, Shelby County, 21 Grundy County Historical Society, 75 Heinkel, Fred V, 473; obit, 353 A Guard in Peace and War: The History of the Heinzen, Karl, 372 Kansas National Guard, 1854-1987, by Brian Helander, Jane Haskin, 467 Dexter Fowles, 236 Helias, Ferdinand, 100 Gubera, Conrad, 437 Heming, Carol Piper, "Temples Stand, Temples Guibor, Henry, 276 Fall': The Utopian Vision of Wilhelm Keil," 21-39 Guitar, Odon, 441442 Hemphill, Elva, 472 Guthridge, James, 461 Henderson, Lorene M, obit, 104 Guthridge Mills, Mo, 465 Henry County, 211 Henry County Historical Society, 76, 198, 327, 449 Ha Ha Tonka, 101 Henry, Peter, House, Fredericktown, 91 Haas Wholesale Grocery building, Neosho, 214 Her Majesty's Opera Company, 305-309 Haberberger, Inc., St. Louis, 222 Heritage Seekers, 76, 198, 327, 449 Hacker, John, 168 Hermann, Mo, 213, 221, 361-380 Hackethorn, Jack, 341 Hermann Advertiser-Courier (newspaper), 463 Hackney, Minnie Johnson, 425427, 436, 437 Hermann Licht-Freund(newspaper), 363, 366, 367 Haden, Blake, 346 Hermann Society of Free Men, 361-380 Hadley, Herbert S, 299,409, 410, 418 Hermanner Volksblatt (newspaper), 378 Hadley Technical High School, St. Louis, 433 Hermanner Wochenblatt (newspaper), 362, 367, 368, Hagerty, Paul, 101 370, 375, 376, 378, 379 Hagood, J. Hurley and Roberta Roland, Withers "Hermann's 'Free Men': 1850s German-American Mill—Miller Township, 235 Religious Rationalism," by Siegmar Muehl, 361- Hale, George C, 470 380 Hall, Reuben B, 176 Hexagon Honeycomb Corporation, St. Louis, 472 Hall, William A, 390 Hibbitts, Leroy, 240, 241, 257, 260 Halleck, Henry W, 389 Hibbitts, Louise, 240 Halliburton, Wesley, 50 Hickock, Wild Bill, 344 Hamilton, Mo, 91; newspapers, 213 Hickory County, jail, 463 Hamilton and Kingston Railroad, 213 Hickory County Historical Society, 76, 198, 449 Hammerslough, Louis, 247, 257, 261-263 Hickory Point Baptist Church, 217 Hammerslough, Rachel, 247, 257, 262 Hier Snackt Wi Plattdutsch (Here We Speak Low Hammons, John Q, School of Architecture, 351 German), ed. by Leonard Brauer, Evelyn Goosen, Handy, W. C, 219 et al., 113-114 Hannibal, Mo, 91, 127-129, 213, 341, 473 Highways, 97, 100, 220, 360 Hardee, William J, 165, 179, 389, 390 Hill, A. Ross, 146, 149 Hardin, Charles, 463 Hillsboro United Methodist Church, 212 Harding, Warren G, 419 Himmelberger-Harrison Lumber Mill, Morehouse, Hargett, Joseph T, 180 Harley, Sina Loftis, 349 216 Harmon, Anna, 210 Hindman, Thomas C, 63, 393 Harnden, J. L. B, home, 468 Hirsch, David, 170 Harney, William S, 346, 384-386, 388 Hirth, William, 146, 223 Harrell, Elijah W, 269 Historic Bethel Colony, 449 Harrisburg, Mo, 102 Historic Kansas City Foundation, 449450 Index 493

Historical Association of Greater Cape Girardeau, —Wilder, Laura Ingalls, Mansfield, 102, 215 199, 327,450 —Williamsville, 464 Historical Association of Greater St. Louis, 76,199, Hook, Mamie, 291 327,450 The Hoosier Volunteer, by Kate and Virgil D. Historical Society of Maries County, 199, 327,450 Boyles, 14 Historical Society of Polk County, 76, 199, 327- Hoover, Herbert, 102,132,133,135,136, 138, 352 328,450 Hoover, J. Edgar, 419 Historical Society of University City, 199, 328 Hope, Mo, 100 A History of Ethel, 1888-1988, by Warren G. (Jack) Hope School, 214 Lee, 482 Hopkins, Harry L, 138,142,146,157 A History of the American Rice Industry, 1685- Horn, James A, obit, 474 1985, by Henry C. Dethloff, 109-110 Horn, Tom, 444445 History of the First United Presbyterian Church of Hornersville, Mo, 216 Ironton, Missouri, by Faye Wiegenstein, 360 Hortenstine, James Wilson, 102 Hitchcock, Floyd, 100 Hospitals, 92,469 Hively, Kay, co-auth, I'll Fly Away: The Life Story Hotels, 212, 214, 219, 224, 342 of Albert E. Brumley, 359 Houck Stadium, Cape Girardeau, 211 Hock, William, 316 Hough, Charles P, 66 Hogan, Mary B, obit, 474 Hough, Thornton, 66 Hogan, Tillford, 167,168,170,171 A Household Story of the American Conflict: The Holcombe, Return I, 400, 401 Brother Soldiers, by Mary S. Robinson, 5 Holden, Mo, 91, 218 Houston, Mo, 88 Hollister Mill, Nodaway County, 348 Howard County, 470 Holmes Infantry Brigade, 89 Howard, Jane C, 350 Holmes, Stephen, Jr., 3 Howarth, Samuel W, 281 Holmes, Theophilus, 393-395 Hubbard School, Sedalia, 348 Holmes, William C, 249 Huff, Madge Fursman, 250-256, 258, 261 Homes Huff, William, 256, 258, 260, 261 —Bacon, Charles, Louisiana, 342 Huffman (Bryant) School, 468 —Barham, Ash Grove, 210 Hulan, Robert, 280 —Boone, Springfield, 216 Hunt, Evelyn Bush, obit, 226 —Brooke-Hoke, Springfield, 351 Hunt, Greg, Borderland: The Exiles, 6 —Brown, Molly, Hannibal, 91 Hunter, Abraham, 270 —Clinton, 211 Hunter, Ben, 270 —Denny, Matilda Wisely, 91 Hunter, Bill, 471 —Duerr, Perryville, 93 Hunter, Julius, 423 —Eckas, Darnaby, Springfield, 472 Huntsville Historical Society, 91 —Ellinghouse, Greenville, 464 Huntsville United Methodist Church, 473 —Fairbanks, Jonathan, 473 Hurwitt, Rheta Sosland, 322 —Faloon, Adrian, 88 Hutchens, Jane —Ferguson-Vincent-Plank, Springfield, 472 —John Brown's Cousin, 17, 18, 20 —Gittemeier, Florissant, 91 —Timothy Larkin, 17, 18, 20 —Glendale, 468 Hylton, J. B, family, Douglas County, 98 —Goulding-Chomyk, Iron County, 98 —Grant, Ulysses S, St. Louis, 344 Iberia Academy, 217 —Haskell, Cuba, 90 Igoe, William, 144,146 —Haydon-Kerr, Springfield, 223 Ikes, Harold L, 139 —Henry, Peter, Fredericktown, 91 I'll Fly Away: The Life Story of Albert E. Brumley, —Howard, 470 by Kay Hively and Albert E. Brumley, Jr., 359 —Joplin, Scott, St. Louis, 215 Images of St. Louis, by Quinta Scott, 235 —Lexington, 93 Immortal Wife: The Biographical Novel of Jessie —McCullah-Pierce, Springfield, 101 Benton Fremont, by Irving Stone, 4 —Maclay, Tipton, 97 Independence, Mo, historic sites, 463 —Massey-Lines-Ward, Springfield, 102 Indian Grove, Mo, 461,465 —Miller-Jordan, Springfield, 351 Indiana Historical Society, 194 —Pickering Ranch, 93 Indians, 90,94, 346,469 —Piedmont, Wayne County, 343 Industrial Home for Negro Girls, 409 —Rice-Tremonti, Raytown, 94 Industrial Home for White Girls, 409 —Robords-Patterson, Springfield, 223 Inman, Margaret Henrietta, 102 —Salem, 465 Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri —Selsor, Irvin, Springfield, 351 —Silver Bridge, 93 During the American Civil War, by Michael —Tilley-Jones, 463 Fellman, 105-106 —Twain, Mark, Hannibal, 213 Intercollegiate Athletics Hall of Fame, University -White Haven, 94, 215 of Missouri, 347 494 Index

Iron County, Goulding-Chomyk House, 98 The Journals of William A. Lindsay: An Ordinary Iron County Historical Society, 76, 199, 328,450 Nineteenth-Century Physician's Surgical Cases, Iron Mountain Railroad, 93, 215 ed. by Katherine Mandusic McDonell, 233-234 Ironton, Mo, 341,360 Juch, Emma, 312, 313 The Island on the Border: A Civil War Story, by Jung-Stilling, Johann Heinrich, 22, 23 Trella Damson Dick, 16 K-Lee Shop, Monroe City, 342 "Dr. J. C. Parrish, Frontier Accoucheur," by Kansas City, Mo, 92, 99, 213, 219, 220, 322, 343, Charles R. King, 288-303 347, 463, 482 Jackson, Mo, 213 Kansas City Fire Brigade, 76, 200, 328, 450451 Jackson, Claiborne F, 54, 59, 384, 386-388 Kansas City Westerners, 77, 200, 328, 451 Jackson County, 222; Lawnwood School, 222 Kansas National Guard, 236 Jackson County Historical Society, 76, 199, 328, Kaseyville, Mo, 214, 216; Baptist Church, 214 450 Kazin, Alfred, 121 Jackson, John King, 179 Kearney, Charles Edmond, 469 James, Frank, 469 "Keeping History Alive in a Time-Present World," James, George, 351 by Ron Powers, 117-130 James, Jesse, 12, 346, 463; gang, 341 Keil, August, 24 James, Lucy Wortham, 90 Keil, Aurora, 38, 39 James Pecan Farm, Brunswick, 350 Keil, Louise, 22 Janssen, Dale, obit, 475 Keil, Wilhelm, 21-39 Jarvis, Elridge, 220 Keith, Harold, Rifles for Waite, 16 Jasper County, 340 Kellison, Garlin, obit, 475 Jasper County Historical Society, 76, 199, 328,450 Kellor, Frances, 409 Jasper County Youth Fair, 89 Kelly, John J, Jr., obit, 353 The Jay-hawkers: A Story of Free Soil Border Kelly, Samuel B, 180 Ruffian Days, by Adela E. Orpen, 6 Kelly, Susan Croce, Route 66: The Highway and Jayne, Mitch, 99 Its People, 360 Jazz, 462; rural, 106-107 Kelso, Isaac, The Stars and Bars: Or, the Reign of "Jeff Thompson's Unsuccessful Quest For a Con­ Terror in Missouri, 4, 5, 20 federate Generalship," by Stephen Davis, 53-65 Keltner, Nancy Angeline, 470 Jeffers, William L, 63, 274 Kennedy Associates, St. Louis, 222 Jefferson Barracks, 343 Kennedy, James and Pat, co-auth. Arrow Rock Jefferson City, Mo, 92, 99, 341, 427430 Places: The Architecture and Environs of Arrow Jennings, Harlan, "Grand Opera in St. Louis, 1886: Rock, Missouri A National Historic Landmark, A Championship Season?" 304-320 359 Jennings Historical Society, 199, 450 Kennen, E. C, 300 Kennedy, Lewis H, 178, 180 Jennison, Charles, 384 Kennedy, Samuel A, 277 Jepson, Walter C, 44 Kerr, John C, obit, 226 Jesuits, St. Louis University, 94 Kessler, George Edward, 468 John Brown's Cousin, by Jane Hutchens, 17, 18, 20 KFUO (radio station), St. Louis, 344 Johnson, Andrew, 223, 396, 397 Kidd, John, 472 Johnson County, 218, 467 Kidd, Mary Ann, 469 Johnson County Historical Society, 199, 450 Kiel, Herman Gottlieb, 102 Johnson, Grover C, 100 Kimmswick, Mo, 94 Johnson, Hugh, 138 Kimmswick Historical Society, 77, 200, 328, 451 Johnson, Neoma, obit, 226 Kindergarten, 344 Johnson, Waldo P, 398 Kindred, Charles Adams, 344 Johnson, Warren Alfred, 470 King, Charles R, "Dr. J. C. Parrish, Frontier Johnston, Albert Sidney, 175, 390-392, 399, 401 Accoucheur," 288-303 Johnston, Joseph E, 396 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 122, 123, 126 Jolly Mill Park, Newton County, 349 King, Roy T, obit, 103 Jones, Douglas C, Elkhorn Tavern, 19 Kingdom of Amarugia, 99 Jones, Edward D, Jr., obit, 225 Kingdom of Callaway Historical Society, 77, 200, Jones Farm, Springfield, 101 328,451 Jones, J. C, 300 Kingsbury, Lilburn, letters by, 482 Jones, Mary Harris, 405 Kingsbury, Warren Taylor, ed, A Man of Many Jones, Thelma, obit, 475 Letters: The "Mam" Letters, 1911-1921: Lilburn Joplin, Mo, 92, 341, 351,422440, 471 Adkin Kingsbury, 1884-1983,482 Joplin Historical Society, 199, 328, 450 Kirkpatrick, James C, 221 Joplin, Scott, 95; house, St. Louis, 215 Kirksville, Mo, 92, 220, 223 Jordan, Speck and Liz, 101-102 Kirkwood, Mo, 220 Jost, Henry, 42 Kirkwood Historical Society, 77, 200, 328, 451 Index 495

Kiwanis Club, Smithville, 95 Lexington Historical Association, 93, 451 Klebba, Larry, obit, 353 Liberty, Mo, 463 Knell, Emma R, 40,44-52 Libraries, 88, 90, 322 Knell, Frank, 51 Lincoln, Abraham, 4, 392 Knell, Frank, Jr., 51 Lincoln County Historical and Archeological Knell Mortuary, Carthage, 45 Society, 329,451 Knell, Robert, 51 Lincoln High School, Springfield, 472 Knob Noster, Mo, 95 Lincoln School, Joplin, 422, 425, 430432, 433, Knox, Thomas W, The Lost Army, 14 435437 Koch, Karl, 22, 25-27, 29, 38 Lincoln University, Jefferson City, 427430 Koelling School, 466 Lindenwood College, St. Charles, inside October Koppler, Mary Virginia, 223 back cover Kossuth, Lajos, 369 Lindsay, William A, journals of, 233-234 Krause, Frederick J, inside April back cover Linn County Historical Society, 77, 200-201, 329, Krause, Nannie A, inside April back cover 451452 Krech, Wilhelm, 371, 372-376, 379 Linnenbrink Store, Bland, 461 Kuklenski, Joe, 473 Little Dixie, 151, 152,155, 156 Little Flower Catholic School, Dixon, 341 La Plata, Mo, Baptist Church, 92 Livingston, Joel, 425 Laclede County Historical Society, 328-329,451 Local Historical Societies, 73-82, 195-204, 324-331, Lafayette County Historical Society, 77, 200,451 446455 Lafayette neighborhood, St. Louis, 95 Locke, Charles, 310, 314, 319, 320 Lafayette Park Baptist Church, St. Louis, 99 The Log House Club, by Robert Eggert, 9, 10 Lafayette Square, 99 Look Away Dixie Land, by Ada Claire Darby, 15 Lake of the Ozarks, July cover Loring, William W, 274 Lamkin, Sue Williams, 350 The Lost Army, by Thomas W. Knox, 14 LaMotte, Harriet M. Chenie, 397 Louisiana, Mo, Charles Bacon home, 342 Landers and Barker Lumber Company, 470 Lovell, Mansfield, 54, 396 Landers, Clay, 95 Lowell School, 466 Landis, John C, 276 Lowry family, Howard County, 470 Landmarks Association of St. Louis, 77, 200,451 Luck School, 88 Lane, Winthrop D, 417 Ludvigh, Samuel, 362, 363 Larson, George Ann, 256, 257, 260 Ludwig, William, 312 Larson, Sidney, 249, 250, 256-258, 260, 322, 441, Lund, Joel Y, obit, 226 468 Luther, Eunice, obit, 104 LaTour, Mo, 467 Lutheran Evangelical Synod, 374 Launius, Roger D, co-ed, Missouri Folk Heroes Lyle, Eugene P, The Missourian, 8 of the 19th Century, 480481 Lynch, Eleanor, 88 Lawnwood School, Jackson County, 222 Lynching, Excelsior Springs, 1925,463 Lawrence County Historical Society, 77, 200, 329, Lynott, George N, 301 451 Lyon, Nathaniel, 386, 388, 395 Lawrence, John R, obit, 475 Lawson, Mo, 463 McCabe, James P, obit, 104 League of Women Voters, 41; Joplin, 429 McCanne, Virginia, The MacGregors, 11 Leake, Dorothy, obit, 103 McCarter, Margaret Hill, A Wall of Men, 1 Ledbetter, Kathryn, 472 McCawley, A. L, 4648 Lee, Fred, 247 McCormack, A. L, 145 Lee, Ida Fursman, 251-255, 260, 261 McCracken, Joe, 216 Lee, J. F, 45 McCullah-Pierce House, Springfield, 101 Lee, Jim, 345 McCullah-Wasson family, 221, 351 Lee, Warren G. (Jack), A History of Ethel, 1888- McCulloch, Ben, 390, 399 1988, 482 McDonald, Charles E, obit, 226 Lee's Summit, Mo, 92 McDonald County, education, 340 Leitritz, Ernst, 101 McDonell, Katherine Mandusic, ed. The Journals LeMay, Alan, By Dim and Flaring Lamps, 6 of William A. Lindsay: An Ordinary Nineteenth- Leonard, Joseph S, 162 Century Physician's Surgical Cases, 233-234 Lessel, Joseph, 369, 371, 372 McElroy, Henry F, 142 Letier, Ignatius, 218 McFarland, James H, 277 Leupold, J, 366 MacFarlane, Archibald, 267 Lewis and Clark Expedition, 94 The MacGregors, by Virginia McCanne, 11 Lewis, Garland B, 279 McHaffie School, Christian County, 219 Lewis, John L, 150 Mack, Beth, 101 Lewis, Lilbourn A, 272 Mack, Connie, 471 Lewis, Mrs. William, 90 McKean, Sam, 95 Lexington, Mo, 90, 93, 348 McKee, Jan, By Love Divided, 20 496 Index

Mckellops, Henry James Byron, 348 Milan Italian Opera Company, 312 McKelvey, Blake, 418 Miley, Wayne G, obit, 353 McKiernan, F. Mark, co-ed, Missouri Folk Heroes Milgram, James, 159 of the 19th Century, 480481 Miller, Mo, 235 Maclay home, Tipton, 97 Miller County, 220, 350 McLeskey, Charlotte Davis, 215 Miller County Historical Society, 77, 201, 452 McMullan, Roy, obit, 104 Miller, Gordon, 349 McMurry, Richard M, Two Great Rebel Armies: Miller, Howard S, 444 An Essay in Confederate Military History, 232- Miller, Jacob G, 25, 27 233 Miller-Jordan House, Springfield, 351 Macomb, Mo, 214 Miller, May, First the Blade, 17 Macon County Historical Society, 201, 329 Miller, Moses, 31,39 Macon, William, 132 Miller, Randall M, co-ed. Shades of the Sunbelt: McPheeters, Mrs. John S, 394 Essays on Ethnicity, Race and the Urban South, McQueen, M. J, obit, 104 110-111 McReynolds, Ruby, 52 Miller, Robert E, "Daniel Marsh Frost, C.S.A," Maddox, Jesse T, family, Vernon County, 218 381401 Madison, Mo, Grace Methodist Church, 223 Mills, 95, 216, 348, 350,461 Mail service, St. Charles County, 472 Mills, Charles, 461 Malone, Annie, Home for Children, 94 Mills, J. Kelly, obit, 226 The Man from Texas: An American Story, by Millville Church, 214 Henry Oldham, 5, 6 Milwaukee Station, Excelsior Springs, 90 A Man of Many Letters: The " Mam" Letters, 1911- Mine Au Breton Historical Society, 78, 201 1921: Lilburn Adkin Kingsbury, 1884-1983, ed. Mingo, Wildlife Refuge, Mo, 90 by Warren Taylor Kingsbury, 482 Mining, 221, 350 Man Who Shot Quantrill, by George C. Appel, 7 Ministers' Wives Society, 97 The Many Names of Country People: An Historical Minute Men, 385, 388 Dictionary from the Twelfth Century Onward, Mississippi River, 101, 344, 347 by John T. Schlebecker, 229-230 Mississippi River and Bonne Terre Railroad, 470 Maple Grove, Mo, Ziler's Mercantile, 91, 349 Missouri, 214, 344-348 Maple Grove United Methodist Church, 102 —archaeological atlas, 218 Mapleson, James Henry, 305-311, 320 -Capitols, 40, 222, 349 Maps of the Santa Fe Trail, by Gregory M. -Civil War in, 467,468 Franzwa, 230-232 —highways, 100,466 Marceline Press (newspaper), 464 —hist, of, 95 Marion County, early settlers, 213 —juvenile executions, 347 Mark Twain Boyhood Home Associates, 329 —legislature, women in, 40-52 Marley, Jesse A, 467 —resistance to World War I, 107-109 Marmaduke, John S, 398 —secession from Union, 223 Marshall, Missouri, Sesquicentennial, 1839-1989, —state flag, 89 Commemorative Book, 114 Missouri Alliance for Historic Preservation, 72 Marthasville, Mo, 342, 364 Missouri and North Arkansas Railroad, 342 Martin, Elihu, 462 "Missouri and the American Civil War Novel," by Martin Hotel, Versailles, 95 Larry Olpin, 1-20 Martin, John D, 179, 180 Missouri Association for Social Welfare, 429, 431 Maryville, Mo, Lions Club, 342 Missouri Athletic Club, 345 Masons, 97, 471 Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, 99 Massey-Lines-Ward House, Springfield, 102 Missouri Conference on History, 193-194, 444 Meadowcroft, Enid LaMonte, By Secret Railway, Missouri Dental Association, 348 15 Missouri Dental Journal, 348 Medicine and medical services, 93, 233-234, 288- Missouri Folk Heroes of the 19th Century, ed. by 303, 461 F. Mark McKiernan and Roger D. Launius, Melton, Eileen, 471 480481 Mendon, Mo, 350 Missouri Folklore Society, 192 Meramec Station Historical Society, 77, 329, 452 Missouri Highway Patrol, 471 Metropolitan Opera Company, 305, 310, 320 Missouri Historical Society, 78, 201, 329, 452 Metz Times (newspaper), 218 Missouri History in Magazines, 97-102, 218-224, Meyer, August, 213 345-352, 467473 Meyer, Raymond F, Backwoods Jazz in the Twen­ Missouri History in Newspapers, 88-96, 210-217, ties, 106-107 340-344, 461466 Mid-Missouri Civil War Round Table, 77, 201, 329 Missouri Law Enforcement Memorial Project, 183 The Middle West: Its Meaning and Culture, by Missouri Lumber and Mining Company, Grandin, James R. Shortridge, 355-356 inside January back cover Middletown United Methodist Church, 223 Missouri Newspaper Project, 69-70, 183,443 Midland Empire Audubon Society, St. Joseph, 467 Missouri Press Association, 348,469 Index 497

Missouri River, 227-228, 344 Mullanphy, John, 383 Missouri River State Trail, 218 Mulligan, James, 389 Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla, Munch, Friedrich, 363-365, 367, 372, 378, 379 429 Murphey, Douglas J, obit, 475 Missouri State Archives, 223 Murray, Matthew S, 142-147,150, 153 Missouri State Board of Education, 434 Muse, John M, 162 Missouri State Fair, 1923, 351 Museum of Ozarks' History, Springfield, 192-193, Missouri State Hospital, St. Louis, 469 323 Missouri State Militia, 467 Museum of Westward Expansion, St. Louis, 101 Missouri State Omnibus Reorganization Act, 1974, Museums, 80, 95, 98, 192, 217, 351, 464, inside thesis on, 354 April back cover Missouri State Penitentiary, 402421; Hospital, 418 Musselfork, Mo, 461 Missouri Territory, 477478 Musser, R. H, 398, 399 Missouri Theatre, Columbia, 462 Myers, Samuel, family, 98 Missouri Town-1855, 99, 101,464 Missouri Writers' Guild, 100, 348 Nashville Bridge, 473 The Missourian, by Eugene P. Lyle, 8 Nast, Wilhelm, 24 Missourians, in South Dakota, 1924, 469 Nation, Carry, 344,461 Mitchell, Ewing Young, 141,143,146,149,150 National Association for the Advancement of Mitchell, H. L, 146,152 Colored People (NAACP), 425, 428,438 Mittie Stephens (steamboat), 211 National Opera Company, 315, 320 Mix, Tom, 471 National Railway Historical Society, 222 Moberly, Mo, 214 Native Sons of Kansas City, 78, 202 Mokane United Methodist Church, 102 Neal, Albert T, 167 Moniteau County Historical Society, 78, 201, 330 Neely, Robert, 295 Monroe City, K-Lee Shop, 342 Neelyville Area Historical Society, 452 Montgomery County Historical Society, 201, 330, Negro Service Center, Joplin, 426 452 Neihardt, John G, Corral of Westerners, 78, 202, Montgomery, James, 384 330, 452 Montgomery, Merrill E, obit, 353 Nelson, Mary Ellen, 223 Monticello, Mo, 461,465 Nelson, William R, 263 Moore, John C, 281 Neosho, Mo, 93, 214, 221, 342,464 Moore, Laura, 316, 317 Nevada, Mo, 97 Morehouse, Mo, 216 New Bourbon, Mo, thesis on, 354 Morehouse, A. P, 398 New Cambria, Mo, United Church of Bevier, 219 Morgan, Mo, Lutheran Church, 100 New Deal, 138-157 Morgan County, 348, 470 New Harmony Free-Will Baptist Church, 214 Morgan County Historical Society, 78, 201,452 New Haven, Mo, 470 Morgan, George, 346 New Hope Church, 214 Morgan, John Hunt, 265, 267 New Madrid, Mo, 470; earthquakes, 114-115, 349 Morgan, William A, 289 NewMelle,Mo,218,345 Mormons, in Missouri, 471 Newell, Samuel, 100 Morris, Ann, 100 News in Brief, 71-72, 192-194, 322-323,443445 Morrisville Baptist Church, 88 Newspaper Hall of Fame, 469 Moses Austin: His Life, by David B. Gracy II, Newspapers, 69-70, 217,443 356-357 —Clayton Watchman-Advocate, 211 Moss, Woodson J, 298 —Fayette Advertiser, 212, 220 Most, Johann, 404 —Grant City Times-Tribune, 469 "Mother and Teacher as Missouri State Penitentiary —Hermann Advertiser-Courier, 463 Inmates: Goldman and O'Hare, 1917-1920," by —Hermann Licht-Freund, 363, 367, 377 Bonnie Stepenoff, 402421 —Hermanner Volksblatt, 378 Mounce, Charley, 471 —Hermanner Wochenblatt, 362, 367-370, 372- Mount Hope Reorganized Church of Latter Day 373, 375, 376, 378, 462 Saints, 98 —Marceline Press, 464 Mountain Max: or Nick Whiffles on the Border. A —Metz Times, 218 Tale of Bushwhackers in Missouri, by J. H. —St. Louis Anzeiger des Westens, 379 Robinson, 2, 3 —St. Louis Daily Record, 100, 215 Mt. Hermon United Methodist Church, 95 —St. Louis Missouri Republican, 306-308, 312, Mt. Vernon, Mo, Spencer School, 220 314,316,319 Mt. Zion Church, Boone County, 89, 211 —St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 315, 318 Muehl, Siegmar, "Hermann's 'Free Men': 1850s — Unionville Republican, 96 German-American Religious Rationalism," 361- — Willow Springs Index, 217 380 Newton County, 221, 341, 349 Muhl, Eduard, 363, 364, 366, 367, 371, 377, 378, Newton County Historical Society, 202, 452453 380 Nineveh Colony, Adair County, 21, 34 498 Index

Ninth Missouri State Militia, Union, 470 Owen, P. Cecil, obit, 353 Noble, Glenn, obit, 226 Owen, Robert, 28 Nodaway County, Hollister Mill, 348 Owens, William, 96 Nodaway County Genealogical Society, 193, 323 Owings, Chloe, 145 Nodaway County Historical Society, 78 Ozark County, 100, 349 Nodaway Primitive Baptist Church, 92, 98 Ozark County Historical and Genealogical Society, Norall, Frank, Bourgmont: Explorer of the Mis­ 330 souri, 1698-1724, 227-228 Ozarks, 100, 102, 218, 221, 349, 351, 354, 463, 464, Nordhoff, Charles, 22 468,469,471473 Nordica, Lillian, 307-309 Norfolk Southern Railroad, steam engine, 93 Page, C. M, 299 Norwood Hotel, 214, 342 Paine, Thomas, 362, 368, 369 Novels, Civil War, 1-20 Painter, Maynard, 352 Noyes, Guy L, 300 Painter, Samuel, 352 Noyes, John Humphrey, 35 Palmer, A. Mitchell, 419 Nuderscher, Frank B, 346 Palmer, William J, 249, 251 Nunn, W. R. "Bill," obit, 474 Palmyra, Mo, massacre, 343 Paris National Bank, 214 Obituaries, 103-104, 225-226, 353, 474475 Paris United Methodist Church, 473 O'Brien, Mary Frances, 250 Park, Guy B, 141-146 O'Donnell, James M, 169 Parker, Bonnie, 471 "Odyssey to an Authentication: A George Caleb Parker, Ralph Halstead, 223; obit, 475 Bingham Colorado Landscape," by Nelson A. Parks, 214, 349, 425, 426 Rieger, 237-263 —St. Louis, 215,465 O'Fallon Historical Society, 78, 202 -State, 218, 469 Oglesby, Richard James, 266 Parkville, Mo, 93 O'Hare, Frank P, 405, 414, 419 Parrish, John Conley, 288-303 O'Hare, Kate Richards, 402421 Parrish, Ophelia, 223 Oil, 465 Parsons, Mosby M, 393, 394 Old Iron Road, 213 Paseo High School, Kansas City, 213 Old Mines Area Historical Society, 78, 453 Patterson, James T, 149 Old Trails Historical Society, 79, 202, 330, 453 Patterson, Jefferson, 161, 273, 287 Oldham, Henry, The Man from Texas: An Ameri­ Patterson, Roscoe C, 148 can Story, 5, 6 Patton, Aaron C, 279 Oliver, John W, obit, 353 Patton, George S, 91 Olpin, Larry, "Missouri and the American Civil Pea Ridge, Ark, battle of, 99, 393 War Novel," 1-20 Peace Evangelical and Reformed Church, 88 Olson, Deborah, 39 Pecans, 351 Olson, James C, 441 Peerless Brewing Company, Washington, 217 Olympic Theatre, St. Louis, 304, 306 Pemberton, John C, 275, 280, 396 O'Mahoney, Joseph, 148 Pemberton, Reuben, 344 O'Malley, R. Emmett, 145 Pemiscot County Historical Society, 79, 202, 330, Operas, St. Louis, 304-320 453 Opry house, Sikeston, 216 Pendergast, Jim, 42, 137 Oral History Association, 445 Pendergast, Thomas J, 134-157, 210, 346 Order No. 11,350 Pennytown, Mo, 214 Order No. 11: A Tale of the Border, by Caroline People's Theatre, Pleasant Hill, 343 Abbot Stanley, 11-13,20 Perkins, David, co-auth. Arrow Rock Places: The Oregon-California Trails Association, 71 Architecture and Environs of Arrow Rock, Mis­ Oregon-California Trails Association, Trails Head souri A National Historic Landmark, 359 Chapter, 79, 202, 330, 453 Perry County, 114,221,343 Orpen, Adela E, The Jay-hawkers: A Story of Free Perry County Historical Society, 453 Soil Border Ruffian Days, 6 Perry County Lutheran Historical Society, 330, 453 Orphan Train Heritage Society of America, 323 Perry, Thomas, inside April back cover Orrick, Mo, 101, 222, 350; Christian Church, 101 Perryman, Bob and Mary Lou, 472 Osage Beach, Mo, 99 Perryville, Mo, Duerr House, 93 Osage County, 214, 342 Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 94 Osage County Historical Society, 79, 202, 330,453 Osage Indians, 462,469 Pettis County, 476477; death penalties, 95 Osage River, 100 Pettit, James William, 98 Osage Village State Historic Site, 218 Peyton, Paley, 280 Osage War, 1837,462 Phelps County, 221; Fairview School, 349 Osceola, Mo, education, 89 Phelps County Historical Society, 453 Our Lady of Sorrows Parish, 213 Phelps, John, 397 The Outlaw Heart, by Rebecca Brandewyne, 19, 20 Phillips, Amos, 274 Index 499

Phillips, Dick, 264, 265 Pulaski County, 99; schools, 217, 344 Phillips, Murray, 174 Pulaskifield, Mo, 342 Phillips, Richard, 174 Putnam County Historical Society, 79 Phillips, Thomas Jenkins, 161, 165, 166, 168, 170, Quantrell's Raiders, by Frank Gruber, 7 274 Quantrill, by George Goede, 7 Physicians, frontier, 218, 288-303 Quantrill, William Clarke, 6-8 Pickering Ranch House, 93 Queen City (steamboat), 473 Piedmont home, Wayne County, 343 Quilts and quilters, 465 Pierce, Franklin, 129, 130 Quincy (boat), 102 Pierpont, John T, 473 Quincy, Mo, 213 Pierson, Bertha, 319 Pike, Albert, 396 Ragsdale, John and Nancy, 224 Pike County Historical Society, 79, 202, 330, 453 Railroads, 95, 96, 219, 221, 341, 342, 462, 465 Piland, Elisha, 349 —Cassville and Exeter, 473 Pilkington, Carole Tellman, The Story of Bagnell —Chicago and Alton, 295, 296 Dam, 360 —Hamilton and Kingston, 213 Pittman, Key, 148-149 —Iron Mountain, 93, 215 Pittman, William H, obit, 353 —Mississippi and Bonne Terre, 470 Planter's Hotel, St. Louis, 219 —Norfolk Southern, 93 Plants, 469 Ralls County Historical Society, 203, 331, 454 Platte City, Mo, 100, 343, 464, 471 Ramsey, Allen, 347 Platte County, 93, 348; Brenner, Henry, family, 100 Randolph County, 91; Lowry family, 470 Platte County Missouri Historical & Genealogical Randolph County Historical Society, 79, 331 Society, 202-203,453, inside April back cover Randolph, George W, 59, 63 Pleasant Hill, Mo, 93, 215, 343 Range Line Presbyterian Church, 95 Pleasant Hill Historical Society, 79, 203, 330, 453 Rankin, Robert S, 277 Plummer, Venta E, obit, 475 Rapp, George, 27-31, 33, 34, 36 "The Political Impact of the Depression on Mis­ Ray County, 101,222,350 souri, 1929-1940," by J. Christopher Schnell, Ray County Historical Society, 79-80 Richard J. Collings and David W. Dillard, Raytown, Mo, Rice-Tremonti house, 94 131-157 Raytown Historical Society, 80, 203, 331, 454 Politics, 131-157,346 The Real New Madrid Earthquakes, by Edison E. Polk County Rangers, 471 Shrum, 114-115 Polk, Leonidas, 54, 171,392 Rebel Mail Runner, by Manley Wade Wellman, 15 Polk, Mrs. Trusten, 394 The Rebel's Daughter: A Story of Love, Politics Pollard, Braxton, obit, 474 and War, by J. G. Woerner, 10, 11 Pony Express, 88, 94, 98 Recker, L. H, obit, 226 Pony Express Historical Association, 79, 203, 330- Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 133, 136, 153 331 Red Oak School, Elkhead, 345 Pony Express Museum, St. Joseph, 98, 464 Red Rock United Methodist Church, 102 Poplar Bluff, Mo, 215 Redford Baptist Church, 212 Porterfield, Rex and Linda, 473 Redmon, John, 279 Post, Louis F, 419 Reed, Frederick Chandler, 222 Post offices, 88, 97, 102, 472 Regnery, Dorothy F, obit, 353 Poston, Richard, 129 Reid, F. M, 282 Potter, Ted and Sam, 351 Reiley, Tildy, 461 Powers, Ron, 186, 187; "Keeping History Alive in a Reis, Andy, 165, 166 Time-Present World," 117-130 Religion, 21-39, 361-380 Pozzetta, George E, co-ed. Shades of the Sunbelt: Renick, Robert F, 279 Essays on Ethnicity, Race and the Urban South, Reps, John W, Saint Louis Illustrated: Nineteenth- 110-111 Century Engravings and Lithographs of a Missis­ Prairies, 92 sippi River Metropolis, 228-229 Presbyterian churches, Missouri, 467 Rescue, Mo, 92 President (excursion boat), 473 Resettlement Administration, 139 Preston, William A, 97 Rexford, Mary Metcalfe, 113 Price, Sterling, 64, 168, 169, 267, 268, 275, 390, 393, Rexford, Oscar Whitelaw, comp, Battlestars & 398, 399 Doughnuts: World War II Clubmobile Experi­ Priddy, Bob, 129,186 ences of Mary Metcalfe Rexford, 113 Prince of Peace United Church of Christ, St. Louis, Reynolds County, 462 97 Reynolds, John N, 408 Pringle, John, obit, 226 Reynolds, Mark, 210 Prostitution, 219 Reynolds, Thomas C, 383, 396, 398 Province, Thomas, 215 Rhodd, Jim Whitecloud (Iowa chief), 346 Public Works Administration, 139, 152 Rice industry, in America, 109-110 Pulaski, Casimir, 462 Rice, Olin R, 176, 177, 265 500 Index

Rice-Tremonti House, Raytown, 94 Safire, William, Freedom: A Novel of Abraham Rich, Lucius L, 162, 165, 176-179, 265 Lincoln and the Civil War, 4 Richards, Andrew, 404 St. Agnes Catholic Church, 215 Richards, Blanche 0, obit, 226 St. Aloysius Catholic Church, Baring, 462 Richardson, Lee, 302 St. Alphonsus Ligouri Rock Church, St. Louis, 347 Richmond, Mo, 94 St. Charles, Mo, 101,222,350 Rieger, Ann, 240 St. Charles County, 221,472 Rieger, Nelson A, 441; "Odyssey to an Authentica­ St. Charles County Historical Society, 80, 203, 331, tion: A George Caleb Bingham Colorado Land­ 454 scape," 237-263 St. Clair Historical Museum, 80 Ries, Andrew, 345 St. Dismas Parish, 343 Rifles for Waite, by Harold Keith, 16 St. Ferdinand Church, Florissant, 463 Riggs Union Methodist Church, 351 St. Francis Borgia Church, Washington, 96 Riley, Albert Chilion, 160 St. Francis Xavier Church, St. Joseph, 213 Riley, Amos, 158, 160 St. Francois County Historical Society, 80, 203, 331 Riley, Amos Camden, 158-181, 264-287 Ste. Genevieve, Mo, 213, 354 Riley, Betty, 169 Ste. Genevieve Historical/Genealogical Society, 80 Riley, Camden, 286 St. James, Mo, vineyards, 470 Riley, Charles H, 169, 173, 268-269, 271, 274 St. James School, 464 Riley, Henry Clay, 271 St. John, Mo, 469 Riley, Lee H, Jr., 159-160 St. John's United Church of Christ, Billingsville, Riley, Louisiana, 271, 272, 445 467 Riley, Lucy, see Riley, Louisiana St. Joseph, Mo, 90, 94, 213, 343, 346, 464 Riley, Lucy Ann Hamilton, 158, 160, 284 St. Joseph Historical Society, 331, 454 Riley, William, 271, 274 St. Joseph Museum, 192 Riney, J. M, 290 St. Louis, Mo, 89, 95, 98-101, 215, 216, 218, 219, Ringgold, Mo, 426 222, 235, 343-347, 465,470, 472 Ringler, Laurel O, Dark Grows the Night, 8 —Amtrak, 221 Rivers, 227-228, 344, 347, 464 —Angelica Company, 350 Robert Devoy: A Tale of the Palmyra Massacre, by —archaeology, thesis on, 354 Frank Sosey, 10 —City Beautiful Movement, 468 Robinson, Betty, 431, 432, 436, 438, 439 —Gateway Arch, 351, 472 Robinson, J. H, Mountain Max: or Nick Whiffles —Goldie Hill, 314 on the Border. A Tale of Bushwhackers in Mis­ —Hadley Technical High School, 433 souri, 2, 3 —Missouri State Hospital, 469 Robinson, Mary S, A Household Story of the —Olympic Theatre, 304, 306 American Conflict: The Brother Soldiers, 5 —operas in, 1886,304-320 Robords-Patterson House, Springfield, 223 —pictorial history, 228-229 Rock Creek, battle of, 467 —Prince of Peace United Church of Christ, 97 Rock, Edgar P, obit, 104 —Standard Theatre, 312 Rockford, Mo, 461,465 —Trivers Associates, 350 Rodes, L. O, 297 St. Louis Anzeiger des Westens (newspaper), 379 Rogers, Bill, 102 St. Louis Browns (baseball team), 471 Roller family, papers, 102 St. Louis Browns Fan Club, 454 Rollins, Fran, co-ed. Community Christian Church: St. Louis Browns Historical Society, 80 A Centennial History 1890-1990, 482 St. Louis Christian Home, 348 Rollins, James S, 245 St. Louis County, White Haven, 94, 215 Romeldi, Emma, 312 St. Louis Daily Record (newspaper), 100, 215 Roosevelt, Franklin D, 137-147, 149-154, 157 St. Louis Federal Reserve District, 346 Roper, Daniel C, 149 St. Louis Free Men Society, 368 Rose Park Garden Club, Cape Girardeau, 88 Saint Louis Illustrated: Nineteenth-Century En­ Ross, Jack R, 261 gravings and Lithographs of a Mississippi River Ross, Karl, 248 Metropolis, by John W. Reps, 228-229 Ross, Marie, 239, 240, 243, 261 St. Louis Ladies' Union Aid Society, 98 Ross, Mike, 345 St. Louis Missouri Republican, 306-308, 312, 314, Roth, James, 249 316,319 Round Valley Field, Springfield, 102 St. Louis Municipal Opera, 94 Route 66: The Highway and Its People, by Quinta St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 315, 318 Scott and Susan Croce Kelly, 360 St. Louis Social Evil Ordinance, 219 Rowell, Samuel J, 221 St. Louis University, 94 Ruhl family, 468 St. Louis Westerners, 80, 203, 331 Runcie, C. F, thesis on, 354 St. Mary Aldermanbury Church, 469 Ruyle, W. A, 101 St. Patrick, Mo, 468 St. Paul the Apostle Parish, Tarkio, 213 Sacred Heart Parish, 97, 468 St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Ironton, 341 Index 501

St. Paul's Evangelical Church, 367, 372-374, 380 -Lincoln, Joplin, 422,425, 430433, 435437 St. Peters, Mo, post office, 472 —Lincoln University, Jefferson City, 427430 St. Peter's Episcopal Church, Bonne Terre, 91 —Little Flower Catholic, Dixon, 341 St. Peter's United Church of Christ, 219 —Lowell, 466 Salem, Mo, homes, 465 —Luck, 88 Salem Church and Cemetery, Miller County, 350 -McHaffie, 219 Salem Evangelical Lutheran Church, Florissant, 212 —one room, 473 Saline County Historical Society, 331,454 —Paseo High, Kansas City, 213 Salter, Kit, 469 —Pulaski County, 217, 344 Salvation Army, Springfield, 101 -Red Oak, Elkhead, 345 Santa Fe Trail, 212, 230-232, 468 —rural, 216 Sapp, James R. "Blind Jim," 471 —St. James, 464 Saum, Lewis 0,185-187 —St. Louis High, 344 Savannah, Mo, 92, 95, 98 —St. Louis University, 94 Savannah Road, 220 -Shiloh, 100 Save Weeping for the Night, by Loula Grace -Springfield, 223, 351,472 Erdman, 16 -Springfield High, 351 Savitt, Todd L, co-ed. Disease and Distinctiveness —Unity School of Christianity, Lee's Summit, 92 in the American South, 111-112 —Vernon County, 218 Sawyer, I. O, inside October back cover —Waynesville High, 466 Sayad, Elizabeth Gentry, 322 —Welch Military Academy, 462 Scearce, R. Elliott, obit, 353 —Westminster College, Fulton, 92,193 Schaeffer, Louis H, 473 Schuyler County, New Harmony Free-Will Baptist Scharnhorst, A. L, obit, 104 Church, 214 Schenimann, Charles, 219 Schweighauser, A. A, obit, 104 Schlanker, Walter L, obit, 104 Scotland County Historical Society, 80, 203, 331 Schlebecker, John T, The Many Names of Country Scott County Historical Society, 80, 203, 331,454 People: An Historical Dictionary from the Scott, Dred, 423 Twelfth Century Onward, 229-230 Scott, Haywood, 433 Schluersburg, Mo, 97, 222 Scott, John T, 173 Schnell, J. Christopher, co-auth, "The Political Scott, Quinta Impact of the Depression on Missouri, 1929- —Images of St. Louis, 235 1940," 131-157 —Route 66: The Highway and Its People, 360 Schnuck, Donald O, 350 Scott, Willie, 348 Schoemehl, Vincent, Jr., 222 Scott, Winfield, 382, 383 Schools, 90, 93, 95, 98, 211, 220, 465, 472 Sears, James Brock, 100,220 —Adams, 218 Seattle (Indian chief), 129, 130 —Avery, 224 Sedalia, Mo, 95, 344, 348, 465 —Barren Fork, 349 Seddon, James A, 63 —Barton, 347 Seibel, Helen, 118,129 —Brown, Springfield, 473 Selden, Mo, 218 —Carver, George Washington, Nursery, Joplin, Sellers, James McBrayer, 346 427 Selsor, Irvin, house, Springfield, 351 —Central Christian College, 461 Shackelford, Robert, 300 —Central Missouri State University, Warrens­ Shades of the Sunbelt: Essays on Ethnicity, Race burg, 217, 221 and the Urban South, ed. by Randall M. Miller —Crescent, 210 and George E. Pozzetta, 110-111 —Crowder College, Neosho, 221 Shalhoob, Charles Nassir, obit, 104 —desegregation in Missouri, 422440 Shane, Fred —Drury College, Springfield, 351 —obit, 225 —Fairview, Phelps County, 349 —painting by, January cover —First District Normal, Kirksville, 223 Shaner, John, 221 —Franklin, 215 Shanks, David, 64 —Gordon, 216 Shannon, Joseph B, 42, 137, 138 —Hadley Technical High, St. Louis, 433 Shannon, Mabel, 216 —Hammons, John Q, School of Architecture, Shartel, Stratton, 133 351 Shaw, Henry, 347 —Hoffman (Bryant), 468 Shelbina, Mo, churches, 216 -Hope, 214 Shelby, Joseph O, 8, 64,473 —Hubbard, Sedalia, 348 Shelbyville, Mo, 216 —Iberia Academy, 217 Shell Knob, Mo, 211; CCC Camp, 211 —Joplin Junior College, 433434 Shelton, Gary, obit, 475 —Joplin Memorial High, 438,439 Sherman, William T, 287, 312 -Koelling, 466 Sherwood, Mo, 471 —Lawnwood, Jackson County, 222 Shiloh School, Ozark County, 100 502 Index

Shipley, Dicey, journal, 470 Spanish flu, 219 Shira, Samira Speer, 346 Spanish Fort Cemetery, Lawrence County, 469 Shirky, Sam B, obit, 226 Spencer School, Mt. Vernon, 220 Shortridge, James R, The Middle West: Its Mean­ Sprague, J. Kemp, 178, 180 ing and Culture, 355-356 Springfield, Mo, 101,102,216, 223, 351,465,472,473 Shoups, Francis A, 282 —Episcopal Church, 345 Shrewsbury Historical Society, 80-81 —Museum of Ozarks' History, 192-193, 323 Shrum, Edison E, The Real New Madrid Earth­ Stalling'sFord,91 quakes, 114-115 Standard Theatre, St. Louis, 312 Shumate, William, 277 Stanley, Caroline Abbot, Order No. 11: A Tale of Shunpike Study Tours, 216 the Border, 11-13,20 Sibley, George C, inside October back cover Stark Brothers' Nurseries & Orchards Co, 470 Sibley Hall, Lindenwood College, St. Charles, in­ Stark, Lloyd C, 142-144, 146-148, 150, 153 side October back cover The Stars and Bars: Or, the Reign of Terror in Sibley, Mary Easton, inside October back cover Missouri, by Isaac Kelso, 4, 5, 20 Sides Cemetery, Perry County, 221 State Historical Society of Missouri, 90, 192, 443, Sikeston, Mo, 99; Opry house, 216 463, 464,473; annual meeting, 182-188 Silver Bridge (house), 93 Steamboats, 210, 211,212 Silvius, Nancy and Ron, 472 -Arabia, 344, 473 Simon, John E, 34 —Mattie Stephens, 211 Simonsen, Mrs. Ernst, 349 —Queen City, 473 Sinners Union Church, 93 Steel, Daniel, 180 Slack, Don, 351 Steele, William, 396 Slater, Mo, 214, 344 Steelville, Mo, 216 Slater Mill, 95 Steen, Alexander Early, 59 Slaughter, Stephen S, obit, 475 Stepenoff, Bonnie, "Mother and Teacher as Mis­ Slavery, Platte Purchase area, thesis on, 354 souri State Penitentiary Inmates: Goldman and Smith, Bob, 348 O'Hare, 1917-1920," 402421 Smith, E. Kirby, 64, 398, 399 Stern, Alfred, 128 Smith, Edward T, 41 Stevenson, Carter L, 276, 280 Smith, Forrest, 428, 429 Stevenson, Mrs. Paul, obit, 104 Smith, Mrs. G. H, 295 Stewart, Goah W, 279 Smith, Jeffrey E, 71 Stewart, Robert M, 384 Smith, Jesse, 102 Steyermark, Julian, 469 Smith, Josie, inside July back cover Stiefermann, Johann, 349 Smith, Mellcene Thurman, 4044, 52 Stifel, Nicolaus & Company, 350 Smith, Robert, 185 Stiles, Edward J, 280 Smith, Rosie, 426 Stockman, Jay, 472 Smith, Rowland H, obit, 353 Stockyards, 465 Smithville, Mo, 95, 216, 344 Stone County Historical Society, 204, 332, 455 Smoky Hill Railway and Historical Society, Inc., Stone Hill Winery, Hermann, 470 331-332,454 Stone, Irving, Immortal Wife: The Biographical Snead, Thomas L, 388, 400 Novel of Jessie Benton Fremont, 4 Sneddeker, Duane R, 444 Stoner, Kathie, 351 Snelling, Ann, 347 The Stormy Petrel: An Historical Romance, by Snow White (diner), St. Joseph, 343 John Bowles, 8, 9 Snyder, Jeremiah, 165 The Story of Bagnell Dam, by Carole Tellman Snyder, William F. H, 172 Pilkington, 360 Socialist Party of America, 405, 419 The Story of the Guard: A Chronicle of the War, Society of Rationalist Christians, 365-366 by Jessie Benton Fremont, 3, 4 Somos, Joseph, 465 Strehly, Carl, 367, 370, 371, 377; home, 378 Sons and Daughters of the Blue and Gray, 81, 203, Strickland, Arvarh E, 183; ed. Working with 332, 454 Carter G. Woodson, the Father of Black History, Sosey, Frank, Robert Devoy: A Tale of the Palmyra A Diary, 1928-1930, Lorenzo J Greene, 478480 Massacre, 10 Strickland, Mrs. Arvarh E, 183 Soulard Park, St. Louis, 465 Stults, Ben T, 352, 473 South, 110-112 Sturgeon United Methodist Church, 473 South East Missouri Civil War Round Table, 81, Summa, Hugo, 298 454 Summy, Bert, 247 South Howard County Historical Society, 203-204 Swearengin, Elijah Hugh, 219 Southern Tenant Farmers Union, 152 Sweeney, Mary Rose, 351 Southwest Missouri Fair, 45, 50 Sweetheart Mine, Jasper County, 301 Soutter, Louis J, 252 Swisher, Ada, 102 Soutter, Madge Fursman, 261 Swisher, Adam Tabler, 102 Spangler, Norval, 277 Swon, J. C, 102 Index 503

Syracuse, Mo, 92 —statue, Hannibal, 127 Two Great Rebel Armies: An Essay in Confederate Taafe, Martha, 48, 49 Military History, by Richard M. McMurry, Talge, Henry J, obit, 475 232-233 Taliaferro, Eliza Dillon, 347 Taliaferro, Teresa, 322 U. S. Arsenal, St. Louis, 387 Taney County, 352, 473 U. S. Coast Guard, 101 Taney, Roger B, 423, 424 U. S. Highway 66, 220, 360 Tarkio, Mo, St. Paul the Apostle Parish, 213 U.S. Highway 71, 89 Taul, James, 216 U. S. Supreme Court, and school desegregation, Taylor, Elton, 174 422, 423, 427,428,432,435,440 Taylor, Lucille, 465 Union Cemetery Historical Society, 81, 204, 332, Television, 101,102, 223, 351, 472, 473 455 " 'Temples Stand, Temples Fall': The Utopian Vision Union Cemetery, Kansas City, 213 of Wilhelm Keil," by Carol Piper Heming, 21-39 A Union Forever, by Muriel Culp Barbe, 7 Terwilliger, R. S, 302 Union Hill, Mo, 215 Texas County, 235,470 Uniontown, Mo, Lutheran churches, 114 Texas County Genealogical and Historical Society, Unionville, Mo, 220 81,204,332,455 Unionville Republican (newspaper), 96 Texas County Missouri Heritage, Vol. I and II, 235 United Church of Bevier, New Cambria, 219 Thayer, Mo, slab rock dwellings, 221 United Methodist Church, Fair Grove, 461 Theaters, 304, 306, 312, 343,462 United Missouri Bank, Carthage, 89, 211 Thiltgen, Harry, Caverns, 471 United States Newspaper Program, 69-70, 443 Thomas, Theodore, 310, 317, 318 Unity School of Christianity, Lee's Summit, 92 Thomasson, Bob, 348 University City, Mo, Tivoli building, 219 Thompson, H. Norman, obit, 353 University of Missouri Thompson, Henry D, 280 —football, 220 Thompson, M. Jeff, 53-65, 169, 171 —Journalism School, 428 Thousand Hills State Park, 218 -Law School, 427, 428,432,433 Thurber, Jeannette, 314 University of Missouri, Columbia, 300, 429 Tibbe Historic District, Washington, Mo, 96 Tilley-Jones Home, 463 Van Dorn, Earl, 270, 392 Timothy Larkin, by Jane Hutchens, 17, 18, 20 , 218 Tipton, Mo, Maclay home, 97 Van Ravenswaay, Charles, 94 Todd, George, 7 Vandalia, Mo, 289, 301 Tornadoes, 88; St. Louis, 1959, 465 Vandoren, Charles V, 349 Touhill, Blanche M, 443 Vaughan, V. C, 299 Tower Grove Park, St. Louis, 99, 215 Vernon County, 97, 218 Towne, Ruth Warner, 185, 186 Vernon County Historical Society, 81, 97, 204, 332, Townsend, Maxine Dunn, obit, 226 455 Towosahgy State Historic Site, 218 Victoria, Mo, 344 Trade, Mo, 461,465 Victory Gardens, 461 Trail of Tears State Park, 218 Vienna Snacks, 343 Trefts, Charles, photograph by, July cover View of the Hinkson (painting), January cover Trenton, Patricia, 243 Villalpando, Maria Rose, 100 Tri-County Historical and Museum Society, 81 Von Leon, Maximilian, 28 Tri-State Mineral Museum, Joplin, 351 Trivers Associates, St. Louis, 350 Waco, Mo, 91 Trova, Ernest, 222 Wade, William, 276 Trower School, 88 Waldrath, H. S, 290 Troy, Mo, 97; First Baptist Church, 96 Walker, David, 279 Truitt, Paul, obit, 475 Walker, Joe, 466 Truman, Bess, 470 Walker, Leroy P, 400 Truman, Harry S, 91, 102, 141-145, 148-150, 219, A Wall of Men, by Margaret Hill McCarter, 7 346, 352 Wallace, Henry A, 138, 146, 152 Tucker, Avis, 183 Walter, Georgia, 98 Tufte, Edward R, 157 Walton, Sam, 343 Tugwell, Rexford Guy, 139 Wappapello, Mo, 215 Turk, George, 376 War of 1812, 218 Turner, James Milton, 468 Ward's Store No. 20, Wayne County, 464 Turner, Sarah Lucille, 4044, 52 Wargo, Valentina, 241,256, 257, 260 Twain, Mark, 128,218,223 Warnock, Hal, 350 —bronze bust, 95 Warren County Historical Society, 81, 332 —home, Hannibal, 213 Warren County Museum, 217 —Memorial Bridge, Hannibal, 341 Warren, Earl, 433 504 Index

Warrensburg, Mo, 217, 221, 359-360 Willard, Mo, 217 Wars Williams, Dennis, 351 -Osage, 1837,462 Williams, Grace, 102 -World War I, 107-109, 347 Williams, Ted, 471 -World War II, 113,216,349 Williamsville, Mo, home, 464 Warsaw Railroad, 96 Willis, Samuel J, 168 Warwick Place, Glendale, 98 Willits, Adlen, 217 Washington, Mo, 96, 115, 217, 351, 473 Willkie, Wendell, 150, 156 Washington Historical Society, 81, 204, 332, 455 Willow Springs Index (newspaper), 217 Washington, Missouri 1839-1989, 115 Wilson, David W, 97 , 218 Wilson, Francis M, 141, 148 Water towers, 222 Wilson, James Q, 132 Waters, William W, 162 Wilson, Shirley and Jim, 472 Watson, L, 282 Wilson, Woodrow, 419 Wayman, Norbury L, obit, 474 Wilson's Creek, 95, 470 Wayne County, 343,464 Wilton, Mark, 3 Wayne County Historical Society, 204 Wimar, Carl, 467, 468 Waynesville High School, basketball, 466 Windyville, Mo, 214 Webb City, Mo, 96, 344 Wine and wine industry, 220, 470; thesis on, 354 Webber, Everett and Olga, Bound Girl, 17 Winston, Mo, 222 Webber, Joseph, 184, 185 Winston Historical Society, 82, 333, 455 Webster Groves, Mo, post offices, 102 Winston, Sergeant J, 3 Webster Groves Historical Society, 81, 204, 332 Winter, Edward H, 136, 141 Wehmueller, Emmie, 96 Wishart, Mo, 222 Weil, Paul, 345 Withers Mill—Miller Township, by J. Hurley and Weitling, Wilhelm, 25, 27, 38 Roberta Roland Hagood, 235 Welch Military Academy, 462 Witman, Art, 100 Wellington United Methodist Church, 93 Witt, Jesse Marion, 220 Wellman, Manley Wade, Rebel Mail Runner, 15 Wittenberg, Mo, Lutheran churches, 114 Wellman, Paul I, Angel with Spurs, 8 Wittenberg, Charlie, 345 Wellsville United Methodist Presbyterian Church, Wobus, Paul, 473 223 Woe to Live On, by Daniel Woodrell, 6 Wentz, Wendell, 350 Woermann Construction Company, St. Louis, 101 Wentzville Community Historical Society, 81, 204, Woerner, J. Gabriel, The Rebel's Daughter: A Story 455 of Love, Politics and War, 10, 11 Wesley, John, 24 Wolcott, H. A, 45 West, Betty, 472 Women, 94, 210 West Chester, Mo, 221 —and childbirth, 288-303 West, Jim, 432 —in Missouri legislature, 40-52 West of Appomattox, by Harley Duncan, 8 —in prison, 402421 Wester, Maxine Lunsford, 101 "Women Pioneers in the Missouri Legislature," by Westminster College, Fulton, 92, 193 Mary K. Dains, 40-52 Weston Historical Museum, 204, 455 Wood, Roi, 433, 436, 437 Westport, Mo, 347 Wood, Sue Fanning, 94 Westport Cemetery, 347 Woodrell, Daniel, Woe to Live On, 6 Westport Historical Society, 82, 204, 332-333, 455 Woodson, Carter G, 478480 Wheeler, Burton, 148 Working with Carter G. Woodson, The Father of Wheeler, Hubert, 434 Black History, A Diary, 1928-1930, Lorenzo J. Where Runs the River, by Gertrude Bell, 16 Greene, ed. by Arvarh E. Strickland, 478480 White Alloe (stream), 214 Works Progress Administration, 138, 140, 152-157 White, Benjamin, 180 World War I, 107-109, 347 White Haven (house), St. Louis County, 94, 215 World War II, 113,216,349 White, J. T, 299 World War II Historical Re-enactment Society, 444 White, John Barber, inside January back cover Wormsley, Anna W, obit, 475 White River, 210 Wright, Uriel, 101 White River Bottoms, 471 Wyrick, Chesley, 350 White River Valley Historical Society, 82, 204, 333, 455 Xavier, Frank, 272 Whitfield, Owen H, 146, 151 Wickersham, James H, 279 Wiegenstein, Faye, History of the First United Ye English Inn, 224 Presbyterian Church of Ironton, Missouri, 360 Yost, P. D, 289 Wilcox, William Lindley, 92 Young, James Harvey, co-ed. Disease and Distinc­ Wild, J. C, 102 tiveness in the American South, 111-112 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 93, 102, 215, 471 Younger brothers, 102 Wilkinson, James R, obit, 353 Wilkinson, John, 464 Ziler's Mercantile, Maple Grove, 91, 349 Wilkinson, Lelia E, obit, 353 Zion Lutheran Church, 213 Will, Clark Moore, 33, 39 Zion United Church of Christ, Bland, 345 MISSOURI HISTORICAL REVIEW

Published Quarterly by

THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MISSOURI

COLUMBIA, MISSOURI

Copyright © 1991 by the State Historical Society of Missouri 1020 Lowry Street, Columbia, Missouri 65201

JAMES W. GOODRICH EDITOR

MARY K. DAINS ASSOCIATE EDITOR

LYNN WOLF GENTZLER VOLUME LXXXV ASSOCIATE EDITOR OCTOBER, 1990- LEONA S. MORRIS RESEARCH ASSISTANT JULY, 1991 CONTRIBUTORS VOLUME LXXXV, NOS. 1, 2, 3 AND 4

BOCK, H. RILEY, prosecuting attorney of New Madrid County, Missouri.

BOGLE, LORI, graduate student at University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.

COLLINGS, RICHARD J., dean of the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Kutztown University, Pennsylvania.

DAINS, MARY K., associate editor of the Missouri Historical Review.

DAVIS, STEPHEN, associate editor and book review editor for Blue & Gray Magazine and director of education for the Medical Associa­ tion of Georgia.

DILLARD, DAVID W., teacher at Farmington High School and adjunct faculty member of the Mineral Area College, Flat River, Missouri.

HEMING, CAROL PIPER, lecturer in history at Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg.

JENNINGS, HARLAN, associate professor of voice and director of opera theatre at Michigan State University, East Lansing.

KING, CHARLES R., professor of obstetrics/gynecology, anatomy and history of medicine at the University of Kansas, Kansas City. MILLER, ROBERT E., retired chemist in Ballwin, Missouri.

MUEHL, SIEGMAR, professor emeritus in the College of Education, University of Iowa, Iowa City.

OLPIN, LARRY, professor of English at Central Missouri State Univer­ sity, Warrensburg.

POWERS, RON, journalist, novelist, nonfiction writer and creative writing teacher at Middlebury College, Vermont.

RIEGER, NELSON A., former banker and professor of management, now manages his own Enterprise Investment Company in Colorado Springs.

SCHNELL, J. CHRISTOPHER, professor of history at Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau.

STEPENOFF, BONNIE, librarian/archivist for Missouri Division of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation and adjunct instructor in School of Library and Informational Science, University of Mis­ souri-Columbia. CONTENTS VOLUME LXXXV, Nos. 1, 2, 3 AND 4

CONFEDERATE COL. A. C. RILEY, HIS REPORTS AND LETTERS.

PARTS I AND II. Edited by H Riley Bock 158, 264

DANIEL MARSH FROST, C. S. A. By Robert E. Miller 381

DESEGREGATION IN A BORDER STATE: THE EXAMPLE OF JOPLIN,

MISSOURI. By Lori Bogle 422

DR. J. C. PARRISH, FRONTIER ACCOUCHEUR. By Charles R. King ... 288

GRAND OPERA IN ST. LOUIS, 1886: A CHAMPIONSHIP SEASON? By Harlan Jennings 304 HERMANN'S "FREE MEN": 1850s GERMAN-AMERICAN RELIGIOUS RATIONALISM. By Siegmar Muehl 361 JEFF THOMPSON'S UNSUCCESSFUL QUEST FOR A CONFEDERATE GENERALSHIP. By Stephen Davis 53

KEEPING HISTORY ALIVE IN A TIME-PRESENT WORLD.

By Ron Powers 117

MISSOURI AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR NOVEL. By Larry Olpin... 1

MOTHER AND TEACHER AS MISSOURI STATE PENITENTIARY INMATES: GOLDMAN AND O'HARE, 1917-1920. By Bonnie Stepenoff 402 ODYSSEY TO AN AUTHENTICATION: A GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM COLORADO LANDSCAPE. By Nelson A. Rieger 237

"TEMPLES STAND, TEMPLES FALL": THE UTOPIAN VISION OF WILHELM KEIL. By Carol Piper Heming 21

THE POLITICAL IMPACT OF THE DEPRESSION ON MISSOURI, 1929-1940. By /. Christopher Schnell, Richard J. Collings and David W. Dillard 131

WOMEN PIONEERS IN THE MISSOURI LEGISLATURE. By Mary K. Dains 40

Charles Trefts Photograph Collection—SHS Bennett Spring Dining Lodge, 1948 NATIONAL REGISTER SITES BENNETT SPRING STATE PARK DINING LODGE Nestled deep in the oak-hickory forests and hollows twelve miles west of Lebanon, Bennett Spring State Park has long attracted vacationers and anglers seeking relaxation and the chance to pit their fishing skills against the rainbow and brown trout stocked in the branch stream flowing from the spring to the Niangua River. Since the late 1930s thousands of visitors have enjoyed meals at the park's rustic timber and stone dining lodge, built by Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) workers during the depression. In 1985 the dining lodge and seven nearby buildings and structures were accepted on the National Register of Historic Places. These structures, like dozens in other Missouri state parks, resulted from the massive New Deal Emergency Conservation Work relief program. Constructed under the supervision of the National Park Service, the buildings reflected the agency's "rustic architecture" design philosophy. The major tenets of rustic architecture included simple designs, structures which fit into natural surroundings and use of local materials in construction. CCC Company 1772, comprising World War I veterans, started work in the park in November 1933 and "built bridges, cabins, [and] service buildings." Construction on the dining lodge began in 1937. The first company moved out in December of that year and was replaced by Company 3744, who completed the building. The lodge opened in February 1938. The one-story lodge, constructed of cut stone and wood, contains two wings projecting at angles from a central block. Stone fireplaces at either end highlight the huge dining area, and metal chandeliers feature a trout motif. A service wing, added after the original construction, attaches to the north wing. Although Bennett Spring State Park is one of the oldest parks in the state's system, the area's use by campers, anglers and picnickers long predates its purchase by the state in 1924. James Brice, from Illinois, settled at the spring in 1837 and built the first mill, later washed away during a flood, at the site. Other early settlers in the area included the Bennett family; Peter Bennett married Brice's daughter, Anna. They built a saw mill near the spring, installed carding machines and finally, added a grist mill. The mill served settlers living up to forty miles away, many of whom camped and fished while awaiting their turn at the mill. Although the spring itself became known as Bennett's Spring, the post office established in 1875 was named Brice in memory of Bennett's father-in-law. The Bennett family continued to operate the mill until it burned in 1895. William Sherman Bennett, Peter and Anna's son, leased the water power and privilege to build a mill to John B. and Freeman Atchley in 1900; that mill remained in operation until the mid-1940s. W. S. Bennett began stocking trout in the spring branch stream. About 1920, Dr. Charles A. Furrow of Tulsa, Oklahoma, leased water rights from Bennett and established a fish hatchery. By 1924, when Bennett and his sister, Josie Smith, sold over 500 acres to the state for a park, the area's scenic landscape and trout fishing had become widely known. Today, the park embraces over 3,000 acres, and visitors enjoy fishing, camping, hiking and swimming. The picturesque CCC-built dining lodge, open daily from March 1 through October 31, remains a favorite spot for hungry guests and area residents.